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The Selection of Political Party Leaders in Contemporary Parliamentary Democracies

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The Selection of Political Party Leaders in Contemporary Parliamentary Democracies The Selection of Political Party Leaders in Contemporary Parliamentary Democracies This book explores the ways in which political parties, in contemporary parlia- mentary democracies, choose their leaders and then subsequently hold them accountable. The authors provide a comprehensive examination of party leader- ship selection and accountability both through examination of parties and coun- tries in different institutional settings and through a holistic analysis of the role of party leaders and the methods through which they assume, and exit, the office. The collection includes essays on Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Germany, Hungary, Israel, Italy, Portugal, Romania, Spain, Norway and the United Kingdom which have important differences in their party systems, their degree of democratisation, the role assigned to party leaders and their methods of leadership selection. Each country examination provides significant data relat- ing to party rules and norms of leadership selection, leadership tenures and leadership contests. The book concludes with a chapter that merges the country data analyses to provide a truly comparative examination of the theoretical ques- tions underlying the volume. This book will be of strong interest to students and scholars of legislative studies, elections, democracy, political parties, party systems, political elites and comparative politics. Jean-­Benoit Pilet is Lecturer and Director of Cevipol in the Department of Political Science at the Free University of Brussels, Belgium. William P. Cross is Professor and the Hon. Dick and Ruth Bell Chair for the Study of Canadian Parliamentary Democracy in the Department of Political Science at Carleton University, Canada. Routledge research on social and political elites Edited by Keith Dowding Australian National University and Patrick Dumont University of Luxembourg Who are the elites that run the world? This series of books analyses who the elites are, how they rise and fall, the networks in which they operate and the effects they have on our lives. 1 Coalition Government and Party Mandate How coalition agreements constrain ministerial action Catherine Moury 2 The Selection of Ministers around the World Hiring and firing Edited by Keith Dowding and Patrick Dumont 3 Parliamentary Elites in Central and Eastern Europe Recruitment and representation Edited by Michael Semenova, Michael Edinger and Heinrich Best 4 The Selection of Political Party Leaders in Contemporary Parliamentary Democracies A comparative study Edited by Jean-ÂBenoit Pilet and William P. Cross The Selection of Political Party Leaders in Contemporary Parliamentary Democracies A comparative study Edited by Jean-ÂBenoit Pilet and William P. Cross Routledge Taylor & Francis Group LONDON AND NEW YORK First published 2014 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN and by Routledge 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2014 Jean-ÂBenoit Pilet and William P. Cross, selection and editorial matter; contributors their contributions. The right of Jean-ÂBenoit Pilet and William P. Cross to be identified as editor of this work has been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data The selection of political party leaders in contemporary parliamentary democracies : a comparative study / edited by Jean-Benoit Pilet, William Cross. pages cm. – (Routledge research on social and political elites) Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Political parties. 2. Political leadership. 3. Cabinet system. I. Pilet, Jean-Benoit. II. Cross, William P. (William Paul), 1962– JF2051.S393 2013 324.2'2–dc23 2013024588 ISBN: 978-0-415-70416-8 (hbk) ISBN: 978-1-315-85602-5 (ebk) Typeset in Times by Wearset Ltd, Boldon, Tyne and Wear Contents List of figures vii List of tables viii Notes on contributors x Series preface xiv Acknowledgements xv List of party names and abbreviations xvi 1 The selection of party leaders in contemporary parliamentary democracies 1 William P. Cross and Jean-­Benoit Pilet 2 The selection of party leaders in the UK 12 Tim Bale and Paul Webb 3 The selection of party leaders in Belgium 30 Jean-­Benoit Pilet and Bram Wauters 4 Unanimous, by acclamation? Party leadership selection in Norway 47 Elin Haugsgjerd Allern and Rune Karlsen 5 The selection of party leaders in Austria: channelling ambition effectively 62 LaurenZ Ennser-­Jedenastik and Wolfgang C. MÜller 6 Party leader selection in Germany 77 Klaus Detterbeck and Ingo Rohlfing 7 The selection of party leaders in Italy, 1989–2012 93 Giulia Sandri, Antonella Seddone and FulVio Venturino viâ Contents â 8 The selection of party leaders in Spain 108 Oscar BarberÀ, Juan RodrÍgueZ-Teruel, Astrid Barrio and Montserrat Baras â 9 The selection of party leaders in Portugal 124 Marco Lisi and AndrÉ Freire 10 Let’s not risk too much: the selection of party leaders in Romania 141 Mihail Chiru and Sergiu Gherghina 11 Stable leadership in the context of party change: the Hungarian case 156 Gabriella IlonsZki and RÉka VÁrnagy 12 Party leadership in Canada 171 William P. Cross 13 Leadership selection in Australia 189 Anika Gauja 14 Selecting party leaders in Israel 206 Ofer Kenig and Gideon Rahat 15 The selection of party leaders in comparative perspective 222 Jean-ÂBenoit Pilet and William P. Cross Bibliography 240 Index 254 Online appendix available at: www.routledge.com/books/details/9780415704168/ Figures 2.1 Inclusiveness of the selectorate in the United Kingdom (1965–2012) 15 3.1 Inclusiveness of the selectorate in Belgium (1965–2012) 34 4.1 Inclusiveness of the selectorate in Norway (1965–2012) 51 5.1 Inclusiveness of the selectorate in Austria (1965–2012) 66 6.1 Inclusiveness of the selectorate in Germany (1965–2012) 81 7.1 Inclusiveness of the selectorate in Italy (1989–2012) 99 8.1 Inclusiveness of the selectorate in Spain (1974–2012) 111 9.1 Inclusiveness of the selectorate in Portugal (1974–2012) 128 10.1 Inclusiveness of the selectorate in Romania (1990–2012) 146 11.1 Inclusiveness of the selectorate in Hungary (1990–2012) 161 12.1 Inclusiveness of the selectorate in Canada (1965–2012) 175 13.1 Inclusiveness of the selectorate in Australia (1965–2012) 192 14.1 Inclusiveness of the selectorate in Israel (1965–2012) 208 Tables 2.1 Rules organising the selection of party leaders in the UK (2012) 16 2.2 Competitiveness of leadership contests in the UK (1965–2012) 19 2.3 Demographics and tenure of party leaders in the UK (1965–2012) 26 3.1 Rules organising the selection of party leaders in Belgium (2012) 38 3.2 Competitiveness of leadership contests in Belgium (1965–2012) 39 3.3 Demographics and tenure of party leaders in Belgium (1965–2012) 42 4.1 Rules organising the selection of party leaders in Norway (2012) 53 4.2 Competitiveness of leadership contests in Norway (1965–2012) 54 4.3 Demographics and tenure of party leaders in Norway (1965–2012) 58 5.1 Rules organising the selection of party leaders in Austria (2012) 67 5.2 Competitiveness of leadership contests in Austria (1965–2012) 73 5.3 Demographics and tenure of party leaders in Austria (1965–2012) 74 6.1 Rules organising the selection of party leaders in Germany (2012) 82 6.2 Competitiveness of leadership contests in Germany (1965–2012) 84 6.3 Demographics and tenure of party leaders in Germany (1965–2012) 88 7.1 Rules organising the selection of party leaders in Italy (2012) 100 7.2 Competitiveness of leadership contests in Italy (1989–2012) 101 7.3 Demographics and tenure of party leaders in Italy (1989–2012) 104 8.1 Rules organising the selection of party leaders in Spain (2012) 115 8.2 Competitiveness of leadership contests in Spain (1974–2012) 116 8.3 Demographics and tenure of party leaders in Spain (1974–2012) 119 9.1 Rules organising the selection of party leaders in Portugal (2012) 132 9.2 Competitiveness of leadership contests in Portugal (1974–2012) 135 9.3 Demographics and tenure of party leaders in Portugal (1974–2012) 137 10.1 Rules organising the selection of party leaders in Romania (2012) 147 10.2 Competitiveness of leadership contests in Romania (1990–2012) 151 10.3 Demographics and tenure of party leaders in Romania (1990–2012) 153 Tables ix 11.1 Rules organising the selection of party leaders in Hungary (2012) 163 11.2 Competitiveness of leadership contests in Hungary (1990–2012) 165 11.3 Demographics and tenure of party leaders in Hungary (1990–2012) 168 12.1 Rules organising the selection of party leaders in Canada (2012) 178 12.2 Competitiveness of leadership contests in Canada (1965–2012) 185 12.3 Demographics and tenure of party leaders in Canada (1965–2012) 186 13.1 Rules organising the selection of party leaders in Australia (2012) 193 13.2 Competitiveness of leadership contests in Australia (1965–2012) 201 13.3 Demographics and tenure of party leaders in Australia (1965–2012) 203 14.1 Rules organising the selection of party leaders in Israel (2012) 213 14.2 Competitiveness of leadership contests in Israel (1965–2012) 217 14.3 Demographics and tenure of party leaders in Israel (1965–2012) 218 15.1 The selectorate of party leaders (1965–2012) 227 15.2 Parties’ political context when adopting a more inclusive leadership selectorate 229 15.3 Rules organising the elections of party leaders (2012) 230 15.4 Competitiveness of leadership races by type of selectorate 233 15.5 Demographics of party leaders 235 Contributors Elin Haugsgjerd Allern is Associate Professor of political science at the Uni- versity of Oslo, Norway.
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