A Cultural Resources Survey of 76.9 Acres along 5.35 Miles of Colcord Road (FR 291), Payson and Pleasant Valley Ranger Districts, Tonto National Forest, East of Payson, Gila County, Arizona

ASM Accession Number: 2008-750

Prepared for: Gila County Public Works Division

Prepared by: Doug Drake, M.A., RPA Greta J. Rayle, M.A. RPA

Logan Simpson Design Inc. 51 West Third Street, Suite 450 Tempe, AZ 85281

October 2009 (Submittal 2)

LSD Technical Report No. 085271a

ABSTRACT AND MANAGEMENT SUMMARY

Report Title A Cultural Resources Survey of 76.9 Acres along 5.35 Miles of Colcord Road (FR 291), Payson and Pleasant Valley Ranger Districts, Tonto National Forest, East of Payson, Gila County, Arizona Agencies Involved Gila County Public Works Division, Tonto National Forest (TNF) ASM Accession No. 2008-750 ASM Permit No. 2008-027bl LSD Project No. 085271a Report Date October 2, 2009 (Submittal 2) Project Description Gila County Public Works Division, in conjunction with TNF, is planning to pave 3.2 miles of Colcord Road (Forest Road (FR) 291) east of State Route (SR) 260 as part of a dust control measure. Ultimately, Gila County plans on paving the entire 5.35-mile-long segment that is within the easement; the first two miles east of SR 260 are already paved. The planned improvements will consist of paving the width of the roadway with no drainage or slope improvements or disturbance to historic roadside features. The survey was conducted to inventory all cultural resources within a 120-ft-wide project corridor centered on the road centerline and to provide recommendations on National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) eligibility and avoidance measures. Project Location Within portions of Section 24, T10½N, R13E; Sections 19, 20, 21, 27, and 28, T10½N, R14E; and Sections 34, 35, and 36, T11N, R13E, Gila and Salt River Baseline and Meridian (USGS 7.5' Woods Canyon, Ariz., 1998) Land Ownership TNF, private Methods Pedestrian survey spaced at 15-m intervals Acres Surveyed Total: 76.9 TNF–70.6 Private–6.3 Number of Sites 8 (6 previously recorded and 2 newly recorded) Register-eligible 8: AR-03-12-04-454 AR-03-12-04-1857 Sites AR-03-12-04-455 AR-03-12-05-508 AR-03-12-04-878/Colcord Road/ AR-03-12-05-763/Chamberlain Trail Forest Highway (FH)11 AZ P:9:44 (ASM) AR-03-12-04-883

Comments The Class III cultural resources survey of 76.9 acres along a 5.35-mile-long segment of the Colcord Road (FR 291) resulted in the identification of six previously recorded sites—AR-03-12-04-878/Colcord Road, AR-03-12-04-454, AR-03-12-04-455, AR-03-12-04-883, AR-03-12-05-508, and AR-03-12-05-763—and two newly recorded sites—AZ P:9:44 (ASM) and AR-03-12-04-1857. In addition to the sites, 11 isolated occurrences (IOs) were identified. The IOs are not eligible for the NRHP and no additional research or preservation is required.

AR-03-12-04-878/Colcord Road and AR-03-12-05-763/Chamberlain Trail have been previously determined eligible for inclusion in the NRHP under Criteria A and C (association with events;

Colcord Road Survey October 2009 Cultural Resources Survey Report LSD Technical Report No. 085271a ii characteristics of a type of construction). Both roads are directly associated with Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) activities in Arizona and can contribute important information regarding CCC ventures along the Mogollon Rim and in the Payson region in the 1930s and early 1940s.

Forty-four CCC road features were identified along the first 5.35 miles of Colcord Road east of SR 260. These include 42 corrugated metal pipe culverts and 2 concrete box culverts. The currently proposed paving project will be confined to the existing road bed and Gila County has committed to avoiding all road features. However, LSD recommends that the 44 features should be avoided by any future project activities; if they cannot be avoided, they should be recorded in an appropriate manner as stipulated in a Programmatic Agreement (PA) that is being prepared to address treatment of historic roads. LSD recommends that the paving of Colcord Road will have an adverse affect on the character of the road. Furthermore, LSD recommends any future projects that alter or modify the horizontal slope, width, or cut and fill contours of the existing roadway should be considered an adverse affect. If future project activities adversely affect these qualities that contribute to the NRHP eligibility of the road, then the stipulations of the PA—such as Historic American Engineering Record (HAER) documentation—should be followed to adequately document and mitigate the adverse effect.

The currently proposed paving project does not extend onto AR-03-12-05-763/Chamberlain Trail roadway; however, paving or future alterations or modifications to the horizontal slope, width, or cut and fill contours of the existing roadway should be avoided as they may be considered adverse effects. If future project activities adversely affect the qualities that contribute to the NRHP eligibility of the road, then the stipulations of the PA, including HAER documentation, should be followed.

Sites AR-03-12-04-454, AR-03-12-04-455, AR 03-12-04-883 and AR-03-12-04-508 are previously recorded prehistoric artifact scatters that are recommended eligible for listing in the NRHP under Criterion D (information potential). Colcord Road has already been paved through two of the sites— AR-03-12-04-454 and AR-03-12-04-883—and no project plans are anticipated at the sites for this project. However, if future alterations or modifications are to occur within the sites, it is recommended that project activities be confined to the existing road bed and the site boundaries be flagged for avoidance prior to any construction activities. If intact portions of the sites cannot be avoided by future project activities, an appropriate testing and data recovery plan should be developed and implemented to mitigate impacts to the sites.

Additionally, Colcord Road is paved through the western portion of AR-03-12-04-455 and no construction is anticipated within this area for the project. However, the portion of the road east of a cattle guard and spanning 103 ft within the site boundary is unpaved and would be part of a paving project. LSD recommends that project activities be confined to the existing road bed and the site boundary be flagged for avoidance prior to any construction activities. Furthermore, driveways, turnouts, and/or level areas within the site should not be used during project activities. If intact portions of the site cannot be avoided by future project activities, an appropriate testing and data recovery plan should be developed and implemented to mitigate impacts to the site.

Colcord Road is unpaved through AR-03-12-05-508 and will be paved for this project. LSD recommends that project activities be confined to the existing road bed and the site boundary be flagged for avoidance prior to any construction activities. Furthermore, the use of pull-outs, level areas, or FR 969 for staging or access is not recommended. If intact portions of the site cannot be avoided by future project activities, an appropriate testing and data recovery plan should be developed and implemented to mitigate impacts to the site.

AZ P:9:44 (ASM) is recommended eligible for inclusion in the NRHP under Criterion A (association with events). The site is a newly-recorded historic cemetery that is more than 50 years old and represents an

Colcord Road Survey October 2009 Cultural Resources Survey Report LSD Technical Report No. 085271a iii early formal cemetery plot in rural east-central Arizona. Colcord Road is unpaved adjacent to the site and will be paved for this project. It is recommended that project activities be confined to the existing road bed and the site boundary be flagged for avoidance prior to any construction activities. If intact portions of the site cannot be avoided by future project activities, the Arizona State Museum and families of the deceased should be notified and the burials relocated.

AR-03-12-04-1857 is a newly-recorded prehistoric artifact scatter that is recommended eligible for inclusion in the NRHP under Criterion D (information). Colcord Road is unpaved through the site and will be paved for this project. It is recommended that project activities be confined to the existing road bed and the site boundary be flagged for avoidance prior to any construction activities. Furthermore, the use of level areas within the site for staging is not recommended. If intact portions of the site cannot be avoided by future project activities, an appropriate testing and data recovery plan should be developed and implemented to mitigate impacts to the site.

If previously unrecorded cultural resources are encountered during ground-disturbing activities, these activities must be discontinued in the immediate vicinity of the discovery, and work should not resume until a TNF archaeologist has been notified and allowed time to properly address the nature and significance of the discovery.

Colcord Road Survey October 2009 Cultural Resources Survey Report LSD Technical Report No. 085271a iv TABLE OF CONTENTS

Abstract and Management Summary ...... ii Introduction ...... 1 Physical Setting ...... 1 Culture History ...... 5 Previous Research ...... 9 Survey Methods ...... 12 Survey Results ...... 13 Previously Recorded Sites ...... 13 AR-03-12-04-878/Colcord Road ...... 13 AR-03-12-04-454 ...... 31 AR-03-12-04-455 ...... 34 AR-03-12-04-883 ...... 38 AR-03-12-05-508 ...... 41 AR-03-12-05-763/Chamberlain Trail ...... 45 Newly Recorded Sites ...... 51 AZ P:9 44 (ASM) ...... 51 AR-03-12-04-1857 ...... 55 Isolated Occurrences ...... 58 Summary and Recommendations ...... 59 References ...... 62 Appendix A: 2-ft-Contour Interval Map of the Gila County Easement Showing Road Features ...... 65 Appendix B: USGS Map Showing all Known Features Along The Colcord Road Alignment ...... 77 Appendix C: Video of the Gila County Easement ...... 80

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1. Previous Investigations in the Project Area Vicinity...... 9 Table 2. Previously Recorded Sites in the project area vicinity...... 11 Table 3. Summary of Type 1B Features along Colcord Road...... 26 Table 4. Isolated Occurrences...... 58

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1. County/State location...... 2 Figure 2. Land jurisdiction of project area...... 3 Figure 3. Survey area location and identified cultural resources...... 4 Figure 4. Location of survey area in relation to previous surveys and previously recorded sites...... 10 Figure 5. 1886 USGS map showing primitive wagon roads in the vicinity of Colcord Road...... 16 Figure 6. 1924 TNF map showing FH 11 and the Colcord Road alignment...... 17 Figure 7. 1933 TNF map showing FH 11 and the Colcord Road alignment...... 18 Figure 8. 1946 TNF map showing the Colcord Road alignment...... 20 Figure 9. 1952 Bureau of Public Roads as-built drawing showing FH 11 and the Colcord Road alignment...... 21

Colcord Road Survey October 2009 Cultural Resources Survey Report LSD Technical Report No. 085271a v Figure 10a. Distribution of Colcord Road features, from SR 260 to 1.8 miles east of SR 260...... 22 Figure 10b. Distribution of Colcord Road features, 1.8 to 3.6 miles east of SR 260...... 23 Figure 10c. Distribution of Colcord Road features, 3.6 to 5.35 miles east of SR 260...... 24 Figure 11. AR-03-12-04-454 site map...... 32 Figure 12. AR-03-12-04-455 site map...... 35 Figure 13. AR-03-12-04-883 site map...... 39 Figure 14. AR-03-12-05-508 site map...... 43 Figure 15. AR-03-12-05-763/Chamberlain Trail (FR 200) in relation to the survey area...... 46 Figure 16. 1933 TNF map showing the Chamberlain Trail alignment...... 47 Figure 17. 1946 TNF map showing the Chamberlain Trail alignment...... 49 Figure 18. 1952 Bureau of Public Roads as-built drawing showing the north end of Chamberlain Trail...... 50 Figure 19. AZ P:9:44 (ASM) site map...... 52 Figure 20. AR-03-12-04-1857 site map...... 56

LIST OF PHOTOGRAPHS

Photograph 1. Colcord Road through the upland section...... 14 Photograph 2. Colcord Road, paved segment just east of SR 260...... 14 Photograph 3. Feature 24, a Type 1A feature...... 25 Photograph 4. Feature 31, a Type 1A feature with nearby embankment...... 26 Photograph 5. Feature 1, a 60-inch-diameter Type 1B feature...... 28 Photograph 6. Feature 16 (Type 2 feature) wing wall detail...... 29 Photograph 7. Feature 16 (Type 2 feature) overview...... 30 Photograph 8. Feature 30 (Type 2 feature) construction detail...... 30 Photograph 9. AR-03-12-04-454 site overview...... 33 Photograph 10. AR-03-12-04-454 site overview...... 33 Photograph 11. AR-03-12-04-455 site overview...... 36 Photograph 12. AR-03-12-04-455 showing the unpaved portion of Colcord Road...... 36 Photograph 13. AR-03-12-04-883 site overview...... 40 Photograph 14. AR-03-12-04-883 overview...... 40 Photograph 15. AR-03-12-05-508 site overview...... 44 Photograph 16. AR-03-12-05-508 site overview...... 44 Photograph 17. AR-03-12-05-763/Chamberlain Trail (FR 200) overview...... 48 Photograph 18. AZ P:9:44 (ASM) site overview...... 53 Photograph 20. AZ P:9:44 (ASM), eastern plot, Anderton headstone...... 54 Photograph 21. AR-03-12-04-1857 site overview...... 57 Photograph 22. AR-03-12-04-1857, view of Colcord Road...... 57

Colcord Road Survey October 2009 Cultural Resources Survey Report LSD Technical Report No. 085271a vi INTRODUCTION Gila County Public Works Division requested that Logan Simpson Design Inc. (LSD) perform a Class III cultural resources survey of a 5.35-mile-long (76.9 acre) portion of Colcord Road (Forest Road (FR) 291) in anticipation of a long-term road paving project. The survey area is located east of Payson, in northern Gila County, Arizona (Figure 1). It is within the Payson and Pleasant Valley Ranger Districts of Tonto National Forest (TNF) and consists of a 120-ft-wide corridor centered on the Colcord Road centerline. It occurs on 70.6 acres of TNF land and 6.3 acres of private land within the Gordon Canyon Creek valley (Figure 2). The survey area is located within portions of Section 24, T10½N, R13E; Sections 19, 20, 21, 27, and 28, T10½N, R14E; and Sections 34, 35, and 36, T11N, R13E, Gila and Salt River Baseline and Meridian (USGS 7.5' Woods Canyon, Ariz., 1998) (Figure 3).

The proposed project consists of paving 3.2 miles of Concord Road (FR 291) east of a two-mile-long paved segment that begins at State Route (SR) 260. Gila County plans to pave the roadway to reduce dust and is not planning to modify drainages or slopes along the roadway at this time. Concurrent with the survey, a Programmatic Agreement (PA) is being developed by the TNF to define measures for future improvements to Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) roads such as Colcord Road and other historic roads in the TNF. The survey was conducted to inventory all cultural materials within a 120-ft-wide project corridor centered on the road centerline and to provide recommendations on National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) eligibility and avoidance measures. Because the project is located on TNF land, it is considered a federal undertaking as defined under 36 CFR § 800 (as revised in 2004), the regulations implementing Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act.

PHYSICAL SETTING The project area ranges in elevation from 6,210 ft to 6,415 above mean sea level (amsl). It is in the Central Highlands/Transition Zone physiographic province, which separates the Colorado Plateau and the Basin and Range provinces. This intermediary zone consists of a series of rugged, northwest-trending mountains and relatively narrow basins and river valleys (Chronic 1983). The project area crosses this zone in an east-west direction two miles south of the Mogollon Rim and follows drainage bottoms, including portions of Gordon Canyon Creek and Hunter Creek valleys. The region is part of the Lower Colorado River Valley subdivision of the Sonoran Desertscrub biotic community (Turner and Brown 1994), which has high temperatures and generally low precipitation. Near the Mogollon Rim, the piñon-juniper woodland grades into a montane zone dominated by ponderosa pine (Brown 1994). Ponderosa pine becomes less abundant as one descends the Mogollon Rim and enters the Central Highlands. In this zone, scrub oak, manzanita, and juniper are common.

The Mogollon Rim is the dominant topographic feature near the project area; Gordon Canyon is the main landform in the project area. The local geology is heavily influenced by the formation of the Mogollon Rim, and consists of Carboniferous and Permian period limestone and sandstone, with basalt from the Miocene, Pliocene and Pleistocene epochs present as well (Chronic 1983).

Colcord Road Survey October 2009 Cultural Resources Survey Report LSD Technical Report No. 085271a 1

Figure 1. County/State location.

Colcord Road Survey October 2009 Cultural Resources Survey Report LSD Technical Report No. 085271a 2

Figure 2. Land jurisdiction of project area.

Colcord Road Survey October 2009 Cultural Resources Survey Report LSD Technical Report No. 085271a 3

Figure 3. Survey area location and identified cultural resources.

Colcord Road Survey October 2009 Cultural Resources Survey Report LSD Technical Report No. 085271a 4 CULTURE HISTORY Arizona has been occupied for at least 12,000 years, starting with the Paleoindian culture and continuing through the Archaic, Basketmaker, various Ceramic-period, Apache and Yavapai, and, finally, Euro- American cultures. While Paleoindian cultural remains tend to be sparse, the Archaic period is well represented and relatively uniform across the state. During the Ceramic period, local cultural traditions emerge across much of the state and populations generally increase. In the project area, the Ceramic period is manifested by the Central Arizona Tradition throughout much of the Transition Zone. Protohistoric and historic Native American groups include the Apache and Yavapai below the Mogollon Rim. Extensive Euro-American occupation of the project corridor and its surroundings postdates A.D. 1860 and was influenced by the mining, ranching, and agricultural potential of a given area. Commonly accepted temporal dates for each culture group are presented below, along with a brief discussion of the general developments that define each culture group.

Paleoindian Period The Paleoindian period spans the end of the Pleistocene and the beginning of the Holocene epochs (9500–8000 B.C.) and encompasses a series of highly skilled and specialized lithic technologies. Paleoindian groups led a mobile hunting and gathering lifestyle that included hunting megafauna such as mammoth and bison. They left very little cultural material behind and occupied landforms that have become eroded or deeply buried, making it difficult to identify sites that date to this period. Clovis points, a hallmark of the Paleoindian period, have been dated to 9600 B.C. in the Southwest and provide the earliest indisputable evidence of human occupation of the region (Mabry 1998).

Archaic Period Following climatic changes and the extinction of the previously exploited megafauna, a new cultural pattern termed the Southwestern Archaic emerged (8000 B.C.– A.D. 700). This period was dominated by small, residentially mobile groups that hunted medium-sized game and foraged for a diversity of floral resources (Irwin-Williams 1973). Dart points became the predominant projectile-point forms, replacing the earlier fluted spear points. Archaic period points are generally stemmed or corner-notched and exhibit greater morphological variability than those of the Paleoindian period (Huckell 1984).

Huckell (1984) divides the Southwestern Archaic into Early (8000–3200 B.C.), Middle (3200–1800 B.C.), and Late (1800 B.C.–A.D. 400) phases. In the Payson region, the Ceramic Period begins around A.D. 100 (Scott Wood, personal communication). Jay and Bajada points are typical of the Early Archaic period (Tagg 1994). The Middle Archaic period is characterized by Pinto and San Jose points (Irwin-Williams 1973). By the Late Archaic period (1500 B.C. to A.D. 700), some of the Archaic groups occupied well-watered upland locations or locales along primary or secondary stream courses where crops could be planted. In these locations they adopted maize horticulture, maintained substantial storage facilities, and established a semi-sedentary subsistence settlement pattern (Huckell 1995; Mabry 1998). Recent excavations along SR 260 east of Payson have documented that the earliest evidence for domesticates below the rim in this area is between 800 and 400 B.C. (Sarah Herr, personal communication). Late Archaic semi-sedentary settlements and campsites, such as those identified in

Colcord Road Survey October 2009 Cultural Resources Survey Report LSD Technical Report No. 085271a 5 upland and riverine areas to the south in the Tucson Basin and parts of southeastern Arizona (Huckell 1995; Mabry 1998; Roth 1992) have only been recently excavated in the Payson region, and numerous Archaic period sites have been identified during surveys below the rim on a variety of landforms (Courtright et al. 1997; Goodman 1992; Morgan 1997). The most recent data has been obtained from excavations along SR 260 east of Payson, where one site containing seven likely non-contemporaneous structures was occupied between 800 B.C. and A.D. 500, and a roasting pit provided chronometric samples that dated from 1300 to 1000 B.C. (Sarah Herr, personal communication).

Ceramic Period The Ceramic period, dating between A.D. 100 and 1300, is characterized by increasing sedentism and larger settlements through time. The survey area is located between the better known Anasazi, Mogollon, and Salado culture areas. The traits exhibited by the inhabitants in and near the survey area are not distinct or exclusive to any one of these groups. Because of this, the Ceramic period occupants of the study area are referred to as the Central Arizona Tradition (CAT) (Morgan and Wood 1998).

Our knowledge of the CAT occupation in the area below the Mogollon Rim continues to expand. The phases of occupation are divided into the Early Ceramic, Union Park, Star Valley, Payson, and Round Valley phases (based on Redman 1993) although cultural developments strongly resemble patterns in the upper portion of Tonto Basin. The Early Ceramic, Union Park, Star Valley phases exhibit strong Hohokam influence while the Payson and Round Valley phases exhibit enough similarities to the Tonto Basin to consider them Northern Salado (Scott Wood, personal communication).

The Union Park phase (A.D. 750 to 950) is characterized by habitations that are generally smaller than those in adjacent culture areas, although well-watered areas such as Star Valley and the Payson Basin witnessed relatively intense habitation (Redman 1993). Strong Hohokam influence, whether through trade relations or migration, is evident after A.D. 750. Pit houses and their arrangement in courtyard groups are very similar to Hohokam settlements in the Salt and Gila river valleys and Hohokam buffwares are common. The production of paddle-and-anvil plainware ceramics began during this time, although there is no evidence of locally manufactured decorated wares (Morgan and Wood 1998). The Star Valley phase spans A.D. 950 to 1150 and is characterized by the adoption of stone-lined pit houses with low masonry walls (Morgan 1998). Settlements during this time were dispersed and located along valley bottoms or broad mesa tops, and many of the larger sites such as Shoofly Village were initially settled during this phase (Lindauer 1991). The Payson phase dates from A.D. 1150 to 1250 and represents the height of ceramic-period occupation in the sub-Mogollon Rim area (Morgan and Wood 1998). Habitation structures were primarily surface masonry structures organized into compounds or small room blocks (Morgan and Wood 1998). While generally smaller than those in Tonto Basin, site structure is similar. Decorated ceramics are also similar to those found in Tonto Basin, consisting of Little Colorado White Wares early in the Payson phase and Cibola White Wares late in the Payson and Round Valley (A.D. 1250 and 1300) phases. The survey area was depopulated during the Round Valley phase. Very few sites from this time period have been identified in the region, and recent skeletal analysis suggests that the inhabitants likely migrated south to other nearby culture areas such as the Salado and Mogollon

Colcord Road Survey October 2009 Cultural Resources Survey Report LSD Technical Report No. 085271a 6 (Scott Wood, personal communication). Not surprisingly, increased populations in Tonto Basin and the Q Ranch/Vosberg areas coincide with the depopulation of the sub-Mogollon Rim area.

Historic Apache and Yavapai By the seventeenth century, the Dilzhe’e (Tonto Apache) and the Kewevkapaya (Southeastern Yavapai) were present in the Transition Zone. The Dilzhe’e utilized the area east of the Mazatzal Mountains and south of the Little Colorado River (Ferg 1987; Goodwin 1942). The Wikedjasapa and the Walkamepa bands of the Kewevkapaya occupied the mountainous areas west of Dilzhe’e territory (Gifford 1932). The Dilzhe’e and Kewevkapaya were primarily hunters and gatherers following seasonally available plant and animal resources. Agricultural products supplemented wild foodstuffs such as agave, which was often processed in large ovens (hornos) that are common sites from this period. The Dilzhe’e and Kewevkapaya were organized into extended families that seasonally camped together to exploit particular food resources. They established spring and summer camps in lower elevations to gather desert crops, and they occupied higher-elevation areas during fall and winter to gather upland resources and to hunt. Evidence of Dilzhe’e and Kewevkapaya occupation is scarce, perhaps because these groups sometimes reused the habitations and artifacts left behind by earlier cultures. The Dilzhe’e and Kewevkapaya maintained a hunter-gatherer lifeway, moving freely throughout the area in small bands of family members until the first Spanish and Mexican ranches were established in the mid-nineteenth century. The discovery of gold in central Arizona brought Euro-American prospectors into the area in the mid- to late-nineteenth century. Euro-American settlement of the area precipitated a period of raiding and warfare between the Dilzhe’e, Kewevkapaya, and ranchers, and later the US Army. Beginning in the early 1870s, thousands of Dilzhe’e and Kewevkapaya were forcibly removed to reservations at Camp Verde, San Carlos, and White River.

Historic Euro-American The earliest European influence on the area occurred when the Southwest was claimed by Spain and when several expeditions traveled through the area. By 1640, a Spanish mission was established in Zuni, and the Colorado Plateau became sparsely occupied by Spaniards. After a lengthy period of colonial occupation, the area now recognized as Arizona became part of the newly independent Mexico in 1822. The Mexican-American War of 1846–1848 resulted in the loss of Mexican territory to the United States. In 1854, the Gadsden Purchase created the New Mexico Territory from which the Arizona Territory was created in 1863. An expedition led by Amiel W. Whipple of the US Army Corps of Topographical Engineers from 1853 through 1854 explored portions of the new territory. Based on Whipple’s route, a second expedition led by Edward F. Beale established an east-west route along the 35th parallel of latitude. The route, known as the Beale Wagon Road, became an important early route in westward expansion (Woodward et al. 1984).

Euro-American settlement of the Tonto Basin did not intensify until the early 1860s with the passage of the 1862 Homestead Act (Macnider and Effland 1989). Other activities that followed include cattle ranching, mineral exploration, and logging operations. In 1905, the TNF was established to protect the watersheds of the Salt and Verde rivers.

Colcord Road Survey October 2009 Cultural Resources Survey Report LSD Technical Report No. 085271a 7 Civilian Conservation Corps On March 31, 1933, in response to the crushing poverty and unemployment created during the Great Depression, President Franklin Delano Roosevelt signed the Emergency Conservation Work Act as one of the first key pieces of legislation for the New Deal and created the CCC. The purpose was to create a “relief program whose purpose was to enlist unemployed young men between the ages of 18 and 25 to work outdoors on forest and conservation-related projects” (Moore 2006). Response to the relief legislation was rapid; the first recruiting program started a week after the bill was signed. The first camp in Arizona was established on May 24, 1933. The CCC lasted until 1942, when the onset of American participation in World War II and the decision to formally stop federal funding effectively killed the program.

At its peak in August 1935, the CCC had 505,000 enlistees in 2,650 camps spread across all 48 states, the Alaska and Hawaii territories, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands. Since the program was directed by the US Army, the enlistees included approximately 3,000 reserve officers who ran the camps, each of which was sponsored by a federal agency. The federal agencies that sponsored camps in Arizona included the Department of Agriculture (Forest Service), Bureau of Reclamation, Arizona Fish and Wildlife Department, the War Department, and the Soil Conservation Service (Moore 2006). The Forest Service was the main sponsor of CCC camps in Arizona, with 18 camps on Forest Service land (Collins 1999). Overall, the program employed more than three million participants. In addition to the daily work routine, the camps offered evening classes on subjects such as history, civics, literacy, auto mechanics, welding, cooking, forestry, and soil conservation.

In Arizona, nearly 53,000 enlistees participated over a 9-year period, with workers from Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania and New Jersey (Moore 2006). In 1933, 28 camps were planned for Arizona, and at the program’s peak in 1935, there were 50 camps across Arizona, mostly in southeastern Arizona and the Gila River Valley (Booth 1991). Fourteen main camps were established in the White Mountains/Mogollon Rim area between 1933 and 1939 (Moore 2006). The standard camp size in Arizona was 200 people. The main camps had officer quarters, barracks, kitchens and mess halls, garages, and technical and supply shops, while the “better” camps had recreation and educational halls, libraries and reading rooms, commissaries, barber shops, and swimming pools (Booth 1991:59).

The main camp in the Mogollon Rim area was the Indian Gardens Camp (Camp F-23-A), which was located near Tonto Creek. Established in 1933, Indian Gardens was the second CCC camp established in the state. The camp hosted Company 807, which consisted mainly of workers from Texas and a small contingent of Arizonans, until its closure in 1937 (Moore 2006).

Planned improvement projects for Company 807 included the construction 750 erosion control dams, 75 fish ponds, 100 cubic yards of flood control levees, a pipeline water system, 3 miles of stream improvement, and two springs for livestock (Moore 2006). The company was also responsible for the construction and improvement of two roads in the Mogollon Rim area—the Control Road and Colcord Road. Control Road was the most time-consuming of the two road projects, taking workers several seasons to finish just the section of road in the vicinity of Indian Gardens (Moore 2006). Construction of

Colcord Road Survey October 2009 Cultural Resources Survey Report LSD Technical Report No. 085271a 8 Colcord Road began in 1934, and an auxiliary camp, known as the Gordon Creek Camp, was established the same year for its construction crew.

A nearby auxiliary camp to Indian Gardens was the East Verde Camp (Camp F-77-A), which was idyllically located along its namesake, the East Verde River. Ironically, this was the last camp to be established in the Mogollon Rim area on September 6, 1939. The camp was so convenient for work projects that it became the main CCC camp in the area after Indian Gardens closed in 1939 (Moore 2006). Camp personnel were predominantly comprised of Company 807 workers previously based at Indian Gardens. The camp was used only for seasonal work and tent housing was provided. In addition to several steel and masonry bridge construction projects, extensive roadwork, stream improvements, and the construction of telephone lines, fire lookouts, and buildings, the camp was created to ensure completion of the Control Road (Moore 2006). The last season for the East Verde Camp was the summer of 1941.

PREVIOUS RESEARCH Before field survey, archaeological site files and inventory reports were checked at the Arizona State Historic Preservation Office and the Arizona State Museum (ASM) using AZSITE, the state’s electronic inventory of cultural resources. A records search was also completed at the TNF Supervisor’s Office. The National Register Information System database was also reviewed, and Bureau of Land Management maps and title plats were reviewed electronically. The parameters of the records search included the project area and the surrounding 0.5-mile radius. No properties listed in the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) are located nearby. An available General Land Office map for T11N, R13E (plat 00427, filed 6/3/1907) shows the historic Colcord Road in Section 34.

The records search indicated that five surveys were previously conducted in the project area and its vicinity (Table 1; Figure 4). Forty-seven sites were found within 0.5 mile of Colcord Road as a result of this records search (Table 2). All previous surveys were undertaken in advance of timber sales on TNF land. These surveys resulted in the identification of 33 prehistoric artifact scatters, 10 prehistoric habitations, 9 historic sites, and 1 multi-component artifact scatter. Prior to fieldwork, a site file search at TNF produced eight sites within or adjacent the Colcord Road project corridor. Of these, only five sites were relocated during the survey—AR-03-12-04-454, AR-03-12-04-455, AR-03-12-04-883, AR-03-12-05-508 and AR-03-12-05-763. The other three sites—AR-03-12-04-368, AR-03-12-04-886, AR-03-12-04-1222—are outside the project corridor.

Table 1. Previous investigations in the project area vicinity. Reference Location relative to project Author and year number area 80-49 Woodward 1980 Inside 81-12 Cummings 1981 Outside 86-40 Zepeda and Wood 1986 Outside 86-42 Dils and Wood 1986 Inside 88-398 Gleichman and Gleichman 1988 Inside

Colcord Road Survey October 2009 Cultural Resources Survey Report LSD Technical Report No. 085271a 9

Figure 4. Location of survey area in relation to previous surveys and previously recorded sites.

Colcord Road Survey October 2009 Cultural Resources Survey Report LSD Technical Report No. 085271a 10 Table 2. Previously Recorded Sites in the project area vicinity. Site numbera Locationb Site type Affiliation and age Eligibility status 04-368 Sec. 34 Artifact scatter Prehistoric Unknown 04-369 Sec. 34 Lithic scatter Prehistoric Unknown 04-397 Sec. 34 Lithic scatter Prehistoric Unknown 04-407 Sec. 36 Artifact scatter Prehistoric Eligible 04-446 Sec. 34 Lithic scatter Prehistoric Not determined 04-454 Sec. 34 Artifact scatter Prehistoric Eligible 04-455 Sec. 36 Artifact scatter Prehistoric Eligible 04-456 Sec. 34 Artifact scatter Prehistoric Eligible 04-576 Sec. 19 Artifact scatter Prehistoric Eligible 04-601 Sec. 36 Artifact scatter Prehistoric Unknown 04-609 Sec. 36 Artifact scatter Prehistoric Unknown 04-611 Sec. 35 Artifact scatter Prehistoric Unknown 04-652 Sec. 19 Linear Historic Unknown 04-768 Sec. 21 Artifact scatter Prehistoric Eligible 04-773 Sec. 19 Artifact scatter Prehistoric Eligible 04-775 Sec. 19 Artifact scatter Prehistoric Eligible 04-778 Sec. 35 Fireplace foundation Historic Unknown 04-820 Sec. 35 Artifact scatter Prehistoric Eligible 04-832 Sec. 20 Rock Cairn Prehistoric Unknown 04-834 Sec. 20 Artifact scatter w/ Prehistoric Unknown feature 04-835 Sec. 19 Apache sweat lodge Historic Not eligible 04-836 Sec. 19 Artifact scatter Prehistoric Unknown 04-839 Secs. 20, 21 Rock cairn Prehistoric Unknown 04-840 Sec. 19 Artifact scatter Prehistoric Unknown 04-878 Secs. 19, 20, 21, Road Historic Not determined 24, 27, 28, 34, 35, 36 04-883 Sec. 19 Artifact scatter Prehistoric Eligible 04-884 Sec. 19 Artifact scatter Prehistoric Eligible 04-886 Sec. 20 Artifact scatter w/ Prehistoric Eligible feature 04-1217 Sec. 36 Artifact scatter Prehistoric Unknown 04-1222 Sec. 24 Artifact scatter Prehistoric Unknown 04-1312 Sec. 34 Artifact scatter and Prehistoric/historic Not determined phone line 04-1348 Sec. 34 Artifact scatter Prehistoric Unknown 04-1560 Sec. 34 Possible grave Unknown Unknown continued

Colcord Road Survey October 2009 Cultural Resources Survey Report LSD Technical Report No. 085271a 11 Table 2. Previously Recorded Sites in the project area vicinity. Site numbera Locationb Site type Affiliation and age Eligibility status 04-1561 Sec. 34 Artifact scatter w/ Prehistoric Unknown feature 04-1563 Sec. 34 Multi-component Prehistoric/historic Unknown artifact scatter 04-1564 Sec. 34 Artifact scatter w/ Prehistoric Not determined features 04-1565 Sec. 34 Artifact scatter Prehistoric Not determined 05-189 Sec. 21 Artifact scatter w/ Prehistoric Unknown features 05-190 Sec. 28 Artifact scatter w/ Prehistoric Unknown features 05-503 Sec. 28 Artifact scatter Prehistoric Unknown 05-505 Sec. 27 Artifact scatter Prehistoric Unknown w/feature 05-506 Sec. 27 Pit house village Prehistoric Unknown 05-507 Sec. 28 Artifact scatter Prehistoric Unknown 05-508 Sec. 28 Lithic scatter Prehistoric Unknown 05-554 Sec. 21 Artifact scatter Prehistoric Eligible 05-651 Sec. 27 Artifact scatter Prehistoric Eligible 05-763 Sec. 29 Road Historic Not determined a TNF, site numbers begin with AR-03-12-. b T10½N, R13E, R14E; T11N, R13E, R13½E, R14E; USGS 7.5' Woods Canyon, Ariz., 1998.

SURVEY METHODS The project area was completely surveyed by Doug Drake and Jackie Orcholl between October 6 and October 23, 2008. In August 2009, the project area was revisited by Greta Rayle, Grant Fahrni, and Sarah Elder. During this visit, additional site information was obtained and a hi-definition video was recorded along the entire length of the road. The video was filmed using a Canon XL-2 camera and recorded on digital tape while slowly driving down the road to minimize shaking of the camera.

The portions of the survey conducted on TNF lands were carried out under TNF Permit Number TNF567. A 6.3-acre portion of private land was surveyed under an Arizona Antiquities Act Permit (2008-027bl) issued by ASM. TNF and ASM were notified of the project prior to the initiation of the fieldwork. The project corridor was surveyed by maintaining transects parallel to the roadway spaced no more than 15 m apart, resulting in 100 percent coverage. Prior to survey, the project area boundary was programmed into a Trimble GeoXM Global Positioning System (GPS) unit, allowing for an accurate determination of the survey boundary while in the field. The GPS unit was used to accurately plot resources within 1 m of their location. When cultural remains were encountered, they were assigned a field number, plotted on USGS topographic maps with the GPS, and described in written notes. Ground-surface visibility within the survey area was relatively poor and averaged 50 percent open; heavy pine duff and vegetation were the main impediments to visibility.

Colcord Road Survey October 2009 Cultural Resources Survey Report LSD Technical Report No. 085271a 12 Sites were recorded following TNF site criteria using TNF site cards. Prior to recording, all artifacts were pin-flagged to define site boundaries and identify concentrations. Scale maps were drawn of each site, illustrating features, artifact concentrations, diagnostic artifacts, and landmarks or reference points. In addition, at least three GPS points were taken at each site and plotted on the field map to accurately place the site on electronic plans provided by TNF. The sites were documented with digital photographs and selected Colcord Road features were documented with 35-mm black-and-white photographs.

SURVEY RESULTS The survey resulted in the identification of six previously recorded sites—AR-03-12-04-878/Colcord Road, AR-03-12-04-454, AR-03-12-04-455, AR-03-12-04-883, AR-03-12-05-508, and AR-03-12-05-763—and two newly recorded sites—AR-03-12-04-1857 and AZ P:9:44 (ASM). All TNF sites are within the Payson Ranger District except for AR-03-12-05-508 and AR-03-12-05-763, which are in the Pleasant Valley Ranger District. AZ P:9:44 (ASM) is located on private land.

Previously Recorded Sites AR-03-12-04-878/Colcord Road/FH 11 Location: Extends from SR 260 on the west to Young Highway on the east; within portions of Section 24, T10½N, R13E; Sections 19, 20, 21, 27, and 28, T10½N, R14E; and Sections 34, 35, and 36, T11N, R13E, G&SRB&M (USGS 7.5’ Woods Canyon, Ariz., 1998) (see Figure 3). UTM Zone 12, NAD 1927 CONUS

Land Status: TNF

Landform: The road crosses numerous creek valleys and ridges, 6,207 to 6,415 ft amsl

Vegetation: Ponderosa pine, juniper, oak, mixed cacti and succulents, and mixed grasses

Soils: Brown silty sand with gravels

Site Size: 28,248 ft (5.35 miles) long by 25 ft wide within project corridor

Site Type: Road

Cultural/Temporal Affiliation: Euro-American/A.D. 1880S–present

Description: AR-03-12-04-878/Colcord Road is the previously recorded historic Payson–Colcord road, also known as Forest Highway (FH) 11 (Figures 11a–11c). Colcord Road comprises 11.6 miles of the overall FH 11 route, which originally spanned 40 miles between Payson and FH 12 (now the Young Highway or FR 512). Colcord Road begins on the west at SR 260 and ends on the east at the Young Highway (FR 512). (Photographs 1 and 2). The road was originally recorded as site AR-03-12-04-652/1276 (Morgan 1996), but has been renumbered as site AR-03-12-04-878 (Courtright et al. 1997; Morgan 1998; see also Oliver and Hathaway 1997; Stone 1990 for additional segments). For brevity’s sake, the site is referred to as Colcord Road for the remainder of the report.

Colcord Road Survey October 2009 Cultural Resources Survey Report LSD Technical Report No. 085271a 13

Photograph 1. Colcord Road through the upland section, facing west.

Photograph 2. Colcord Road, paved segment just east of SR 260, facing east.

Colcord Road Survey October 2009 Cultural Resources Survey Report LSD Technical Report No. 085271a 14 Within the 5.35-mile-long project area, the present alignment of Colcord Road extends primarily west to east and crosses numerous creek valleys and ridge systems. The road is paved with asphalt for the first 2 miles east of SR 260 and then continues as an improved and regularly maintained dirt and gravel road for much of its duration. The level travel surface varies in width from 14 ft to 26 ft, with the widest segments located near SR 260 and in developed areas. Road cuts vary in height from 3 ft to 15 ft and are present along hill slopes. The road surface is generally flanked on either side with gravel shoulders and/or unlined drainage ditches; the shoulders vary in width from 15 inches to 3 ft, and the drainage ditches average 3 ft wide by 2 ft deep. Additionally, in one area, a small earthen berm was observed along the southern shoulder of the roadway. East of the project area between Colcord Estates and the Young Highway, the road consists of an unpaved two-track road that is not maintained and skirts across the top of Colcord Mountain. Within the project corridor, the road is in good condition and is regularly maintained.

Archival research suggests that Colcord Road was originally constructed in the 1880s as a network of improved and primitive wagon roads that connected Payson to numerous homesteads and settlements in the vicinity of Tonto Creek. The road was named after cattle rancher, William C. Colcord, who homesteaded on Walnut Creek west of Young in 1886 (Northern Gila County Historical Society 1984). Colcord was an active participant in Gila County politics and civic matters and many geographic points in the region including Colcord Mountain and Colcord Street in Payson are named after him.

The earliest depiction of Colcord Road within the 5.35-mile-long project area is shown on an 1886 USGS topographic map where the road is shown as a northeast trending alignment that generally follows Tonto Creek (Figure 5). North of the confluence of Tonto Creek and East Tonto Creek, the road branches to the northeast where it follows the upper arm of the Tonto Creek and to the southeast where it crosses the southern slope of Turkey Peak. The segment that follows the upper arm of Tonto Creek continues to the southeast along the base of the Mogollon Rim where it terminates approximately 3 miles west of the historic alignment of FH 12. The southeast branch continues southwest for approximately 4 miles before terminating 8.5 miles west of FH 12.

A TNF map indicates that by 1924, the majority of FH 11 is in fair to good condition; only a 2-mile-long segment south of Promontory Butte and outside the current project area is characterized as “minor or very poor.” The road generally follows the 1886 alignment, although in some areas, it meanders around topographic features to connect various ranches and homesteads established along the roadway (Figure 6). The road is further shown turning north at the 13 Ranch and ascending the Mogollon Rim. This also represents the western end of the present day Colcord Road.

A series of 1930s TNF maps and Bureau of Public Roads maps show Colcord Road along its present-day alignment between the 13 Ranch and FH 12. A 1933 TNF map indicates that the condition of the road had deteriorated to minor to very poor condition (Figure 7).

In 1934, Colcord Road was significantly improved by the CCC, who began a long-term road construction and improvement project in the area. Around May 1, 1934, CCC Company 807 moved to Indian Gardens, the main CCC camp in the Mogollon Rim area. Approximately 92 men, most over the age of 21 with less

Colcord Road Survey October 2009 Cultural Resources Survey Report LSD Technical Report No. 085271a 15

Figure 5. 1886 USGS map showing primitive wagon roads in the vicinity of Colcord Road.

Colcord Road Survey October 2009 Cultural Resources Survey Report LSD Technical Report No. 085271a 16

Figure 6. 1924 TNF map showing FH 11 and the Colcord Road alignment.

Colcord Road Survey October 2009 Cultural Resources Survey Report LSD Technical Report No. 085271a 17

Figure 7. 1933 TNF map showing FH 11 and the Colcord Road alignment.

Colcord Road Survey October 2009 Cultural Resources Survey Report LSD Technical Report No. 085271a 18 than a high school education, worked at the camp, which was located approximately 15 miles east of Payson. Shortly after migrating to Indian Gardens, a CCC fly camp was established at Gordon Creek for crews working on the Colcord Road alignment. Improvements to the road began in 1934 with the clearing of right-of-way from Colcord Road to Pleasant Valley, and by 1937, the road was complete. Subsequent to the completion of the road, the Indian Gardens camp was abandoned and a new camp was established north of Payson along the East Verde (Moore 2006).

A 1939 Bureau of Public Roads as-built drawing of FH 11 indicates that CCC improvements to Colcord Road included grading sections of the existing roadway, sub-grade reinforcement, and the construction of road features including culverts, bridges, and cattle guards. The map indicates that portions of Colcord Road within the current survey area were graded between 1935 and 1936. Additionally, the drawings suggest that the sub-grade of the road at the western end of the survey area was reinforced with crushed gravel or disintegrated granite in 1936. At this time, the road bed measured 8 ft wide. The road consisted predominantly of existing roadway and routes surveyed between 1931 and 1934. Two sections of FH 11 to the west—in Little Green Valley and northwest of Bear Flat—were graded while segments east of Tonto Creek near See Canyon had crushed rock or macadam applied to the road surface.

In July 1942, the CCC was effectively disbanded when the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor made war mobilization a government priority (Moore 2006). After this date, Colcord Road was completed and subsequently maintained and improved by the Forest Service and Gila County. A 1946 TNF map and 1952 Bureau of Public Roads as-built plans indicate that improvements to Colcord Road after 1952 included widening portions of the existing roadway from 8 ft to 14 ft.

Associated Features: The survey of 5.35 miles of Colcord Road resulted in the identification of 42 culverts (Figures 10a–10c). The culverts consist of two different types: corrugated metal pipe (CMP), or Type 1 culverts, and concrete box culverts (CBCs), or Type 2 culverts. Within Type 1, two subtypes—Type 1A culverts and Type 1B culverts—were recognized. Type 1A culverts are defined as CMPs with no accompanying headwall or wing wall, and Type 1B culverts consist of CMPs with an accompanying headwall. Type 2 culverts consist of CBCs that are similarly constructed of form-poured concrete with wing walls extending from both sides.

The majority of the culverts within the project area are Type 1 culverts. A total of 44 Type 1 culverts, including 16 Type 1A culverts and 26 Type 1B culverts, were documented within the project area. Additionally, two Type 2 culverts were recorded. The culverts were numbered sequentially west to east beginning at SR 260. On average, the culverts were spaced approximately 642 ft (0.1 miles) apart along the surveyed segment of Colcord Road. Detailed plan-sheets showing the location of each feature are included in Appendix A. Appendix B shows all known features along the entire length of Colcord Road.

Colcord Road Survey October 2009 Cultural Resources Survey Report LSD Technical Report No. 085271a 19

Figure 8. 1946 TNF map showing the Colcord Road alignment.

Colcord Road Survey October 2009 Cultural Resources Survey Report LSD Technical Report No. 085271a 20

Figure 9. 1952 Bureau of Public Roads as-built drawing showing FH 11 and the Colcord Road alignment.

Colcord Road Survey October 2009 Cultural Resources Survey Report LSD Technical Report No. 085271a 21

Figure 10a. Distribution of Colcord Road features, from SR 260 to 1.8 miles east of SR 260.

Colcord Road Survey October 2009 Cultural Resources Survey Report LSD Technical Report No. 085271a 22

Figure 10b. Distribution of Colcord Road features, 1.8 to 3.6 miles east of SR 260.

Colcord Road Survey October 2009 Cultural Resources Survey Report LSD Technical Report No. 085271a 23

Figure 10c. Distribution of Colcord Road features, 3.6 to 5.35 miles east of SR 260.

Colcord Road Survey October 2009 Cultural Resources Survey Report LSD Technical Report No. 085271a 24 Type 1A culverts The 16 historic Type 1A culverts documented within the project area consist of a single CMP with no accompanying headwall or wing wall (Photograph 3). The Type 1A culverts have a variety of different pipe diameters: 18 inches (n = 10), 24 inches (n = 3), 54 inches (n = 2), and 30 inches (n = 1).

One Type 1A culvert (Feature 31) that spills into Gordon Canyon Creek has three associated embankments (Photograph 4). The embankments consist of dry-laid sandstone and conglomerate slabs and boulders placed on the downslope side of the feature. The nearest embankment is immediately west of the CMP and consists of 23-ft-long and 8-ft-high mound of large conglomerate boulders that were likely placed with the aid of machinery. The remaining embankments are located further downstream on the north and south sides of the creek bank. The northern embankment measures 80 ft long and 9 ft high and almost completely covers the creek bank. The embankment on the south side is slightly smaller, measuring 60 ft long and approximately 4 ft high, and covers only the lower third of the creek bank. Feature 31 is the only road feature in the current project area that has associated embankments.

The greatest concentration of Type 1A culverts are located approximately 2.2 miles east of SR 260. Eight Type 1A culverts are located within a 1.1-mile-long section of roadway, which is within and/or adjacent to the Gordon Canyon Creek valley. Interestingly, the valley is among the flattest sections

Photograph 3. Feature 24, a Type 1A feature, facing northeast.

Colcord Road Survey October 2009 Cultural Resources Survey Report LSD Technical Report No. 085271a 25

Photograph 4. Feature 31, a Type 1A feature with nearby embankment, facing northeast. in the project area and is also the location of the CCC Gordon Canyon Creek side camp (Moore 2006), which makes the area easiest to access with machinery and additional labor and materials. Throughout the remainder of the project area, Type 1A culverts are more randomly dispersed, with only one or two culverts present in a 0.5-mile area.

Type 1B CMP culverts Twenty-six Type 1B culverts with one or more associated dry-laid masonry headwalls were documented within the project corridor (Table 3). One Type 1B culvert with a 24-inch-diameter double CMP (Feature 42) was recorded; all others are constructed of a single pipe. Pipe diameters include 18 inches (n=12), 24 inches (n=4), 36 inches (n=4), 60 inches (n=3), 48 inches (n=2), and 54 inches (n=1). Masonry materials include sandstone and limestone slabs and conglomerate boulders. Most rocks are of a size that

Table 3. Summary of Type 1B Features along Colcord Road. Headwall Headwall Pipe Feature Courses Side of Road Length Height Diameter number High (ft) (ft) (inches) 1 South – – – 60 North 24.0 8.0 5 60 2 South 11.0 4.5 7 24 North – – – – 3 South 3.5 1.8 4 18 North 4.0 2.4 3 18 continued

Colcord Road Survey October 2009 Cultural Resources Survey Report LSD Technical Report No. 085271a 26 Table 3. Summary of Type 1B Features along Colcord Road. Headwall Headwall Pipe Feature Courses Side of Road Length Height Diameter number High (ft) (ft) (inches) 4 South 21.0 7.0 4 54 North 21.0 4.5 4 54 5 South – – – – North 4.5 2.0 2 24 6 South 3.5 2.5 6 18 North – – – – 7 South 6.5 2.5 5 18 North – – – – 8 South 3.5 1.5 5 18 North – – – – 11 South – – – – North 5.0 1.5 4 18 12 South – – – – North 7.0 2.5 4 18 13 South 4.5 2.0 3 18 North 2.5 1.5 2 18 14 South 14.0 5.0 6 48 North 18.0 5.0 7 48 15 South – – – – North 3.0 1.5 4 18 17 South 3.0 1.5 3 18 North 4.5 1.5 3 18 19 South 5.5 3.0 6 36 North 7.5 4.0 3 36 20 South 11.0 3.0 3 36 North 9.5 4.5 5 36 21 South 16.0 6.0 5 60 North 11.0 5.0 5 60 22 South 8.0 3.0 3 36 North 5.0 1.5 1 36 27 South 20.0 9.0 3 60 North – – – – 34 South 10.0 8.0 4 48 North 15.0 8.0 5 48 35 South – – – – North 5.0 1.5 3 18 continued

Colcord Road Survey October 2009 Cultural Resources Survey Report LSD Technical Report No. 085271a 27 Table 3. Summary of Type 1B Features along Colcord Road. Headwall Headwall Pipe Feature Courses Side of Road Length Height Diameter number High (ft) (ft) (inches) 36 South 2.5 3.0 4 18 North – – – – 38 South 4.0 1.5 2 18 North – – – – 41 South 6.0 3.0 6 24 North 5.0 2.5 5 24 42 South 9.0 2.0 2 24 North – – – – 44 South 2.0 2.0 1 36 North – – – – could have been moved by one or more men, but several of the larger culverts have large boulders that would have required machinery and/or draft animals to place. The most substantial Type 1B culvert (Feature 2) is 24-ft long and 8-ft high, with five courses of sandstone slabs (Photograph 5).

Type 2 culverts Two Type 2 culverts were identified within the project corridor; each spans a north-south tributary to Gordon Canyon Creek. They are similarly constructed with form-poured concrete with wing walls extending

Photograph 5. Feature 1, a 60-inch-diameter Type 1B feature, facing south.

Colcord Road Survey October 2009 Cultural Resources Survey Report LSD Technical Report No. 085271a 28 from each side. The wing walls were constructed with sandstone blocks in a rusticated Ashlar design (Photograph 6). Ashlar is dressed stone work of any type of stone; the blocks are large rectangular rocks sculpted to have square edges and even faces.

The western Type 2 culvert (Feature 16) is 1.6 miles east of SR 260 (Photograph 7). It has two wing walls extending from both the upslope and downslope sides. These extend 17 ft to 22 ft and are 16.5 ft-high. The sandstone blocks used in the wing walls average 18 inches by 10 inches; the largest is 40 inches by 13 inches. An approximate 20-ft-long stretch of the upstream drainage channel and a 14-ft-long downstream stretch were stabilized with unshaped or minimally shaped sandstone rocks and mortar.

The eastern Type 2 culvert (Feature 30) is 3.3 miles east of SR 260 (Photograph 8). It has two wing walls on the upslope and downslope sides that extend 15 ft to 18 ft and range from 16.5-ft to 19-ft high. The sandstone blocks in the wing walls average 18 inches by 12 inches; the largest is 30 inches by 24 inches. There was no bank stabilization associated with Feature 30.

Discussion and Recommendation: AR-03-12-04-878/Colcord Road has been determined eligible for inclusion in the NRHP under Criteria A and C (association with events; characteristics of a type of construction). Colcord Road is directly

Photograph 6. Feature 16 (Type 2 feature) wing wall detail, showing rusticated Ashlar construction technique.

Colcord Road Survey October 2009 Cultural Resources Survey Report LSD Technical Report No. 085271a 29

Photograph 7. Feature 16 (Type 2 feature) overview, facing southwest.

Photograph 8. Feature 30 (Type 2 feature) construction detail, top and side corner.

Colcord Road Survey October 2009 Cultural Resources Survey Report LSD Technical Report No. 085271a 30 associated with CCC activities in Arizona and can contribute important information regarding CCC ventures along the Mogollon Rim and in the Payson region in the 1930s and early 1940s. Forty-four road features were identified along the first 5.35 miles of Colcord Road east of SR 260. These include 42 CMP culverts and 2 CBCs. The currently proposed paving project will be confined to the existing road bed and Gila County has committed to avoiding all road features. However, LSD recommends that the 44 features should be avoided by any future project activities; if they cannot be avoided, they should be recorded in an appropriate manner as stipulated in the PA, including HAER documentation.

LSD recommends that the paving of Colcord Road will have an adverse affect on the character of the road. Furthermore, any future projects that alter or modify the horizontal slope, width, or cut and fill contours of the existing roadway should be considered an adverse affect and should be avoided. If future project activities adversely affect these qualities that contribute to the NRHP eligibility of the road, then stipulations of the PA—such as HAER documentation—should be followed.

AR-03-12-04-454 Location: On both sides of Colcord Road; 0.7 mile east of SR 260; within portions of the SW¼, SE¼, SE¼ of Section 34, T11N, R13E, G&SRB&M (USGS 7.5’ Woods Canyon, Ariz., 1998) (see Figure 3). UTM Zone 12, NAD 1927 CONUS: 503422 mE, 3793970 mN

Land Status: TNF

Landform: Ridge overlooking Hunter Creek, 6,180 ft amsl

Vegetation: Ponderosa pine, oak, juniper, and mixed grasses

Soils: Brown silty sand with gravels

Site Size: 84 m by 81 m (5,982 m2/1.48 acres total; 2,851 m2/0.70 acre within project corridor)

Site Type: Artifact scatter

Cultural/Temporal Affiliation: CAT/A.D.700–1300

Description: AR-03-12-04-454 consists of a previously recorded artifact scatter that is located on both sides of Colcord Road (Figure 11; Photographs 9 and 10). The original recorders (Wood 1981a) observed a dispersed artifact scatter with flakes, sherds and one small sandstone mano fragment. It was also noted that artifacts were visible only in clearings. The flaked stone assemblage consisted of chalcedony, chert, and quartzite flakes; cores; shatter; and a biface. The ceramic assemblage included Tonto Plain, sand-tempered plainware, one Mogollon brownware, and untyped whitewares. No features were identified; the many mounds and depressions observed probably result from tree fall and animal activity.

The current revisit found the site to be largely as described. Observed artifacts included 15 chert and chalcedony secondary and tertiary flakes, 10 Tonto Plain sherds, and a smudged sherd; the biface and whiteware sherds were not observed. Most flakes and the smudged sherd were visible only in the road cuts.

Colcord Road Survey October 2009 Cultural Resources Survey Report LSD Technical Report No. 085271a 31

Figure 11. AR-03-12-04-454 site map.

Colcord Road Survey October 2009 Cultural Resources Survey Report LSD Technical Report No. 085271a 32

Photograph 9. AR-03-12-04-454 site overview, facing northwest.

Photograph 10. AR-03-12-04-454 site overview showing the paved Colcord Road and road cut through the site, facing northwest.

Colcord Road Survey October 2009 Cultural Resources Survey Report LSD Technical Report No. 085271a 33 The site is in good condition, although it has been bisected by Colcord Road, grazing and erosion. Visibility averaged less than 10 percent open. The pine duff cover was very heavy and ground visibility was limited mainly to the road cuts.

Within the site, Colcord Road is characterized by a level, paved road surface with 3-ft to 8-ft-deep road cuts along the hill slopes. The 26-ft-wide road bed is elevated approximately 3 ft above the ground surface and 15-inch-wide drainage ditches are present along both shoulders. Feature 5 (04-878/Colcord Road), a CMP culvert with a dry laid masonry headwall, is at the eastern site boundary.

Discussion and Recommendation: AR-03-12-04-454 is recommended eligible for inclusion in the NRHP under Criterion D (information potential) and should be protected and avoided by all project-related activities. The site is a CAT artifact scatter that likely contains intact subsurface cultural deposits that can contribute important information within the context of prehistoric settlement patterning and resource exploitation in the Hunter Creek area.

Colcord Road is paved through the site and no project plans are anticipated at the site for this project. However, if any future road improvement/maintenance activities are to occur within the site, it is recommended they be confined to the existing road bed and the site boundary be flagged for avoidance prior to any construction activities. If intact portions of the site cannot be avoided by future project activities, an appropriate data recovery plan should be developed and implemented to mitigate impacts to the site.

AR-03-12-04-455 Location: On both sides of Colcord Road; 2.1 miles east of SR 260; within portions of the S½, SE¼, SW¼ of Section 36, T11N, R13E, G&SRB&M (USGS 7.5’ Woods Canyon, Ariz., 1998) (see Figure 3). UTM Zone 12, NAD 1927 CONUS: 505798 mE, 3794099 mN

Land Status: TNF

Landform: Low ridge and slopes between two tributaries to Gordon Canyon Creek, 6,220 ft amsl

Vegetation: Ponderosa pine, oak, juniper, and mixed grasses

Soils: Brown silty sand with gravels

Site Size: 245 m by 104 m (16,543 m2/4.09 acres total; 8,261 m2/2.04 acres within project corridor)

Site Type: Artifact scatter with features

Cultural/Temporal Affiliation: CAT/A.D.825–1000

Description: AR-03-12-04-455 consists of a previously recorded artifact scatter and possible pit house village on both sides of Colcord Road (Figure 12; Photographs 11 and 12). The original recorders (Wood 1981b) observed an extensive artifact scatter with flakes, sherds, ground stone, and calcined bone fragments eroding from a road cut. The flaked stone assemblage consisted of cores, core tools, debitage, shatter, utilized flakes, and a projectile point fragment. Materials were chert and chalcedony. The ceramic assemblage

Colcord Road Survey October 2009 Cultural Resources Survey Report LSD Technical Report No. 085271a 34

Figure 12. AR-03-12-04-455 site map.

Colcord Road Survey October 2009 Cultural Resources Survey Report LSD Technical Report No. 085271a 35

Photograph 11. AR-03-12-04-455 site overview, showing paved portion of Colcord Road and a road cut through the central portion of the site, facing east.

Photograph 12. AR-03-12-04-455 showing the unpaved portion of Colcord Road in the eastern part of the site, facing east.

Colcord Road Survey October 2009 Cultural Resources Survey Report LSD Technical Report No. 085271a 36 was characterized by Tonto Plain, Verde variety, Escarpment subvariety sherds; Wingfield or Gila Plain, Gila variety sherds; Vosberg Plain; Kana-a Black-on-white; early Black Mesa Black-on-white; a smudged sherd; and a possible Sacaton Red-on-buff variant. Ground stone consisted of a small sandstone grinding slab and two quartzite oval manos. The previous recorders felt that the artifact assemblage represented a single component. In addition, in 1974 a burial was reportedly removed by a county grader, probably on the south side of the road. No features were identified, but a possible pit house was observed in the road cut also on the south side of the road (Wood 1981b).

During the current survey the site was found to be largely as described. Over 550 artifacts were observed within the site boundary including 500 chert and chalcedony secondary and tertiary flakes, 50 plainware sherds, a quartzite mano, and a sandstone metate fragment. Decorated sherds and the projective point were not observed.

Two features were identified within and adjacent to the project corridor. Feature 1 is a 3-m-diameter soil stain on a stable terrace outside the project corridor on the south side of Colcord Road. Feature 2 is a 5-m- long lens of dark soil within the upper 20 cm of the 10-ft-high (3-m-high) road cut inside the project corridor on the north side of the road. This feature is at the eastern end of the road cut, which is approximately 5 ft (1.5 m) north of the shoulder of the road. The features are organically-enriched silty loam with no ash or charcoal and may represent pit houses or extramural features.

The landform to the east of the original site plotting has a similar distribution of artifacts. It is a low ridge- slope on the east side of a drainage and is bisected by a private dirt road. The eastern boundary of the site was extended to include this new area. Very heavy pine duff and ground vegetation cover prohibited an accurate determination of the northern and southern boundaries; as such, the site may extend beyond the current boundary. The northern boundary is likely defined by the natural contours of the ridge. The southern boundary is obscured by private development immediately south of the project corridor.

The site is in good condition although it has been bisected by road construction and impacted by logging, grazing and erosion. Visibility averages 50 percent open. The pine duff cover was very heavy on the north side of the road and ground visibility was limited mainly to the road cuts and the south side of the road.

Within the site, Colcord Road consists of a level paved and unpaved road surface with narrow shoulders along the south side and shallow drainages to the north. A cattle guard is present near the center of the site; west of the cattle guard, the road is paved while to the east, it is unpaved. Both the paved and unpaved sections of the road measure 22 ft wide. Feature 20 (04-878/Colcord Road), a CMP culvert with a dry laid masonry headwall, is located approximately 60 ft west of the site boundary and Feature 21 (04-878/Colcord Road) is located within the site approximately 260 ft from the eastern site boundary.

Discussion and Recommendation: AR-03-12-04-455 is recommended eligible for inclusion in the NRHP under Criterion D (information potential) and should be protected and avoided by all project-related activities. The site is a CAT artifact

Colcord Road Survey October 2009 Cultural Resources Survey Report LSD Technical Report No. 085271a 37 scatter that likely contains intact subsurface cultural deposits that can contribute important information within the context of prehistoric settlement patterning and resource exploitation in the Gordon Canyon Creek area. Based on the presence of Kana-a Black-on-white and Black Mesa Black-on-white sherds, the occupation range of the site is approximately A.D. 825–1000.

Colcord Road is paved through the western portion of site and no construction is anticipated within this area for the project. However, the road east of a cattle guard and measuring 103 ft long within the site is unpaved and would be part of a paving project. LSD recommends that project activities be confined to the existing road bed and the site boundary be flagged for avoidance prior to any construction activities. Furthermore, driveways, turnouts, and/or level areas within the site should not be used during project activities. If intact portions of the site cannot be avoided by future project activities, an appropriate data recovery plan should be developed and implemented to mitigate impacts to the site.

AR-03-12-04-883 Location: On both sides of Colcord Road; 1.3 miles east of SR 260; within portions of the E½, NE¼, NW¼ of Section 19, T10½N, R14E, G&SRB&M (USGS 7.5’ Woods Canyon, Ariz., 1998) (see Figure 3). UTM Zone 12, NAD 1927 CONUS: 504502 mE, 3793766 mN

Land Status: TNF

Landform: Ridge and slope between Hunter Creek and Gordon Canyon Creek, 6,270 ft amsl

Vegetation: Ponderosa pine, oak, juniper, and mixed grasses

Soils: Brown silty sand with gravels

Site Size: 186 m by 65 m (9,574 m2/2.37 acres total; 4,112 m2/1.02 acres within project corridor)

Site Type: Artifact scatter

Cultural/Temporal Affiliation: CAT/A.D.1000–1150

Description: AR-03-12-04-883 consists of a previously recorded artifact scatter that is located on both sides of Colcord Road (Figure 13; Photographs 13 and 14). The original recorders (Germick and Morgan 1990) observed a dispersed artifact scatter with flakes, sherds, and ground stone on the south side of Colcord Road. The flaked stone assemblage consisted of primary, secondary, and tertiary flakes, cores, utilized flakes, hammerstones, a biface fragment, a complete triangular projectile point, and a rectangular, unnotched projectile point base. Materials were mainly chert, with some basalt as well. The ceramic assemblage included Tonto Plain, Vosberg Plain, untyped Cibola White Ware, and two Black Mesa Black-on-white sherds. Ground stone consisted of two sandstone grinding stones and a sandstone metate fragment. The previous site map indicates that most artifacts are on a substantial slope south of Colcord Road.

During the current survey the site was found to be largely as described, although fewer artifacts were observed. The northern boundary of the site was extended to include the entire project corridor and a

Colcord Road Survey October 2009 Cultural Resources Survey Report LSD Technical Report No. 085271a 38

Figure 13. AR-03-12-04-883 site map.

Colcord Road Survey October 2009 Cultural Resources Survey Report LSD Technical Report No. 085271a 39

Photograph 13. AR-03-12-04-883 site overview, facing southeast.

Photograph 14. AR-03-12-04-883 overview showing the paved Colcord Road, the road cut, and vehicle pull-out, facing east.

Colcord Road Survey October 2009 Cultural Resources Survey Report LSD Technical Report No. 085271a 40 terrace located outside the corridor. South of Colcord Road, a 200 ft long by 47 ft wide bladed vehicle pull- out contains 5 chert flakes and 1 sand-tempered plainware sherd. There is a large slope/cutbank on the north side of Colcord Road with 15 chert secondary and tertiary flakes and 1 sand-tempered plainware sherd. Additional chert flakes and a core were observed on a series of stepped, flat terraces above the cutbank and outside the project corridor. Neither the projectile points nor decorated sherds were encountered.

The site is in poor condition. The site has been impacted by power line construction, a fence, and erosion. Visibility averages 30 percent open.

Within the site, Colcord Road is characterized by a level, paved road surface with a road cut on the north side. The road cut measures 12 ft to 15 ft deep at the west end of the site and tapers to 3 ft at the east end. The 22-ft-wide road bed is elevated 2 ft above the ground surface and shoulders of varying widths with 3-ft- wide by 3-ft-deep drainage ditches are present along both sides. Two CMP culverts with dry laid masonry headwalls (Features 12 and 13), are located outside the site 60 ft and 100 ft from the western and eastern site boundaries, respectively.

Discussion and Recommendation: AR-03-12-04-883 is recommended eligible for inclusion in the NRHP under Criterion D (information potential) and should be protected and avoided by all project-related activities. The site is a CAT artifact scatter that likely contains intact subsurface cultural deposits that can contribute important information within the context of prehistoric settlement patterning and resource exploitation in the Gordon Canyon Creek area. Based on the presence of Black Mesa Black-on-white sherds, the occupation range of the site is approximately A.D. 1000–1150.

Colcord Road is paved through the site and no project plans are anticipated at the site for this project. However, if any future road improvement or maintenance activities are to occur within the site, it is recommended they be confined to the existing road bed and the site boundary be flagged for avoidance prior to any construction activities. If intact portions of the site cannot be avoided by future project activities, an appropriate data recovery plan should be developed and implemented to mitigate impacts to the site.

AR-03-12-05-508 Location: On both sides of Colcord Road; 4.0 miles east of SR 260; within portions of the NW¼, NW¼, NE¼ of Section 28, T10½N, R14E, G&SRB&M (USGS 7.5’ Woods Canyon, Ariz., 1998) (see Figure 3). UTM Zone 12, NAD 1927 CONUS: 507991 mE, 3792455 mN

Land Status: TNF

Landform: Ridge overlooking Gordon Canyon Creek, 6,400 ft amsl

Vegetation: Ponderosa pine, oak, juniper, and mixed grasses

Soils: Brown silty sand with gravels

Site Size: 110 m by 84 m (7,730 m2/1.91 acres total; 3,341 m2/0.83 acre within project corridor)

Colcord Road Survey October 2009 Cultural Resources Survey Report LSD Technical Report No. 085271a 41

Site Type: Artifact scatter

Cultural/Temporal Affiliation: CAT/A.D.700–1150

Description: AR-03-12-05-508 consists of a previously recorded artifact scatter that is located on both sides of Colcord Road (Figure 14; Photographs 15 and 16). The original recorders observed a dispersed artifact scatter with flaked stone and sherds. The flaked-stone assemblage consisted of a few chert lithics and two yellow chert hammerstones along with pieces of purple quartzite and milk quartz (Wood 1984). The flaked-stone assemblage also included a large red chert “Vosberg Triangle” projectile point and a “beautiful, thin, delicate, finely made white chert Hohokam burial point”, which was collected during the original recording. The ceramic assemblage included Tonto Plain and Vosberg Plain sherds, and unidentified “red indented corrugated” sherds. No features were identified, but it was noted that an eroding cavity in a cut bank and adjacent to the collected projectile point had small pieces of burned bone around the edge of the disturbance, and that this area might represent a burial or cremation. Many artifacts were observed on a berm on the south side of Colcord Road.

The current revisit found the site to be largely as described. The site boundaries were slightly expanded to the southeast. Artifacts inside the project corridor included 30 chert tertiary flakes, 10 Gila Plain sherds, and five sand-tempered plainware sherds. Artifacts were observed on either side of the road but were mainly visible in a campsite road (FR 969) on the south side and in a cut bank and clearings on the north side. No features were observed. There is a high potential for buried deposits on the north side of the road because the stable landform has not been disturbed by road or camping activities.

The site is in fair condition and has been impacted by road construction, including the construction of FR 969, grazing, and erosion. Visibility averages 30 percent open. Pine duff cover was heavy and ground visibility was mainly limited to the road cuts and occasional clearings.

Within the site, Colcord Road consists of a level, unpaved road with narrow shoulders and a road cut on the north side. The road cut measures 5 ft to 7 ft deep at the east end of the site and tapers to 3 ft at the west end. Drainage ditches, measuring 3 ft wide by 1 ft deep, are present along both sides of the roadway and a small berm is present to the south. The earthen berm is approximately 1 ft wide and varies in height from 4 inches to 1.5 ft high.

Discussion and Recommendation: AR-03-12-05-508 is recommended eligible for inclusion in the NRHP under Criterion D (information potential) and should be protected and avoided by all project-related activities. The site is a CAT artifact scatter that likely contains intact subsurface cultural deposits that can contribute important information within the context of CAT settlement patterning and resource exploitation in the Gordon Canyon Creek area. In addition, the presence of a pre-Classic Hohokam projectile point possibly associated with a burial

Colcord Road Survey October 2009 Cultural Resources Survey Report LSD Technical Report No. 085271a 42

Figure 14. AR-03-12-05-508 site map.

Colcord Road Survey October 2009 Cultural Resources Survey Report LSD Technical Report No. 085271a 43

Photograph 15. AR-03-12-05-508 site overview showing the road bed, road shoulder, road cut, and berm, facing west.

Photograph 16. AR-03-12-05-508 site overview showing the road cut near the west end of the site, facing east.

Colcord Road Survey October 2009 Cultural Resources Survey Report LSD Technical Report No. 085271a 44 (which provides an A.D. 700–1150 occupation date range) and, possibly, a burial or cremation can provide significant information on mortuary practices and trade.

Colcord Road is unpaved through the site and will be paved for this project. LSD recommends that project activities be confined to the existing road bed and the site boundary be flagged for avoidance prior to any construction activities. Furthermore, the use of pull-outs, level areas, or FR 969 for staging or access is not recommended. If intact portions of the site cannot be avoided by future project activities, an appropriate data recovery plan should be developed and implemented to mitigate impacts to the site.

AR-03-12-05-763/Chamberlain Trail Location: On south side of Colcord Road; 4.1 miles east of SR 260; within portions of the NE¼, NW¼, NE¼ of Section 28, T10½N, R13½E G&SRB&M (USGS 7.5’ Woods Canyon, Ariz., 1998) (see Figure 3). UTM Zone 12, NAD 1927 CONUS: 508175 mE, 3792427 mN

Land Status: TNF

Landform: Ridge overlooking Gordon Canyon Creek, 6,440 ft amsl

Vegetation: Ponderosa pine, oak, juniper, and mixed grasses

Soils: Brown sandy silt with gravels

Site Size: 120 ft by 22 ft within project corridor

Site Type: Road

Cultural/Temporal Affiliation: Euro-American/A.D.1933–present

Description: AR-03-12-05-763 is the previously recorded Chamberlain Trail, also known as FR 200 (Figure 15). Within the project corridor, Chamberlain Trail is characterized as a 22-ft-wide, slightly crowned dirt road with shallow drainage ditches on both sides (Photograph 17). The road, which is improved and regularly maintained, extends south from Colcord Road to the town of Young. A forest service road (FR 1652) has a similar alignment to FR 200 on the north side of Colcord Road but this road post-dates CCC construction. No associated historic artifacts were observed along the roadway within the survey area.

Historic maps indicate that the southern portion of Chamberlain Trail was constructed between 1925 and 1933. The earliest depiction of the road is on a 1933 TNF map where the road is shown as a southwest to northwest trending alignment that originates in Young (Figure 16). The road bypasses numerous homesteads and creeks for nearly 7 miles before terminating at Gillette ranch. From the ranch, the road intersects with a northeast trending trail that terminates at the intersection of Thirteen Ranch and Colcord Road.

Archival data indicates that between 1933 and 1942, the road alignment was improved and extended by CCC Companies 807 and 846. Company 807 was the same Indian Gardens crew that constructed both the

Colcord Road Survey October 2009 Cultural Resources Survey Report LSD Technical Report No. 085271a 45

Figure 15. AR-03-12-05-763/Chamberlain Trail (FR 200) in relation to the survey area.

Colcord Road Survey October 2009 Cultural Resources Survey Report LSD Technical Report No. 085271a 46

Figure 16. 1933 TNF map showing the Chamberlain Trail alignment.

Colcord Road Survey October 2009 Cultural Resources Survey Report LSD Technical Report No. 085271a 47

Photograph 17. AR-03-12-05-763/Chamberlain Trail (FR 200) overview, facing southwest.

Control Road and Colcord Road, and Company 864 was a crew of Texas workers from the Bar X camp, which was temporarily established along the roadway. Improvements to the road began in the summer of 1933, when crews from Company 864 began work in Young near Haigler Creek and continued north towards Fisherman’s Point (Moore 2006). The following summer, Company 807 joined the construction effort on the northern end of the road between Fisherman’s Point and Turkey Peak (Moore 2006). The majority of the work was done by hand, without the aid of sophisticated equipment.

Despite 11 years of hard work, the road was incomplete when the CCC program was abolished in 1942. Historic maps indicate that the northern portion of the road within the current project area was not completed until 1946. At this time, the road is depicted on a TNF map as a generally northeast trending alignment in good condition (Figure 17). A 1952 As-built drawing suggests that the northern portion of the road in the vicinity of Ox Bow Mountain was modified slightly between 1946 and 1952; the southern portion of the road near Young is not depicted on the map (Figure 18).

The portion of the road in project corridor vicinity is in good condition although it has been regularly maintained. Ground visibility is excellent and averages 90 percent open.

Discussion and Recommendation: AR-03-12-05-763/Chamberlain Trail (FR 200) has been previously determined eligible for inclusion in the NRHP under Criteria A and C (association with events; characteristics of a type of construction). The road is directly associated with CCC activities in Arizona and can contribute important information within the context of the CCC along the Mogollon Rim and in the Payson region in the early twentieth century. The currently proposed paving project does not extend onto the roadway; however, paving or future alterations

Colcord Road Survey September 2009 September 2009 Cultural Resources Survey Report LSD Technical Report No. 085271a 48

Figure 17. 1946 TNF map showing the Chamberlain Trail alignment.

Colcord Road Survey October 2009 Cultural Resources Survey Report LSD Technical Report No. 085271a 49

Figure 18. 1952 Bureau of Public Roads as-built drawing showing the north end of Chamberlain Trail.

Colcord Road Survey October 2009 Cultural Resources Survey Report LSD Technical Report No. 085271a 50 or modifications to the horizontal slope, width, or cut and fill contours of the existing roadway should be avoided as they may be considered adverse effects. If future project activities adversely affect the qualities that contribute to the NRHP eligibility of the road, then the stipulations of the PA that is being prepared by the TNF should be followed. Furthermore, any future projects that alter or modify the horizontal slope, width, or cut and fill contours of the existing roadway will be considered an adverse effect and should be avoided. If future projects adversely affect these qualities that contribute to the NRHP eligibility of the road, then the stipulations of the PA—such as HAER documentation—should be followed.

Newly Recorded Sites AZ P:9 44 (ASM) Location: On north side of Colcord Road; 3.5 miles east of SR 260; within portions of the NW¼, NE¼, SW¼ of Section 21, T10½N, R14E, G&SRB&M (USGS 7.5' Woods Canyon, Ariz., 1998) (see Figure 3). UTM Zone 12, 1927 NAD: 507536 mE 3793169 mN

Land Status: Private

Landform: Terrace of Gordon Canyon Creek, 6,280 ft amsl

Vegetation: Ponderosa pine, juniper, oak, spruce, and mixed grasses

Soils: Reddish brown silty sand

Site Size: 30 ft by 10 ft (300 ft2/0.01 acre total)

Site Type: Cemetery

Cultural/Temporal Affiliation: Euro-American/A.D. 1913–1926

Description: AZ P:9:44 (ASM) is a newly recorded historic cemetery on a terrace of Gordon Canyon Creek (Figure 19). The cemetery is located on private land and consists of five graves in two fenced plots—a western plot and an eastern plot—on the north side of Colcord Road (Photograph 18). Within both plots, the graves are aligned roughly parallel to the road, with the headstones facing east. A chain link fence is located approximately 10 ft north of the plots.

The western plot measures 13 ft by 13 ft and is surrounded by a 5-ft-high chain-link fence. The plot contains three graves and two possible footstones. The center grave is marked with a sandstone headstone that is inscribed with “Roy L. Nehrmeyer/3-20-1914/4-26-1926” and “G-W-Nehrmeyer/2-22- 1912/2-25-1913” (Photograph 19). The southern and northern graves are marked with limestone headstones that have illegible text and possible footstones are present to the east. An oak tree and a spruce tree are present within the fence. Archival research indicates that Roy L. Nehrmeyer was shot and killed during a hunting accident, and his brother, G. W. (George Wilson) died of poisoning as an infant. Both were the children of Gordon Canyon residents, Albert and Annie Nehrmeyer (Brown 2008).

The eastern plot measures 16 ft by 5 ft and is surrounded by a 3.5-ft-high thin-gauge wire fence. The plot contains two graves marked with rectangular concrete headstones with metal plaques at ground level. The

Colcord Road Survey October 2009 Cultural Resources Survey Report LSD Technical Report No. 085271a 51

Figure 19. AZ P:9:44 (ASM) site map.

Colcord Road Survey October 2009 Cultural Resources Survey Report LSD Technical Report No. 085271a 52

Photograph 18. AZ P:9:44 (ASM) site overview showing the relationship of the fenced plots to Colcord Road and the vehicle pullout, facing west.

Photograph 19. AZ P:9:44 (ASM), Nehrmeyer headstone.

Colcord Road Survey October 2009 Cultural Resources Survey Report LSD Technical Report No. 085271a 53 western grave has a plaque with “Ruth L. Hunt/Born Feb 15 1913/Died Dec 2 1914”; the eastern grave has a plaque with “W J Anderton/Born Oct 25 1871/Died Nov 10 1923” (Photograph 20). Brown (2008) indicates that Hunt was the niece of W. J. (William “Jase”) Anderton; the child’s cause of death is not known. A death certificate for Jase Anderton indicates that he was buried by friends and relatives after being found dead on a Gordon Canyon road one hour after leaving a neighbor’s house on horseback. His death certificate indicates that he died of chronic vascular heart disease, although an autopsy was not performed.

The site is in fair condition. The cemetery was avoided during road construction and maintenance activities, but has been impacted by erosion. It is slightly unkempt, although plastic flowers are present at each headstone. Grass cover is heavy and visibility averages 40 percent open.

Colcord Road, located approximately 20 ft south of the fenced plots, is characterized as a 14-ft-wide, unpaved road surface that is elevated 3 ft above the ground surface. Narrow gravel shoulders are present along both sides of the roadway, and a vehicle pullout is located to the south. Feature 32 (04-878/Colcord Road), a CMP culvert with no headwall, is located 47 ft southeast of the site.

Discussion and Recommendation: AZ P:9:44 (ASM) is recommended eligible for inclusion in the NRHP under Criterion A (association with events) and should be protected and avoided by all project-related activities. The site is more than 50 years old and is a good example of an early formal cemetery plot in rural east-central Arizona. Given the small size of the cemetery, short time-span of deaths, and different surnames, it appears that this is a small community graveyard from the early twentieth century.

Photograph 20. AZ P:9:44 (ASM), eastern plot, Anderton headstone.

Colcord Road Survey October 2009 Cultural Resources Survey Report LSD Technical Report No. 085271a 54 Colcord Road is unpaved adjacent to the site and will be paved for this project. It is recommended that project activities be confined to the existing road bed and the site boundary be flagged for avoidance prior to any construction activities. If intact portions of the site cannot be avoided by future project activities, the ASM and families of the deceased should be notified and the burials relocated.

AR-03-12-04-1857 Location: On both sides of Colcord Road; 2.5 miles east of SR 260; within portions of the NW¼, NW¼, NE¼ of Section 20, T10½N, R14E, G&SRB&M (USGS 7.5’ Woods Canyon, Ariz., 1998) (see Figure 3). UTM Zone 12, NAD 1927 CONUS: 506306 mE, 3793796 mN

Land Status: TNF

Landform: Ridge and slope between Hunter Creek and Gordon Canyon Creek, 6,226 ft amsl

Vegetation: Ponderosa pine, oak, juniper, and mixed grasses

Soils: Brown silty sand with gravels

Site Size: 69 m by 43 m (2,397 m2/0.59 acre total; 1,602 m2/0.40 acre within project corridor)

Site Type: Flaked-stone scatter with feature

Cultural/Temporal Affiliation: Unknown/Prehistoric

Description: AR-03-12-04-1857 consists of a newly recorded flaked-stone scatter with a feature that is located on both sides of Colcord Road (Figure 20; Photographs 21 and 22). The site is on the southern end of a low ridge between two unnamed tributaries to Gordon Canyon Creek; a private home is located approximately 20 ft southwest of the site. The artifact assemblage consists of chert, quartzite and rhyolite flaked-stone artifacts that include 1 primary flake, 3 secondary flakes, 15 tertiary flakes, 6 shatter, 1 core, 1 uniface, and 1 very fragmentary side-notched arrow point. Most artifacts are visible in a 16.4-ft-high (5-m-high) road cut on the north side of Colcord Road and in a 6.5-ft-high (2-m-high) road cut on the south side.

Feature 1 is a small amorphous soil stain on the east side of an informal dirt road on the north side of Colcord Road and outside the project corridor. The stain measures 40 cm long by 25 cm wide and is actively eroding from a shallow road cut located 30 cm below the modern ground surface. It appears as dark brown to light gray soil, with oxidized soil and some ash. Associated artifacts are 1 rhyolite tertiary flake, 1 rhyolite shatter, and 1 chert shatter.

The site is in fair condition. It has been impacted by road construction and private home development, a fence, camping, off-road vehicle use, and erosion. Visibility averages 50 percent open.

Within the site, Colcord Road is characterized by a level, unpaved road surface with road cuts on both sides. The northern road cut is slightly deeper, measuring 10 ft from the road bed, while the southern road cut is approximately 5 ft deep. Fifteen-inch-wide shoulders are present along both sides of the roadway.

Colcord Road Survey October 2009 Cultural Resources Survey Report LSD Technical Report No. 085271a 55

Figure 20. AR-03-12-04-1857 site map.

Colcord Road Survey October 2009 Cultural Resources Survey Report LSD Technical Report No. 085271a 56

Photograph 21. AR-03-12-04-1857 site overview showing the deep road cut on the south side of Colcord Road, facing southwest.

Photograph 22. AR-03-12-04-1857, view of Colcord Road through the site, facing southeast.

Colcord Road Survey October 2009 Cultural Resources Survey Report LSD Technical Report No. 085271a 57 Two CMP culverts (Features 24 and 25) are located approximately 75 ft to the northwest and southeast of the site boundary.

Discussion and Recommendation: AR-03-12-04-1857 is recommended eligible for inclusion in the NRHP under Criterion D (information potential) and should be protected and avoided by all project-related activities. The site may represent a short-term campsite based on the types and frequencies of artifacts present. The site likely contains intact subsurface cultural deposits that can contribute important information within the context of a ceramic settlement patterning and resource exploitation in the Gordon Canyon Creek area.

Colcord Road is unpaved through the site and will be paved for this project. It is recommended that project activities be confined to the existing road bed and the site boundary be flagged for avoidance prior to any construction activities. Further, the use of level areas within the site for staging is not recommended. If intact portions of the site cannot be avoided by future project activities, an appropriate data recovery plan should be developed and implemented to mitigate impacts to the site.

Isolated Occurrences In addition to the sites, 11 isolated occurrences (IOs) were identified (Table 4; see Figure 3). A majority of these are prehistoric and related to the extensive use of the area. The two Bureau of Public Roads benchmarks represent previous road surveys associated with Forest Highway 11. A small number of historic IOs likely represent road-side trash. The IOs are not eligible for listing in the NRHP; they have been fully recorded, and no additional research or preservation is required.

Table 4. Isolated Occurrences. IO Description UTMs a 1 1 obsidian tertiary flake, 12 chert tertiary flakes and 1 chert biface fragment in a 503171 mE 3794125 mN 35-m by 15-m area 2 2 benchmarks (Bureau of Public Roads 1937) in a 50-m by 5-m area 503057 mE 3794091 mN 3 1 chert secondary flake, 2 chert tertiary flakes, and 1 sandstone mano in a 503771 mE 3793852 mN 20-m by 10-m area 4 1 jumbled rock pile with 15 discarded sandstone cobbles, and 1 shaped sandstone 503873 mE 379387 mN slab, possible foundation stone in a 3-m-diameter area 5 8 chert flakes, 2 chert cores, and 2 sand-tempered plainware sherds in a 40-m 504000 mE 3793818 mN by 30-m area 6 5 chert tertiary flakes, 1 biface drill fragment, and 1 biface fragment in a 507299 mE 3793215 mN 40-m-diameter area 7 2 crushed sanitary cans in a 10-m-diameter area 509041 mE 3792149 mN 8 5 aqua glass shards and 1 can lid in a 3-m-diameter area 509206 mE 3792094 mN 9 1 rock pile with 20 unmodified limestone cobbles and 1 beverage can 509436 mE 3791834 mN (church-key opening) in a 1-m-diameter area 10 9 chert flakes in a 20-m-diameter area 509291 mE 3792066 mN 11 5 chert flakes and 1 rhyolite flake in a 20-m-diameter area 508499 mE 3792179 mN a UTM coordinates based on the 1927 North American Datum, zone 12.

Colcord Road Survey October 2009 Cultural Resources Survey Report LSD Technical Report No. 085271a 58 SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS Gila County Public Works Division requested that LSD perform a Class III cultural resources survey of a 5.35-mile-long (76.9 acre) portion of Colcord Road (FR 291) in anticipation of a long-term road paving project. The survey area consists of a 120-ft-wide corridor centered on the FR 291 centerline; it includes 70.6 acres of TNF land and 6.3 acres of private land along Gordon Canyon Creek. The Class III cultural resources survey resulted in the identification of six previously recorded sites—AR-03-12-04-878/Colcord Road, AR-03-12-04-454, AR-03-12-04-455, AR-03-12-04-883, AR-03-12-05-508, and AR-03-12-05-763/ Chamberlain Trail—and two newly recorded sites—AR-03-12-04-1857 and AZ P:9:44 (ASM) (Table 5). In addition to the sites, 11 IOs were identified. The IOs are not eligible for the NRHP, and no additional research or preservation is required for the IOs.

AR-03-12-04-878/Colcord Road and AR-03-12-05-763/Chamberlain Trail have been previously determined eligible for inclusion in the NRHP under Criteria A and C (association with events; characteristics of a type of construction). Both roads are directly associated with CCC activities in Arizona and can contribute important information within the context of the CCC along the Mogollon Rim and in the Payson region in the early twentieth century.

Forty-four CCC road features were identified along the first 5.35 miles of Colcord Road east of SR 260. These include 42 CMP culverts and 2 CBCs. The currently proposed paving project will be confined to the existing road bed and Gila County has committed to avoiding all road features. However, LSD recommends that the 44 features should be avoided by any future project activities; if they cannot be avoided, they should be recorded in an appropriate manner as stipulated in the PA currently being developed by the TNF for the treatment of historic roads.

LSD recommends that the paving of Colcord Road will have an adverse affect on the character of the road. Furthermore, LSD recommends any future projects that alter or modify the horizontal slope, width, or cut and fill contours of the existing roadway should be considered an adverse affect. If future project activities adversely affect the qualities that contribute to the NRHP eligibility of the road, then the stipulations of the PA that is being prepared—such as HAER documentation—should be followed to adequately document and mitigate the adverse effect.

The currently proposed paving project does not extend onto AR-03-12-05-763/Chamberlain Trail; however, future alterations or modifications to the horizontal slope, width, or cut and fill contours of the existing roadway should be avoided as they may be considered adverse effects. If future project activities adversely affect the qualities that contribute to the NRHP eligibility of the road, then the stipulations of the PA, including HAER documentation, should be followed.

Sites AR-03-12-04-454, AR-03-12-04-455, AR 03-12-04-883 and AR-03-12-04-508 are previously recorded prehistoric artifact scatters that are recommended eligible for listing in the NRHP under Criterion D (information potential). Colcord Road has already been paved through two of the sites—AR-03-12-04-454

Colcord Road Survey October 2009 Cultural Resources Survey Report LSD Technical Report No. 085271a 59 Table 5. Site Summary and Management Recommendations.

a Legal c Eligibility Additional work Site no. b UTM Description description recommendation recommended 04-454 Section 34 503422 mE, P – Artifact scatter Eligible, Criterion D Flag for avoidance/ 3793970 mN project activities confined to the existing road bed 04-455 Section 36 505798 mE, P – Artifact scatter with Eligible, Criterion D Flag for avoidance/ 3794099 mN feature project activities confined to the existing road bed 04-883 Section 19 504502 mE, P – Artifact scatter Eligible, Criterion D Flag for avoidance/ 3793766 mN project activities confined to the existing road bed 05-508 Section 28 507991 mE, P – Artifact scatter Eligible, Criterion D Flag for avoidance/ 3792455 mN project activities confined to the existing road bed 05-763 Section 28 508175 mE, H – Road/ Chamberlain Eligible, Criteria A Project activities 3792427 mN Trail (FR 200) and C confined to the existing road bed/implement PA 04-878 Sections 19, 20, N/A H – Road, Colcord Eligible, Criteria A Avoid features/project 21, 24, 27, 28, Road/FH 11/FR 291 and C activities confined to the 34, 35, and 36 existing road bed/ implement PA 04-1857 Section 20 506306 mE, P – Artifact scatter with Eligible, Criterion D Flag for avoidance/ 3793796 mN feature project activities confined to the existing road bed AZ P:9:44 Section 21 507536 mE, H – Cemetery Eligible, Criterion D Flag for avoidance/ (ASM) 3793169 mN project activities confined to the existing road bed a TNF, site numbers begin with AR-03-12- b T10½N, R13½E; T10½N, R14E; T11N, R13E, USGS 7.5' Woods Canyon, Ariz., 1998. c P = prehistoric, H = historic. and AR-03-12-04-883—and no project plans are anticipated at the sites for this project. However, if any future road improvement/maintenance activities are to occur within the sites, it is recommended they be confined to the existing road bed and the site boundary be flagged for avoidance prior to any construction activities. If intact portions of the site cannot be avoided by future project activities, an appropriate testing and data recovery plan should be developed and implemented to mitigate impacts to the site.

Additionally, Colcord Road is paved through the western portion of AR-03-12-04-455 and no construction is anticipated within this area for the project. However, the portion of the road east of a cattle guard and spanning 103 ft within the site boundary is unpaved and would be part of a paving project. LSD recommends that project activities be confined to the existing road bed and the site boundary be flagged for avoidance prior to any construction activities. Furthermore, driveways, turnouts, and/or level areas within the site should not be used during project activities. If intact portions of the site cannot be avoided by

Colcord Road Survey October 2009 Cultural Resources Survey Report LSD Technical Report No. 085271a 60 future project activities, an appropriate testing and data recovery plan should be developed and implemented to mitigate impacts to the site.

Colcord Road is unpaved through AR-03-12-05-508 and will be paved for this project. LSD recommends that project activities be confined to the existing road bed and the site boundary be flagged for avoidance prior to any construction activities. Furthermore, the use of pull-outs, level areas, or FR 969 for staging or access is not recommended. If intact portions of the site cannot be avoided by future project activities, an appropriate testing and data recovery plan should be developed and implemented to mitigate impacts to the site.

AZ P:9:44 (ASM) is recommended eligible for inclusion in the NRHP under Criterion A (association with events). The site is a newly recorded historic cemetery that is more than 50 years old and represents an early formal cemetery plot in rural east-central Arizona. Colcord Road is unpaved adjacent to the site and will be paved for this project. It is recommended that project activities be confined to the existing road bed and the site boundary be flagged for avoidance prior to any construction activities. If intact portions of the site cannot be avoided by future project activities, the ASM and families of the deceased should be notified and the burials relocated.

AR-03-12-04-1857 is a newly recorded prehistoric artifact scatter that is recommended eligible for inclusion in the NRHP under Criterion D (information potential). Colcord Road is unpaved through the site and will be paved for this project. It is recommended that project activities be confined to the existing road bed and the site boundary be flagged for avoidance prior to any construction activities. Furthermore, the use of level areas within the site for staging is not recommended. If intact portions of the site cannot be avoided by future project activities, an appropriate testing and data recovery plan should be developed and implemented to mitigate impacts to the site.

If previously unrecorded cultural resources are encountered during ground-disturbing activities, these activities must be discontinued in the immediate vicinity of the discovery, and work should not resume until a TNF archaeologist has been notified and allowed time to properly address the nature and significance of the discovery.

Colcord Road Survey October 2009 Cultural Resources Survey Report LSD Technical Report No. 085271a 61 REFERENCES Booth, P.M. 1991 The Civilian Conservation Corps in Arizona, 1933–1942. Unpublished Master’s thesis, Department of History, The University of Arizona, Tucson.

Brown, D. E. (editor) 1994 Biotic Communities: Southwestern United States and Northwestern Mexico. The University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.

Brown, S. 2008 The Cemetery on Colcord Road. Electronic document, http://paysonroundup.com/news/2008/apr/ 15/the_cemetery_on/, accessed November 3, 2008.

Chronic, H. 1983 Roadside Geology of Arizona. Mountain Press, Missoula, Montana.

Collins, W. S. 1999 The New Deal in Arizona. Arizona State Parks Board, Phoenix.

Courtright, J. S., E. Morgan, and D. Ryan 1997 An Archaeological Survey of the Lion Analysis Area, Payson Ranger District, Tonto National Forest. Project No. 97-81. Ms on file, Tonto National Forest Supervisors Office, Phoenix.

Cummings, D. P. 1981 An Archaeological Survey of the Hunter Creek Pulpwood Sale, Payson Ranger Station, Tonto National Forest, Gila County, Arizona. Project No. 81-12. Ms on file, Tonto National Forest Supervisors Office, Phoenix.

Dils, C., and J. S. Wood 1986 An Archaeological Survey of the Elk Timber Sale, Payson Ranger District, Tonto National Forest. Project No. 86-42. Ms on file, Tonto National Forest Supervisors Office, Phoenix.

Ferg, A. 1987 Western Apache Material Culture: The Goodwin and Guenther Collections. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.

Germick, S., and E. Morgan 1990 Site form for site AR-03-12-04-883.

Gifford, E. W. 1932 The Southeastern Yavapai. Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnography 29(3). University of California, Berkeley.

Gleichman, C. L. and P. Gleichman 1988 An Archaeological Survey of the Gordon/Ashmo Addition Timber Sale, Payson and Pleasant Valley Ranger Districts, Tonto National Forest, Gila County, Arizona. Project No. 88-398. Ms on file, Tonto National Forest Supervisors Office, Phoenix.

Goodman, J. D. 1992 An Archaeological Survey of the Bull Owl Assessment Area, Tonto National Forest, Payson Ranger District, Arizona. TNF Project No. 92-123. Northland Research, Flagstaff.

Goodwin, G. 1942 The Social Organization of the Western Apache. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.

Colcord Road Survey October 2009 Cultural Resources Survey Report LSD Technical Report No. 085271a 62 Huckell, B. 1984 The Archaic Occupation of the Rosemont Area, Northern Santa Rita Mountains, Southeastern Arizona. Archaeological Series No. 147. Arizona State Museum, Tucson.

1995 Of Marshes and Maize: Preceramic Agricultural Settlements in the Cienega Valley, Southeastern Arizona. The University of Arizona Press, Tucson.

Irwin-Williams, C. 1973 The Oshara Tradition: Origins of Anasazi Culture. Eastern New Mexico Contributions in Anthropology Vol. 5 (1), Portales.

Lindauer, O. 1991 A Culture History of the Payson basin. Paper presented at the State Meeting of the Arizona Archaeological Society. Ms on file, Tonto National Forest, Payson Ranger District.

Mabry, J. B. 1998 Archaeological Investigations of Early Village Sites in the Middle Santa Cruz Valley. Anthropological Papers No. 19. Center for Desert Archaeology, Tucson.

Macnider, B. S., and R. W. Effland 1989 Cultural Resources Overview: The Tonto National Forest. Cultural Resources Report No. 51, Archaeological Consulting Services, Tempe.

Moore, R. J. 2006 The Civilian Conservation Corps in Arizona’s Rim Country: Working in the Woods. University of Nevada Press, Reno.

Morgan, E. 1996 Documentation of a Segment of Old Forest Highway 11/SH 160/SR260 (AR-03-12-04-1276) as part of the Star Valley Landfill Townsite Sale Project, Payson Ranger District, Tonto National Forest. Ms on file, TNF Supervisors Office, Phoenix. 1997 An Archaeological Survey of the Webbers Analysis Area, Payson Ranger District, Tonto National Forest. TNF Project No. 96-121. Ms on file, Tonto National Forest Supervisors Office, Phoenix.

1998 Addendum Report to the Thompson Skid Road Project, Payson Ranger District, Tonto National Forest. Project No. 97-12-66A. Ms on file. Tonto National Forest Supervisors Office, Phoenix.

Morgan, E., and J. S. Wood 1998 Prehistory of Payson Basin. Ms. on file. Tonto National Forest, Payson Ranger District, Payson.

Northern Gila County Historical Society 1984 Rim Country History Illustrated. Rim Country Printery, Payson.

Oliver, T., and J. Hathaway 1997 Eastern Arizona College Land Exchange Archaeological Project: Results of Data Recovery, Payson Ranger District, Tonto National Forest, Gila County, Arizona. Ms on file, Tonto National Forest Supervisor’s office, Phoenix.

Redman, C. L. 1993 People of the Tonto Rim: Archaeological Discovery in Prehistoric Arizona. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C.

Roth, B. J. 1992 Sedentary Agriculturalists or Mobile Hunter-Gatherers? Evidence on the Late Archaic Occupation of the Northern Tucson Basin. Kiva 57:291–314.

Colcord Road Survey October 2009 Cultural Resources Survey Report LSD Technical Report No. 085271a 63 Stone, B. 1990 Cultural Resources Survey for a Proposed Highway Widening and Guardrail Installation Project on State Route 260 Near Kohls Ranch in North-Central Gila County, Arizona. Archaeological Research Services, Tempe.

Tagg, M. D. 1994 Projectile Points of East-Central Arizona: Forms and Chronology. In Middle Little Colorado River Archaeology: From the Parks to the People, edited by A.T. Jones and M.D. Tagg, pp. 87–147. The Arizona Archaeologist No. 27, Arizona Archaeological Society, Phoenix.

Turner, R. M., and D. Brown 1994 Tropical-Subtropical Desertlands. Sonoran Desertscrub. In Biotic Communities: Southwestern United States and Northwestern Mexico, edited by D. Brown, pp. 181–222. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.

Wood, J. S. 1981a Site form for site AR-03-12-04-454.

1981b Site form for site AR-03-12-04-455.

1984 Site form for site AR-03-12-05-508.

Woodward, B. L. 1980 An Archaeological Survey of the Sharp Creel Personal Use Fuelwood Sale, Payson Ranger District, Tonto National Forest. Project No. 80-49. Ms on file, Tonto National Forest Supervisors Office, Phoenix.

Woodward, J., C. Myers, S. Francissen, D. House, and B. Ruffner 1984 Winslow Architectural/Historical Resource Survey. Janus Associates, Phoenix.

Zepeda, G. and J.S. Wood 1986 An Archaeological Survey of the Colcord Timber Sale, Pleasant Valley Ranger District, Tonto National Forest. Project No. 86-40. Ms on file, Tonto National Forest Supervisors Office, Phoenix.

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APPENDIX A: 2-FT-CONTOUR INTERVAL MAP OF THE GILA COUNTY EASEMENT SHOWING ROAD FEATURES

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APPENDIX B: USGS MAP SHOWING ALL KNOWN FEATURES ALONG THE COLCORD ROAD ALIGNMENT

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APPENDIX C: VIDEO OF THE GILA COUNTY EASEMENT

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