American Herticulturi

Volume 53 NEW DIRECTORY A.B.S. OF SPONSORED AMERICAN HORTICULTURE TOURS

The 1974 Directory of American Horticulture published by the Amer­ ican Horticultural Society now is available. The 119-page publication is an encyclopedic reference work about organized horticulture presented AN EXPLORATION by A .H.s. as part of its continuing effort to promote coordination and OF ISRAEL AND cooperation in this field . The Directory lists professional, semi-profes­ GREECE, MARCH sional, trade organizations and plant societies, conservation organiza­ 9TOAPWL2, 1975 tions, garden club associations, special libraries, U.S. Government Pro­ grams in agriculture, educational programs-both degn?e and nOTI­ degree granting, pro­ An unusual, diversified itinerary grams in horticultural accenting flora, fauna, agriculture, therapy and practical nature preserves, history, horticultural certifica­ archeology, and religions of all tion . The publication DIREGORY faiths. The first fifteen days will be also includes state and OF spent viewing the length and province lists-United AMERICAN breadth of the Holy Land, the final States and Canada; HORTICULTURE eight days will be spent in southern gardens, garden cen­ Greece. Optional extensions to the ters, National, state and Revised Edition Greek Islands are available. regional organizations, and other institutions. It lists international A. HORTICULTURAL registration authorities EXPLORATION and useful reference OF ENGLAND, publications for the se­ m~m ~ MAY 1 TO MAY rious gardener. The 22,1975 Directory of American ' ~ 'I I I Few areas of the world are Horticulture is a prac­ mlalm blessed with climate and tical aid. conditions so favorable to horticulture as Great Britain. To receive your Within these Isles are some of the copy, clip or copy ~ mm world's greatest gardens in which the order form m are found an endless variety of

below and : ,:,~ " ... , .. .= flora from all continents. The peak mail it to of garden beauty is May; come visit The American Horticultural Society, Mount Vernon, Virginia 22121 gardens, nurseries, parks and ...... private collections in England, Please send me copy(ies) of the new 1974 Directory of American Wales, and Scotland. The great Horticulture. I enclose $5 for each copy which includes postage and Chelsea Flower Show in London handling. will conclude this tour.

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The Art of Gardening

Horticulture is a creative art. O ne thinks of the intricate geranium in th e living room w indow. design that creates the varied beauty of Ce ntral Park or th e Th at's where horticultural organizations come into the Strybi ng Arboretum. Great technical know-how was neces­ picture. Th e organization that knows its business makes infor­ sary to put pencil to paper and sketch the many elements of mation ava il ab le to its members. It says, if you want to grow a those two great pieces of landscape design, fitting the bits gera nium, keep it at such a temperature, give it this much together, blending them so th at every step along the gra­ li ght, try to maintain a relative humidity between here and ciously winding walkways opens new vistas . Horticulture also here, apply water under these conditions and not under these, is a backyard art. Every homeowner ca n know th e sat isfacti on use potting compost A, and keep an eye out for the following of designing hi s own ga rd en and of bringing hi s coll ection of pests and diseases. With that sort of factual aid, every un­ plants to optimum beauty. Th e backyard isn' t even essential; trained plant lover ca n become a successful horticulturist. highrise dwellers create their own beauty growing exotic The organization might even suggest that the geranium lover tropical species indoors and tougher plants on the terrace, upgrade his knowledge sli ghtly and learn that hi s plant really balcony or the fire escape. One always can find a place to is a Pelargonium, relative to the true geraniums, and tell him grow a plant. w hy, and perhaps, even introduce him to the Geraniaceae, As an art form horticulture is particu lar ly satisfying. Bota­ the gera nium family, and then tell him all about true gerani­ ni sts tell us that protoplasm is hard to kill. Plants have a built­ ums, erodiums, and pelargoniums. But that comes second. in mechanism that demands that they stay alive. Given any Th e first order of bus in ess is to help him to grow successfu ll y encouragement at all, they grow and develop into objects of the plant he already has. beauty. As much ca nnot be sa id of the piece of marbl e Th e leadership of the American Horticultural Society is waiting for the sculptor's chise l or the piano waiting to be aware of this need to supply information to individual played. Who doesn't have a creative urge, perhaps deeply growers. Th e question is finding the best way or ways to get hidden? Who doesn't w ish to make a thing of beauty-a thing the job done. Our publications are one tool. Th e annual Con­ he can look at and say " I did that" ? Th e plant is a good place gress is an exceptionall y productive way to get information to to start. Seed or seedl ing, cutti ng or nurseryman's stock, any the members from experts in horticultural fields. More ways plant ca n be brought to a state of soul satisfying beauty if it are under consideration. Where they ex ist, A.H.S. tries to gets w hat it needs. work w ith loca l horticultural orga nizations because loca l Th ere' s th e cru cial point. If it gets what it needs. How experts, conversant with local problems, are the best sources does one know what to do to make plants develop into the of local inform ation. It is no easy task to give backyard gar­ best possible specimens? It is a matter of technique. There dening information that applies right ac ross the country, east seems to be two elements to great artistic ability; talent and to west and north to south. technical ability. Th e truly great arti st is born with artistic Then there is that other aspect; public relations. An or­ talent and he is trained ri gorously in the techniques used to gan ization such as A.H.S. is bound to encourage public horti­ express his art. He needs to know about pigments, thinners, cu lture at all levels; to promote hoticultural education for brushes , canvases and th e thousand and one other facets of children, for horticultural workers, for professionals and for the pai nter' s art. H e needs to know theories of drama, adu lts who need to know about plants so their lives wi ll be methods of presentation, and all th e difficult to define aspects brighter. It is a tremendous chall enge, this business of getting of good theater. Th e horticu lturist needs a thorough people and plants together. But it is a sat isfying one. Satisfy­ grou nding in botanical sc ience, in soi l sc ience, in plant ing, perhaps, because whi le the gardener is lea rning how to chemistry, in metho.ds of propagation, cultivation, pruning grow his plant the plant is striving to stay alive long enough and more. Much more. A ll of this sou nds frightfully intimi­ for the two of them to make a successfu l job of producing a 2 dating to the non-technica l person yea rning for a floriferous beautiful flower.-JPB American

HEDrticulturist Volume 53 Number 4 Fall 1974

For United Horticulture . .. the particul ar JOHN PHILIP BAUMGARDT, Editor objects and business of Th e Ameri ca n The American Horticultural Society, Publisher Horticultural Society are to promote and Mount Vernon , Virginia 22121 encourage national interest in sc ientific 703/768-5700 re sea rch and education in horti culture in O. KEISTER EVANS, Executive Director all of its branches.

AMERICAN HORTICULTURIST is th e offi­ cia l publica tion of The Ameri ca n Horti­ IN THIS ISSUE cultural Soc iety, 793 1 East Bou leva rd Drive, Alexa ndria, Virgin ia, 22308, and is issued in March, Jun e, Se ptember, and Dece mber of eac h yea r. M embership in 2 An Editorial th e Society automatica ll y in c ludes a sub­ 32 Our Horti cultural Heritage-29th A.H.S. Congress sc ription to American Horticulturist and 44 Books $1.50 is designated for each iss ue of this 45 Book Rev iews publication. Membership du es sta rt at $15.00 a yea r.

Refer editorial matters to: Environment John Philip Baumgardt American Horticulturist 9 Maintain a Healthy and Beautiful Terrace Garden-Linda Yang P. O . Bo x 7163 Kansas City, Missouri 64 11 3

Refer advertising matters to: Gardeners' Notebook Publisher Se rvices, In c. 20 Plants in Candy Jar 621 Duke Street Alexandria, Vi rginia 223 14

Add ress req uests for reprints ot articles to Th e Ameri ca n Horticulture People Horticu ltural Society, 40 Sam McGredy IV in New Zealand-Pamela Morrah Mount Vernon , Virginia.

AMERICAN HORTICULTURIST is de­ voted to the dissemination of knowledge in the science and art of growing orna­ Native Plants mental plants, fruits, vegetables, and re­ 4 Lysimachia, a Useful Native in the Garden-Vincent Joseph Coffey lated subjects. Original papers w hich in­ crease know ledge of plant materials of economic and aesthetic importance are invited. For manusc ript specifications Plant Taxonomy please address th e Exec utive Director, 16 Two New Sundew Introductions for Carnivorous Plant Growers-Katsuhiko Kondo, Mount Vernon , Virginia 22121. Tokuyoshi Kondo, Josef Bogner 21 Ornamental Gingers in Ha waii-Donald P. Watson, William L. Theobold Replacement issues of AMERICAN HOR­ TICULTURIST .are available at a cost of $2.50 per copy, but not beyond twelve months prior to date of current iss ue. Research Report The opinions expressed in the articles 29 Mexican Sweet Gums in Virginia-J. T. Baldwin, Jr. which appear in AMERICAN HORTICUL­ 38 'Keshar' The Gold Medalist Mango of Gujarat, India-A. J. Dhaky TURIST are those of the authors and are not necessarily those of the Society. They are presented as contributions to contem­ porary thought. Trees and Shrubs 34 Deck the Halls . . . with Winterberry Holly-Christopher Boylan, Harold Davidson

OUR COVER PHOTO-A photograph of an original Redoute painting, furnished by the Second class postage paid at Alexandria, Hunt Botanical Library for use in American Horticulturist. Refer to page 48 and the inside Virginia and at additional mailing offices. back cover of this issue for further information. Copyright © 1974 by The American Hor­ ticultural Society. GRAPHICS: DOROTHY CHAISSON / PRINTING : GREINER-FIFIELD. KANSAS CITY, KANSAS 3 l

A Useful Native for Gardens

Vincent Joseph Coffey *

Th e genu s Lysimachia (loosestri fe) of Section Se /eucia. From th ese studies has approximately 200 species and is I ca me to rea li ze th at loosestrife has found on all the principal land m asses potential as a gard en orn amental. ** of th e worl d . Th e loosestri fes are mem­ Th e loosestrifes belonging to th e Sec­ bers of th e Pri mu laceae or Pri mrose ti o n Seleucia are perennial herbs w ith family. Ei ghteen species of Lys imachia smooth , erect or trailing stems, and are nati ve w ithin the continental bor­ oppos ite leaves. Th e flowers are found ders of th e United States (Ray, 1956). individuall y in th e leaf ax il s, or cl us­ O f th ese eighteen spec ies , seven are tered at th e end s of th e l ateral grouped into th e Secti on Seleucia on branches. Th e petals are ye ll ow, so me­ th e bas is of having fi ve steril e stamens times w ith a reddish sp lotch at th e (ob se rvabl e with a 10X h and l ens) base . Fl oral parts (se pals, petal s, fertile w hi ch altern ate w ith the five fertile and steril e stamens) occur in groups of *Profess or of Biology, Odessa stamens. A ll oth er species have ten fer­ fi ve, or occasionally in groups of four College, Odessa, Te xas 79760 tile stamens. or six. Before th e f lower opens, eac h I w ish to review th ese seven species fertil e stamen is enroll ed by a petal w hi ch have sterile stamens, th e Secti on al o ng its l o ng ax is- a c haracteri sti c " In this endeavor I am deeply indebted to my maior profess or, Or. Samuel B, jones of the Uni­ Se leucia. w hich is specific for th e Secti on Se­ versity of Georgia w ho sugges ted th e problem, M y interes t and enthusias m in this leucia. and to th e following for providing financial aid grou p has developed and heightened in in support of my field work: th e University of Culture Georgia, Th e Society of the Sigma Xi, and the conn ecti on w ith my resea rch into th e 4 National Sc ience Foundation , class ificati on, taxonomy, and evolution Th e p l ants usuall y are extrem ely hardy, most of th e species are adapted to moist soi l conditions, and th ey do well in semishaded locations. A few grow better in well drained so il s and sunny l ocati o n s. Th e accom pa ny in g tabl e prese nts inform ati on on th e nat­ ural hab itat and range of th e seven spe­ cies along w ith horti cultural informa­ ti on. It is interes ting to note that one or more of th e species are found in all states except Ca li fornia and Nevada. Pl ants collected from throughout the United States were successfully tra ns­ pl anted to Ath ens, Georgia, w here th ey survived for two full yea rs. I found th at th e bes t way to start plants for th e ga rden is to dig rootstocks w hile th e plants are in flower. Th e plants are easy to locate at th is time. Ca re shoul d be exerc ised when col­ lecting rootstocks to disturb th e natu ral popul ation as littl e as poss ible, and to remove the rootstocks pru dentl y, al­ ways leaving enough to mainta in th e po pul ati o n . After di gg in g t he root­ stocks, remove so il , cut the stem nea r ground level, and place th e rootstocks in moistened plasti c bags until th ey are repl anted . Th ey may i niti all y be pl anted in pots in a gree nh ouse, or put in a " nursery" area of th e garden. 10MMi Pl ants also may be started from field Lysimachia ciliata. * coll ected seeds. Fres h seeds are dor­ mant and w ill no t germin ate. D o r­ the fa ll and w inter month s by using arti ­ mancy of seeds which have not over­ ficial li ght to supplement norm al day­ w i ntered m ay b e bro ken in th e light. Th e species are unab le to se lf-fer­ following mann er: (1) remove th e seeds tilize, and must be cross pollinated. A ll from th e ca psul e, (2) soa k the seeds for species, except Lys imachia tonsa, ex­ twenty-four hours in water, (3) remove hibit rapid vegetati ve growth by rhi ­ th e seeds from th e w ater and blot or zo m es. Th e l eaves stay g r ee n drain th e seeds to remove excess water, throughout th e growing season and do (4) pl ace th e soaked, drained seeds in a not fade or yell ow. Insect damage to closed contai ner, and (5) maintain th e foli age was minimal in both th e green­ seeds in th e container at a temperature ho use and th e ga rd en at Ath ens, of 3r to 43°F (refrigerator) for two Georgia. w ee ks. Sow the seeds one-quarter inch Three of th e species show parti cul ar deep in potting soil, kee p th e seeds promise as orn amentals. Lys imachia moist at room temperature, and germi­ ciliata, w ith many showy fl owers and nati on w ill occur within two w eeks. large, broad fol iage leaves, prese nts th e All species are long day plants and ga rdener with an i nteresti ng contrast of require twelve hours of li ght to fl ower. yellow and green. Thi s species is w ide­ Fl owering occurs from M ay through spread, easil y transplanted, and forms Se ptember, depending upon th e spe­ dense stands. Lys imachia lanceo/ata, is *The black lin es in the background are4 inches . h h fl long; th e scale of In sert IS 70 mm. or 3/S In ch. cies, as indica ted in the tabl e. Pl ants a slenderer p Ia nt Wit s ow y ow ers, may be forced to fl ower indoors during and narrow leaves. Thi s species does r+ 5 Native Species of Lysimachia, Section Seleucia, in the United States. Species Geographical Natural Height Flowering Additional Distribution Habitat (feet) Season Comments L. ciliata New England moist to 1-4 May-Sept. most abundant and southward to GA, dry woods, widespread species , westward to TX strea m showy flowers, excellent andWA banks ornamenta l L. graminea Northeastern A L stream banks less M ay-Jun e rare, should not be and creeks than 1 coll ected L. hybrida New En gland to swamps, wet 1-3 July-Aug. wet soi ls, ca n tolerate FL , northwest meadows, standi ng water, weak to NO pond margi ns stemmed, fai r orn amenta l L. lanceolata PA to FL, westward dry or 1-3 June-Aug. well drained or moist to TX and M N · moist so ils, plants slender, woods, b luffs excell ent orn amenta l

L. quadriflora M A to GA wet meadows, 1-3 Jul y-Sept. moist soi l, showy westward to fens, pond flowers, good A R and N O and strea m ornamenta l margi ns L. radicans M iss iss ippi moist woods 1-4 Jun e-Aug. roots profusely at valley, westward swam ps and nodes, moist soi Is to TX shaded strea m excell ent ground cover or ba nks as orn amental in hanging bas kets L. tonsa Appalachi an open woods 1-3 May-Aug. form s cl umps (does not region of GA, and dry spread by rhi zomesL well N e, and TN ri dges drai ned soi l, showy flowers, very good orn amental

6 Blossoms of the Seleucia loosestrifes. •,• , • . ',\ ~' \ " , . ~ " J~ ~ . " '" ....

__f ~ _.

i -..

10MMI Lysimachia lanceolata. * Lysimachia radicans.

well under moist or dry so il conditions, poll en ferti I ity when compared to the and the short stature and slender nature parents. of this plant make it excell ent for I hope that this brief report w ill stim­ forming borders. Lysimachia radica ns, ulate and encourage gardeners to try with long trailing stems and branches our native and neg lected Lysimachias accentuated by many sm all ye ll ow in their gardens. Most garden writers flowers, is especially well suited for tend to discuss only species of Lys ima­ hangi ng baskets. chia wh ich are foreign or introduced to H ybrids among all species can be the United States, but in my experience found in nature, and artificial hybrids in our native loosestrifes have great merit. every possible species comb in ation With a minimumof effort the gardener were produced in my greenhouse w ill be rewarded with hea lthy, hardy, stud ies. Th e F, hybrids are genera ll y and handsome plants which will add to intermediate in appearance be~ween the total display of the garden, particu­ the two parents, and they have a lower larl y in mid-summer. (§)

Literature Cited

Everett, J. H . New Illustrated Encyc lopedia of Ga rdening. Greystone Press, New York. Vol. 6: 1100- 1101.1964. Ga il , P. A. Germ in ation and dormancy breaking reql!Jirements for seeds and rhi zome buds of Lysimachia quadrifofia. Bu ll. New Jersey Acad. Sc i. Vol. 14: 65. 1969. Ray, J. D. The genus Lysimachia in the New World . III. BioI. Monogr. Vol. 24: 1-160. 1956. 7 tnaintain a healthy and beautiful

Linda Yan g*

Hopeful gard eners place expensive and w ith continuous leaching of nu ­ woody pl ants on terraces, roof tops, tri ents from so il in th e containers, few and around penthouses yea r after yea r. avail able nutrients remain in th e pot­ Few of th ese pl ants continue to grow ting mi x and th ese res idues may not be well or to flower and fruit freely season properl y balanced for optimum pl ant after sea son, even th ough th ey may growth . have been chosen ca refully w ith rega rd to available li ght and cli mate condi­ Soil Compaction t io n s. Th e di sa ppo inted own er m ay Time and th e elements work togeth er ass ume th at th e pl ants ca nnot take city to help compact th e so il in containers. life. It may never occur to him th at Potting so il th at may once have bee n a th ese w oody pl ants, trees , shrubs, and fri abl e, porous mix eventu all y becomes vines are faltering for reasons totall y a too dense mass . Th ere is no longer unrel ated to air po llutio n o r oth er sufficient poros ity for air to reach th e urban ill s. pl ant roots or for good drainage. I have found three reasons why ter­ race gard ens so metimes fade: Insufficient Water During Dormancy A third factor contributing to th e loss Nutrient Depletion o f o utdoor contain er- grown woody A factor contributi ng to pl ant deteri o­ pl ants, especially in cold climates, is ration mi ght be termed pl ant malnutri­ in suffic ient so il m o i sture during the ti on. Thi s is ca used by a lack of ava il­ dorm ant peri od. A lthough th eir bi olog­ able nutrients in th e so il. The ori gin al ica l systems are slowed during w inter, potting mi x may have bee n quite ri ch pl ants still req uire so me ava il abl e mois­ *5 05 Ea st 7 9th Street, New in plant nutrient elements. After several ture when dormant. Highri se ga rd eners 8 Yo rk City, N. Y. 7002 7 seas ons of suppo rtin g pl ant growth, so metimes ass ume th at nature is takin g PhD/OS furni shed by author. care of th e moisture supply but too often not enough so il moisture is sup­ plied by rainfall or by melting snow to keep container-grown pl ants in a hea lthy state. Th ese factors, so cl osely related to eac h oth er, m ay also contribute to fa ilure of pl ants growing in ground beds. I n th e restricted conf i nes of even th e largest terrace ga rd ens, however, a more rapid dec line occurs. Thi s fre­ quentl y is complicated by th e fact th at th e owner is not even aware of th e importance of adequate and contin­ uous supplies of balanced nutrients ar.d water as well as properl y ae rated and drained so il . If thi s is your situati on, now is the ti me to ta ke steps. I n all Ii ke­ lihood, it is not too late to start a pro­ gram w hi ch w ill remedy poor growing conditions. Durin g th e autumn m o nth s, after most of th e deciduous pl ants have shed their leaves, dig into the top few in ches of container so il s balanced, slow-act­ i ng, mineral and organi c fe rti li ze rs which w ill properl y res tore esse nti al nutrients required by your pl ants. A so il test run on a sa mple of your conta iner Roses and a butterfly. soil b y a techni c i an in yo ur loca l Agri culture-Horti culture Extension Ser­ Now, consider th e major nutrient vice w ill reveal exactl y w hi ch nutrient elements. N itrogen, th e element w hich elements sho u Id b e su ppl ied and contributes l argel y t o lu sh , l eaf y amounts will be indicated. But th e ad­ growth , is most often lacking in old dition of a balanced mineral fertilizer so il. O rga ni c fertili zers supplying ap­ mi xed with an orga ni c fertilizer for preci abl e amou nts of nitrogen i ncl ude slower rel ease of nutrients often gets blood mea l, soybea n mea l, cottonseed th e job done. A rea ll y major so il re­ m ea l, and fi sh emul si o n . Ino rga ni c working project should be sc heduled form s of nitrogen incl ude ammonium for early spring-when th e gard ener is sulfate, ammonium nitrate, and variou s rested up after hi s own dormant peri od nitrate sa lts. Ph os ph oru s, involved in and can fa ce the work involved. almost all ce llular acti viti es of pl ants, contributes to strong root growth , good Restoration of Nutrients flowering, and fruit set. It is found in Begin by correcting th e so il texture; substanti al amounts in bone mea l, th e with your trowel turn into th e soil sev­ superphosphates,' oyster mea l, and in eral trowelfuls of brown peat, rotted rock phosphate. Potash (potassium) is cow manure, leafmold, or compost. necessa ry for sturdy, re sistant pl ants Th ese soil amendments, so esse ntial to with good root form ation, and is sup­ productive soil in most ca se s, supply plied by variou s inorganic salts su ch as minimum amounts of nutri ent el e­ potassium sulfate as w ell as potash ments, but th ey work wonders for soil rock, wood ash, and seaw eed . texture, aeration, drainage, and th e Most of these nutrients are available benefi cial microorganism population . in small packages at ga rden shops and Usually th es e supply ample amounts of nurseri es. I keep on hand more than ess enti al mi cronutri ents . one source of each nutrient element in r 9 A small corner serves as a storage place. Too many seasons without deep soil cultivation resulted in this totally potbound shrub.

Healthy woody plants will flower and bloom for years on ter­ race gardens: 'Pfitzer' juniper, tulips, weeping willow, and Pieris japonica. Japanese black pine, juniper, holly, and privet. order to alternate fertilizers from one appli cati on to th e next. Recommenda­ tions for quantities to be appli ed may be found on th e labels. Probab ly you Light-weight wi ll find th at your hardy woody species require small er amounts of nutrients Potting Mixtures than those suggested for tropi ca l spe­ for cies. You ca n eas il y determine accep­ Container Gardening tible appli ca tions if you compute the square footage of your containers. Mul­ tiply length by width for rectangles and squares, multipl y diameter by itse lf by 0.7854 for a circle to determine surface All Purpose Mixture areas of containers. Generally speak­ ing, a top-dressing of three to f ive 6 pecks Topsoil ounces of dry fertilizer per sq uare yard 3 quarts Leafmold of surface makes a reasonable appli ca­ 3 quarts Brown Peat tion for commonly ava il ab le ba lanced fertilizers. 5 quarts Perlite 5 quarts Vermiculite A soil Test Determines Acidity 112 cup Bonemeal An inexpensive so il testing kit suf­ 1 tbsp. 5-10-5 Fertilizer fices to help you determine w hether the pH va lu e (acid ity) of your container so il should be altered. If the soil acidity is too far from the neutral point, plant nu­ trient elements become " locked" in an insoluble form in the soil and rema in Alkaline Reaction Mixture unava ilable to your plants. I have fou nd that the soi I on my terrace tends to 6112 pecks Topsoil become too acid for some of my plants 2 quarts Leafmold and I have to add a li ght dressing of 6 quarts Perlite lime periodica ll y. 4 quarts Vermiculite Restoration of Soil Porosity l cup Agricultural Limestone In digging the so il to cultivate in fresh 112 cup Bonemeal fertilizers you will be on your way to 1 tbsp. 5-10-5 Fertilizer all ev iating the problem of soil compac­ tion. If you find that your so il is quite dense, dig in severa l trowelfuls of per­ lite or vermiculite. Purchase these at ga rd en shops. Perlite and vermiculite Acid Reaction Mixture are porous so i I amendments w h ic h help to redu ce so il compaction. Th ey are light-weight and inert so far as plant 6 pecks Topsoil nutrition is concern ed. I avoid using 1 peck Brown Peat builder's sand as an amendment for 2 quarts Oak Leafmold correcti ng drai nage and aeration even 3 quarts Perlite though it often is used in ga rd en soils. 3 quarts Vermiculite Sand is unnecessarily heavy, and many 112 cup Cottonseed meal upstairs gardeners are concern ed about the weight of their containers. y,. cup Copperas (Iron Sulfate)

A Word About Cutting Roots Too often th e terrace ga rd ener is afraid to deeply work and restore so il in hi s contai ners because he worries r 11 A Plant Nutrient Guide for Terrace Gardeners* Content and Reaction of Fertilizers Supplying Content and Reaction of Fertilizers Supplying - Nitrogen . Potash Fertilizer Per Cent Reaction Fertilizer Chemical Name Per Cent Nitrogen Potassium Oxide

Urea 46 Acidic Muriate of Potash Po~ ass ium l chl oride I Ammonium nitrate 35 Acidic

r-;;;monium sulfate 21 Acidic Sulfate of Potash Potassium 48 sulfate I Calcium nitrate 17 Alkaline P@tassium nitrate Pota ss ium Sodium nitrate 16 Alkaline r nitrate Ammonium phosphate 12 Ac idic I Potassium Potass ium 40 metaphosphate meta phosphate

Terms Relating to Soil Reaction (pH) **

pH Soil Comment Content and Reaction of Fertilizers Supplying

Below 4.5 Extremely acid Phosphoric Acid

4.5-5.0 Very strongly acid fertilizer Per Cent Reaction 5.1-5.5 Stro ngly acid Phosphoric Acid

5.6-6.0 M edium ac id Phosphate rock 30-40 A lkaline 6.1-6.5 Slightly ac id

6.6-7.3 Neutral Superphospnate 14-20 Neut ral 7.4- 7.8 Mi ld lyalkaline Ammonium phosphate 45-50 Acidic 7. 9-8.4 M oderately alkaline

8. 5-9.0 Strongly alkali ne Double Superph@sphate 40-45 Acidic 9.1 and higher Very strongly alkaline

Approximate Nutrient Content of some Organic Fertilizers

Fertilizer Per Cent Nitrogen Per Cent Phosphoric Acid Per Cent Potash Reaction

Wood Ash 0 2.0 5.0 A lka line Blood meal 13.0 2. 0 1.0 Acidic Bonemeal , steamed 2.5 25. 0 0 A lkaline Cottonseed meal 7.0 3. 0 2.0 Acidic Fish meal 9.5 7.0 0 Kelp (Seaweed) 2.5 1.5 15.0 Linseed meal 5.5 2.0 1.5 Cattle Manure (not composted) 2.0 1.5 2. 0 A lka line Sheep Manure (not composted) 2.0 1. 5 3.0 A lkaline Soybean meal 7. 0 1.5 2.5 Acidic

' Th ese charts were included by Am e ri ca n Horticultu ri st as an aid to terrace hor­ 14. and lor soil solutions. m os tl y between 4 and 8. A pH value 017 indicates a ticulturists. -Editor neutra l reaction. Acidity increases as pH values lower irom 7 and decreases (al­ ··pH. Th e hydrogen ion concentration in a solution (s uch as soil solution) deter­ ka linity increases) as pH values rise above 7. Because pH numbers are lo g· mines its acidity. Th e hydrogen ion concentra tion usually is expressed in terms of rithmic. soil solution with a pH of 5 js tell times as acid as one havin g a pH of 6 12 pH va lues. whici'l are negative logarithm numbers. pH va lues Ue between 1 and and one hundred tim es more acid than a soil solution of pH 7 . Tub-grown deciduous azalea. Flowering crabapple blossoms.

In the autumn, when the deciduous trees have lost their leaves, Dormant terrace plants may derive only limited moisture_from begin your program of reworking the soil. winter snow. about damage to plant roots. Such ap­ prehension is unjusti f ied . Even the smallest woody terrace plant often has Plant Nutrient Availabilities at Various pH's yards of roots. If you require a practical demonstration of the advantages of cut­

4.0 pH ting or pruning roots, study the cultural techniques used in growing bonsai Extreme aCIdity plants. The roots of these trees and shrubs of 4.5 restricted stature are routinely cut back every few years, and many of the plants Very strong acidity outlive their owners. A prime factor, of course, is that bonsai growers compen­ 5.0 sate for root loss by removing a propor­ I Strong tionate amount of top growth (branches acidity and leaves). They base their top

5.5 pruning decisions on classic styles. The terrace gardener may base his top Medium aci dity pruning style on space and plant beauty. The point is, so long as you 6.0 compensate for root damage by top pruning, you need have no qualms Slight acidity about digging among the roots of your I I container-grown plants. If you need an 6.5 excuse for top pruning, the limitation of

Very available growing space on a terrace slight acidity should be good enough. Supplemental Winter Watering While normal winter rain or snowfall may supply sufficient moisture for dormant plants growing in the ground, too often it is not enough for plants in containers. With no wilting leaves or drooping flowers to remind you, it is hard to remember that your winter­ bound container-grown plants may be

M oderate suffering from lack of soil moisture. If alkalinity the rain or snowfall has been light and if you want your plants to survive you will have to do some supplemental \ watering in mid-winter. Never mind that your neighbors think you are en­ gaged in a peculiar activity. The ta sk is best carried out on the morning of a day when the temperature is expected to remai n well above freezi ng. Dealing with probl@ms of depleted

Very soil nutrients, soil compaction, and str ong alka lini ty insufficient soil moisture, during winter is relatively easy. There is no reason 10.0 pH NItrogen Phosphoru s Pota ss Ium Sulfur CalcIum MagnesIum Iron Mangan es e Boron Copper &Zinc why the trees, shrubs, and vines on your terrace should not become more beautiful and continue to bloom more profusely year after year. With a min­ imum of effort you can maintain a long lived, healthy, and beautiful terrace 14 garden. ~ TV Horne features

PLANTS IN CANDY JAR

Prepared by D r. Henry M. Cathey, Leader, Ornament als Research Labora­ tory, U.S. D. A., Belt sville, Maryland. Made available upon request to televi­ sion stati ons.

Have you ever tried to grow plants in Start with any clean jar •.. A candy jar Use a pencil to make holes in the foam a jar but couldn't figure out how to looks great. You need fresh cuttings and insert the cuttings . Wind the get the pl ants into the jar? A horti ­ from house plants and a piece of foam, long cuttings around the foam . culturist at the U. S. Department of the kind florists use . Soak the foam Agricul ture, who believes every home in water until all bubbles cease then should have live plants, says you make cut the foam to fit the bottle. the garden outside the jar. Then you put i t into the bottle. It's the same principle used by model ship builders .

s l i de the foam and cutti ngs i nt o the bottl e , arrange the l eaves to face and l ocate your terrarium anywhere in container. Use a twist ing moti on to out. Then pour water into t he bottl e, the home . Keep i t away from direct avoid pulling any of t he cutti ngs out shake to cover a ll surfaces. Turn the light or drafts f r om heating or cool ing of pl ace . I t ' s a s l ow process, so be bottl e ups ide down to l et any exces s systems . If water condenses on the ' patientl water dr ain away. bottl e sides, take off the top and let moisture evaporate for a few hours . Then replace the top. Some arrangements are short-l ived . Others , i f you fertil ize them regularl y, can grow and thri ve for many months . Do cl ean and wash the bottl e occasion­ remove t he dead l eaves . 15 Drosera adelae F. Muell. Drosera dichrosepala Turcz.

16 Photo by Takayuki Kondo. Two New Sundew Introductions for Growersof Carnivorous Plants

Katsuhiko Kondo, Tokuyoshi Korrda, and Josef Bogner*

On a plant exploration trip to Australia in 1966, the senior author collected many li ving clones of ca rnivorous plants and sent them to the Kondo Collection in Nagoya, Japan. **Among th e ca rnivorous plants coll ected at that time were two su ndews. They have since been successfully propagated and dispersed on an exchange basis to growers throughout the world. Recently these sundews have become increasingly popular as ornamental, indoor plants. Since many amateur horitculturists grow them w ithout knowing their sou rce, an introduction to th ese handso me and interesting plants should be beneficial. Before discussing these two specifi ca ll y, a look at their relatives is neces­ sary. Th e sc ientific name of the sundew, Drosera , is appropriately derived from the Greek word " droseros," mean ing much dew. Consisting of approximately ninety species (about sixty of which grow in Austra lia), Drosera are most often found in moist pinelands and sa ndy roadside ditches in sava nn ahs. Th ey thrive in locations w ith acid so il (pH 3.5 to 5.0) and high humidity both in the so il and in the air. Sundews appear to adapt well to regions w ith barren so il s, as they ca n obtain organic nitrogen directly from victims such as small insects. As a ca rnivo­ rous plant, th e sundew has active bird limes or flypaper traps, features which are named for their obvious similarity to human devices [after Lloyd : Th e Carnivo­ rous Plants (1942)]. *Katsuhiko Kondo, Department of The Drosera have active glandu lar hairs and leaves which move, twist, Botany, The University of North Car­ hold, fold, and roll v ictims to the center of the leaves. An interesting discussion olina, Chapel Hill, N. C. 27574. Tok­ of these movements can be found in Charles Darwin's famous text, Insectivorous uyoshi Kondo, Kondo Collection, 4- Plants, written in 1875. The glandular hairs consist of a tapering sta lk topped by 72 , Shioji-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, an oval gland. Th e stalk ari ses as a mass of tissue from the leaf surface and in­ Japa n. Josef Bogner, Munchen Botan­ cludes all the elements of leaf structure-epidermis, parenchyma, and vascular ischer Garten, Munich, Germany. tissue. W hen a victim is caught, the leaf roll s back on itself from the apex toward the base. Capable of such movement, which leaves th em bent like a bow, the " Details o ( this trip have been previously re­ glandular hairs are well studied for trapping prey. In addition to the sta lked ported in three publicati ons: " Notes on Aus­ glands, there are numerous, sma ll sessi le glands-the origin of w hich are purely tralian Ca rn ivorous Plants," in Report (or To kyo epiderma l. O nl y th ose sess ile glands of the concave leaf surface are capable of Universit y o( Agriculture (/ 967) and in Col­ lecling and Breeding 29 (1967); and "Australian absorption. Th ose on the dorsal su rface are sma ll and have usually lost th eir Carnivorou s Pl ants-Rep ort o ( an A u str ali an terminal cell s. During the absorption of nutrients, the active glands display cyto­ Plant Exploralion Trip " in Shin-Kaki 57 (7968). plasmic changes. Th e process begi ns when the prey is caught on the edge of a leaf blade. r+ 17 Then the long, marginal glandular hairs start bending and carry the prey slowly to the center of the blade. This movement causes the entire surface of a victim to be covered and subsequently digested by enzymes from the glandular hairs and sessile glands. Formerly, the protease in carnivorous plants was thought, because of its pH range, to be pepsin-like. Present research, however, reveals a difference from pepsin. The acid protease, nepenthesin, is the common digestive enzyme in carnivorous plants. The two species of sundews to be discussed are Orosera adelae F. Muell and O. dichrosepala Turcz. The former was gathered in a tropical, evergreen forest in the Seaview Mountain Range of northern Queensland, with the help of the University College of Townsville. The latter was collected in the south­ western suburbs of Perth, with the aid of King's Park and Botanic Garden. Since that time growers have been fascinated with these plants. It is possible that dif­ ferent strains of the two species have been imported into the United States re­ cently. Unfortunately it is hard to say whether they are actually different strains of the original two species collected or not. This is due to the fact that for almost seven years the two species have been propagated and strains have been sent throughout the world, thus creating the possibility that these cultivated strains may have been intermixed with unintroduced strains of the species even in their native cou ntry of Austral ia. Orosera ade/ae is a very primitive species in the genus and has large, fern­ like leaves of ten to twenty-five centemeters when mature. If kept in a climate with a temperature of 20° to 25°C (68° to 7rF) and a humidity of higher than ninety per cent, the plant is in good shape. Since this sundew thrives in a shady environment, it grows best under a plant shelf in the greenhouse. Think of where your ferns thrive and that is where this plant belongs. In contrast, if this species is raised in too sunny environment, its leaves will be thicker and have a reddish color and it will be shorter. Fresh sphagnum mosses can be successfully used· for potting in the first year as they provide the high moisture and acidity (pH 3.5 to 5.0) in which the Oro­ sera ade/ae thrive. When watering this plant, acid or neutralized water must be used . Alkaline water is harmful and in places like California, where water is alka­ line, neutral water must be artificially produced for watering cultivated carnivo­ rous plants. Though the type of water used is important, there is usually no bad effect from overwatering. The optimum condition, however, can be reached by watering until the surface of the sphagnum mosses are wet to the touch and maintaining that amount of moisture. To control this, a pot with drainage is helpful. As you might suppose a terrarium is an excellent microenvironment for this plant also. Orosera ade/ae reproduces both vegetatively and sexually. If planted in a wide, large pot with sphagnum mosses its roots grow both downwards and up close to the surface. The shallow, horizontal roots often produce adventitious buds. These later become new plants. This type of vegetative reproduction oc­ curs rapidly during the summer. Older, mature leaves are also capable of repro­ ducing. When they fall and touch the w et surface of the sphagnum moss, nu­ merous adventive buds are produced along the leaf veins. These buds takes about one year to mature in the environment described above. When the mois­ ture is very high, the flowering scapes of this species may also produce adven­ tive buds on their surfaces. During th e winter season , cultivated plants of Orosera adelae show a high degree of se xual reproduction through flowering and setting seeds. Orosera ade/ae forms approximately fifteen to thirty flowers on each scape. These flowers are both insect- and self-pollinated. Under cultivation self-pollination prevails. After about one month, the capsules ripen and dehisce, and then the numerous seeds are dispersed. Close to one hundred per cent of the seeds are viable in this species when cultivated. 18 These reproductive mechanisms can be used for artificial propagation. Se- lect fresh, mature leaves, black-colored roots, or scapes, and clip th em off. Pl ace them on th e surface of fres h, wet sph ag num moss. To ensure sufficient conta ct with th e sp hag num moss, press the cuttings gently down. You may want to sp read a li ght cover on th e cl ippings. Be ca reful, however, as too much sp hag num moss may cause the cuttings to decompose or may allow only a few adventive buds to grow. Root cuttings need to be at least two centimeters long and , since scapes produce adventive buds around th e nodes, th e entire scape should be used for propagation. If seeds are used in propagation, 'fine grained sp hagnum moss or commercial fine grained peat should be used in the plant bed. Th e mi croenvironment should be the sa me as described above for th e ma­ ture plant. Sow th e seeds on the flat bed and do not cover them with sphagnum moss powder. Do not water the seeds from the top until seedlings grow up to approximately one centimeter tall, as the seeds and the tiny seedlings would be eas il y covered by sp hag num moss or peat. Seed lings take one to two years to mature. No fe rtili zer should be used at either the young or mature stages, for fer­ tili zer changes th e so il pH ca usi ng algae and molds to invade and decompose sp hag num moss. Seeds ca n be stored for two to three yea rs in a cold, dry room. Th e plant needs to be repotted once every year duri ng ea rl y sp ri ng soon after sex ual reproduction. Orosera dichrosepa /a is placed in the Western Australian group of sundews. It is a tiny, handso me plant consisting of a tight rosette covered by long, white hairs at its base and acentri ca ll y peltate leaves w ith long petioles which contain chl orophyll . Each scape has from two to seven large, white flowers. Th e natural habitat of the species , south of Perth, Western A ustralia, is in sa nd y and swamp areas. Thi s Mediterranean-like climate is also the home of Eu ca lyptus, Banksia, Photo by lose 1Bogne r. Nuytsia, and Anigosanthos . Orosera dichrosepa /a usuall y grows on the so uthern , sunny side and req uires little air moisture, but is used to a high amount of soil moisture in th e summer. Th e distinguishing feature of thi s species is the formation of gemmae or propagules providing for a unique, vegetati ve asexual reproduction . This will be explained as it is very useful for the propagation of this species under cultivation. Th ese plants w ill so metimes stop growth and lea f production during a resting season. At thi s time th ey form brood bodies containing an abundance of fat and starch. The brood bodies produce gemmae (hundreds at a time). They float and are dispersed by water, eventuall y setting minute buds which give ri se to new individuals. Th ese buds take about one year to grow. Th e pl ant's roots are tiny and tapering. Th ey are not thought to reproduce vegetatively. Th e leaves ca n be a vegetatively reproductive organ. Sexual repro­ duction takes pl ace in the Orosera dichrosepala between October and January. After seed capsules of th e species mature, they dehisce and disperse numerous Drosera adelae F. Muell. seed s. The two main reproductive mechanisms of Orosera dichrosepala are both used for propagation under cultivation. The asexual reproduction is especially productive as gemmae are formed two or three times a year. Since its reproduc­ tive potential is so great, younger generations are constantly maintained even though individuals may have a short life period under cultivation. This species should not be grown in high moistened greenhouse or ter­ rarium because it does not thrive in high air humidity. Use fresh sphagnum mosses as soil and plant this species in wide flat pots. The technique of cultiva­ tion given for Orosera adelae may be followed, except this species likes a sunny area and little moisture in the air. After a year, the plants begin to grow taller. It then becomes necessary to repot them and put the leaf level or rosette level back to the soil level. Both of these sundews are unique, interesting and ornamental plants. Oro- sera adelae is fast becoming a favorite, indoor plant and with appropriate ca re thrives under these conditions. These plants are by no means the only carnivo­ rous plants that are being newly cultivated and we will soon introduce others. <» 19 Mainland American gardeners know the ornamental gingers only as florist's specimens, from conservatory collections, or when viewed in a sub-tropical garden. Prof essors Watson and Theobold have prepared a pictorial review of several of the most ornamental gingers as a guide f or recognition of these fine tropical garden plants. American H orticultural S ociety members will enjoy viewing landscape plantings of these and other ginger species in 1975 during the A.H.S . Congress in Hawaii. The ornamental gingers mentioned in this article originate in various tropical areas. Few are easily adapted to house culture in the North T emperate zone, but most can be grown in a warm, humid, greenhouse. S ome remain evergreen the year round, others require a dormant period after flo wering . Brief suggestions for the culture of th ese are: T emperature: night, 6r to 65° F .; day, 80° to 85° F . Humidity: high f or all listed genera (Costus and Zingiber are tolerant of humidity as low as 30%. ) Light: diffuse f or most listed Donald P. Watson and William L. Theobold* genera , but brightfor Nicolaia. S oil: two parts brown peat, one The fragrance of the yellow, kahili, and white gingers (Hedy­ part each loam and sand, f or chium) is truly a Hawaiian experience, long celebrated in song: Alpinia, Globba, Hedychium, Nicolaia, Tapeinochilos, and " White ginger blossoms cool and fragrant, sweeter than the rose, fairer Zingiber. Rich, sandy loam with a than the moonlight, white ginger bl ossoms from the mountains fill the tra ce of peat f or Costus. Peat and thirsty air with exotic fragrance rare" (R. Alex Anderson). leafmold with a small amount of loam f or Curcuma. Zingiber While ginger usuall y brings to mind the common spice obtained officinale may require less peat than from the underground stems of Zingiber officina Ie Roscoe, this is but indicated. (sensu Water gingers generously as one of over a thousand species in the family Zingiberaceae lato, growth becomes strong; Curcuma including Costaceae) . Many of the other species are among the most an.d Hedychium may be grown wet beautiful tropical and subtropical garden flowers. as shoots and blossoms develop, As a result of their beauty numerous species have been intro­ oth ers moist. Water somewhat less duced into the Islands in the past 100 years. One begins to think of afterflowers fade. Curcuma and them as native to the area. Some provide valuable accent foliage; Zingiber officinale require a none is unattractive. In the gardens of Hawaii, we find the following dormant period, water almost members of the family commonly grown for their ornamental value, entirely withheld,follo wing th e cut flowers, or for leis. flowerin g period. -Editor ' Profess or of Horticulture and Professor of Botany, (res pectively) University 20 of Hawaii, H onolulu, H aw aii 96822 . 1/ Common Name: Red Ginger Hawaii an Name: 'awa puhi-' ula' ula Scientific Name: A lpinia purpurata (Vieill.) K . Schum. As one of Haw aii 's most popular gingers, thi s species is grown locally for its ornamental value both as a garden pl ant and as a cut flower. Th e pink colored and th e multiple headed forms also are es pecially pri zed . Th e inflorescence consists of a cylinder of dee p red bracts on an axis up to a foot in length . Each bract envelopes an inconspi­ cuous w hite fl ower developing in sequence from th e base of th e inflorescence toward s th e ti p. Under good growing conditions th e plants will reach a height of fiftee n feet with two rows of al­ tern ating leaves in one pl ane. It fl ow ers at all times during th e year and one ca n often find new plants germinating and developing among th e flower bracts of inflorescences th at have finished bl ooming sometime ea rli er. Red ginger should not be confu sed with the " Torch Ginger" N icolaia elatior (J ack) Horan. Common Ornamental Gingers in Hawaii (Ph aeomeria magnifica) which looks less like th e flame of a torch.

1I Alpinia purpurata (Vieill .) K. Schum. Red ginger 21 Alpinia zerumbet (Pers.) Burtt & Smith Shell gi nger 31 Alpinia mutica Roxb. O rchid ginger 41 Alpinia ca lcarata Roscoe Miniature ginger 51 Alpinia sa nderae Sa nd. Variegated ginger 61 Costus sp ecios us (Koeni g) Sm . Crape ginger 71 Costus spica tus (J acq.) Sw. Indian head ginger 81 Cos tus igneus N.E. Br. Orange ginger 91 Curcuma domestica Valeton Tumeri c 101 G/obba sc homburgkii Hook. f. Dwarf gi nger 11 I H edychium gardnerianium Ro scoe Kahili ginger 121 Hedychium coronarium Koenig in Retz . Wh ite gi nger 131 Hedychium flavescens Carey in Roscoe Yellow ginger 141 Nicolaia elatior (J ac k) Horan. Torch ginger lSI Tapeinochilos ananassae

K. Schum . Malaysian ginger Ph o t~ s furnished by authors. 161 Zingiber zerumbet (L. ) Sm . Shampoo ginger 171 Zingiber officinale Roscoe Jamaica ginger

2 1 3/ Common Name: Orchid Ginger Hawaiian Name: 'awapuhi-'okika Scientific Name: Alpinia mutica Roxb.

Sometimes called the small shell ginger, it is an attractive plant bearing flowers similar to but smaller than Alpinia zerumbet. The fruit is orange to red, persistent, and felt-covered, excellent for dried flower arrangements.

2/ Common Name: Shell Ginger Hawaiian Name: 'awapuhi luheluhe Scientific Name: Alpinia zerumbet (Pers.) Burtt & Smith. This very popular species was until recently commonly known as Alpinia speciosa and this is the name under which most references will be found. It bears bell-shaped, waxy-white flowers closely clustered on an arching inflorescence. In fact "Iuheluhe" refers to this attractive drooping 4/ Common Name: Miniature Ginger flower cluster. The persistent waxy-white bracts Hawaiian Name: none and petals with red tips which resemble small Scientific Name: Alpinia calcarata Roscoe shells make this ginger popular as a cut flower The miniature shell ginger is less than five feet and ornamental plant in the garden. tall with flowering stems less than six inches long. The flower stalks are borne on long stems often It is slender with narrow leaves eight to twelve twelve feet in length with the typical Alpinia char­ inches long. I n contrast to the true shell gi nger the acteristic of two rows of alternate leaves all in one inflorescence is upright with greenish-white plane. In this species the edge of the leaf is hairy flowers that have a red and yellow lip. as contrasted with the miniature ginger which has a smooth margin. After flowering a characteristic red, ridged fruit forms.

22 6/ Common Name: Crape Ginger Hawaii an Name: none Scientific Name: Costus speciosus (Koenig) Sm.

Like al l other species of eastus , crape ginger is characterized by a spiral leaf-arra ngement with a dense sp ike of cone- like inflorescence terminating the ste m. Both the bracts and the lip of the flowers form the consp icuous part of this struc­ ture. In this species these dense flower heads a~e two to six inches long and made up of large stiff, red-purple bracts enclosing the base of a tubular flower with tltree whitish petals and a conspic­ uous white, crape-like lip. This lip surrounds a 5/ Common Name: Variegated Ginger central, shorter, petal-like stamen. The flowers are Hawaiian Name: 'awapuhi-kioki not often used as a cut speci men, but instead Scientific Name: Alpinia sanderae Sand. heads are used in dry arrangements. The plants are eight to ten feet tall with spirally­ Variegated ginger is one of the several species arranged smooth green leaves. With six to eight grown primarily for its foliage rather than its inflo­ square feet of space the plant makes an attractive rescence which is made up of small orange-pink shrub. bracts covering inconspicuous flowers. In general the plants are small with short shiny green leaves obliquely striped with white. These are usually less than eight inches long and one inch wide. It may be a form of Alpinia rafflesiana from Ma­ laysia.

23 7/ Common Name: Indian Head Ginger; Spiral Flag Hawaiian Name: 'awapuhi-'Inikini Po'o Scientific Name: Costus spicatus (Jacq.) Sw. 8/ Common Name: Orange Ginger Hawaiian Name: 'awapuhi-alani This particular ginger has several common Scientific Name: Costus igneus N.E. Br. names but can readily be recognized and remem­ bered by the presence of a dense cyl i ndrical Compared to the " Crape" and " Indian head" cluster of dull-red, smooth, over-lapping bracts species of Costus , orange ginger is much sma ller, about two to four inches long. At anyone time a being rarely more than one foot tall. The inflo­ so litary or pair of narrow ye ll ow flowers is found rescence is short, relatively inconspicuous, and extend ing from these bracts. surrounded by a rosette of smooth, green leaves . The inflorescences are borne at the end of six The overlapping bracts are ye llowish-orange and to eight foot, smooth, often ungainly stems. How­ the flowers orange-red w ith a somewhat tubular ever, the plant ca n be attractive if it is grown lip which encloses a conspicuous orange stamen. where there is plenty of room for its natural devel­ This species makes an attractive low garden plant opment. both when vegetative and when in flower. Several other so-ca ll ed spiral flags are grown in Hawaii but they differ only in bract and flower color.

24 9/ Common Name: Tumeric, OJena Ginger Hawaiian Name: 'olena Scientific Name: Curcuma domestica Valeton

Both tumeric and the shampoo ginger were used by the early H awaiians in various ways and 10/ Common Name: Dwarf Ginger were probably brought here by them on their Hawaiian Name: 'awapuhi peke ea rl y migrations. The tumeric plant is distinctive Scientific Name: Globba schomburgkii with a stem less or short-stemmed cluster of leaves Hook f. ari sing from the underground stem in the sp ring of the yea r. Later a cylindrical flower head wh ich Clobba schomburgkii produces exquisite small consists of large, pa le-green, pouch-like, cu rved yellow flowers borne in a red terminal pendant bracts appears from among the leaf bases . Two or panicle w ith red bracts adjacent to each flower. It more pale ye ll ow f lowers are fou nd among these .is readily distinguished from the other gingers on bracts. Th e upper bracts of the head are much this basis. Th e plants grow up to three feet tall larger, flowerless, and pa le-green to pinkish in with two rows of alternating leaves in one plane. color. Th e cluster of leaves on the adjacent flow­ Bulbils ca n be harvested in the fall of the year erl ess stems is superficiall y similar to a ti (Cordy­ from the axil s of the green basal bracts of the in­ line) in appearance. A ll in all , the entire plant is florescence. Th ese can be germinated in the very attractive. spri ng. Although the ground rhizome (tumeric) is im­ portant as a condiment and as an ingredient in curri es in other parts of the world, this was not the case in Hawai i. Instead it was used ceremoni­ ally mixed with sea water to purify objects, things, places, and people and was used med ici­ nally and as a dye for tapa. Th e latter is also an important use in other parts of the world.

25 12/ Common Name: White Ginger Hawaiian Name: 'awapuhi ke'oke'o Scientific Name: H edychium coronarium Koenig in Retz.

White ginger is used widely as a cut flower, 11/ Common Name: Kahili Ginger garden plant, and for lei making. In fact, the term coronarium refers to its use in making garlands. Hawaiian Name: 'awapuhi kahili The spike-like terminal inflorElscence consists of Scientific Name: Hedychium gardnerianum Roscoe numerous, tightly overlapping green bracts. Two or th ree wh ite flowers are fou nd in the ax i I of Hedychium (sweet snow) is so named because each bract. These are made up of one large and of the delightful fragrance of the flowers of its two smaller petals as well as a large butterfly­ species. The kahili ginger has inflorescenc~s that shaped, notched lip with a pale heart-shaped spot superficially resemble the red and yellow on the lower end of the mid-vein. In addition Hawaiian ceremonial kahilis that were made of there is a pair of petal-like sterile stamens. bird feathers. The inflorescence is terminal, about Flowers appear over a long period developing one foot long, and made up of widely separated, from within the bracts from the lower toward the non-overlapping bracts. Each bract contains two upper end of the inflorescence. They are har­ yellow flowers with long red stamens. The flowers vested in the bud stage for making leis. are smaller than those of the yellow and white The plants grow up to six feet tall with two ginger but the overall habit and inflorescence rows of alternate leaves all in one plane. It was makes this an attractive garden species. The introduced into Hawaii in 1880, along with the plants grow up to six feet tall with two rows of yellow ginger and both have become widespread alternate leaves all in one plane. in the wild as well as in cultivation. It thrives in damp open forests, partially shaded gardens and flowers from near sea level to higher altitudes where the weather is cooler.

26 14/ Common Name: Torch Ginger Hawaii an Name: ' awapuhi ko'oko'o Scientific Name: Nicolaia elatior (Jack) Horan.

Most people will know this very attractive ginger by its former scientific name Phaeomeria magnifica. The large, beautiful rose-red , cone-like inflorescences are borne on heavy naked stalks 13/ Common Name: Yellow Ginger up to six feet tall and as a result they are prized Hawaiian Name: 'awapuhi melemele for their ornamental value. These tall stalks are Scientific Name: H edychiumfiavescens found scattered among the vegetative, leafy Carey in Roscoe stems. The flower heads consist of large, showy, Yellow Ginger is sl!perficially very similar to wax-like red bracts with a narrow white margin. the white ginger and appears to differ only in The lowermost bracts are greatly enlarged, wavy, color. However, there are usually three to five flowerless, and form a collar or nest for the upper pure creamy yellow flowers per bract with a portion which is made up of smaller, closely ov­ darker yellow shading on both sides of the mid­ erlapping bracts containing small flowers. The rib. The lip is slightly smaller and the stamen a only conspicuous part of the flower is the red lip little longer but it is otherwise similar to the white which has a narrow orange-yellow margin. Un­ ginger. It was also introduced in the latter part of fortunately the flower cluster is heavy and not the last century and is now found both wild and long lasting after it is cut. in gardens. The vegetative, leafy stems reach a height of twenty feet and are made up of two rows of alter­ nate leaves all in one plane. As a result thi s spe­ cies is only suited for large garden areas. A smaller pink-flowering clone is better suited to smaller gardens and for flower arrangements.

27 16/ Common Name: Shampoo Ginger Hawaiian Name: 'awapuhi Scientific Name: Zingiber zerumbet (L.) Sm. This and the tumeric ginger (Curcuma domes­ 15/ Common Name: Malaysian Ginger tica) were the only gingers present in Hawaii prior to the time of Captain Cook. Consequently, to Hawaiian Name: 'awapuhi Malae Hawaiians it was the original '''awapuhi'', pos­ Scientific Name: Tapeinochilos ananassae K. Schum. sibly brought here in the early Hawaiian migra­ tions to the islands. It is found naturalized in the This attractive costoid-type ginger has relp.tively mountains and gets its common name from the large rusty-red inflorescences consisting of spi­ presence of a sudsy, sl i my j u i ce that is exuded rally arranged, crisp-textured bracts and small from the flower cluster. This exudate was used by inconspicuous flowers with a narrow, non-petal­ Hawaiians as a hair shampoo and thirst quencher oid fi lament. The specific epithet refers to its on mountain journeys. pineapple-like structure. These inflorescences are Like the torch ginger the naked flower stalk is borne on short, leafless stems. Unfortunately they separate from the leafy stem . The flower stalk is are not long lasting as a cut flower. The leaf stalks short, about one foot, and bears a conical or club­ bear spirally-arranged leaves and conspicuous shaped head of spirally arranged dull green bracts nodes which give the stems a bamboo-like ap­ suffused with red. Small, inconspiclJous yellow pearance which may reach fifteen feet in height. flowers are fou nd among the bracts. The leafy stem is one to three feet tall and made up of two rows of alternate leaves all in one plane. The underground stem was dried and powdered as a perfume for tapa cloth and the stalks were placed in imus to flavor cooked pig.

28 17/ Common Name : Jamaica Ginger, Edible Ginger Hawaii an N ame: 'awa puhi Pa ke Scientific Name : Z ingiber officina/e Roscoe Jamaica ginger is grown primaril y for its under­ ground stem which is valu ed as a condiment. It w as introduced into H aw aii by th e Chinese and hence its H aw aii an name "'aw apuhi Pake," '''aw apuhi'' mea ning ginger and " pake" mea ning Chinese. Like th e th e shampoo and torch gingers th e flower stalks are se parate from th e leafy stems. The fl ow er stalks are one to two feet tail or less and bea r a conica l or cone-s haped head of light green closely overl appi ng brac ts. The fl owers are in conspi cuous, yell ow-green and purple. Th e leaves are long, smooth , narrow, and in two altern ate row s in one pl ane. Th e white roots (underground stem ca ll ed hands) are harvested after th e leafy stems wither and in Hawaii are used fres h for fl avoring, es peciall y in Chinese food and in ginger ale. In Jamaica large quantities are grown, dried, and exported for use throughout th e world.

literatu re Cited

Ba iley, l. H . 1953. The Sta ndard Cyclopedia of Horti culture. M acMillan Company, New York. Burtt, B. L. 1972. General introducti on to papers o n Zingibera­ ceae. Notes Roy. Bot. Gdn., Edinburgh 31: 155 - 165 . Burtt, B. L. & O latunji, O. A. 1972. Th e limits of the tribe Z in­ giberaceae. Notes Roy. Bot. Gdn., Edinburgh 3 1: 167-169. Burtt, B. L. & Smith, R. M . 1972. Tentative keys to th e subfam­ ilies, tribes and genera of th e Z ingiberaceae. Notes Roy. Bot. Gdn., Edinburgh 3 1: 171-1 76. _ _ _ & 1972, Key species in th e taxono mic his- tory of Zingiberaceae. Notes Roy. Bot. Gdn., Edin­ burgh 3 1: 177-227. Graf, Alfred Byrd. 1964. Exotica, III. Roehrs Company, Ruth er­ ford, New Jersey. Nea l, M ari e C. 1965. In Gard ens of H awaii. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. Rosengarten, Frederi ck Jr. 1969. The Book of Spices. M acrae Smith Company, Philadelphia. Trujill o, E. E. 1964. Diseases of ginger (Zingiber officina/e) in Hawai i. Hawaii Ag. Exp. Statio n Circular No. 62, Honolulu, Haw aii.

29 A most urgent and obvious need is to test in our latitudes the performance of plants from the southern termini of their distribu­ tions, especially representatives of those species ranging from the eastern United States into the highlands of Mexico and Guate­ mala. To illustrate this thesis I report here my experience with Liquid­ ambar styraciflua. I rather suspect that we are concerned with two species of sweet gum, but as of now taxonomic botanists do not accept this interpretation that the plants in Mexico and in Virginia, for example, are specifically dif­ ferent. So, for the present discus­ sion, we consider a single species to be involved. The accompanying map (Elbert L. Little, Jr., 1971 , Atlas of United States Trees, Vol. 1, U .S. Dept. Agric., Forest Service, Miscell . Publ . 1146.) shows the distribu­ tion of Liquidambar styraciflua. From seed collected by Mar­ shall C. Johnston, Dece mber 1960, in a cloud forest ca. 3500 feet elevation, four miles above Xilitla, San Luis PotosI, Mexico, we have established five trees in Williamsburg, Virginia, and from them as parents have grown other seedlings. Th e trees of Mexican parentage leaf out at least a week before those native to the Williamsburg area: this is apparent in photo­ graphs taken April 8, 1974, and the Mexican trees hold their leaves three to four weeks later in the fall than representatives indi­ genous here. Precise analyses of compara­ tive dry weights are demanded for determination of the wood-pro­ ducing efficiency of trees of dif­ ferent geographic origins. But, surely, present observations sug­ gest photosynthetic periods with potentials of considerable eco­ nomic magnitude. «;; o 100 200 3 00 4 00 MILES I I I I I I I I -,-----1- 6 260' 1 .60 1 660 KILOMETERS *College of William and Mary, Wil­ liamsburg, Virginia 23 785 .{. \ 1

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Liquidambar styraciflua, Virginia plant. Liquidambar styraciflua, Mexican plant. 29th AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY CONGRESS

Stouffer's National Center Inn

OCTOBER 9-12, 1974jWASHINGTON, D.C.

Wednesday, October 9 ti ons along th e Potomac. Th e Estate now se rves as th e Na­ Day-long priva te Pr e-Con­ ti o nal Center fo r Am eri ca n gress tours of so me of th e most H o rti c ulture . To urs of th e mag nificent priva te ga rd ens in house, its extensive ga rd ens, G eorgeto wn, W as hin gto n, and a special colonial pl ant D.C. and ga rd ens of Federal ex hibit wi II be featured. Re­ Peri od ho m es in Old To wn fres hments w ill be served. Al exandri a, Virgini a. Th ese 12 :3 0 p. m .- 2 :00 p .m.­ ho mes are not ava il able fo r Keyno te lunc heon fea turin g pu bli c inspecti on and provide Se n ato r H owa rd Ba k e r , a unique opportunity to see th e member of th e A. H. S. Boa rd of "pri va te ga rd ens" of so me of Di rectors and noted horti cul ­ Washington's prominent per­ ture enthusiast. sona liti es . Lun c h eo n in ­ 3 :00 p.m.- A re lax ing Po­ c luded. tomac boat ride past th e new Tours include th e ga rdens of: A. H.S. Hea dquarters at Ri ver Mr. and Mrs. Armistea d Peter, Farm to M ount Vern on for a III-" Tu dor Pl ace" priva te tour of George Wash­ Capt. and Mrs. Peter Belin­ ington's ho m e and gardens, " Evermay" including a reception on th e Mrs. Christi an A. Herter grounds. Mr. Joseph W . Evening O pen A lsop ...... Georgetown Mr. and Mrs. H oward W . Friday, October 11 Smith, Jr .- " Th e Lafayette H ouse" 9:00 a. m.-S:OO p.m.-All­ Dr. and Mrs. Arthur J. M ourot day tours and edu ca ti onal pro­ Col. and Mrs. Wilfred J. Smith grams including visits to: Mr. and Mrs. Royce F. W ard Dumbarton Oaks- th e grea t O ld Town Alexa ndria es tate now owned by Harva rd ·c'" ...."" ... ,.~~I'II '@l University w hich houses a fas­ s: Thursday, October 10 c in atin g pre-Colum b ian art :r;>- muse um and trul y mag nificent 9:00 a.m. - 12 :00 noon­ '-"""'__ .J . § ga rd ens. 8 Tour of th e new A.H.S . H ea d­ II o quarters at River Farm, which The Hillwood Estate- th e it w as ori ginally one of fi ve of famed property of th e late Mar­ 32 Gunston Hall. George W as hington' s pl anta- jori e M erri weath er Post. Mrs. Post's 25-acre property, fea­ tured in "G rea t A m eri ca n Homes," is lauded as o ne of th e m os t beautifully land ­ scaped gardens in Washington, D.C. Hillwood has never been open to the public. The National Arboretum­ Th e National Arboretum has over 7,000 varieties of trees and shrubs and is home of the Gottelli Coll ectio n of over 1, 500 n atura ll y dwarfed coni fers-the world ' s fi nest coll ection. The Agricultural Research Station at Beltsv ill e, Mary­ land, is the hub of a nationw ide resea rch effort by the USD.A. Ei ghteen plant scienti sts wi ll 10 :30-12 :00 noon-Horti­ A.H.S. tour, the church w ill Mount Vernon. prov ide a remarkable educa­ cultural " Three Ring Circus" contain many beautifu l f lora l tional experi ence with displays featuri ng educational ses sions disp lays c rafted by amateur and lectu res on such subjects and workshops. and profess iona l flower arran­ as th e effects of pollution and 12 :3 0 p.m.-2 :00 p .m .­ gers. artifi c ia l light reg ul ators o n Lun cheon. 6: 30 p.m.-7:45 p.m.-The plants; resea rc h tec hni q ues 2:00 p.m .-5:30 p.m.-Tours. always fu nand exci ti ng rare used to produce new va ri eti es and unu sua l plant auction . of ornamentals; the protection Gunston Hall-Origi nall y a A.H.S. with the ass ista nce of of plants from insects, viruses 5,000 acre plantation owned the National Arboretum, w ill and root rot; new break­ by V irgini a' s first Gov ernor, supply unique plant material to throughs in vegetable planting; George Mason. Built in 1755, it be auctioned to the Congress. and a look at the hybridizatio n is one of the most exqui site 8:00 p.m.-Pres ident's Ban­ and care of dwarf fru it trees. exa mples of a Federal Period quet featur ing guest spea ker Highlight of the tour w ill be a ho me. Th e ga rd ens contain Frederi ck W . Case " Gifts From view of over an acre of th e so me of the most superb box­ th e American Wilderness. " New Guinea Impatien s th at are wood in America. Th e hi ghest award in horti cu l­ currently being hybridized for ture, th e Liberty H yde Bailey release to commercial growers. Woodlawn Plantation­ Medal, w ill be prese nted Cutti ngs of th ese breathtaking Created from 2,000 acres of the during the banquet. plants wi II be ava i lable at th e original Mount Vernon. W ood­ A.H.S. plant sa le and aucti on. lawn was given b y George Lunch will be served at th e Wash i ngton to hi s foster Research Station. daughter and nephew as a POST·CONGRESS TOURS 6:30 p.m.-Cocktail recep­ wedding gift. Thi s trul y mag nif­ Sunday & Monday tion ice nt home features gardens of October 13 and 14 7:45 p.m.-Film Festival and old-fashioned ros es and fasci­ Awards Banquet nating nature trail s. One and two day tours along the nationall y famous Skyl i ne Saturday, Oc;tober 12 Pohick Church-Originally Drive with its magnificent fall built in 1769 from plans drawn foli age to hi sto ri c Willi am s­ 8:30 a. m.-9:3 0 a.m.-Dr. by George Wa shington and burg; Monticell o, Charlottes­ 1974A.H.S. Henry M. Cathey, A.H.S. First constructed under the direction v ill e, Virgini a, th e home of Congress Chairmen: Vice Presi dent, will report on of George Mason . Pohic k Thomas jefferso n; the bea utifu I Mrs. Erastu s Corning, II the results of " HORT-U.S.­ Chwrch is steeped in American james Ri ver area; the hi stori c Mrs. john M. M aury Living and Learning" an envi­ hi story. Although destroyed Wi II i amsburg-Yorktown­ ronmental symposium held at duri ng th e Civi I War, it has jamestown area. Another tour Program Advisors: Riv@r Farm in early May. been completely restored with poss ibility may be to visit beau­ Miss Rachel Snyder 9: 3 0 a. m. - 1 0 : 3 0 ·a. fTl.­ the original W as hington family tiful Lon gwood Gardens in Dr. Henry M. Cath ey A.H.S. Plenary Session pew in place. During th e Kennett Square, Pennsylvania.

THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY, MOUNT VERNON, VIRGINIA-22121 33 • • • \\lith Winterberry Holly

Christmas is the time of the year to deck the halls with holly. But have you ever considered using the common Winterberry as the holly? Winterberry, /lex verticillata, Gray, also known as Black-alder, Coon berry or Michigan holly is a much neglected shrub that is indigenous to bog sites and has great potential as the Christmas berry of tomorrow. Win­ terberry can be spectacular in late fall and early winter with bright red fruits, massed in such large quantities that they conceal the stem . A few decades ago many people were familiar with this brilliantly fruited plant. Wild plants were often cut to Christopher Boylan and Harold Davidson* the ground by persons eager to use its showy branches to deck the halls with holly, with some making a portion of their livelihood by harvesting the branches and selling them to florists. But in recent years landowners have been reluctant to permit trespassers on their property for Ilex verticillata, female flowers. any reason and in many states Ilex verticillata has been placed on the protected list. Thus, its popularity as a Christmas berry declined. Presently, interest has been revived in the value of Winterberry. Research workers in the Department of Horticulture at Michigan State University see potential for making selections from wild populations, cultivating the plants as a plantation crop, similar to blueberries, and harvesting the fruited branches for the Christmas season . /lex verticillata, considered worthy of the Award of Merit by the Royal Horticulture Society in 1962, is na­ tive to North America. Its distribution ranges from Nova Scotia to Western Ontario, south to Florida and west to Missouri. It is one of the hardiest of the hollies, which becomes evident during the winter months when the bright red berries of the Winterberry contrast strikingly with the snow-covered landscape.

*Department of Horticulture, 34 Michigan State University Fruits of /lex verticiLlata.

When mature, J1 ex verticillata attains a height of ten to fifteen feet and most often consists of a dense mass of stems which originated as root suckers. When young, the stems are green and glabrous but with age they be­ come downy and grey. It develops a mass ive root system which extends horizontally and anchors the plant firmly in th e ground. Being deciduous, Winterberry loses its leaves in the fall. Thi s process ca n be quite dramatic following a heavy frost. The leaves quickly blacken and persist for a short time; hence, one of its common names Black­ alder. The alternate leaves are simple and obovate to oblanceolate in shape with an acuminate tip. They vary in size from one and one-half inches to three and one­ half inches long by one inch to one and one-half inches /lex verticillata, male flowers. wide, having short serrations along the margins. The upper surface may be glossy and the midrib is de­ pressed; the midrib is raised on the lower surface and pubescence occurs on both the midrib and the veins. The species does have stipules but they are caducous, dropping from the leaves before the buds open. Small, white, inconspicuous flowers are present in late Mayor early June. Since the species is dioecious, only male or female flowers are found on individual plants. A few authorities indicate that some plants are polygamodioecious which may explain the phenom­ enon of isolated plants found heavily fruited. The male flower clusters are larger and more branched th an the female, having from three to twenty-five simple or com­ pound cymes on prominent peduncles. Flowers on th e female plant consist of one to three flowered cymes on ~5 inconspicuous peduncles. The female flowers have a prominent ovoid pistil. Anthers are present in these pis­ tillate blossoms but they are small and the pollen sacs are empty. The staminate (male) flowers have an ovary but it is rudimentary and nonfunctional. The anthers are oblong globose containing pollen grains in the thecae. The reflexed petals, four to six in number, are obovate in shape and united only at the base. Fruits develop from the superior ovary of the fertilized female flowers. Color development commences with the onset of short days and cool temperature in September. At first, small orange-red areas appear but later the green color completely disappears and the reds dominate. The attractive fruits are bright red, globose, and about the size of a large pea. The fruit can be borne on a solitary infructescence which is characterized by its occurrence on current season's growth. But a more common fruiting habit is the verticillate type, which is recognized by three fruits borne in a simple cyme with a short pe­ duncle. When fruitful, as plants most often are, brilliant Black-alder, Jlex verticillata, growing in the wild. red berries completely cover and conceal the twigs. Controversy exists as to the classification of holly fruit. Terms variously used to describe it are pyrene, drupe, and berry. It is not a pyrene or a drupe such as a cherry because it contains more than one stone. It is really sev­ eral pyrenes, each covering a single seed. Because of its hard endocarp, it cannot be classified as a berry. How­ ever, it is unlikely that holly fruit will ever be called by any name other than berry. Classification of the seed also is debatable. Names such as pit, stone, nutlet and pyrene have been used in the I iterature. The seed as we know it is a true seed plus an endocarp. Seeds are el­ liptic in outline, trigonal in cross section and approxi­ mately three millimeters by one and one-half millimeters in size. The embryo is immature at the time of fruit matu­ rity. A number of varieties have been described based on fruit size and color, leaf type and plant size and shape. Red or orange-red is the predominant fruit color. The cultivar 'Aurantiaca' has orange fruit and 'Chrysocarpa' has yellow. 'Polycarpa' is said to have larger than av­ erage fruits. 'Tenuifolia' has thinner leaves, 'Fastigiata' is an erect form and 'Nanum' a dwarf selection. Some hy­ brids between lIex serrata and lIex verticillata also have been reported. The most common site for Winterberry is in a swamp. Often the most colorful specimen, full of bright red fruit, is in the middle of a marsh submerged in water, usually about a foot deep, where the soil is organic with a low pH. Many specimens fruit heavily in such circumstances at the expense of vegetative growth. But, drier ground is 36 adequate. Although plants growing in drier areas have bee n observed to produce more vegetative growth with less ca pa city for fruiting, th ere is no proof that thi s spe­ cies req uires a great deal of w ater for successful fruiting as other fa ctors such as temperature and so il pH are de­ terminant. It often grows in assoc iation w ith Vaccinium corymbosum, hi ghbush blueberry, and demonstrates a si milar susceptibility to late sp ring frosts. Winterberry ca n be propagated by either seeds or cut­ tings. Seed germinati on is rather difficult, however, due to an immature embryo w hi ch requires a period of warm temperature, followed by a chilling period to release dormancy. Hardwood or softwood cuttings are used for asexual propagation, the advantage being uniformity of plant material. Hardwood stem cuttings have been found to root slowly with a low percentage of rooting. Th erefore, th e softwood c utting method is recom­ mend ed. Terminal cuttings approximately four to six inches long taken in late Jun e or ea rl y July, treated with a rooting hormone such as indolebutyric acid, and in­ serted in a peat or a peat-sand media under intermittent mi st or high humidity wi ll develop roots w ithin a period of two months. W interberry is relatively free of pests and with se lec­ ti ve use of modern pesticides none are se ri o u s. Christmas arrangement with /lex verticil/ala. Damping-off ha s occurred in propagation beds but with proper sterili zation it need not be a problem. Mildew of th e leaves ca n be prevented or at least controll ed with Karatha ne. Th e bud moth (Rhopobota naevana illicifol­ iana) may trouble plants occasionall y. The eggs over­ winter in the buds and th e larvae appear at bud break. Th ey sp in webs which encircle the tip ends of the branches and th en ea t the leaves and apical buds within. Th e ad u Its emerge and a second generati on ca n attack in late summer if not controll ed. Diazinon or Malathion sprayed w hen the larvae first appear has been effective in controlling the bud moth. If you are not already acq uainted with Winterberry, consider planting it in your landscape. Massed alongs ide a pond and in assoc iation with w hite birch and stately evergreens, it ca n be a bright spot in the fall and ea rl y w inter landscape. Also, the bright red fruited branches can be used to add a touch of Chri stmas cheer to indoor arrangements. Deck your halls with holly-Winterberry holl y.~

37 'Keshar' The Gold Medalist Mango of Gujarat, India

India is famous for delicious mangos. A. J. Ohaky* Uttar Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, West Bengal , Bihar, Mysore and Gujarat, each State has its famous Mango varie­ ties. Here, I wish to present history and description of the Gujarat famous gold medal mango 'Keshar' the pride of Sorath. Mangos (fruit of Mangifera indica) must have been cultivated in Saur­ ashtra as early as the days of Chandra­ gupt Mourya (325 B.C.) to whom the Asokan epigraph expl icitly refers and with whom the early history of Saur­ ashtra begins. Literatures of those days and even earlier, indeed, refers to mangos elsewhere in India. This is fur­ ther co rroborated by sculptures of Bharat and Sanchi (250 B.C.) which depicts trees and fruit. It is not unlikely, therefore, that in those days, Saurashtra with its prosperous capital Girinager Uunagadh) was aware of mango cul­ ture. In fact, both soil and climate of lower Saurashtra are highly congenial to the cultivation of mangos from re­ motest days. More evidence is obtained in the 12th Century, A.D., in a sculptural rep­ resentation of Devi Ambika in the Jain Temple at Somnath Patan. Bards speak of extensive mango plantations in the days of Ra ' s of Junagadh, and some old mango trees grown in Dharagadh are ascribed to them. This is undoubted ly wrong, since these trees appear to be at the most a hundred years old. Mango ' Keshar' originating in Sorath proper is the top variety and is de­ servedly esteemed for the superior quality of the fruit. As it is not so well Almost mature fruit of the 'Keshar' mango. known in other states of India or abroad I wish to describe it fully here. ' Keshar' (Salebhai-Amdi) is by far the best known and most extensively culti­ vated commercial variety in Saurashtra and now widely spread in Gujarat.

History In re ce nt years commercial cultiva­ * H orticu/turist, Porbandar, (Cujarat, tion of mango ' Keshar' has spread in 38 India) . many parts of Gujarat States. Salehind, an Amir, presented some see dling man goes to Sa ikh Hu sei n Miya of Mangrol. He liked the mango fruits very much and planted the seed lings in his garden " Lalbhagh" near Mangrol. From Lalbhag h the seed lin gs were se nt to Rahij and other places and then the variety spread in the coastal area from Madhavpur to Una-Delvada. The late Mr. Inger, Garden Superintendent of Mangifera indica , Mango. the Junagadh State, purchased the Sa­ Description lehbhai Amdi grafts and planted them in the newly begun Dudheswar planta­ The tree of ' Keshar' is of medium tion near Girnar Mountain, an area height, with spread in g branches. Th e with virgin red soil. clustered flowers are delightfully fra­ Owing to the change of climate the grant. The fruits are ob long-oval, color of the mango fruit's skin and flesh slightly beaked and thin sk inned. When changed and the beak became smaller. ripe they are golden yellow with a faint Shri Inger named the variety ' Keshar'. rose ti nge toward the top as they ri pen On the occasion of Shivrati Mela, in June. The color of the sweet, fiberless Shri Inger proposed a horticulture dis­ flesh is toward the orange side of play booth and there the 'Keshar' yellow. mango grafts were sold to the farmers. ' Keshar' is a mid-season mango of Th us the variety spread in different finest eating qual ity and with average Mahals and Talukas of the Junagadh keeping quality. State, as well as in other states of Saur­ Thanks to the creation of mango re­ ashtra. search stations at various centers in After the merger of states in Saurash­ India very many old and re cent varie­ tra, the garden department of Junagadh ties of mangos will be properly studied sent samples of ' Keshar' to the Western and evaluated. An exchange between Zone mango exhibition at Bombay in stations of superior so rts already is pos­ June, 1955. Shri M. A. Dhaky, research sible. The next step will be a hybri­ Assistant, publicized and widely pro­ dizing program ai med at combining moted the variety. In the Table Varie­ high quality with high production and ties Class ' Keshar' won the first prize beauty. Defects in known strains may and a gold medal was given to the Agri­ be eliminated. N ew mangos of a culture Department of Saurashtra for quality presently unknown soon should the best ' Keshar' mango. be available. <:» 39 Coventry Cathedral- awarded the Gold Medal for the best floribunda in the fourth trial in New Zealand (1972-1974).

40 Sam cGredy IV inGJVewZealand

Pamela Morrah *

Sam McGredy, one of the most fa­ is, marrying thi s rose with that to get the mous of world rose breeders, and varieties with just the qua lities he is fourth in the family line to have made a looking for. These top ro ses are not career in roses, is now sett led in St. He­ merel y accidental finds made by rose li ers, Auckland, New Zealand. His fre­ breeders. Improved varieties are the quent visits from his Portadown , res ult of years of observation, research Northern Ireland, home to New Zea­ and sk ill, with a few Irish-Kiwi hunches land since 1963 had shown him the thrown in! tremendous possibi I ities of New Zea­ Th e breeder is looking for those same land as a hybridizing country. characteristi cs which you as a gardener Sam has over 100,000 seedl ings this demand in your roses-disease resis­ year-his first New Zealand batch tanc e, vigorous growth , good c l ear wh ich will, he hopes, give him a color, abundant flowers which w ill last handful of top varieties to put on the when picked for the vase, attractive fo­ market when they've been thoroughly li age and fragrance, and roses which tried out, someth in g which could take w ill age graceful ly, a tall order! seven years or mo re. He says it's grand to be working at close quarters with his Processing the Seedling Crop roses aga in . In Ireland he was man­ First comes the initial round of aging director of a large concern and culling when seedlings prone to dis­ was becoming more and more in­ ease or with lack of vigor are removed . vo lved with the business side of things, Then comes further weeding out when here in New Zealand he is a "one-man other undesirable characteristics-per- *27 Palm Avenue, Palmerston N orth, band-typist, office boy, barrow boy haps unstable color or a short flowering New Zealand. and breeder." He says he is really en­ period, perhaps thin petals (hopeless in ~ joying "doing his own crossing," that a hot cI i mate w ith strong su n) , or leggy ( 41 growth or too many thorns all make a ' Picasso,' top floribunda for the third seed ling an unmarketable proposition. New Zealand International Trial, is the Those which look promising are first of the set on the market, and Sam grown on, and later sent to the n urs­ says the next in line, "already in th e eries of the McGredy agents overseas to fields but not yet avai lable, wi II make be tried out there in a variety of soils ' Picasso' look like nonsense." and climates. Then the very best are McGredy entries have done well in sent to the world trials to see how they the New Zealand Trial s. Th is trial fare in competitions with the top roses ground is comparatively new, and the from other breeders. Trials in New Zea­ only one of its kind in the southern land, Britain , Germany, Holland, hemisphere. It was established in Pal­ France, Spain and the United States, all merston North in 1969 and there have with widely varying conditions for been four trials to date. About 100 new, growing roses, have won for Sam innu­ roses, from both commercial breeders merable medals and awards and as a and amateurs, are entered in each two breeder of "repeat" flowering garden year trial, and Sam McGredy says by roses he is second to none. 'Orange­ world standards it is a first class trial for ade,' ' Irish Mist,' 'Piccadilly,' 'City of gardeners wanti ng roses to su it a tem­ Leeds,' ' Evelyn Fison,' 'M ischief,' perate climate. ' Lady Seton ' and ' Paddy McGredy' are His bright red floribunda, 'City of of the favorites flourishing in gardens Belfast,' and the shaded pink hybrid tea from Canada to Tasmania. ' Pania,' were the top winners in the first And as far as recurrent climbers are trial from 1969-1971. 'Co urvoisier' concerned, Sam McGredy' s contribu­ won the fragrance award in the second, tion to hybridizing has been a large his novelty cherry-red " hand-painted." one. Thinking Kordes' shrub rose ' Hei­ ' Picasso' won in the third, and his flori­ delberg' might be a good parent, he has bunda 'Coventry Cathedral' has just used it many times with spectacular won the fourth trial. Its glowing vibrant results. 'Swan Lake,' ' Hand el,' 'Galway coloring has an almost neon effect. This Bay,' and the new red 'Grand Hotel,' is a rose desti ned to stay in the cata logs are all progeny, the enchanting cream for a long time, one would imagine by and pink ' Handel' being outstanding. observing it during the trial. Bred from Ja ck Harkness, the successfu I Engl ish (, Little Darling' x ' Goldilocks') x Irish Breeder, says " ' Handel' is probably the Mist,' it has shapely salmon-flame best climbing ros e in the world today." flowers which deepen attractively as It is the top repeat flowering climber in they age-a quality not all roses have. the latest rose analysis published by the The plant is com pact with even growth , Royal English National Rose Society, and is exceptionally healthy. and it certainly performs well in New His shrub rose, ' Liverpool Echo' in Zealand. salmon, ' Kerryman' in warm pink and In yet another field, Sam has intro­ 'Bonfire Night' in orange-scarlet, have duced another strain which is the nov­ all been outstanding in the trials. All of elty all hybridists hope for-a strain to th ese are what Sam calls the "Carefree" catch the eye of the buying public­ roses-the kind which encourage their something which is entirely new. owners to go off to golf or to the beach Seeking health and vigor, he used a for the weekend as they' re healthy German rose, 'Fruhlingsmorgen,' for enough to need only minimum ga rden breeding. Nothing of value ca me from ca re. generations of seedlings, but in time And the McGredy roses of the future? ca me 'Jose,' a red rose with a white Will there be more hand-painted roses edge to its petals. Generations later, like the cherry and wh ite ' Pi casso' with after many cross ings, including germ­ different color combi nations? The re­ plasm from the species, Rosa macro­ cent results from the R.N.R.S. English phylla, he has a completely new break trials at St. Albans show seven trial in rose breeding-the " hand painted" grou nd certifi cates for Sam M cGredy, 42 series. for roses all still under number and not Sam McGredy, (on the right) receiving an award at the New Zealand International Rose Trial Award party, 1973, from Mr. Brian Ellwood, mayor of Palmerston North, N.Z.

yet named--carmine with a silver eye, gonia in color;" to create a good red orange-vermilion with a silver eye, hybrid-tea-someth i ng healthy, pro­ carmine-pink with a white eye . . .. lific, shapely, velvety and fragrant as One anticipates that these colorings well ; to create roses for a variety of could be carried through to the climb­ purposes-shrub roses, climbers, ers, and miniatures, and that their nov­ ground cover roses for landscaping or elty will induce many other breeders to low-growing border, " cushion" roses use them as a basis for new horizons in for small gardens, and to produce in all their hybridizing. bush-type roses, from the miniature to Hybridizing to improve the perfor­ the specimen shrub, a kind of compact mance of the miniature, to make it growth which bears its flowers right to flower longer and to make it bushier for the ground and for the longest possible borders and ground cover; breeding for period-all these are aims in the Mc­ purity of color in all roses-Sam says Gredy breeding program now coming " the rose has a long way to go before it to fruition in his new varieties coming reaches the purity of a dahlia or a be- on the market today. <» 43 Th e following books have been se nt by th e publishers to Th e American Horti­ cu ltural Society.

E. A. Bowles and His Garden at Middleton 500 Plants of South Florida. Juli a F. Morton. E. Landsca pes-Selected Writings of /. B. Ja ckson. House 1865-1954. Mea Al len. Faber & Faber, A. Seeman Publishing, Miami ; 1974. 176 pp. Ervin H. Zube, ed. University of Massachu­ London; 1973.264 pp. setts, Amherst; 1970. 160 pp. Herb Gardens of Delight. Adelma G. Simons. Grow Your Own Dwarf Fruit Trees. Ken and Hawthorn, New York; 1974. 185 pp. Ten-Minute Field Trips- A Teacher's Guide. Pat Craft. Walker and Co., New York; 1974. Helen Ros s Ru sse ll. J. G. Fergu so n Publishing 224 pp. Down To Earth-A Guide to Success ful In door Co., Chi cago; 1973. 173 pp. paperba ck. Gardening. Wes Gorham. Penguin Books, Gardening w ith Water, Plantings, and Stone. Inc., New York; 1974. 109 pp. pa perback. Th e Reluctant Weekend Gardener. Carla Carroll Ca lkins. Walker and Co., New York; Wallach. MacMillan Co. , New York; 1974. 1974. 160pp. Th e Pruning Manual. Edwi n F. Steffek. Little, 215 pp. Brown & Co. Boston; 1974. 137 pp.

Greenworks-Tender Loving Care for Plants. Th e Complete Book of Terrarium Gardening. Judith Hand elsman and Sara Bae rwald . Col­ Tomatoes-The Multi-plant Method. Leopold Jack Kramer. Charl es Sc ribner's Sons, New lier MacMi llan Publishers, New York; 1974. Kl ein . Th e William- Fr ederi c k Press; New York; 1974. 146 pp. 182 pp. York; 1974.90 pp. Philodendrons. Jack Kramer. Charl es Scrib­ The Relatives of Buxus. Dr. J. T. Baldwin and Th e Complete Book of Terrariums. Charles ner's Sons, New York; 1974.87 pp . Mrs. Edga r M . Whiti ng, ed itors. Special iss ue Marden Fitch. Hawthorn, New York; 1974 . ofThe Boxwood Bulletin, Vol. 5, No.2. 1965. 150 pp. A Herb for Ever y III. Audrey Wynne Hatfield. 19 pp. St. Martin's Press, New Yo rk; 1974.200 pp. Man, Nature and Ecology. Keith Rei d, J. A. Lauwerys, Joyce Joffe, and Anth ony Tucker. Exotic Mushrooms. Henri Romagnesi. Ster ling Recognizing Fl owering Wild Plants . Wil li am Doubleday, New Yo rk ; 1974. 41 9 pp. Publishing Co., New York; 1971 26 pp. and Carey Grimm. Hawth orn , New York; 1974. 160 colored plates . 348 pp. Th e Picturesque Garden and Its Influence Outside the British Isles. Nikolaus Pevs ner, The Free Earth Guide to Gardening. Jack ed. Dur'nbarton Oaks, Harva rd University; Azal eas. Fr ed Galle. Oxmoor H o use­ Kramer. Walker and Co., New York; 1974. 1974.121 pp. Sou thern Living Books, Birmingham; 1974 . 160 pp. 96 pp.

Th e Concise Herbal En cyclopedia. Donald Trees in a Winter Landscape. Alice Upham Flora Boreali-Americana. Andre Michaux. Law. St. Martin's Press, New York; 1974.266 Hafner Press, New York; 1974 reprint. 2 vols. Smith. Holt, Rinehart & Winston, New York; pp. 1974.207 pp. 330 pp. and 340 pp.

Plants Under Lights. Jack Kramer. Simon & Dwarf Rh ododendrons. Peter A . Cox. The Herb Garden. Dorothy Bovee Jones. Dor­ Schuster, New York; 1974. 90 pp. M acMillan Publi shing Co. , N ew York; ran ce & Co., Ph ilade lphia; 1974 . 160 pp. 1973. 296 pp. The Complete Flower Arranger. Amalie Adler Intensive Crop Economics. R. R. W. Folley. Ascher. Si mon & Sc huster, New York ; 1974. Th e Complete Herbal Guide to Natural Ameri can Elsevier Publishing Co., New York; 288 pp. H ea lth and Beauty. Di an Dincin Bu chman. 1973.33 1 pp. Doubleday; 1973. 221 pp. Paperback. Handbook for the H ome. U .S.D.A. Yearbook Th e Plant Root and Its Environment. E. W . for 1974. United States Department of Agri­ Th e Sa turday Morning Gardener Revised Edi ­ Carson, Jr ., ed itor. The University Press of culture, Government Printing Office, Wash­ tion. Donald Wyman. MacMi llan Co., New Virginia, Charl ottesv ille; 1974.691 pp. in gton; 1974.388 pp. York; 1974.382 pp.

44 THE WORLD OF CARNIVOROUS PLANTS length, and th e subjects covered range from good introductory library for the beg inning by home budget planning, consumer awareness, grower. james and Patricia Peitropaolo and home safe ty to handi crafts, ga rd ening, Published by, and ava ilable from, the Gilbert s. Daniels auth ors home furnishings, se lection of lu ggage, and c/o Peter Paul's Nurseries so li d waste disposa l problems in th e commu­ INDOOR LIGHT GARDENING BOOK Cana ndaigua, New York 74424 nity. If your Congressman gives you a free 7974 by copy, it might be worth browsing. George A. Elbert $6.30 postpaid Gilbert S. Daniels Crown Pub lishers, Inc. Thi s 128-page paperback on an ever pop­ New York- 1973 ul ar subject covers primaril y th ose species $10.95 HOUSE PLANTS which are native to the United States . Excel­ A lthough this book is intend ed as a guide to lent descriptive material and cu ltural direc­ FLOWERING HOUSE PLANTS, MONTH BY growing plants under artificial li ght, it has a tions put it on the top of th e list fo r anyone MONTH great deal to offer indoor ga rdeners in gen­ interested in growi ng insectivorous plants. by eral. Directed toward the non-technical ly ori­ jack Kramer Th e spec ies descriptions are clea r and contain ented amateur, excellent chapters are offered Cornerstone Library th e minimum of technica l botanical terms. A New York-1973 on equipment, growing conditions, and plant fascinating section for each genus discusses at $1 .95 material suitable for use indoors under artifi­ grea t length th e method used in the capture of cia l lights. A minor shortcoming of th is book HOUSE PLANTS ARE FOR PLEASURE the plant's prey. Th e au th ors, both botanists, is th e author's lack of tolerance for th ose by have done a fine job in produC ing a book H elen Van Pelt Wilson things w hich he has either not resea rched w hi ch will sa ti sfy th e needs of both the hi gh Doubleday and Company, In c. thorough ly or does not understand . Specifi­ school student and the adva nced grower. New York-7973 ca ll y, he takes iss ue w ith the "experts", $7.95 Gilbert S. Daniels usua lly in reference to resea rch in lighting THE NEW YORK TIMES BOOK OF HOUSE technology or horti culture, whose res ults A HISTORY OF lANDSCAPE PLANTS differ from his own opin ion. Th is ca n, per­ ARCHITECTURE by haps, be considered as lending spi ce to the joan Lee Faust by author's w riting rather than limiting the use­ G. B. Toby Quadrangle/The New York Times Book fu lness of thi s oth erw ise excell ent work for America n Elsevier Publishing Company, Inc. Company New York-1973 New York-7973 th e amateur indoor gardener. $17.50 Gilbert s. Daniels Th e development of gard ens, city planning, For the w indowsi ll gardener, all three of and land utilization fro m prehistory until th ese books have something to offer. Jack flORA OF THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST by 1970 is th e subject of thi s fast moving and Kramer's I ittle paperba ck is an excellent se ri es C. Leo Hitchcock and Arthur Cronquist eas il y read work. For th e gardening-oriented of sugges ti ons for plant materi al w hich w ill U niversity of Wa shington Press individual, it is also a pleasant way to get an bloom in th e home. Chapters are organ ized Seattle-1973 overview of the history of western civ iliza ­ by the month of b looming, and within each $25.00 tion. Th e function of ga rdens from the ea rl y chapter plants are suggested for warm rooms, Hitc hcock and Cronquist's fi ve-vo lume economic and politica l uses through th e de­ cool rooms, basket growing, and " lots of Vascular Pl an ts of the Pacific Northwes t was velopment of th e purely aesthetic estates of room." Two add itiona l ca tegori es, " For a published from 1955 to 1969. A n outstand ing the 17th and 18th ce nturies lea ds to th e Challenge" and "From th e Fl orist," w ill be regional flora, it was characteri zed by excel­ present day needs of an expanding urban so­ particularl y helpful for th e beginner. lent keys and illustrations. The prese nt book is ciety. Compa ri so ns made between such dif­ " How to Grow Hea lthy Plants for Home a one-volume condensation. Descri ptions ferent designs as th e Versai ll es of l oui s XIV Decoration" is th e sub-title of Helen Van Pe lt have been very much shortened, but all spe­ and Colonial Williamsburg make fasci nating Wi lso n's book and is a good description of cies of th e geographica l region are described and instructi ve rea ding. A lth ough apparently th e conten t. A lth ough many types of pl ants and numerous illustrations clarify th e imp'o r­ intended as a coll ege text, thi s book is high ly are discussed, th e major accent is given to tant fea tures needed to differentiate betwee n recommended for leisure read ing to any gar­ w here and how to successfully use plants in the spec ies. Th e desc ri ptions are given in the dener w ith an interest in history. and about th e house. form of keys, and w hile th e termino logy used G ilbert S. Daniels Joan l ee Fau st's Book of H ouse Plants is th e in th e description is of necessity technica l, an most elaborately produced of th e three work s. excellent glossary is offered at th e beg inning HANDBOOK FOR THE HOME Th e instru ctions on plant culture are particu­ of th e book. Many abbreviations are used in Th e 1973 Yea rbook of Agriculture Superintendent of Documents larl y good, and the reasons for doing things order to save space, and these may prese nt U.S. Government Printing Office are made quite clear. It has many excellent so me difficulty to th e non-botani st. A lthough Washington, D .C. 20402 " how to do it" illustrations as well as colored a list of all th e abbreviati ons is included, th ey $5.70 pictures of eighty-five selected house pl ants are not always obvious si nce no punctuation Past Yearbooks of Agriculture have been together with cultural directions. All three of has been used to show that the word is an ex tensive studies in depth on so me particular th ese books contain appendices with li sts of abbrev iati on. Notwithsta nding so me difficu l­ subject within th e area of responsibility of the sources for house plants and supplies. ties in use which th e non-botanist w ill have to Department of Agri cu lture. Thi s year's A lth ough there is considerable redundancy overcome, thi s is certainly th e bes t book in product is an attempt to be a jack-of-all-trades among these three books, each presents a dif­ recent yea rs for identi fication of th e native but onl y succeeds in being a master of none. ferent point of v iew for th e house plant fa n­ plant life of th e North west. Th e average article is about four pages in cier. The three books together would make a Gilbert s. Daniels 4 5 LOWEST COST DOME GREENHOUSES

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r------MAIL THIS MONEY-SAVING COUPON ______, AMERICA'S FINEST TULIP BULBS only'll/lEach AFRICAN VIOLETS AND GESNERIADS RAINBOW MIX ASSORTMENT " Write for Color Folder lS¢_ /2 Catalogue of Growing Minimum Fall-planted tulips bloom spring after spring without replanting. 50 Bulbs Coupon offer brings 50 healthy, hardy, medium-size (already 2"·3" Supplies 2S¢. Only circumference) planting Slock bulbs, all for $1.75 . . . only 3112c a bulb. Popular home garden varieties in a startling array of Rainbow l&chet. 0 GREENHOUSES 75 Mix blazing colors. With normal soli, care and growing conditions Ie Dept.AHo LINWOOD. N.J. 08221 $1 they should grow to larger size the first season . In fact, we guarantee many blooms next spring, a normal bloom 2nd spring, and many years or replace­ ment free (5-year limit). Truly an unbeatable offer. So rush your order toda~ for delivery at right time for fall planting. Satisfaction guaranteed or return within 10 days for purchase price refund . o 50 TULIPS with 6 Dutch Musca.1 ...... _...... $1.75 o 100 TULIPS with 12 Dutch Musca.i ...... ___ . .... $3.25 Add 40¢ for postage and handling. ~E LAN DSCAPE CONTRACTOR FREE OF EXTRA COST LEARN MODERN LANDS(APING for exciting hobby 6 Dutch Muscari (6 em) im­ NAME ______o r profit. Thousands of spare or full time ported from Holland given making opportunities. Start a profitable free with every 50 tulips_ AD DR ESS ______hus iness - we show you how. Study and Fall planting. Spring blooms ea rn your certificate at home. dainty blue. CITY ______STATE ______ZIP _ ___ Write toda y for Free B ook. LIFETIME CAREER SCHOOLS Dept. A-717 46 2251 Barry Ave. Los Angeles, Ca 90064 ,~~~~ MUSSER TREES, SHRUBS & Support the American GROUND COVERS Horticultural Society FREE .. a home for all horticulture CATALOG A complete li sting of Evergreen and The American Horticultural Society has been serving Hardwood Seedlings and Transplants, Landscape Ornamentals, Rooted Cuttings, the interests of American horticulture for over half a Ground Covers, Container-Grown Plants, plus money-saving Special Offers. Whole­ century. It is the one national organization designed sal e prices for quantity purchases of to function as a unifying force. Its membership roster seedlings and transplants. includes the widest range of horticultural interests, BUY DIRECT with representation of individuals, scientific organiza­ tions, institutions, and commercial enterprises. from GROWER The American Horticultural Society has set a goal to establish new priorities for horticulture: Please send FREE CATALOG to: NAM E ______• To give it a more meaningful and relevant direc­ ADDRE SS ______tion; CITY • To make the practice of horticulture a more ex­ STATE ______ZIP _ _ _ panded and understood activity-a deeper learning experience; • A discipline with greater impact on the environ­ mental crisis; • A greater help to non-horticulturists whose con­ cerns and activities touch on areas where horti­ cultural knowledge is of direct significance. The American Horticultural Society is establishing at George Washington's River Farm in Mount Vernon, Virginia, a National Center for American Horticulture where all scientific, professional, and amateur horti­ cultural organizations who wish to do so, can join together in one facility. It will take the gifts of many individuals to build the National Center. A charitable bequest provision in a will is one way to help finance the activities of the Society. A bequest rewards the giver throughout his lifetime with the knowledge that his contribution will be used to develop and support" a home for American horticulture". Individuals who wish to support the FOR GROWERS Society through charitable bequests are urged to con­ IN WARM REGIONS sult with their attorney regarding the legal termi­ HORTICULTURAL BOOKS nology or write the Executive Director, American Hor­ FREE BOX 107 ticultural Society, Mount Vernon, Virginia, 22121 for LIST STUART, FL. 33494 further information. Contributions and other gifts to the American Horti­ cultural Society are deductible for Federal income tax 50% more power. on made solid brass. Lifetime purposes. leakproof guarantee. Needs no washer. Fits standard garden hose. Fingertip con­ trol shutoff. Adjust from solid jet stream to heavy or , pin point spray. For garden, patio, auto, boat and drIVeway. $2.59 each, $4.99 for two. Add 45¢ ship·hdlg. Mail check to Bob Neumann, 2921 S. LaCienega, Culver City, CA 90230. 47 The American Horticultural Society Offers • • • •

Thanks to the Hunt Institute for Botanical Documenta­ ductions on a vertical IS" x 20" format with gold border tion, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, the Society is able to offer and artist's signature. The prints were meticulously repro­ four exquisite prints from the original works of the 18th duced for a special limited addition album published Century French Botanical illustrator, Pierre -Joseph jointly by the Hunt Institute and the Swiss Rose Society. Redoute. The prints, executed in Switzerland, are per­ The reproductions obtained by AHS are additional haps the first modern reproductions taken directly from copies from this exclusive press run. the original watercolors. Their clarity and detail far ex­ As a member you may purchase these prints at a price ceed any Redoute prints previously available to the far below their market value or receive them as a gift by public. These new prints achieve a quality that could not extending or upgrading your membership in the SOciety. be matched by the earlier engravings or subsequent re­ The American Horticultural Society is a non-profit tax productions made from them. exempt organization dependent upon financial support The stunning beauty and detail of Redoute's work ac­ from all who share its concerns and objectives. Its Officers complished in the days before photography have scarcely and Directors are making these prints available exclu­ been equalled before or since. His brilliant craftsmanship sively to the members of the SOciety. Membership dues brought wide acclaim and earned him a reputation as the to AHS in excess of $15.00 are income tax deductible as "Raphael of Flowers". a charitable contribution. A high point in Redoute's career came when he under­ Types of AHS membership: took to record the plants of Empress Josephine's gardens Regular-$15.00 Affiliate-$25.00 at Malmaison. Years later he produced his monumental Supporting-$50.00 Contri buting-$l 00.00 three volume Les Roses, the largest single reference work on the species. Life-$500.00 The Society has selected four exquisite life-size repro- Please refer to the order form. (below) r------, I wish to take advantage of the Society's exclusive Redoute print offer. I I o Please extend my Regular membership for three years. o I wish to become an Affiliate member for two years. Send I Send me print: (select one) 0 B, 0 C, 0 D. I enclose me all four Redoute reproductions. I enclose $50.00. I $45.00. I o I wish to become a Supporting member. Send me all four I o I wish to become an Affili ate member. Send me print: (select Redoute reproducti ons. I enclose $5'0.00. I one) 0 A, 0 B, 0 C, 0 D. I enclose $25.00. o I wish to become a Contributing member. Send me all four I Redoute reproducti ons. I enclose $100.00. I I [understand tha t the Society will extend my membership based upon its current expiration date. I Name ______Address ______City______State______-LZip ------

Complete this order form and return to: The American Horticultural Society, Mount Vernon, Virginia 22121

Members not wishing to increase their regular dues may purchase the prints/rom the Society also at considerable savings. This offeris/orAHS members only. o Please send me Pri nt A ($20.00) o Please send me Print C ($15.00) o Please send me Print B ($ 15.00) o Please send me Print D ($ 15.00) o Please send me all fo ur prints ($60.00) Total money enclosed ______Name ______Address ______===- ______City, ______State,______-'-Zip ______

Clip this oni" fo,," and mtum to, I ac~ I The American Horticultural Society ~ ~ Mount Vernon, VIrginia 22121 48 1-______the Botanical Illustrations of Pierre-Joseph Redoute

Print A Print B

Print C Print D