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Der Arme Heinrich" Hartmanns Von Aue Im Kontext Der Religiösen Und Höfischen Vorstellungen Des Hochmittelalters

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Der Arme Heinrich MASARYKOVA UNIVERZITA Filozofická fakulta Ústav germanistiky, nordistiky a nederlandistiky Učitelství německého jazyka a literatury pro střední školy Bc. Petr Schich "Der arme Heinrich" Hartmanns von Aue im Kontext der religiösen und höfischen Vorstellungen des Hochmittelalters. Die Denkprozesse und der Denkwandel im Innersten aller Hauptprotagonisten. Die Kommunikationscodes zwischen Heinrich und "dem Mädchen". Magisterská diplomová práce Vedoucí práce: doc. Mgr. Sylvie Stanovská, Dr. 2016 Erklärung: Hiermit erkläre ich, dass ich die vorliegende Diplomarbeit selbstständig ausgearbeitet und nur die angeführte Literatur verwendet habe. Brno, 29. April 2016 ............................................................. Bc. Petr Schich Danksagung: An dieser Stelle bedanke ich mich bei Frau doc. Mgr. Sylvie Stanovská, Dr., für ihre geduldige Leitung, wertvollen Ratschläge und Bemerkungen. Inhaltsverzeichnis: 1. Einleitung ....................................................................................................................... 5 2. Hartmann von Aue (Zusammenfassung der wichtigsten Erkenntnisse) ........................ 6 3. Ein kurzer Exkurs zum „Gregorius, dem guten Sünder" ............................................... 9 4. „Der arme Heinrich“ (Kurze Inhaltszusammenfassung) .............................................. 10 4.1. Zur Gattung des Werkes „Der arme Heinrich“ ..................................................... 12 5. Zur Schicht Hartmanns................................................................................................. 13 6. Heinrich als Kranker .................................................................................................... 15 6.1. Erkrankung Heinrichs und biblische Parallele ...................................................... 15 6.2. Die Krankheit als Metapher .................................................................................. 19 7. Das Mädchen und die Art ihrer Ausmalung................................................................. 24 7.1. Die Beziehung zwischen Heinrich und dem Mädchen ......................................... 24 7.2. Die Entscheidung des Mädchens zur Selbstaufopferung ...................................... 27 7.3. Das Wunder Gottes als Auslöser des Geschehens ................................................ 32 7.4. Gottes Gnade als Mittel der menschlichen Erlösung ............................................ 34 7.5. Das Weltgeschehen als Gottes Plan ...................................................................... 37 7.6. Hartmanns Botschaft ............................................................................................. 39 8. Schlussbetrachtung ....................................................................................................... 42 8.1. Resume .................................................................................................................. 44 9. Literaturverzeichnis ...................................................................................................... 46 9.1. Primärliteratur ....................................................................................................... 46 9.2. Sekundärliteratur ................................................................................................... 46 9.3. Online Quellen ...................................................................................................... 47 1. Einleitung Diese Diplomarbeit beschäftigt sich mit dem Werk „Der arme Heinrich“ Hartmanns von Aue, der für einen der bedeutendsten Epiker der mittelhochdeutschen Klassik gilt. In dieser Arbeit versuchen wir uns von der bloßen Handlung des Werkes Hartmanns, die schon mehrmals aus verschiedenen Vergleichs- und Sprachperspektiven bearbeitet wurde, zu befreien. Wir versenken uns in die Hintergründe dieser Geschichte. Um alle Zusammenhänge möglichst klar darstellen zu können, wird am Anfang dieser Arbeit der Autor, Hartmann von Aue, im Licht der zugänglichen Informationen vorgestellt. Im nächsten Kapitel widmen wir uns dem Inhalt des Werkes „Der arme Heinrich“, um eingehende Kenntnisse über den Verlauf der Geschichte zu haben, sowie die entscheidenden Momente des Geschehens im Gedächtnis aufzufrischen. Es wird auch die Problematik der Einordnung dieser Geschichte in eine Gattung kurz thematisiert. Dann versuchen wir, anhand der schriftlichen Quellen die gesellschaftliche Schicht Hartmanns zu bestimmen, um dadurch einen Einblick in die damalige Epoche zu gewinnen. Genauso wird der Leser mit der damaligen Situation der Kranken anhand der Lage Heinrichs vertraut gemacht, die sich von den heutigen Bedingungen sehr unterscheidet. In den nächsten Kapiteln kommen wir zu einer der tragenden Ideen dieser Arbeit, die aufgrund der Erkrankung Heinrichs entwickelt wurde und welche die Krankheit als vermutliche Metapher für Gottes Strafe vorstellt. Der andere Hauptgedanke dieser Arbeit kommt gleich danach, wenn uns das Mädchen, die Meierstochter, als zweite Hauptperson im Werk vorgestellt wird. Im Vordergrund steht die Beziehung zwischen Heinrich und dem Mädchen. An die angegebenen Ideen knüpft dann direkt eine Schilderung des Gedankenprozesses der Meierstochter an, die sich entschied, sich für Heinrich aufzuopfern. Wir werden uns vor allem mit den sich aus der Erzählung ergebenden Hypothesen der Denkweise des Mädchens beschäftigen, wobei der Nachdruck vor allem auf die theologischen Fragen und gleichzeitig auf einfaches soziales Mitfühlen gelegt wird. In den nächsten Kapiteln befassen wir uns mit den Mirakeln in der Geschichte Hartmanns sowie allgemein in der damaligen Zeitepoche, wobei vor allem die gesellschaftliche Botschaft der Mirakel und die Mirakel-Wahrnehmung der damaligen Menschen betont werden. Schließlich werden sowohl die Gnade Gottes thematisiert, die eigentlich zum Ziel des späteren Bemühens Heinrichs wurde, als auch Gottes Plan, der die ganze Erzählung umrahmt. Zum Schluss dieser Arbeit wird die mutmaßliche Botschaft Hartmanns geschildert, die sich aus dieser Geschichte ergibt. Diese Arbeit bringt das Werk „Der arme Heinrich“ in einer neuen Perspektive, die nicht nur in den geschichtlichen Kontext eingebunden ist, sondern auch „das Mirakel“ und „Gottes Plan“ in den Vordergrund stellt. 5 2. Hartmann von Aue (Zusammenfassung der wichtigsten Erkenntnisse) Hartmann von Aue ist als Person urkundlich nicht belegt. Hartmanns Lebenslauf wurde deshalb anhand der Erwähnungen und Selbstzeugnissen in verschiedenen literarischen Quellen verfasst. Die genaue Angabe der Geburt und des Todes sind unklar, Hartmann wurde vermutlich zwischen 1160 und 1165 geboren, 1210 wurde er von Gottfried von Straßburg im Werk „Tristan“ noch als lebender Mensch erwähnt, 1220 schreibt schon Heinrich von dem Türlin über Hartmann als über den toten Dichter.1 Über Hartmann erfahren wir mehr dank den Prologen in seinen Werken, wie z. B.: „Gregorius“ oder „Iwein“. Im Werk „Der Arme Heinrich“ schreibt er über sich selbst folgend: „Ein ritter sô gelêret was, daz er an den buochen las, swaz er dar an geschriben vant. der was Hartman genant, dienstman was er zuo Ouwe.“2 Der Autor namens „Hartman“ war vermutlich ein gebildeter Ritter, ein Ministeriale3, der von Aue stammte. Dieser Ort wurde als Ouwe (im Werk „Gregorius“) oder zOuwe („Der arme Heinrich“) bezeichnet und Hartmann selbst als Ouwære („Iwein“) benannt.4 Die genaue Lage des Ortes ist nicht bekannt, wahrscheinlich handelte es sich um einen Ort in Schwaben. Die Forscher ziehen in Erwägung die Städte wie: Owen/Teck, Obernau bei Rottenburg am Neckar, Reichenau, Weißenau bei Ravensburg, Eglisau am Rhein oder Au bei Freiburg.5 Als Autor der „Kreuzlieder“ konnte Hartmann hypothetisch an dem Kreuzzug teilnehmen. Diese Hypothese wird oft in Frage gestellt und es fehlt immer noch eine eindeutige Antwort. Einerseits weisen Forscher darauf hin, dass Hartmann so begabt war, dass er auch ohne eigene Teilnahme an einem Kreuzzug darüber schreiben konnte, andererseits gibt es auch Behauptungen, dass Hartmann sogar an zwei Kreuzzügen teilnahm. Zum Beispiel L. Schmid erwähnt Willmanns Vermutung, die aufgrund der sprachlichen und historischen Analyse behauptet: „dass Hartmann auch den Kreuzzug von 1197 mitgemacht hat (...) gewichtige 1 WAGENAAR, Leonie S. Die Minne bei Hartmann von Aue: Zum Minnebegriff im Erec und im armen Heinrich. Diplomica Verlag, 2015. S. 15. Online verfügbar: https://books.google.cz/books?id=82O0CgAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=cs#v=onepage&q&f=false [Letzter Zugriff: 2016-02-07]. 2 BUSCH, Nathanael; WOLF, Jürgen. Hartmann von Aue: Der arme Heinrich. Mittelhochdeutsch / Neuhochdeutsch. Stuttgart: Reclam, 2013, S. 9. 3 Siehe dazu S. 13. 4 CORMEAU, Christoph; STÖRMER, Wilhelm. Hartmann von Aue: Epoche, Werk, Wirkung. München: C.H. Beck, 1980, S. 17. 5 BUSCH, Nathanael; WOLF, Jürgen. Hartmann von Aue: Der arme Heinrich. Mittelhochdeutsch / Neuhochdeutsch. Stuttgart: Reclam, 2013, S. 166. 6 Gründe sprechen dafür, dass Hartmann auch die Kreuzfahrt von 1189 mitgemacht hat.“6. Diese Vermutung ist danach von L. Schmid widerlegt. Wenn man aber die „Kreuzlieder“ näher betrachtet, stößt man auf gewisse Aussagen, die die mögliche Teilnahme Hartmanns an einem Kreuzzug eher bekräftigen als ablehnen. Es tauchen verschiedene Begründungen auf, die aufgrund innerlicher Überzeugung Hartmanns auf die Teilnahme an einem Kreuzzug hindeuten. Unter anderem handelt es sich um die Passage, wo Hartmann Treupflicht eines Ritters erwähnt und einen Kreuzzug für ethische Verpflichtung hält, oder wenn er über das Heil der Seele aufgrund einer
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