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Drinkin', Fightin', Prayin': the Southern White Male in the Civil

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Drinkin', Fightin', Prayin': the Southern White Male in the Civil DRINKIN’, FIGHTIN’, PRAYIN’: THE SOUTHERN WHITE MALE IN THE CIVIL WAR ERA by JAMES HILL WELBORN III (Under the Direction of Stephen Berry) ABSTRACT The Old South’s masculine culture involved two dominant ethics that historians have explored well, though independently. The first, masculine honor, prioritized the public recognition and defense of white male claims to reputation and authority; it also, to a perhaps lesser degree, emphasized private self-reflective fantasies of worthiness to claim such honor, and self-castigations for consistent fallings-short. The second ethic was piety, an emphasis on moral self-reflection and an encouragement of believers to curb excessive pride and passion and ready themselves for God’s Kingdom. Obviously honor and piety could pull a man in different directions. The former ended at the dueling grounds. The latter ended at the communion table. Piety, to a degree, operated as a check on the more hedonistic and anarchic aspects of honor. But in Edgefield, South Carolina in the 1830s, and increasingly across the South as war approached, the honor creed came to capture piety, creating a new compound, a wrathful ethic I call “righteous honor”—the ethic in which the South would make war in defense of its material interests, first against Indians and Mexicans, then later against the American Union itself. Even as “righteous honor” came to dominate white men’s public culture, privately they struggled more than ever to live up to its dictates. White southern men knew well what vices undermined their righteous claims: sensual and sexual lust, alcoholic indulgence, wanton violence, and unrestrained racial exploitation. More than ever, these needed to be conquered. More than ever in the late antebellum period, “self-mastery” became key to the public culture of the South. And, more than ever, the struggle (and inability) to achieve that mastery produced a tension, indeed a fury, that found its best release in the Civil War. Drinkin’, Fightin’, Prayin’: The Southern White Male in the Civil War Era unmasks the personal, emotional, and moral dimensions of antebellum white southern manhood as it lurched toward its self-destructive apotheosis and cast about for justification, explanation, and direction in the breach and aftermath. INDEX WORDS: Righteous Honor; Self-Mastery; Honor; Religion; Manhood; Morality; Antebellum South; South Carolina; Civil War DRINKIN’, FIGHTIN’, PRAYIN’: THE SOUTHERN WHITE MALE IN THE CIVIL WAR ERA by JAMES HILL WELBORN III BA, Clemson University, 2005 MA, Clemson University, 2007 A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of The University of Georgia in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY ATHENS, GEORGIA 2014 © 2014 James Hill Welborn III All Rights Reserved DRINKIN’, FIGHTIN’, PRAYIN’: THE SOUTHERN WHITE MALE IN THE CIVIL WAR ERA by JAMES HILL WELBORN III Major Professor: Stephen Berry Committee: John Inscoe Kathleen Clark Vernon Burton Electronic Version Approved: Maureen Grasso Dean of the Graduate School The University of Georgia May 2014 DEDICATION To my parents, James Hill Welborn Jr. & Lila Davis Welborn: In ways too numerous to count and too significant to aptly describe, I would not be here without you. To my great-grandmother and grandmother, Eva Bunch Hinson (“Granny”) & Margaret Elizabeth Hinson Davis (“Bebbe”): Models of strength, faith, and family whose memory I will always carry with me. To my wife, Leslie Maureen-Crean Welborn: For a lifetime together as each others’ best friends, biggest fans, and truest loves. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I have truly been blessed in my life and my work, and doing justice to the many people and places responsible for these blessings is a lesson in humility for which I am eternally grateful. What follows falls far short of what is due, for what I have been given far exceeds what I probably deserve… I entered upon the path to professional historian at Clemson University. It was there in those hills among the Clemson family that I realized my love of the past would be my future. After dabbling in architecture (too much math) and law (too much law), I finally settled on an undergraduate history major, and upon graduation, immediately began my graduate studies. Dr. Paul Christopher Anderson proved an early and on-going source of inspiration and guidance. His influence—through candid advice, honest criticism, and encouraging counsel—over the past decade-and-change has been and continues to be a shining example of history—researched, written, and taught—at its finest. Dr. Rod Andrew proved equally inspiring and supportive. I continue to pattern my perspectives as a teacher and scholar to his example. Dr. Thomas Oberdan offered me my first academic job, first as his teaching assistant and later as a temporary instructor, and provided essential advice and the room to grow as I cultivated my fledgling teaching persona and philosophy. Having laid this foundation at Clemson, the University of Georgia has proven to be the ideal place in which to continue to build upon it both personally and professionally. Dr. Stephen Berry is a kindred historical spirit whose life and work is a v model for my own. As a scholar and writer, teacher and mentor, husband and father, I have been truly blessed to call him advisor and friend. Dr. John Inscoe was the first person I ever met at UGA and since that day he has provided kind words, sage advice, and constructive criticism in a manner that personifies the historical profession at its best. I was enabled to credibly claim gender history within my scholarly purview thanks to Dr. Kathleen Clark, whose graduate courses and research both continue to shape my perspectives on gender analysis. And Dr. Vernon Burton, of Clemson University, provides the link between Clemson and Athens. As the “Dean of Edgefield history,” I have long looked to Dr. Burton’s work as a model, and I am elated that he joined the history faculty at my alma mater and agreed to serve as an outside reader on my dissertation committee. As Clarence Oddbody famously wrote in Frank Capra’s classic It’s a Wonderful Life, “No man is a failure who has friends.” If Clarence was right, then any failure on my part will be wholly self-inflicted, because I’ve been blessed with the best friends anyone could ever hope for. If I didn’t know better, I would swear I’ve known Robby Poister forever, but regardless, I’m immensely grateful to know him now and to continue to count him and his wonderful wife Mari-Catherine among my best friends henceforth. Matt and Kylie Hulbert have been keen editors, steadfast supporters, and true friends throughout. Chris and Daryn Marsh have been great friends who’ve provided a willing ear, helping hand, and bountiful “spread” during monthly “supper club” meetings, each one of which has been a pleasure. I’m extremely grateful for the conviviality I’ve enjoyed with my entire LeConte Hall graduate cohort, past and present, without whom my time in Athens would have been much more arduous and much less fulfilling. vi Older friends have been more geographically distant but close in spirit throughout. Briton will always be my best friend “since third grade.” We wisely brought Jessica into the fold in middle school and she has put up with our unmerciful sarcasm while keeping us in line ever since. And all of my fellow Tigers—my Clemson family, a.k.a. “The Web”—are never far from my mind. A financially-strapped graduate student could not examine one source or write one word without essential aid. I am sincerely grateful to Greg and Amanda Gregory, whose generous financial support of the Department of History at UGA, especially through the Gregory Graduate Research Award, has enabled me to conduct most of the research herein. A graduate research award from UGA’s Willson Center for the Humanities also provided vital funds for research. And the Department of History at the University of Georgia has provided assistantships, research funds, and teaching opportunities throughout my graduate tenure, without which I could not have completed this work to satisfaction. Archives and archivists are the lifeblood of good history, and I’ve been fortunate to work with some amazing people who preside over some outstanding historical collections along the way. The staffs at the following libraries and institutions were pivotal to the completion of this study: the Edgefield County Archives, especially head archivist Tricia Price Glenn, who not only opened the doors of the county archives to me, but opened my mind to the fascinating history of her adopted home. I am proud to claim her as a fellow historian and a friend. I am also extremely grateful to the Edgefield community, especially Mr. Bettis Rainsford and Mr. Steve Ferrell, for sharing their love of their home and its history; Dr. Jim Farmer generously allowed me to examine his vii transcriptions of Whitfield Brooks’s personal journal, the publication of which, under Dr. Farmer’s astute editorial hand and historical mind, is eagerly anticipated; the Tompkins Genealogical Library in Edgefield, SC, especially Tonya Browder; the Southern Historical Collection at the University of North Carolina; the South Carolina Baptist Collection at Furman University, especially Julia Cowart, Debbielee Landi, and Sarah Masters; the South Caroliniana Library at the University of South Carolina, especially Graham Duncan; the South Carolina Department of Archives & History; the David M. Rubenstein Rare Books and Manuscripts Library at Duke University; the Southern Baptist Historical Library & Archives, especially Taffey Hall. Lastly and most importantly, I want to thank my family. My mother and father have supported me in everything I’ve ever done, from my attempts at athletic stardom as a five-year-old soccer player, an undersized adolescent football defensive back, and a “crafty” right-handed high school baseball pitcher, to my more intellectual endeavors as a budding saxophonist, an aspiring architect, poet, novelist, and, finally, historian, not once have they wavered in their love and encouragement.
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