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An Anthropological Study of Post-War Recovery, Teso, East Uganda, with Special Reference to Young People

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An Anthropological Study of Post-War Recovery, Teso, East Uganda, with Special Reference to Young People LIFE AFTER LOSS: AN ANTHROPOLOGICAL STUDY OF POST-WAR RECOVERY, TESO, EAST UGANDA, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO YOUNG PEOPLE. JOANNA de BERRY LONDON SCHOOL OF ECONOMICS AND POLITICAL SCIENCE THESIS SUBMITTED FOR DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF LONDON JULY 1999 UMI Number: U615202 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Dissertation Publishing UMI U615202 Published by ProQuest LLC 2014. Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 W£S£S F 7868 78t % o THESIS ABSTRACT The thesis is a study of processes of post-war recovery in one rural parish, called Nyadar, in the Teso region of East Uganda following a period of sustained political conflict and corresponding loss in the Teso area. The conflict lasted from 1979 until 1991. Analysis of the post-war recovery is based upon ethnographic research conducted in Nyadar between September 1996 and March 1998. The thesis is concerned with the impact of war on cultural praxis in Nyadar. The thesis considers the five key areas identified by people in Nyadar as integral to the recovery process: recovery of the household, the role of young people, the recovery of material wealth, the recovery of emotional well being, the cosmological dimension of post-war recovery. The thesis documents the processes of post-war recovery with attention to the cultural resources mobilised in these key processes. In each of these areas the thesis assesses cultural consistency and change evidenced in the strategies of post-war recovery initiated by the population of the parish. Throughout the thesis priority is given to understanding the post-war cultural praxis through the perspective of the people of Nyadar. Heavy reliance is made on their idioms, narratives and voices. On a theoretical level the thesis engages with the problem of finding a suitable anthropological model of cultural change to do justice to the ethnography of post­ war Nyadar. The thesis concludes that the only apt model of cultural change for the Nyadar material is the one proffered by the people of the parish themselves - that of a ‘return to life’. A ‘return to life’ refers to the return to conditions that allows personal efficacy and to conditions that are consistent with how Iteso people understand their cultural praxis and identity. High profile is given in the thesis to the place of young people in processes of post-war recovery. It is argued that they are crucial actors in the transformation and conservation of cultural praxis in Nyadar for they reach the key stage of their life cycle in the conditions of post-war recovery. 3 4 CONTENTS Page • LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS AND TABLES 10 ABBREVIATIONS 13 NOTES ON LANGUAGE 14 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 17 Chapter One INTRODUCTION “ 25 A Concern with Post-war Culture and Change 26 Approaching Culture and Change 39 Whose Post-war Recovery? 47 Nyadar Parish 52. Methodology 53 Chapter Two A HISTORY OF LIFE AND LOSS 63 THE HISTORY OF WAR AND PEACE IN TESO 63 Conflict in Teso 65 The UPA rebellion 66 The transition to peace 73 Post-conflict reconstruction in Teso 74 THE PERCEPTION OF WAR AND PEACE IN NYADAR 78 Life And Loss 80 The Pre-war period: Sitting well with Life 81 The War: Loss of ‘life’ 87 Narratives of the Conflict 91 The end of the War 92 Post-war Recovery: The Return to Life 94 The Markers of Recovery 98 The Vocabulary of Recovery 101 5 CONCLUSION: A RETURN TO LIFE 103 Reconciliation 106 Chapter Three RECOVERY IN THE HOME 119 THE PLACE OF THE ‘HOME’ IN SOCIO-CULTURAL ‘LIFE’ 119 Processes of recovery and socio-cultural transformation in the 121 home RESETTLEMENT 124 The motivation to re-settle 127 Re-building 128 Oditelcamp 130 ECONOMIC REGENERATION OF THE HOME 134 Agriculture 136 The organisation of agriculture 138 Agricultural trade 143 Other trade and business 144 The organisation of household economies 147 The household economy in time 148 EXPENDITURE FOR THE HOME 149 Material possessions 149 Livestock 153 Cattle 154 KINSHIP RELATIONS IN THE HOME: MARRIAGE AND BRIDEWEALTH 156 ~ Case study 157 FEMALE HEADED HOUSEHOLDS 167 KINSHIP RELATIONS BEYOND THE HOME: HOUSEHOLD AND LINEAGE 173 Case study 174 LOSS AND REUNIONS 178 CONCLUSION 180 Chapter Four YOUNG PEOPLE AND POST-WAR RECOVERY IN NYADAR 195 THE LIVES OF YOUNG PEOPLE 198 6 Managing one’s own gardens 200 Marriage 201 A Separate Household 203 Children 204 CULTURAL REPRESENTATIONS OF BEING ITUNANAK 204 From ‘kept’ to ‘keeping’ 205 Idioms of ‘ independence ’ 208 Active young people 210 Knowledge 211 Sociality 212 THE IMPACT OF THE WAR UPON THE LIVES OF YOUNG PEOPLE IN NYADAR 213 Impoverishment, ichan 214 Knowledge, acoa 216 RESOURCES USED BY THOSE GROWING UP IN THE POST­ WAR SITUATION IN NYADAR 218 Case studies 219 The resources of young people 221 From kinship to friendship? 224 ITUNANK AND THE POST-WAR RECOVERY AND REPRODUCTION OF SOCIETY 227 The family 227 Education 230 CONCLUSION 234 Chapter Five FROM CATTLE TO CASH: THE POST-WAR RECOVERY OF WEALTH 243 THE PLACE OF ‘WEALTH’ IN SOCIO-CULTURAL ‘LIFE’ 244 Cattle as wealth 246 HISTORICAL NOTIONS OF WEALTH IN TESO 247 Wealth in reconstruction: money 254 Money and cattle: continuity and change 259 MAKING, USING AND UNDERSTANDING MONEY IN THE POST-WAR PERIOD 259 Case studies 261 7 Principles of making and using money 264 Representations of money 269 CONCLUSION 272 Chapter Six EMOTIONAL RECOVERY 281 THE EMOTIONAL IMPACT OF THE WAR 283 Case studies 283 The Emotional Impact of War 287 The Emotional Result of War Experiences 291 EMOTIONAL RECOVERY 298 WIDER MECHANISMS FOR EMOTIONAL COMFORT 303 Naming 304 Plays 306 Narratives, awaragasia 308 Humourous memories 311 The materiality of peace 316 CONCLUSION 317 Chapter Seven THE COSMOLOGY OF RECOVERY 325 THE COSMOLOGY OF THE ITESO 327 THE COSMOLOGY OF RECOVERY 338 Interpreting the conflict 338 Understanding recovery 344 CONSISTENCY AND DIVERGENCY IN COSMOLOGICAL UNDERSTANDINGS 351 The place of combatants 353 Chapter Eight CONCLUSION 361 Appendix One HISTORIES 381 HISTORY OF TESO 381 8 POLITICAL HISTORY OF UGANDA 1862 - 1995 387 HISTORY OF NYADAR 392 Appendix Two KINSHIP TERMINOLOGY OF THE ITESO 397 Appendix Three RESULTS OF HOUSEHOLD SURVEY IN OTELA VILLAGE 403 Appendix Four RESULTS OF SURVEY CONDUCTED AMONGST SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS 413 Appendix Five AUTOBIOGRAPHIES 427 Appendix Six DRAWINGS 447 BIBLIOGRAPHY 463 9 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS AND TABLES PLATES Page 1 Map of Uganda. Showing Teso region, location of major towns and ethnic groups. 19 2 Map of Katakwi and Soroti districts in Teso. Showing Kapelebyong Sub-County and sites of camps. 21 3 Photograph: Images from fieldwork. 61 4 Photograph: Return from Hell. Rt. Rev. Geresom Illukor, Anglican Bishop of Teso Province. Speaking at the conference ‘Teso Steps Forward with Peace: the challenges of socio-economic reconstruction’, Jan 1996. 113 5 Photograph: Aerial views of Nyadar. 115 6 Photograph: Rebuilding homesafter the war. 117 7 Photograph: Agriculture. 189 8 Photograph: Trade 191 9 Photograph: Beer 193 10 Photograph: The future. 241 11 Photograph: Wet money. 279 12 Photograph: Playing war. 323 13 Photograph: New beginnings 359 14 Photograph: Post-war recovery from the material to the cosmological. 379 15 Map of Otela Village. Showing distribution of household by clan membership. 407 16 Map: of Otela Village. Showing location of new households established since the end of the war. 411 17 Drawing:‘The best and worst day of my life.’ 447 18 Drawing: ‘The best and worst day of my life.’ 449 10 19 Drawing: ‘Rebels.’ 451 20 Drawing: ‘A beautiful home.’ 453 21 Drawing: ‘A beautiful home.’ 455 22 Drawing: ‘A beautiful home.’ 457 23 Drawing: ‘A beautiful home.’ 459 24 Drawing:‘What I will do when I am older.’ 461 FIGURES 3.1 Lineage of Biglio Opolot 175 7.1 Representation of one schema of cosmological belief in Nyadar 335 7.2 Representation of cosmological schema.held by Balokole Christians in Nyadar. 337 7.3 Causes of the conflict. 339 A2.1 Consanguinal Kin of the Iteso 397 A2.2 Affinal kin 398 A3.1 Lineages of Madera Clan in Otela village. 409 TABLES 3.1 Movement of households back to Otela from Oditel 125 3.2 Reasons given for remaining in Oditel camp 132 3.3 Yields of various crops in Teso District between 1975 and 1994. 138 3.4 Household income 186 3.5 Post-war household inventory 151 3.6 Items owned by households in Otela 151 3.7 Year and means of acquisition of bicycles in Otela village. 152 3.8 Cattle owned in Otela village 154 3.9 Number of cattle owned and lost by 16 men in 1979. 155 3.10 Means of acquisition of cattle in Otela. 155 3.11 Bridewealth payments demanded for 35 marriage unions in Otela 166 village 3.12 Status of post-war bridewealth in Otela 167 4.1 Impact of war on young people 214 4.2 The importance of education 232 4.3 The most important subject learnt at school. 232 11 4.4 ‘How did you raise last term’s school fees?’ 234 A2.1 Kinship terminology of the Iteso 399 A3.1 Household composition in Otela Village 403 A4.1 Ages of 82 first year secondary school students 413 A4.2 ‘How many children are there in your family?’ 414 A4.3 ‘Does your father have more than one wife?’
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