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Relationship Between Soil Salinity and Chloride Content in Groundwater Within Saline Soil Areas

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Relationship Between Soil Salinity and Chloride Content in Groundwater Within Saline Soil Areas RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SOIL SALINITY AND CHLORIDE CONTENT IN GROUNDWATER IN SALINE SOIL AREAS OF NAKHON RATCHASIMA PROVINCE Wannida Thongwat A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Engineering in Civil, Transportation and Geo-resources Suranaree University of Technology Academic Year 2018 ความสัมพันธ์ระหว่างความเค็มของดินกับปริมาณคลอไรด์ในน ้าบาดาลบริเวณ พื้นที่ดินเค็มของจังหวัดนครราชสีมา นางสาววรรณิดา ทองวัฒน์ วทิ ยานิพนธ์นเี้ ป็นส่วนหนงึ่ ของการศึกษาตามหลกั สูตรปริญญาวศิ วกรรมศาสตรมหาบัณฑิต สาขาวิชาวิศวกรรมโยธา ขนส่ง และทรัพยากรธรณี มหาวทิ ยาลยั เทคโนโลยสี ุรนารี ปีการศึกษา 2561 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to acknowledge the funding support from Suranaree University of Technology The author would like to express my deep gratitude to Assistant Professor Dr.Bantita Terakulsatit, my thesis advisors, for her valuable and constructive suggestions, patience, enthusiastic encouragement, and the continuous support of my study and research. I would also like to thank Assistant Professor Dr.Akkhapun Wannakomol, Dr. Tawisak Silakul and Mr.Sakchai Glumglomjit for their advice and guidance since the first day of this master's program. My grateful thanks are also extended to Mr.Saroot Lualon and Miss Orawan Srihabuntan, for their help in doing the data analysis, and to Mr.Thanakorn Thongwat and Miss Warunya Nuchnoi, for their support in the site measurement. I would also like to extend my thanks to the technicians of the laboratory for their help in offering me the resources in running the program. Finally, I wish to thank my parents and my friend for their support and encouragement throughout my study. This accomplishment would not have been possible without them. Thank you. Wannida Thongwat TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT (THAI)...………………………………………………….…..………… I ABSTRACT (ENGLISH) ...………………………………………………...…… II ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ……………………………………………………… IV TABLE OF CONTENTS ………………………………………………...……… V LIST OF TABLES……………………………………………………..…….……… X LIST OF FIGURES…………………………………………………..…………… XII LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS……………………………………..……….……. XXI CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ........................................................................... 1 1.1 Rationale and background ....................................................... 1 1.2 Research objective ................................................................... 2 1.3 Scope and limitation of work ................................................... 2 1.4 Research methodology ............................................................ 4 1.4.1 Literature review .......................................................... 4 1.4.2 Samples of soil and water collection ............................ 5 1.4.3 Samples preparation and analyses ................................ 5 1.4.4 Data analysis and discussion ........................................ 5 1.4.5 Conclusion and thesis writing ...................................... 5 II LITERATURE REVIEW .................................................................. 7 TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) Page 2.1 Introduction ................................................................................ 7 2.2 General geology.......................................................................... 7 2.2.1 The Khorat Plateau .......................................................... 7 2.2.2 Rock salt in the Khorat Plateau ...................................... 12 2.3 Hydrogeology ........................................................................... 15 2.3.1 Hydrogeology of Nakhon Ratchasima ........................... 16 2.3.2 Contamination of groundwater ...................................... 19 2.3.3 Groundwater quality of Nakhon Ratchasima ................. 21 2.4 Saline soil ................................................................................. 24 2.5 Sample analysis ........................................................................ 27 2.5.1 pH ................................................................................. 28 2.5.2 Electrical conductivity (EC) .......................................... 28 2.5.3 Total dissolved solids (TDS) ......................................... 29 2.5.4 Salinity content ............................................................. 29 2.5.5 Chloride content ............................................................ 30 2.5.6 X-ray diffraction (XRD) ................................................ 30 2.5.7 X-ray fluorescence (XRF) ............................................. 31 2.5.8 Flame atomic absorption spectroscopy (FAAS) ............. 31 III SAMPLE COLLECTION AND ANALYSES ................................... 33 3.1 Introduction .............................................................................. 33 3.2 Study area ................................................................................. 33 TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) Page 3.3 Sample collection ..................................................................... 34 3.3.1 Collection of soil samples ............................................. 34 3.3.2 Collection of groundwater samples ................................ 34 3.3.3 Collection of surface water samples .............................. 35 3.4 Sample preparation ................................................................... 38 3.4.1 Preparation of soil samples ............................................ 38 3.4.2 Preparation of water samples ......................................... 39 3.5 Sample analysis ........................................................................ 39 3.5.1 Chloride content ............................................................ 41 3.5.2 X-ray diffraction (XRD) ................................................ 43 3.5.3 X-ray fluorescence (XRF) ............................................. 44 3.5.4 Flame atomic absorption spectroscopy (FAAS) ............. 45 IV RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ........................................................ 47 4.1 Introduction .............................................................................. 47 4.2 Field measurment .................................................................... 47 4.2.1 pH ................................................................................. 47 4.2.2 Electrical conductivity and Total dissolved solids .......... 51 4.2.3 Salinity and Chloride content ........................................ 60 4.3 X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis .............................................. 67 4.4 X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis ........................................... 68 TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) Page 4.5 Flame atomic absorption spectroscopy (FAAS) analysis ........... 69 4.5.1 Soil samples .................................................................. 71 4.5.2 Groundwater samples .................................................... 79 4.5.3 Surface water samples ................................................... 81 4.6 The distribution of salinity and chloride contents ...................... 83 4.6.1 Soil samples .................................................................. 83 4.6.2 Groundwater samples .................................................... 84 4.6.3 Surface water samples .................................................. 84 4.7 Relationship between soil, groundwater, and surface water quality of the study area........................................................................ 99 V CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMENDATION ..................................112 5.1 Conclusions .............................................................................112 5.2 Recommendations ...................................................................113 REFERENCES………………………………............………………………..……. 114 APPENDIXES APPENDIX A CHEMICAL PROPERTIES DATA ..................................119 APPENDIX B X-RAY DIFFRACTROMETER (XRD) DATA.................125 APPENDIX C X-RAY FLUORESCENCE (XRF) DATA…...…...……...144 APPENDIX D FLAME ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROMETER (FAAS) DATA ....................................................................................... 147 APPENDIX E PUBLICATION ............................................................... 151 TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) Page BIOGRAPHY………..……………………………………………….……..……… 161 LIST OF TABLES Table Page 2.1 Standards for the composition of groundwater ……………………………….22 2.2 Water type classification ……………………………………………………..22 2.3 General ranges of soil salinity and term of saline level……………………….27 3.1 Locations of soil samples…………….……………………………………….36 3.2 Locations of groundwater samples…………………………………………...37 3.3 Locations of surface water samples ………………………………………….38 4.1 The summary of mineral compositions in 5 districts …………………………68 4.2 The percent by weight of compounds in 5 districts ………………………….69 4.3 Locations of groundwater samples, selected for Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometer Analysis (FAAS)..…………………………………………….70 4.4 Locations of surface water samples, selected for Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometer Analysis (FAAS)…..……………………………………….…70 4.5 Summarized comparison of physical and chemical components in soil samples according to different seasons……..……………………………………….. 101 4.6 Summarized comparison of cations in soil samples according to different seasons………………………………………………………………………104 LIST OF TABLES (Continued) Table Page 4.7 Summarized comparison of physical and chemical components in groundwater samples according to different seasons ………………………………...…...106 4.8 Summarized comparison of cations in groundwater samples according to different seasons…..………………………………………………………...109
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