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Cultural Resources Survey of the North Augusta Riverfront Project, Aiken County, South Carolina

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Cultural Resources Survey of the North Augusta Riverfront Project, Aiken County, South Carolina CULTURAL RESOURCES SURVEY OF THE NORTH AUGUSTA RIVERFRONT PROJECT, AIKEN COUNTY, SOUTH CAROLINA CHICORA RESEARCH CONTRIBUTION 403 CULTURAL RESOURCES SURVEY OF THE NORTH AUGUSTA RIVERFRONT PROJECT, AIKEN COUNTY, SOUTH CAROLINA Prepared By: Michael Trinkley, Ph.D., RPA with contributions by Sarah Fick Keith C. Seramur, P.G. Prepared For: Mr. G.M. “Skip” Grkovic, Director Economic and Community Development City of North Augusta PO Box 6400 North Augusta, SC 29861 SC DOT Project No. STP-UR02(008) File No. 2.156B Construction Pin 30611 CHICORA RESEARCH CONTRIBUTION 403 Chicora Foundation, Inc. PO Box 8664 Columbia, SC 29202-8664 803/787-6910 Email:[email protected] www.chicora.org July 1, 2004 This report is printed on permanent paper ∞ ©2004 by Chicora Foundation, Inc. and the City of North Augusta. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, transmitted, or transcribed in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise without prior permission of the copyright owners except for brief quotations used in reviews. Full credit must be given to the authors, publisher, and project sponsor. ABSTRACT This study reports on an intensive cultural There may be short-term construction resources survey of a 115 acre tract along the impacts, including increased noise and dust levels, Savannah River in the City of North Augusta, and increased construction related traffic. The Aiken County, South Carolina. The work, long-term affects will primarily be an increase of conducted for the City of North Augusta, is meant traffic from the new residents. This study, to assist the city in complying with Section 106 of however, only evaluates the primary affects of the the National Historic Preservation Act and the project on archaeological resources and visual regulations codified in 36CFR800. The Federal affects on nearby architectural resources. Highway Administration, however, has determined that they would conduct the Native For this study the same area of potential American consultation mandated by effect (APE) was used as was included in the 2002 36CFR800.2(c)(3)(i) through 800.2(c)(3)(iv), as well examination of the proposed North Augusta as any public consultation stipulated by Greenway. The architectural evaluation prepared 36CFR800.2(d)(1) – as result this study did not for that study was approved by the State Historic include either. Preservation Office and this investigation only reviewed the identified to ensure there had been The project tract includes a series of roads no substantive modification over the past two to be either modified or constructed using Federal years. While both eligible and National Register Highway Administration (FHWA) funds, listed properties are within the 1-mile APE, they including Railroad Avenue, Georgia Avenue will not be directly affected by the proposed Extension, West Avenue Extension, and Crystal undertaking. Lake Drive Extension. The project was expanded beyond these narrowly defined highway corridors In addition, architectural recording was to include areas of dense brick rubble and clay pits conducted of a brickmaking facility in the project (several today filled with water) that would be area. Architectural historian Sarah Fick used for fill or that would be filled as a result of determined that the remains were in dilapidated the project. to ruinous conduction and that the extant remains were not eligible for inclusion on the National This survey was conducted to identify and Register of Historic Places. assess archaeological and historical sites which may be in the project area. The proposed An investigation of the archaeological site undertaking will require clearing, grubbing, and files at the S.C. Institute of Archaeology and grading, along with the construction of Anthropology identified one previously recorded underground utilities. While this work is in site on the project tract (38AK493) and several anticipation of a private development, no federal additional sites in the APE. Some of these sites in licensing, permitting, or funding will be involved the APE have already been damaged or destroyed and the State Historic Preservation Office has by development activities, such as the site of determined that the private development would Hamburg (38AK716) and the Falmouth Cemetery occur without the federal grant funding for this (38AK502), while others are in the path of road work – consequently, the narrowly defined construction, such as Campbellton (38AK276). The project limits. one site within the study tract, 38AK493, is the North Augusta Dispensary, recorded as an i architectural site. Since it was recorded, the and the one previously recorded site (38AK493) structure has burned. was assessed. Prior to the field investigations this project Site 38AK931 is an early to late twentieth received extensive historical research, using the century industrial complex that housed a range of South Caroliniana Library, the Thomas Cooper North Augusta industries, including Augusta Map Repository, the S.C. Department of Archives Veneer, Industrial Lumber, Augusta Face Brick and History, and the Aiken County Register of (later Georgia-Carolina Brick and Tile), Wood Mesne Conveyances. In addition, information Pottery, a second short-lived brickyard, a box from the Edgefield County Historical Society was factory, a furniture facture, and a chair factory. A also shared with us. This documentation provides range of structures and concrete pads still remain a very detailed view of the activities on the project in the site area, but all are in ruinous condition. tract over the past 100 years. They are also no longer connected in any physical ways, the area has returned to dense vegetation, The archaeological survey of the tract and we have lost the sense of a factory setting. We incorporated auger testing at 100-foot intervals on have a collection of detached secondary buildings transects laid out at 100-foot intervals. All auger that have lost their character-defining aspects of test fill was screened through ¼-inch mesh and the industrial setting. The associated tests penetrated 3 to 4 feet. Additional close- archaeological remains are sparse and heavily interval auger tests were conducted in several impacted by modern activities, including salvage locations. Site testing involved the placement of with a significant reduction in integrity. both 2- and 5-foot units. A total of 332 auger tests, Significant research questions for the industries four 2-foot units, and two 5-foot units were can be far better studied through historical excavated in the tract. research than archaeological investigation. With one exception this industrial site is recommended A geomorphological study of the study not eligible. tract was conducted by geologist Keith C. Seramur, P.E. who conducted a deep testing The one exception is the Wood Pottery, program to determine if buried cultural horizons identified on a 1907 Sanborn map. Testing at the were present within the study tract. A backhoe pottery has produced wasters and intact evidence was used to excavate 32 trenches into different of both buildings and flues associated with the geomorphic features on the floodplain. A series of kilns. Significant research questions include not trenches ere excavated into areas of the T2 terrace only the layout and functioning of the pottery along the proposed roadway. Trenches were also itself, but also its historic context. This loci is excavated along the northern end of the terrace recommended eligible for inclusion on the adjacent to the former clay pits. Additional National Register. trenches were excavated in the eastern, industrialized section to test for alluvium Site 38AK932 is a small but very dense preserved below fill materials, targeting the edge lithic scatter dating from the Late Archaic/Early of the T2 terrace and elevated landforms. The Woodland transition. Present are a range of lithic investigations included excavating three trenches raw materials, fire cracked rock, bifaces, Small to a depth of 16 feet to test for deeply buried Savannah River projectile points, worked cultural deposits. Cultural areas were identified in soapstone, and Stallings and Thom’s Creek three areas of the T2 terrace. The excavated pottery. Buried under about 2-feet of alluvium, trenches provide data to reconstruct the Holocene site integrity is very high and we recommend the depositional environment and place cultural site eligible for inclusion on the National Register horizons into a stratigraphic context. of Historic Places. As a result of these investigations, five Site 38AK933 is a very but somewhat archaeological sites were identified (38AK931-935) dispersed contact period Native American hamlet. ii Present are a broad range of lithic materials, The auger tests across the 115 acre tract including bifaces and very late projectile point also identified several isolated remains – either styles such as crude triangular points and prehistoric or historic materials lacking context Randolph Stemmed points. The pottery includes and in areas of disturbance. These remains, by two possibly distinct types (one grit tempered and definition, are not eligible for inclusion on the the other with a micaceous paste). Surface National Register of Historic Places. treatment include complicated stamped, corncob impressed, roughened, incised, and check As a result of this work, we recommend stamped. Trade goods present at the site include a that the Wood Pottery locus
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