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On the Culture of Print in Antebellum Augusta, Georgia 1828-1860 i Informing the South: On the Culture of Print in Antebellum Augusta, Georgia 1828-1860 By Jamene Brenton Stewart A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Library & Information Studies) at the UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN-MADISON 2012 Date of final oral examination: 05/22/12 The dissertation is approved by the following members of the Final Oral Committee: Christine Pawley, Professor Library & Information Studies Louise Robbins, Emeritus Professor, Library & Information Studies Greg Downey, Professor, Library & Information Studies/Journalism and Mass Communication Susan E. Lederer, Professor, Medical History & Bioethics Jonathan Daniel Wells, Professor, History, Temple University ii © Jamene Brenton Stewart 2012 All Rights Reserve i Dedication This dissertation is decided to my grandparents Thomas and Lenora Bartley-Stewart, my great-aunts Birdie Sartor and Sister Minnie. I stand proudly on your shoulders. ii Acknowledgements To Dr. Jessie J. Walker mi compañero, chief council, and friend, I thank you for your unyielding support in all of my endeavors. How apt that you are a Hawkeye and I a Badger. I thank my advisor Professor Christine Pawley, who has worked with me on this project since year one of my doctoral studies. This work would not have been possible without your guidance and expertise. Additionally sincere thanks to my dissertation committee, Professors Louise Robbins, Greg Downey, Susan Lederer and Jonathan D. Wells. I must thank the American Antiquarian Society, which has helped transform me into a print culture historian. I will be forever grateful of the financial support I received from the Society, Isaiah Thomas Scholarship and Stephen Botein Fellowship, but most importantly the opportunity the AAS provided for me to interact with fascinating documents and meet amazing scholars; a special thanks to Drs. Paul Erickson, Jeannine Delombard, and Lloyd Pratt for their support and encouragement of my dissertation research. To my SLIS cohort, Nathan Johnson, Tammy Mays, Michele Caswell, Melissa Adler, Sarah Roberts, and Tien-I Tsai, I have truly enjoyed this five-year journey with such wonderful people and I wish you all the best. To the SLIS Faculty, I thank you for supporting me throughout this journey and a special thanks to Kristin Eschenfelder and Ethelene Whitmire. Darrell Ramsey-Musolf, Thank you for being you. I’ve truly enjoyed this sojourn with you and have gained a colleague, allay and a true friend. Jeanne Essame je vous remercie de partager vos façons Françaises et de l'humour avec moi. Doria Johnson, thank you for your friendship and the kindness you have showed me during our Wisconsin journey. Professor Michael Thomas, I want to be like you when I grow up! It has been a pleasure being your “guerilla advisee.” I have learned so much from you and am grateful for the opportunity to have studied with you. Kaetrena Davis-Kendrick, I thank you for your support, the music, extra step excursions, and providing me with a safe laughter-filled refuge during my many journeys to the “Big A” and “Little A.” Mrs. Queen Thompson, I am forever grateful for your support, guidance and encouragement so many years ago. To my parents James and Brenda Lytle-Stewart, thank you for your love and support during this very challenging journey toward the doctorate. To my father especially, I thank you for always being willing and able to crisscross this vast county (many times) with me in pursuit of my dreams. iii I relied on many repositories in the writing of this dissertation. The staff at the American Antiquarian Society was particularly amazing in helping me uncover documents relating to Augustan print culture and cheerfully retrieved numerous documents (often the same ones) on my behalf. A special thanks to Renee Sharrock, at the Medical College of Georgia’s Special Collections, and Joshua Larkin Rowley, at the David M. Rubenstein Rare Book & Manuscript Library at Duke University, for their assistance as well. Completing this doctorate would have been impossible without the financial support of the Spectrum Doctoral Fellowship provide by the American Library Association, and Institute of Museum Studies, and the Advanced Opportunity Fellowship from the of Wisconsin– Madison. ON WISCONSIN! iv Table of Contents Chapter One: Reading Augusta: An Introduction ........................................................................ 1 Statement of the Problem of Investigation ........................................................................................... 2 Microhistory as a Corrective Method of Analysis ................................................................................ 5 Argument .................................................................................................................................................. 10 Geographically Situated Reading Histories ......................................................................................... 10 Theoretical Framework .......................................................................................................................... 11 Scope and Data Collection ..................................................................................................................... 13 Chapter Outline ....................................................................................................................................... 15 Chapter Two: ‘On the Art of Printing:’ Tales of Southern Printers ....................................... 19 A Brief History of Printing in Georgia ................................................................................................ 21 Phenomenology of Southern Printers .................................................................................................. 23 Obtaining Printing Presses ..................................................................................................................... 29 Information Labor ................................................................................................................................... 33 Journeymen ............................................................................................................................................... 35 Compositors or Typesetters ................................................................................................................... 36 Pressmen ................................................................................................................................................... 38 Apprentices and Child Labor ................................................................................................................ 40 African Americans and Southern Information Labor ....................................................................... 44 Augusta’s Typographical Unions .......................................................................................................... 49 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................................ 52 Chapter 3:'A Depository of Useful Information': The Southern Cultivator and the Professionalization of Slaveholding ................................................................................................ 54 An Agricultural Crisis .............................................................................................................................. 56 History of Agricultural Literature ......................................................................................................... 58 Agricultural Periodicals and Editors ..................................................................................................... 60 Augusta and the Production of Almanacs ........................................................................................... 64 Almanacs as Diaries ................................................................................................................................ 69 Origins of the Southern Cultivator ............................................................................................................ 72 Introducing Agricultural Literature to the Republic .......................................................................... 80 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................................ 96 Chapter 4: “Do Not Kill the Goose To Obtain the Golden Egg” Negro Medicine & The Southern Medical & Surgical Journal ............................................................................................ 99 Health Information in Augusta’s Public Sphere .............................................................................. 100 State and Municipal Public Health ..................................................................................................... 103 The Southern Medical & Surgical Journal ................................................................................................ 110 v Goals, Nature, and Orientation of the SMSJ Series I (1836-1840) ............................................... 112 A Reader’s Response ............................................................................................................................ 118 SMSJ Series II (1845-1867) ................................................................................................................
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