Drogodependencias, Prevención Y Comunicación : Análisis

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Drogodependencias, Prevención Y Comunicación : Análisis Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU Departamento de Comunicación Audiovisual, Publicidad y Tecnología de la Información Drogodependencias, prevención y comunicación. Análisis comparativo del tratamiento informativo de las drogas en la prensa de información general en España, Reino Unido, Francia y Holanda. TESIS DOCTORAL Presentada por: Mª José Rabadán Zaragozá Dirigida por: Pilar Paricio Esteban VALENCIA 2014 ÍNDICE PARTE I. INTRODUCCIÓN 1 1. Presentación y justificación del objeto de estudio…………………………………………….….. 2 2. Hipótesis, objetivos, metodología y diseño de la investigación……………………………..…. 9 2.1 Hipótesis…………………………………………………………………………………...……….. 9 2.2 Objetivos…………………………………………………………………………………..………... 12 2.3 Metodología y diseño de la investigación…………………………………………….…………. 16 PARTE II. MARCO TEÓRICO 21 1. El fenómeno de las drogodependencias………..…………………………………………….…….. 22 1.1 Concepto, tipos y fundamentos psicosociales del fenómeno de las drogas………….…….. 22 1.1.1 Concepto y tipología de las sustancias adictivas……………………………….………. 22 1.1.2 Droga, sociedad y cultura…………………………………………………………..……… 31 1.1.3 Factores de riesgo y consecuencias del consumo de drogas………….……………... 38 1.2 Análisis epidemiológico del consumo de drogas ……………………………………………….. 47 1.2.1 Situación y tendencias del consumo de drogas en Europa ………….....…………….. 47 1.2.2 El consumo de drogas en Reino Unido, Francia y Holanda ...……………..…………. 57 1.3 La situación de las drogodependencias en España ………………………………….………... 83 1.3.1 El consumo de sustancias adictivas en el caso español…………………..…………... 83 1.3.2 Estrategias de prevención, tratamiento y reducción de daños en España…………... 90 1.3.3 Mercado de la droga, delito y marco legislativo…………………………………………. 96 2. Una aproximación a la comunicación institucional y las relaciones con los medios…...…. 100 2.1 Gestión de la comunicación en las instituciones…………………………………………...…… 100 2.1.1 Comunicación organizacional, corporativa e institucional………………………..…….. 100 2.1.2 La comunicación interna. Tipos, objetivos y tácticas………………………………….... 106 2.1.3 La comunicación externa. Públicos, objetivos y tácticas……………………………….. 110 2.1.4 Las nuevas tecnologías y redes sociales a disposición de la comunicación institucional ……………………………………………………………………………………….... 116 2.2 Las relaciones de las instituciones con los medios…………………………………………...… 123 I 2.2.1 Relaciones con los medios. Concepto, objetivos y proceso de trabajo………………. 123 2.2.2 Canales, herramientas y suministro de información a los medios………………..…... 129 2.2.3 Nuevas rutinas profesionales e integración de la comunicación 2.0………….……… 134 3. Comunicación y prevención de las drogodependencias……….……………………………..…. 141 3.1 La comunicación en la asistencia y prevención de las drogodependencias…………….…... 141 3.1.1 La prevención de las drogodependencias…………………………….………………..… 141 3.1.2 Campañas de comunicación y prevención en el ámbito europeo………………...…… 146 3.1.3 Campañas de comunicación y prevención en el ámbito español.………….…….…… 153 3.2 Medios de comunicación y drogodependencias. Antecedentes en el estudio de la cuestión y principales Teorías sobre los efectos cognitivos de los medios…………………………...……... 156 3.2.1 Antecedentes en la investigación sobre medios de comunicación y drogas. Aproximación a los estudios sobre la cuestión en España, Reino Unido, Francia y Holanda……………………………………………………………………………….……………... 156 3.2.2 Los medios de comunicación como transmisores de información y creadores de opinión. Aproximación a las Teorías sobre sus efectos cognitivos……………………..…….. 171 3.3 El papel de los medios en la prevención de las drogodependencias………………..……….. 183 3.3.1 La imagen que transmiten los medios de comunicación sobre las drogas…………… 183 3.3.2 Características de una información eficaz en materia de drogas………………….….. 190 PARTE III. TRABAJO DE CAMPO: ANÁLISIS DEL TRATAMIENTO INFORMATIVO DE LAS DROGAS EN LA PRENSA DE INFORMACIÓN GENERAL EUROPEA. EL CASO DE ESPAÑA, REINO UNIDO, FRANCIA Y HOLANDA 199 1. Universo y corpus de la investigación. Justificación y selección de la muestra………….… 200 2. Metodología aplicada a la investigación…………………...……………….……………………..… 209 2.1 ¿Por qué un análisis de contenido y hemerografía estructural comparada?......................... 209 2.2 Tipos de análisis de contenido y el método Kayser……………………..…………………….... 214 2.3 Propuesta de análisis del fenómeno de las drogodependencias en la prensa de información general de España, Reino Unido, Francia y Holanda…………………………….…… 220 3. Resultados del análisis…………….…………………………………………………………………… 243 3.1 Descripción de resultados…………………………..……………………………………..……… 243 3.2 Interpretación de los resultados ……………….……………………………………….………… 396 II PARTE IV CONCLUSIONES Y FUTURAS LÍNEAS DE INVESTIGACIÓN 413 1. Conclusiones………..……………………………………………………………………………………. 414 2. Futuras líneas de investigación……………………………………………………………………….. 438 PARTE V. BIBLIOGRAFÍA 441 PARTE VI. ANEXOS 463 1. Índice de tablas incluidas en la investigación………………………………..…………..………... 464 2. Índice de gráficas incluidas en la investigación………..………………………………..………… 468 3. CD que incluye: Tablas y gráficos de resultados, fichas técnicas y clipping………...……… CP III PARTE I. INTRODUCCIÓN 1 1. PRESENTACIÓN Y JUSTIFICACIÓN DEL OBJETO DE ESTUDIO Los medios de comunicación social son un canal idóneo para el lanzamiento de campañas de comunicación educacionales. En este sentido, su influencia en la formación de actitudes y en la transmisión de conocimiento, puede facilitar el avance en la prevención de uno de los problemas que actualmente está muy presente en la sociedad española y en países de nuestro entorno, el consumo de drogas. Según los datos de la web del European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA, 2014), España sigue a la cabeza de la Unión Europea en el consumo de ciertas drogas como son el cannabis y la cocaína. Así por ejemplo, España y Reino Unido presentan los porcentajes más elevados de población general y adultos jóvenes que han consumido cocaína en los últimos doce meses con cifras del 2,3% y 3,6% para España; y del 2% y 3,3% para Reino Unido. En el caso del cannabis, nuestro país encabeza junto a Francia las prevalencias de consumo más elevadas entre la población adulta en el último año, siendo éstas del 9,6% y 8,4%. Sin embargo, en la agenda pública de nuestro país la preocupación por el fenómeno de las drogodependencias no parece estar muy presente, descendiendo del puesto tercero en el orden de preocupaciones en 1997 al puesto trigésimo primero en 2013 (CIS, 2013), un descenso considerable a pesar de mantenerse unas elevadas cifras de consumo y de la preocupante edad de inicio en sustancias como el alcohol, tabaco y cannabis. En este sentido, la encuesta EDADES (2012) apunta al alcohol como la droga de mayor consumo en el caso español puesto que un 76% de la población lo ha consumido en los últimos doce meses. Además, el número de españoles que reconoce consumir bebidas alcohólicas "habitualmente" - es decir, todos los días o todos los fines de semana- ha crecido un 15% (del 33,4% al 47%) (EMCDDA, 2011) y, si atendemos a la edad de inicio, ésta se sitúa entre alrededor de los 13-14 años de media en alcohol y tabaco (FAD, 2012). Siguiendo con los datos de la web del EMCDDA, en los países de nuestro entorno más próximo nos encontramos con situaciones y datos desiguales si bien en global en el continente europeo se ha registrado un aumento del consumo de drogas desde 2009 que se ha mantenido o estabilizado en los últimos años en algunas sustancias. Así por ejemplo, mientras que la población adulta de Reino Unido presenta los índices de consumo más elevados de cocaína y éxtasis con prevalencias en los últimos doce meses del 2% y 1,3%, respectivamente; Francia, junto a Italia y Turquía, cuenta con la cifra mas baja de consumo de está última sustancia y, al igual que Portugal e Italia, de anfetaminas, en ambos casos con un porcentaje que no alcanza el 0,4%. Al contrario de lo que ocurre con el éxtasis y las anfetaminas, el país francófono encabeza junto a España el consumo de cannabis por parte de adultos jóvenes y población adulta en el último mes (9,8% y 4,5%), dato que le sitúa en niveles de consumo medio con respecto al resto de Europa. En el caso de los Países Bajos, las prevalencias de consumo en el último año entre la población general son bajos con respecto al resto de países en el caso de las anfetaminas; sin embargo, presenta los índices de consumo de éxtasis más elevados con un 1,4%. Si atendemos a sustancias como el cannabis o la 2 cocaína, aunque encontramos porcentajes elevados, Holanda no encabeza ninguno de estos consumos. De acuerdo con el informe “Coffe Shops and Compromise: Separated Illicit Drug Markets in the Netherlands” realizado por el Addiction Research Center de Utrecht, la separación en los mercados de drogas duras y blandas ha limitado la exposición a drogas como la heroína y el crack y ha permitido que Holanda cuente con el número más bajo de consumo problemático de drogas en la Unión Europea (Grund & Breeksema, 2013). Si atendemos al alcohol, sustancia de elevada aceptación en el caso español, de acuerdo con el Informe Mundial 2014 de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (2014), Holanda, Reino Unido y Francia se encuentran entre los 24 países con mayor consumo per cápita de alcohol, ocupando los puestos 19, 16 y 15, respectivamente; mientras que España se encuentra a la cola del consumo. A la luz de la situación relatada, una acertada política comunicativa por parte de las instituciones que trabajan en materia de asistencia y prevención,
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