Ethnicity, State Power and the Democratisation Process in Uganda
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Union Calendar--No
Union Calendar--No. 706 89th Congress, 2d Session - - House Report No. 1565 REPORT OF THE SPECIAL STUDY MISSION TO AFRICA November 27-December 14, 1965 COMPRISING HON. CHARLES C. DIGGS, Jr., Michigan, Chairman HON. BENJAMIN S. ROSENTHAL, New York HON. E. Ross ADAIR, Indiana HON. EDWARD J. DERWINSKI, Illinois OF THE COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN AFFAIRS PURSUANT TO H. RES. 84, 89TH CONGRESS, A RESOLUTION AUTHORIZING -THE COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN AFFAIRS TO CONDUCT THOROUGH STUDIES AND INVESTIGATIONS OF ALL MATTERS COMING WITHIN THE JURISDICTION OF SUCH COMMITTEE JUNE 1, 1966.-Committed to the Committee of the Whole House on the State of the Union and ordered to be printed U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 63-732 0 WASHINGTON : 1966 FOREWORD HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN AFFAIRS, Washington, D.C., March 17, 1966. This report has been submitted to the Committee on Foreign Affairs by the special study mission to Africa conducted between November 27 and December 14, 1965. The findings in this report are those of the special study mission and do not necessarily reflect the views of the membership of the full (ommittee on Foreign Affairs. It is filed in the hope that it will prove useful to the Congress in its consideration of legislation. THOMAS E. MORGAN, Chairman. m LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN AFFAIRS, Washington, D.C., March 17, 1966. Hon. THOMAS E. MORGAN, Chairman, Committee on Foreign Affairs, House of Representatives, Washington, D.C. DEAR MR. CHAIRMAN: I am submitting for consideration the Committee on Foreign Affairs the report of the special study missionby to Africa, November 27 to December 14, 1965. -
Understanding the Politics of Land Tenure in Post-Conflict Uganda
1 Contradictions of Consolidation, Puzzles of Resistance: Understanding the Politics of Land Tenure in Post-Conflict Uganda. In Sub-Saharan Africa it has been suggested that government reliance on customary authority at local levels is inimical to democracy. Genuine democracy in Africa must address the undemocratic compulsions customary authorities are able to enforce as a result of their de facto control over land and labour. This paper examines the extent to which guerrilla movements are capable of altering existing patterns of authority and control over land use in Africa. While fighting a civil war, the NRA (National Resistance Army) in Uganda introduced democratic reforms to local government in territories under its control. After the war and in government, the NRM (National Resistance Movement) has introduced legislation that has sought to privatize land tenure in the south and elsewhere in Uganda. This paper argues that neither of these institutional reforms threatened the authority of Bugandan notables in Southern Uganda. Democratic reforms introduced during the war did not address the basis of customary authority in Buganda (land). While in government, the NRM has abandoned the alliance constructed with the southern peasantry established during the civil war. In order to entrench its position in government, attempts to privatize land have not only sought to attack customary authority but also to allow clients of the NRM from elsewhere in Uganda to ‘legitimately’ accumulate land in the south. As a result, defending customary authority over land allocation has become a means through which peasants in the south have safeguarded themselves against land dislocation. In this way, customary law has functioned as an institution around which resistance to authoritarianism and corruption has been based. -
A Foreign Policy Determined by Sitting Presidents: a Case
T.C. ANKARA UNIVERSITY GRADUATE SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES DEPARTMENT OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS A FOREIGN POLICY DETERMINED BY SITTING PRESIDENTS: A CASE STUDY OF UGANDA FROM INDEPENDENCE TO DATE PhD Thesis MIRIAM KYOMUHANGI ANKARA, 2019 T.C. ANKARA UNIVERSITY GRADUATE SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES DEPARTMENT OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS A FOREIGN POLICY DETERMINED BY SITTING PRESIDENTS: A CASE STUDY OF UGANDA FROM INDEPENDENCE TO DATE PhD Thesis MIRIAM KYOMUHANGI SUPERVISOR Prof. Dr. Çınar ÖZEN ANKARA, 2019 TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................ i ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................................................... iv FIGURES ................................................................................................................... vi PHOTOS ................................................................................................................... vii INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER ONE UGANDA’S JOURNEY TO AUTONOMY AND CONSTITUTIONAL SYSTEM I. A COLONIAL BACKGROUND OF UGANDA ............................................... 23 A. Colonial-Background of Uganda ...................................................................... 23 B. British Colonial Interests .................................................................................. 32 a. British Economic Interests ......................................................................... -
Conclusion: an End to Conflict
Conclusion: an end to conflict Looking back on their daily lives over the last 40 years or so, the majority of Uganda's citizens will reflect on the turbulence of the times they have lived through. In some respects, there has been little change in the patterns of daily life for millions of Ugandans. People continue to cultivate the land by hand, or to herd their animals in ways that have barely altered since Uganda was created a hundred years ago. They continue to provide for their own subsistence, with relatively little contact with external markets. This sense of continuity was captured by Lorochom, the Karimojong elder, who explained, 'Governments change and the weather changes... but we continue herding our animals.' There have been some positive changes, however. The mismanagement of Uganda's economy under the regimes of Idi Amin and Obote II left Uganda amongst the poorest countries in the world. Improved management of the national economy has been one of the great achievements of the NRM and, provided that • Margaret Muhindo in her aid flows do not significantly diminish, Ugandans can kitchen garden. In a good reasonably look forward to continued economic growth, better public year, she will be able to sell surplus vegetables for cash. services, and further investments in essential infrastructure. In a bad year, she and her Nonetheless, turbulence has been the defining feature of the age, family will scrape by on the and it is in the political realm that turbulence has been profoundly food they grow. destructive. Instead of protecting the lives and property of its citizens, the state in one form or other has been responsible for the murder, torture, harassment, displacement, and impoverishment of its people. -
Elections in Anglophone African Countries 41 Yolanda Sadie 4 5 3 Youth Participation in Anglophone Africa 79 Victoria Graham
This book compares the progress ten select countries, all former colonies of Britain, have made towards the practice of democracy. The authors assess a range of indicators including the quality of elections, the impact of voter turnout, the importance of term limits, civil society’s various responsibilities, the presence of media freedoms, the impact of youth participation, accountability and the rising role of social media. These findings help illustrate the various periods within each country’s democracy from the immediate post-colonial experience, to the emergence of one-party states, to the surge of multi-party elections that are being influenced by key political figures and technology. This book will be of great interest to a broad readership including students of politics, international relations and history at tertiary educational institutions as well as the wider readership that is keen to understand what has shaped the post-colonial political experience of some key Anglophone African countries. Brittle Democracies? Heather A Thuynsma is a Lecturer in the Department of Political Sciences and Communications Manager for the Faculty of Humanities, University of Pretoria. THIS PAGE IS LEFT BLANK INTENTIONALLY Brittle Democracies? Comparing Politics in Anglophone Africa PB 1 ESI Press University of Pretoria, Lynwood Avenue, Hatfield, Pretoria, South Africa https://www.up.ac.za/faculty-of-humanities 2 Text copyright © ESI Press 2020 3 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any electronic or mechanical means, including photocopying and recording, or by any other information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publisher. -
Formation and Impact of Political Parties in 1950S up to Independence (1962): Lessons for ~Emocracy
Formation and Impact of Political Parties in 1950s up to Independence (1962): Lessons for ~emocracy By: Nathan Byamukama I' i . Paper presented at a two-day conference on Constitut~alism and Multiparty Governance in Uganda, 2"d -3'd, October 2003 ' 1€€-kampala f.jeg 'f'@•& . 2 Introduction: There is no doubt that the time to independence was both exciting and confused It was exciting because it canied hope for independence but it was confused because the road map to independence after along time of colonial rule was haphazard. There were a lot of expectations and ideals but it was also an opportunity lost for reasons not entirely of Ugandans alone abut also of the colonisers. From the conceptual level of ideas like democracy, political parties and Constitutionalism to the practice of these ideas, a lot needed to be clarified and structures and institutions need to be built and nurtured in preparation for self-rule. But it was not the case. The consequence of all this messed up Ugandans up to independence and beyond. It is a legacy we continue to grapple with. Let us revisit these concepts so as to get sense out of them. Meaning and Context (a) Democracy These days, when we discuss democracy we are really refening to individualism (liberalism which arose at a particular conjuncture in the history of the development of the bourgeoisie in the West) rather than a struggle for equality (democracy which has appeared in human history in different forms at different conjunctures). Therefore for most of the people, democracy is associated with the organization of the state and government structures (Parliament, courts, parties, accountability, elections) rather than a summation of the experience of struggles of the majority (Issa Shivji: 1991: 352) but of course they are not mutually exclusive. -
African States Since Independence
The Castle Lectures in Ethics, Politics, and Economics Darin Christensen & David D. Laitin African States Since Independence: ORDER, DEMOCRACY, & DEVELOPMENT Yale University Press, New Haven and London Copyright © 2019 by Darin Christensen and David D. Laitin All rights reserved. This book may not be reproduced, in whole or in part, including illustrations, in any form (beyond that copying permitted by Sections 107 and 108 of the U.S. Copyright Law and except by reviewers for the public press), without written permission from the publishers. Yale University Press books may be purchased in quantity for educational, business, or promotional use. For information, please e-mail [email protected] (U.S. office) or [email protected] (U.K. office). Printed in the United States of America. Library of Congress Control Number: 2018953649 ISBN 978-0-300-22661-4 (hardcover : alk. paper) A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. This paper meets the requirements of ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992 (Permanence of Paper). 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 For those many students of African politics whose research has guided us to rethink the region’s past and see its future more clearly. Parts of this book were given as the Castle Lectures in Yale’s Program in Ethics, Politics, and Economics, delivered by David Laitin in 2015. The Castle Lectures were endowed by Mr. John K. Castle. They honor his ancestor the Reverend James Pierpoint, one of Yale’s original founders. Given by established public figures, Castle Lectures are intended to promote reflection on the moral foundation of society and government and to enhance understanding of ethical issues facing individuals in our complex modern society. -
HOSTILE to DEMOCRACY the Movement System and Political Repression in Uganda
HOSTILE TO DEMOCRACY The Movement System and Political Repression in Uganda Human Rights Watch New York $$$ Washington $$$ London $$$ Brussels Copyright 8 August 1999 by Human Rights Watch. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. ISBN 1-56432-239-4 Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 99-65985 Cover design by Rafael Jiménez Addresses for Human Rights Watch 350 Fifth Avenue, 34th Floor, New York, NY 10118-3299 Tel: (212) 290-4700, Fax: (212) 736-1300, E-mail: [email protected] 1522 K Street, N.W., #910, Washington, DC 20005-1202 Tel: (202) 371-6592, Fax: (202) 371-0124, E-mail: [email protected] 33 Islington High Street, N1 9LH London, UK Tel: (171) 713-1995, Fax: (171) 713-1800, E-mail: [email protected] 15 Rue Van Campenhout, 1000 Brussels, Belgium Tel: (2) 732-2009, Fax: (2) 732-0471, E-mail:[email protected] Web Site Address: http://www.hrw.org Listserv address: To subscribe to the list, send an e-mail message to [email protected] with Asubscribe hrw-news@ in the body of the message (leave the subject line blank). Human Rights Watch is dedicated to protecting the human rights of people around the world. We stand with victims and activists to prevent discrimination, to uphold political freedom, to protect people from inhumane conduct in wartime, and to bring offenders to justice. We investigate and expose human rights violations and hold abusers accountable. We challenge governments and those who hold power to end abusive practices and respect international human rights law. We enlist the public and the international community to support the cause of human rights for all. -
Engaging with Elections: Ethno-Regional Mobilization, Demands for Federalism, and Electoral Politics in Central Uganda
Regional & Federal Studies ISSN: (Print) (Online) Journal homepage: https://www.tandfonline.com/loi/frfs20 Engaging with elections: Ethno-regional mobilization, demands for federalism, and electoral politics in central Uganda Anders Sjögren To cite this article: Anders Sjögren (2020): Engaging with elections: Ethno-regional mobilization, demands for federalism, and electoral politics in central Uganda, Regional & Federal Studies, DOI: 10.1080/13597566.2020.1813722 To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/13597566.2020.1813722 © 2020 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group Published online: 03 Sep 2020. Submit your article to this journal View related articles View Crossmark data Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at https://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=frfs20 REGIONAL AND FEDERAL STUDIES https://doi.org/10.1080/13597566.2020.1813722 Engaging with elections: Ethno-regional mobilization, demands for federalism, and electoral politics in central Uganda Anders Sjögren Department of Government, Uppsala, Sweden ABSTRACT How do ethno-regional movements in electoral autocracies engage with electoral politics? This article argues that such engagement follows the general logic of social movement mobilization but differs from it in degree because of difficult political conditions. As movements in such contexts often face restricted political opportunity structures and command limited tangible resources, they need to compensate by drawing on intellectual and communicative resources to promote their demands in ways that overcome the challenges of sensitivity and particularism associated with their interests and identities. This study examines how Buganda Kingdom in Uganda has promoted its demands for federalism around three general elections and analyses how the Kingdom has addressed the challenges of sensitivity and particularism. -
Uganda: No Resolution to Growing Tensions
UGANDA: NO RESOLUTION TO GROWING TENSIONS Africa Report N°187 – 5 April 2012 TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...................................................................................................... i I. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................. 1 II. UNRESOLVED ISSUES OF NATIONAL INTEGRATION ....................................... 2 A. THE PERSISTENCE OF ETHNIC, REGIONAL AND RELIGIOUS DIVISIONS .......................................... 2 B. POST-INDEPENDENCE POLICIES .................................................................................................... 3 1. Obote and the UPC ...................................................................................................................... 3 2. Amin and military rule ................................................................................................................. 4 3. The interim period ........................................................................................................................ 5 4. Obote and the UPC again ............................................................................................................. 5 III. LEGACIES OF THE NRA INSURGENCY ................................................................... 6 A. NO-PARTY RULE ......................................................................................................................... 6 B. THE SHIFT TO PATRONAGE AND PERSONAL RULE ....................................................................... -
The Politics of Constitution Making in Uganda © Copyright by the Endowment of the United States Institute of Peace
6 The Politics of Constitution Making in Uganda Aili Mari Tripp ince 1990, thirty-eight African consti- once was a broad-based government to a tutions have been rewritten, and eight much smaller circle of individuals. As Ann involved major revisions. Uganda re- Mugisha, a member of the opposition, wrote Swrote its constitution in 1995. Many of the in a 2004 Journal of Democracy article, “The constitutional changes witnessed throughout real transition taking place there is from a Africa have to do with individual rights and relatively enlightened and benevolent au- liberties, the rights of traditional authori- thoritarian regime . to a textbook case of © Copyrightties, the protection of customary by rights, the is- Endowmententrenched one-man rule.”1 A decade of after sues of land rights, and the rights of women. its passage, 119 amendments to the 1995 These issues were central to the constitution- constitution had been made, some of them themaking United process in Uganda; States however, the un- Institutekey changes to the ofearlier Peaceconstitution. It democratic outcomes in that country dem- was widely acknowledged that 70 percent of onstrate the ways in which these processes parliamentarians were openly bribed to give have often been politicized to serve the in- President Yoweri Museveni the two-thirds terests of those in power. vote needed to alter the constitution to allow Since the 1995 constitution was adopted, him a third term.2 Uganda has slid backward precipitously in How did such undemocratic outcomes respecting civil and political liberties. The emerge from a constitution-making process government increasingly has restricted the that was touted as unprecedented in its par- freedom of association, harassed and intimi- ticipatory character? To understand the prob- dated opposition members and media work- lems with Uganda’s constitution, one needs ers, attempted to ram through undemocratic to examine the broader context within which legislation in Parliament without a quorum, it was drafted, debated, and voted on. -
Uganda – the Pearl of Africa
Uganda – The pearl of Africa A Country Overview “The kingdom of Uganda is a fairy-tale. You climb up… and at the end there is a wonderful new world. The scenery is different, the vegetation is different, the climate is different, and, most of all, the people are different from anything elsewhere to be seen in the whole range of Africa ... I say: ‘Concentrate on Uganda’. For magnificence, for variety of form and colour, for profusion of brilliant life - bird, insect, reptile, beast - for vast scale -- Uganda is truly the pearl of Africa.” (Winston Churchill) 1 Uganda in key points Capital City Kampala National language English and Kiswahili Geographical boarders Kenya, Tanzania, Ruanda, Democratic Re- public of Congo, (South-) Sudan Population 45.7 million (as of 2019) 1 Average annual rate of population growth 3.3% (2010 – 2019) 2 Ethnic groups 17,3% Baganda3 9,8% Banyankore 8,6% Basoga 7.0% Bakiga 6.1% Iteso 3.2% Langi 4.8% Acholi 4.1% Bagisu 4.14% Lugbara 33.3% others Religion 39.3% Roman Catholic 32.0% Anglican 13.7% Muslim 11.1% Pentecostal (including born again and Evangelical) 1.7% Seventh-day Adventist 1 United Nations Population Fund, “World Population Dashboard”, UNFPA, Uganda, https://www.unfpa.org/data/world-population/UG, accessed July 2019. 2 United Nations Population Fund, “World Population Dashboard”. 3 Uganda Bureau of Statistics, “2002 Uganda Population and Housing Census – Main Report”, UBOS, http://www.ubos.org/onlinefiles/uploads/ubos/pdf%20documents/2002%20Census%20Final%20Report doc.pdf, accessed July 2019. Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung e.