Columbia Engineering The Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science

Excellentia Excellence eminentia Leadership effectio Impact

Photography by Eileen Barroso Copyright © 2011 by Columbia Engineering, The Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science, Columbia University in the City of New York. All rights reserved. Printed by Kirkwood Printing Company, in cooperation with Columbia Engineering. Printed in the United States of America. For information, contact the Office of the Dean, Columbia Engineering, Columbia University, The Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science, 500 West 120th Street, Room 510, New York, NY, 10027. Library of Congress Control Number: 2011938259 ISBN: 978-0-9839511-0-0 “Inspired by the scientific breakthroughs of their predecessors, Columbia Engineering’s faculty provide the same inspiration for our students throughout our classrooms and labo- ratories, educating them to be engineering and applied science leaders who will address some of the world’s most challenging problems and develop solutions for the betterment of the human condition.”—Feniosky—Feniosky Peña-Mora Peña-Mora Dean and Morris A. and Alma Schapiro Professor

Feniosky Peña-Mora Educating Socially Responsible Global FOREWORD Engineering and Applied Science Leaders

HEALTH Introduction Allen, Peter K. Building Disposable Surgical Robots Anastassiou, Dimitris Finding the Mechanisms of Psychiatric Disorders Ateshian, Gerard A. Trying to Grow Strong Cartilage Bal, Guillaume Sharpening Images Through Mathematics Banta, Scott A. Delivering Drugs Faster Diament, Paul Employing Electromagnetics to Treat Malaria Guo, X. Edward Predicting Bone Strength, Preventing Osteoporosis Hess, Henry Building Tiny, Muscle-Like Engines Hielscher, Andreas H. Imaging Diseases in New Light Hillman, Elizabeth M. C. Unlocking the Brain’s Secrets Hone, James C. Reprogramming Cells to Boost Immunity Huang, Hayden Understanding How Heart Cells Work Hung, Clark T. Cushioning the Blow of Joint Pain Jacobs, Christopher R. Combating Bone Loss Ju, Jingyue Creating Personalized DNA Chips for Everybody Kam, Lance C. Engineering the Body’s Defenses Koberstein, Jeffrey T. Delivering Drugs to the Right Place Konofagou, Elisa E. Treating Tumors Without Radiation Laine, Andrew F. Analyzing 3-D Video Ultrasound of the Heart Lazar, Aurel A. Understanding How Flies’ Brains Identify Odors Leonard, Edward F. Developing an Artificial Kidney Liao, Jung-Chi Seeing Proteins at Work Lin, Qiao Monitoring Glucose Without Pinpricks Lu, Helen H. Repairing Torn Ligaments Morrison III, Barclay Preventing Traumatic Brain Injury Mow, Van C. Reconstructing Cartilage Myers, Kristin Investigating the Mechanical Behavior of Soft Tissues Ortiz, Vanessa Using Physics and Engineering to Understand Biological Phenomena O’Shaughnessy, Ben Figuring Out How Viruses Invade Cells Pe’er, Itsik Discovering Origins of Diabetes Sajda, Paul Capturing the “Aha!” Moment Shepard, Kenneth L. Integrating Biology in a Chip Sia, Samuel K. Streamlining Blood Testing

EXCELLENTIA Columbia Engineering Truong, Van-Anh Strategies for a Smarter Health Care System Vunjak-Novakovic, Gordana Fixing Bones and Hearts Wiggins, Chris H. “Turning Off” Cancer Genes Yao, Y. Lawrence Detecting “Dirty Bomb” Radiation

Introduction SUSTAINABILITY Bailey, William E. Putting a New Spin On the Science of Electronics Betti, Raimondo Assessing Damage in Aging Infrastructure Bienstock, Daniel Short-Circuiting Blackouts Billinge, Simon Characterizing Nanoparticles for Fuel Cells Boozer, Allen Shaping Magnetic Fusion Cane, Mark Predicting El Niño Castaldi, Marco Recycling Carbon Dioxide for Energy Chan, Siu-Wai Investigating the Magical Properties of Grain Boundaries and Interfaces Chandran, Kartik Repairing the Microbial Nitrogen Cycle Chen, Xi Harvesting Energy Via Nanomechanics Cole, Andrew Spinning Between Theory and Experiment Culligan, Patricia Greening Infrastructure Dasgupta, Gautam Relating Forces to Real-World Systems Deodatis, George Quantifying Uncertainty in Infrastructure Studies Duby, Paul F. Driving Efficiency and Sustainability into Materials Processing and Energy Duchêne, Vincent Mathematically Modeling the Behavior of the Ocean Durning, Christopher J. Using Nanomaterials to Filter Clean Drinking Water Gentine, Pierre Predicting Droughts and Floods Heinz, Tony Collecting Solar Energy with Nanomaterials Herman, Irving Tuning Nanomaterials for a Better World Kumar, Sanat Storing Energy More Efficiently Kymissis, Ioannis (John) Producing Organic Photovoltaics Kysar, Jeffrey W. Analyzing Materials Under Extreme Conditions Lackner, Klaus Creating Artificial Trees Lall, Upmanu Solving the Global Water Crisis Ling, Hoe Stabilizing the Slippery Slope Marianetti, Chris Predicting Behavior of Materials Mauel, Michael Containing Hot Plasma for Fusion McNeill, V. Faye Understanding Brown Carbon

EXCELLENTIA Columbia Engineering Meyer, Christian Making Concrete “Green” Modi, Vijay Engineering in the Developing World INFORMATION Narayanaswamy, Arvind Tailoring Thermal Transport Navratil, Gerald Stabilizing Plasma for Fusion Energy Osgood, Richard Looking at Light Park, Ah-Hyung (Alissa) Capturing Carbon for Sustainable Energy Polvani, Lorenzo Re-evaluating the Ozone Layer Schlosser, Peter Sustaining the Environment Sen, Amiya Harnessing Fusion: The Ultimate Green Energy Sobel, Adam Modeling Monsoons Somasundaran, Ponisseril Fostering New Ways to “Green” Spiegelman, Marc Studying Earth’s Mantle and Crust Terrell, Elon J. Keeping Wind Turbines Turning Testa, Rene B. Maintaining Aging Urban Infrastructure Venkataraman, Latha Building Single-Molecule Circuits Volpe, Francesco Working Towards Net Fusion Energy Waisman, Haim Keeping Structures Sound Wang, Wen Using Optoelectronics for Chemical and Environmental Sensing West, Alan C. Applying Electrochemical Technologies for Sustainable Energy Wong, Chee Wei Controlling Light with Nanostructures Yegulalp, Tuncel Going to Extremes Yin, Huiming Raising the Roof

Introduction INFORMATION Aho, Alfred V. Creating Reliable Programs from Unreliable Programmers Barmak, Katayun Helping to Rapidly Transform Materials for Engineered Systems Belhumeur, Peter N. Turning a New Leaf on Face Recognition Bellovin, Steven Protecting Privacy in Complex Systems Bergman, Keren Battling Internet Gridlock with Light Blanchet, Jose Understanding How Black Swans Evolve Carloni, Luca Networking Chips Chaintreau, Augustin Scaling Up the Mobile Social Internet Chang, Shih-Fu Developing Next-Generation Visual Search Engines Chen, Xi Using Game Theory to Study the Internet and E-Commerce Chudnovsky, Maria Exploring the Structure of Abstract Graphs Collins, Michael A Man of Many Words

EXCELLENTIA Columbia Engineering Cont, Rama Modeling Systemic Risk in Financial Networks Derman, Emanuel Understanding When Models Behave Badly Edwards, Stephen A. Testing and Correcting Embedded Processors Ellis, Daniel P. Delving into the Science of Listening Englund, Dirk Transmitting Information Securely Feiner, Steven K. Augmenting Reality Fish, Jacob Pushing the Limits of Multiscale Science and Engineering Gallego, Guillermo M. Engineering Services (Before They Perish) Geambasu, Roxana Increasing Control over Cloud and Mobile Data Goldfarb, Donald Finding a Way Around Too Much Data Goyal, Vineet Studying Decision Making in the Face of Uncertainty Gravano, Luis Supercharging Search Engines Grinspun, Eitan Predicting the Motion of Materials Gross, Jonathan Untying Knots with Mathematics He, Xuedong Modeling the Irrational Hirschberg, Julia B. Recognizing the Melody of Speech Im, James Finding the Fundamentals of Silicon for Advanced Electronics Iyengar, Garud N. Deciphering the Mysteries of Microbial Communications Jebara, Tony Finding Patterns in a Complex World Jelenkovic, Predrag Unwinding Heavy Tails Kachani, Soulaymane Understanding the Dynamics Behind Pricing Kaiser, Gail E. Testing What Cannot Be Tested Kender, John Indexing Videos Automatically Keromytis, Angelos Protecting Computers After the Barbarians Are Inside the Gate Kim, Martha Accelerating Processing’s Family Van Kinget, Peter Connecting Bits to Life Kou, Steven S.G. Linking Domino Theories to Real-World Pricing Krishnaswamy, Harish Pushing the Performance of Silicon-Based Systems Leung, Tim Siu-Tang Designing Ways to Account for Foreseeable Financial Risk Longman, Richard W. Making Robots Learn Malkin, Tal Securing the Lock after the Key is Stolen McKeown, Kathleen Summarizing the News (Automatically) Misra, Vishal Boosting Profits with Peer-to-Peer Networks Nayar, Shree K. Picturing the World in New Ways Nieh, Jason Delivering Desktop Computing from the Cloud

EXCELLENTIA Columbia Engineering Nowick, Steven Marching Without a Beat Olvera-Cravioto, Mariana Searching for a Heavy Tail Peña-Mora, Feniosky Improving Large-Scale Disaster Response Pinczuk, Aron Creating Nanoscale Devices Ross, Kenneth Processing Parallel Insights Rubenstein, Dan Networking Your Wallet, Credit Cards, and Keys Schulzrinne, Henning G. Sensing Our Connected World Seok, Mingoo Improving Human Health with Low-Power Cyber Physical Systems Servedio, Rocco A. Playing “20 Questions” with Geometry Sethumadhavan, Simha Designing Secure Hardware Sethuraman, Jay Finding a Fairer Way to Admit Students Sigman, Karl Predicting the Probability of Congestion Smyth, Andrew W. Monitoring Structural Health with Sensor Data Fusion Stein, Clifford S. Estimating Solutions to Difficult Problems Stolfo, Salvatore J. Using Anomalies to Defend Against Insiders Traub, Joseph F. Computing Quantum Potential Tsividis, Yannis Creating New Circuits for Interfacing the Computer to the Physical World Vapnik, Vladimir Unlocking a Complex World Mathematically Wang, Xiadong Devising a Design Framework for Next-Generation Wireless Technology Weinstein, Michael Predicting Waves Mathematically Whitt, Ward Unraveling the Mysteries of Congestion Wright, John Bringing Order to High-Dimensional Datasets Yang, Junfeng Weaving More Reliable Software Yannakakis, Mihalis Calculating What Is Possible Yao, David Optimizing Networked Resources Yemini, Yechiam Turning Students into Entrepreneurs Zukowski, Charles Plugging the Leak in Circuit Efficiency Zussman, Gil Improving the Efficiency and Resiliency of Wireless Networks

REFLECTIONS Friedman, Morton B. Engineering as the Newest Liberal Art

CREDITS Faculty Index Credits and Acknowledgments

EXCELLENTIA Columbia Engineering Educating Socially ince 1754, Columbia has been educating socially responsible engineering and FOREWORD applied science leaders whose work has resulted in the betterment of the human Responsible Global Scondition around the world. One notable early graduate of Columbia includes Engineering and John Stevens, Class of 1768, whose technology made possible early steamboats and steam locomotives. Following in his footsteps at Columbia was his son, John Cox Applied Science Leaders Stevens, Class of 1803, a builder of yachts and also an inventor. That spirit of entrepreneurship and innovation spurred the founding of Columbia Engineering as a separate school in 1864, to provide a sense of independent community for like-minded faculty and students. Early graduates of the School included Michael Pupin, Class of 1883, inventor of long-distance telephony and many other transformational technologies, who joined the faculty in 1889. His most famous pupil was Edwin Howard Armstrong, inventor of the FM radio and father of the broadcast industry. Armstrong joined the faculty upon his graduation in 1913, the same year he applied for his first patent, the audion tube, considered to be the first radio amplifier, which, interestingly enough, he developed during his junior year at the School. While some early faculty leaders were Columbians, our School has benefited over the years by attracting many of the most distinguished engineering and applied science professors in the world. The Columbia Engineering faculty have always represented the most brilliant minds of each academic generation and they have chosen Columbia Engineering as the place where they are doing their very best work, making an impact on our world and that of future generations. In these pages, you will learn about the research that each of our faculty mem- bers is undertaking. While we have divided their work into the broad groupings of health, sustainability, and information, we recognize the imperfect nature of categoriz- ing research that by its very nature is pandisciplinary, particularly in the area that I call CyberBioPhysical Systems™, where the biological, physical, and digital worlds integrate and fuse. It is within this area where many of our faculty are working to find innovative solutions to the most challenging problems of modern society. As our professors investigate complex problems across the research spectrum, they are developing the breakthroughs that will improve the way we live our lives today, tomorrow, and beyond.

Feniosky Peña-Mora Dean and Morris A. and Alma Schapiro Professor

EXCELLENTIA Columbia Engineering

Interdisciplinary approaches to improving public health began with the School’s first dean, Charles F. Chandler, a chemist, who, in 1866 began to improve standards in New York City for milk and water purity. Then, in 1896, electri- cal engineering professor Michael I. Pupin created a fast-exposure X-ray that was first used by a surgeon to locate buckshot in a patient’s hand. The following pages present a sample of the work of current faculty from many of our departments, all making discoveries that improve human health at a HEALTH local and global scale.

inimally invasive, or laparoscopic, surgery has many advantages. By using surgery laparoscopic, or By advantages. has many invasive, inimally trauma patient cut, it reduces large than one rather incisions small several a niche it remains Yet costs. and lowering while speeding recovery and pain

g First, laparoscopic tools move counter-intuitively. Surgeons must move left to go left to must move Surgeons counter-intuitively. tools move laparoscopic First, a single tools that provide robotic is much simpler: small, intuitive solution Allen’s high- The package’s many engineering challenges. the device presented Building parts costs, Allen opted for common off-the-shelf control buy that he could To Physicians features. most innovative of the device’s tracking is one Automated a platform inside the body that can move is a robotic “What now have we camera,” he continued. “We want to extend that by adding more tools and creating a tools and creating adding more want to extend that by camera,” he continued. “We surgery.” platform for robotic small, affordable of Pennsylvania, University 1976; Ph.D., of Oregon, 1971; M.S., University B.A., Brown, 1985 right, or up to go down, for example. That means extensive training to learn to make training means extensive That for example. down, right, or up to go also limits the complexity ofThe use of long, rigid sticks cuts or tie sutures. precision surgeons by of teamwork a high level demands laparoscopy Finally, potential procedures. incisions.inserting several tools through a single through surgeon with everything a procedure he or she needs to conduct systemrobotic imaging a small licensing taken the first step, has already incision. He zooms The device pans, tilts, and Fowler. with Columbia physician Dennis co-developed The sys- tracks surgical instrumentsto generate 2-D or 3-D images, and automatically. on animals. tem has been tested in vivo through system had to fit motors, and control camera, bright lights, powerful resolution platform that is so small, surgical a robotic to create want a single half-inch incision. “We it can performAllen. natural orifices without an incision,” said surgeries through “That’s the esophagus to the stomach, it through could move We the way surgery is moving. and take it out again.” perform the operation, stitch it up, watch motors, small five-millimeter assembled the device from catalogs. He through surveillance cameras, and LED lights. “The Allen said. idea was to keep costs down,” can dollars so we a few component costs under hundred want to drive we “Ultimately, make it disposable.” keeps the camera software The they want to track. an image of whatever manually box the camera blood spills and occlusions. If with a challenging environment, aligned. “It’s to reestablish behind an organ, it does an intelligent search loses the target when it moves its position,” Allen said. procedure. Peter Allen, who likens it to pushing long sticks through small holes, sees small sticks through it to pushing long Allen, who likens Peter procedure. why. reasons several M gineerin

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Surgical Robots Surgical Professor of Computer Science Professor Building Disposable Disposable Building

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g gineerin ia En umb l Co Charles Batchelor Professor of Professor Charles Batchelor Engineering Electrical Mechanisms the Finding Disorders of Psychiatric tris Dimi ssiou Anasta

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wide. Columbia researchers are working hard to change that by exploring the by to change that hard working are researchers wide. Columbia

- like schizophre disorders for psychiatric causes the biological about is known ittle nation- people 10 million an estimated afflict combined which bipolar, nia and Dimitris Anastassiou’s aim is to discover novel biological mechanisms responsible mechanisms responsible biological novel aim is to discover Anastassiou’s Dimitris of psychiatry and medical genet- professor Karayiorgou, Anastassiou and Maria DNA sequence. can occur within a person’s A SNP is a small genetic change that to of the DNA segment AAGGTTA An example of a SNP is the alteration research Anastassiou’s looked only at individual SNPs. The traditional approach for psychiatric the biological mechanisms responsible “The aim is to discover resulted has research His leader in digital technology. Anastassiou is a prominent

Dipl., National Technical University of Athens (Greece), 1974; M.S., University of 1974; M.S., University (Greece), of Athens University Technical Dipl., National role of genetics from a multidisciplinary from of genetics role approach. significant individual of identifying the limited success Given disorders. for psychiatric says single mutations in DNA, Anastassiou such as variants, risk-conferring genetic new may reveal variants interactions among multiple genetic of responsible discovery disease mechanisms. on a project principal investigators are Center, Medical University ics at the Columbia that are “snips”) pronounced nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs, that will identify single with disease. associated than individually, rather jointly, T A (adenine), C (cytosine), by the four nucleotide “letters” The genetic code is specified a single nucleotide, such as an occurs when (thymine), and G (guanine). SNP variation or G. T, case C, nucleotide letters—in this one of the other three A, replaces On T. replaced with a the fourth letter in the first snippet, G, is where AAGTTTA, the time, but of than one percent more occur in the human population SNPs average, need about one mil- only linked, researchers statistically are because neighboring SNPs our genomes. lion of them to analyze at if two SNPs to a disease the possibility that a person may be predisposed investigates rather than each the unusual letter combinations, locations in the genome have different is a huge number (about a There “synergy.” one of them alone, a phenomenon called and in significant computational resulting pairs of SNPs, of “synergy” million squared) Anastassiou has a high- perform research, this To statistical challenges for this project. performance at his disposal. computer cluster containing 800 processors the ultimate vision discovered, such mechanisms are said Anastassiou. “Once disorders,” drugsis to develop with these mechanisms.” that would interfere tech- the in a consortiumin Columbia being the only university that licenses MPEG-2, satellite direct nique used in all forms of digital television transmission, including DVDs, media. and interactive digital cable systems, personal computer video, HDTV, TV, California-Berkeley, 1975; Ph.D., UC Berkeley, 1979 UC Berkeley, 1975; Ph.D., California-Berkeley, L

bout 25 million U.S. adults suffer from osteoarthritis, from adults suffer U.S. 25 million bout - degener a debilitating Cartilage, limit mobility. pain and extreme can cause that of the joints ation works of the bones, normally lining the ends tissue white connective the thin,

g Gerard Ateshian and his team are trying normal cartilage are and his team Ateshian how to understand Gerard which this research, topic. So lubrication has been an engineering Traditionally turned off. are the biological triggers that tell cartilage adulthood, to regenerate In cartilage would need anti- of engineered it is unlikely that recipients As a result, which Laboratory, Biomechanics of the Musculoskeletal is director Ateshian A as a cushion that redistributes stresses and reduces friction. But with osteoarthritis, with it friction. But and reduces stresses that redistributes as a cushion getting is The problem each other. against bones rub directly As a result, away. wears pressure puts more weight (Extra heavier. gets older and the U.S. population worse as on joints.) degeneration of the cartilage the or down slow they can That way, lubrication. provides worn joints. Cartilage tissue. In is a highly hydrated to repair come up with substitutes of the cartilagefact, nearly 90 percent located near the articular surface consists of water. upon loading and supports the across most of the load transmitted This fluid pressurizes is very cartilage of there friction and wear little condi- under normal joint. As a result, tions. is a perfect marriage of engi- to physiology, related applies engineering to a problem artificial The goal: to use tissue engineering techniques to grow neering and medicine. tissue, and equally able to reproduce as the native and resilient as strong cartilage that’s and wear. friction low itself once it has deteriorated in the joints. But human cartilage cannot restore Therefore, tissue since adult cartilage does the lab-grown the body is unlikely to reject fortunately, not contain blood vessels. surgery to joint replacement a viable alternative or debilitating drugs, providing rejection has ap- biomedical engineering, Ateshian from Hung collaboration with Clark pain. In cartilage betterplied insights gained from mechanics and lubrication studies to develop cartilage. engineered and stronger - fundamental philosophy is that major scientific break The lab’s he founded in 1996. - combining theoreti judiciously in biomedical engineering by can be achieved throughs efforts expanded toward have research The lab’s cal analyses with experimental studies. in biological tissues, the development processes modeling of solute transport and growth these mechanisms, and the extension of insights of computational tools that can address cells. tissues and reproductive studies to cardiovascular musculoskeletal gained from Columbia, 1990; B.S., Columbia, 1986; M.S., Columbia, 1987; M.Phil., Columbia, 1991 Ph.D., gineerin

ia En umb l Co ard Ger n teshia Trying to Grow to Grow Trying Strong Cartilage Strong and of Biomedical Engineering and of Biomedical A. A Professor of Mechanical Engineering Engineering of Mechanical Professor

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g gineerin ia En umb l Co Sharpening Images Images Sharpening Mathematics Through e lla um Gui Bal of Applied Professor Mathematics and Applied Physics EXCELLENTIA

Guillaume Bal specializes in the field of mathematical inverse problems, working working problems, inverse in the field of mathematical specializes Bal Guillaume equations with random coef- models to analyze mathematical develops also Bal of applied in 2001 as an assistant professor Columbia Engineering joined Bal n medical imaging, physicians need high-resolution images with high contrast, so contrast, high images with high-resolution need physicians imaging, n medical images Such level. submillimeter to the down the body, inside can see what’s they disease-causing tissue can eradicate so they to pinpoint treatment, physicians allow in the theoretical realm and collaborating with scientists and engineers who are exploring are with scientists and engineers who and collaborating realm in the theoretical models for mathematical has developed new methods for imaging. He ways to develop photoacoustics, and optical tomography, modalities of medical imaging, including several combining ultrasound with optical or elastic multi-physics modalities other novel several modality for obtaining accurate imaging of is seen as a promising Photoacoustics waves. applications in earth also helps inform work science, where tissue in the human brain. His the surface of Earth. of what exists below images create to work researchers moving waves water or seismic involving for problems He uses such equations ficients. - the ocean, or light stream through moving geologic formations, sound waves through scale, at phenomena at the macroscopic These models look the atmosphere. ing through analyses are estimation. Such amenable to computations and parameter which is more crucial in the field of uncertainty ranging quantification with a wide array of applications dynamics in nuclear waste disposals to uncertaintiesfrom in climate modeling. and for Pure the fall of 2003, he was a visiting scholar at the Institute mathematics. In has also taught at Angeles. Bal of California-Los at the University Mathematics Applied University. associate at Stanford research of Chicago and was a postdoctoral the University Sloan P. include an Alfred awards Other prize. of the 2011 Calderón is the recipient He also in 2003. Award, in 2003 and an NSF Career Fellowship 1997 VI (France), of Paris University 1993; Ph.D., (France), Diplôme, École Polytechnique

without harming healthy tissue that surrounds it. Researchers use varying techniques to Researchers it. that surrounds healthy tissue without harming for example, produce techniques, Ultrasound body. inside the images of what’s create to discern healthy hard so it’s with little contrast, but sometimes images high-resolution images light, produces uses infrared which tomography, unhealthy tissue. Optical from tomography is a new multi-physics Photoacoustic but poor resolution. with high contrast tissues. images of human high-contrast, high-resolution modality for obtaining I . We will engineer it to create will We . 2 from the atmosphere, and the ammonia will either be generated and the ammonia the atmosphere, from 2

g eople suffering from brain diseases and conditions ranging from traumatic brain traumatic from ranging and conditions diseases brain from suffering eople - if therapeu helped could be disorders brain injury to progressive cancer to brain barrierThe blood-brain areas. to the affected tic drugs be easily delivered could Scott Banta is working toward solving this problem by using a biochemical engi- using by solving this problem toward is working Scott Banta that new SCPPs is creating group the Banta Evolution, Directed the process Using - Engi Department of the of Biomedical Morrison Collaborating with Barclay was 2010, Banta In and expertise the human body. extend beyond interests Banta’s going to use genetic engineering to incorporate a new metabolic pathway into are “We isobutanol, which is a biofuel that is compatible with the existing transportation infrastruc- The cells will fix CO ture. or it will be obtained during wastewater treatment.” electrochemically, 2000; University, County), 1997; M.S., Rutgers of Maryland (Baltimore B.S., University 2002 University, Rutgers Ph.D., (BBB), composed of tightly interacting cells, acts as part of the body’s defense system acts as part interacting cells, of tightly (BBB), composed of the body’s the brain. It invading in the blood from substances carried and other to block bacteria makes it very which important effective, deliver difficult to and diagnostic is extremely to the brain.therapeutic agents the can cross that peptides (SCPPs) specific cell penetrating creating neering approach, engineer- are group research Banta and his brain cell populations. BBB and target specific plasma membrane The types. cell and tissue specific for different ing new peptides that are com- Only of molecules to the cellular cytoplasm. the access regulating cells by protects the membrane. able to cross charge, and polarity are range of size, pounds within a narrow These peptide sequences can deliver able to both target and penetrate specific cells. are drugs, materials, to thetherapeutic cargos, such as DNA, proteins, or other exogenous targeted cellular cytoplasms. brain cell types. specific for different that are SCPPs is seeking to create neering, Banta injury a brain delivery the targeted of time following where of window is a narrow There to the head-injured a significant benefit cells could provide agents to injured neurotrophic could be beneficial in addition, delivery factors via SCPPs patient. In of neurotrophic and Huntington’s. Alzheimer’s, of diseases such as Parkinson’s, the progress down slowing and the National of Health Institutes has been supported the National This project by Science Foundation. to launch new the U.S. Department research of Energy grant from an ARPA-E awarded West biofuels in collaboration with Alan renewable on using genetic engineering to create and Kartik Engineering). (Chemical Engineering) Chandran (Earth and Environmental he said. “The used for wastewater treatment,” an organism that is currently bacterium, N. and CO on ammonia, oxygen to grow has the ability europaea, P gineerin

ia En umb l Banta Co Associate Professor of Associate Professor Chemical Engineering tt A. Sco Delivering Drugs Faster Drugs Faster Delivering

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g gineerin ia En umb l Co Employing Electromagnetics Electromagnetics Employing Malaria to Treat ent l Diam Pau Engineering of Electrical Professor EXCELLENTIA alaria kills one million victims each year in tropical countries, most of them most countries, tropical in year victims each million kills one alaria drugsWhile - devel parasite malaria the the disease, to combat exist children. drugs. to these underway An effortops resistance - now is to harness a noninva The electromagnetic field used in this innovative treatment is the same that is is treatment in this innovative field used The electromagnetic smaller and more scientists to develop fields allows electromagnetic Understanding one human to another that is transmitted from a parasite is caused by Malaria - method of treat of the magnetic resonance is the lead inventor Diament Paul the Engineers, Electronics and of Electrical is a member of the Institute Diament B.S., Columbia, 1960; M.S., Columbia, 1961; Ph.D., Columbia, 1963 B.S., Columbia, 1960; M.S., Columbia, 1961; Ph.D., produced in lightning, is responsible for the Northern Lights, and also causes compasses and also causes Lights, Northern for the lightning, is responsible in produced that radio waves in high-frequency is also found to point in a north-south It orientation. TV pic- one part bounce from to phone networks, the world to another via antennas of and the Internet. tures, or portable communication devices and antennas useful in emergency radar, powerful medical devices. and applied to implantable materials with newthose made flexible alloy treatment in the level—as application at the biological also has a direct Electromagnetics of parasitic diseases like malaria. it where to the liver, humans, the malaria parasite travels the bite of mosquitoes. In by hemozoin, hemoglobin and produces it consumes the cell’s There, blood cell. a red invades daughter parasites that then divides into many more crystal,an iron It as a waste product. crystal understand that the iron remains now blood cells. Researchers other red invade applying a suitably designed magnetic field, the By with the parasite within the host cell. it can before the parasite crystalsiron and churn, destroying can be made to agitate, rotate, multiply further. Center the Columbia Medical with biologists at ing the malaria parasite, and is working wave and electromagnetics in is an eminent researcher in pursuing this application. He antennas, optics, radia- focus includes microwaves, teaching and research His propagation. - beams, and transient electro electron interactions, relativistic tion statistics, plasmas, wave include interests applications, his research magnetic phenomena. Along with biomedical antennas beneficial rather than detrimental,attempts to make mutual coupling among potentially achieving smaller antenna size. Kappa Nu, Eta Pi, Beta Tau of America, Society the Optical Society, American Physical Xi. and Sigma

sive electromagnetic-based treatment in the fight against this disease. against this in the fight treatment electromagnetic-based sive M

en million Americans suffer from osteoporosis, a gradual weakening of the weakening a gradual osteoporosis, suffer from Americans en million - depres and independence, and of mobility loss fractures, lead to that can bones for either exists cure bone mass. No low from 18 million suffer sion. Another

g X. Edward Guo, director of Columbia’s Bone Bioengineering Laboratory, is try- Laboratory, Bone Bioengineering of Columbia’s director Guo, X. Edward four has received as principal investigator, Guo, alone, the last two years During drugs that would team hope that doctors can prescribe and his Guo the future, In condition. Doctors simply tell patients to consume enough calcium and vitamin D, to enough calcium to consume simply tell patients Doctors condition. medi- also prescribe they Sometimes smoking. and to avoid exercise, do weight-bearing estrogen selective and Boniva), Actonel, (Fosamax, bisphosphonates cations, including all But hormone (Forteo). or hormones such as parathyroid modulators (Evista), receptor Forteo, builder on the market, The only bone free. and none are come with side effects, daily shots for two years. and requires costs $8,000 a year both engineering analysis from osteoporosis and treat to prevent out how ing to figure 3-D high-resolution analyzing team are do so, he and his To and biological perspectives. images to figure both laboratory patients’ images of bone from non-invasive samples and risk in patients and monitor efficacy of anti-osteo- fracture to better predict out how grants supported multi-million-dollar the National several by With treatment. porosis Shane Elizabeth with endocrinologists Drs. (NIH) and working of Health Institutes and and Surgeons, College of Physicians at Columbia University’s Bilezikian and John imaging novel developed they have of Pennsylvania, at the University Wehrli Felix Dr. identify microstructuralanalysis and modeling techniques to in bone and deteriorations and his Guo of osteoporosis. translated these technologies in clinical assessments have and bone loss to better understand osteoporosis team also plan to use their knowledge in outer space. astronauts experienced by bone bioengineering new totaling $6.3 million to support NIH grants his innovative which was ranked NIH Challenge Grant, These include a highly competitive research. grant will support $915,108 two-year This process. in the review in the top two percent may function in a hypothesis that an osteocyte network in testing the novel work Guo’s and plays an important in mechanical memory. network role similar way as a neuronal one of the $2 million, laboratory is over in Guo’s expenditure research yearly The current top funded bioengineering laboratories in the country. bone-forming cells and snub the bone-destroying more bone cells recruit help mature 50 drugs to an aging population. After all, women over would be a boon ones. Such someday menopause. Perhaps of their bone mass around can lose as much as 20 percent later bone loss. everyone could get drugs age to prevent at a younger 1994 Harvard-MIT, 1990; Ph.D., 1984; M.S., Harvard-MIT, University, B.S., Peking T gineerin

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Professor of Biomedical Engineering of Biomedical Professor Preventing Osteoporosis Preventing

Predicting Bone Strength, Strength, Bone Predicting

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gineerin ia En umb l Co Building Tiny, Tiny, Building Engines Muscle-Like ess H Henry of Associate Professor Engineering Biomedical EXCELLENTIA

circulatory disease, congenital defects, accidents, cancer, or, increasingly, war- increasingly, or, circulatory accidents, cancer, defects, disease, congenital rtificial limbs are being used with increasing frequency to replace missing body missing replace to frequency with increasing being used rtificialare limbs of infection, because them patients need Typically, parts, and legs. such as arms

Henry Hess and his collaborators are working with molecules to figure out how out how molecules to figure with working collaborators are and his Henry Hess which may be used biosensors, dust” “smart on novel The team is also working faculty joined the Columbia Engineering Germany, who was raised in East Hess, - Biolo – Synthetic Laboratory Hess on Nanobiotechnology Columbia’s directs He for the in synthetic environments motor proteins successfully utilized have “We “The that techniques, materials, and devices has the advantage hybrid approach engineering at the molecular scale, in particu include - interests other research His A B.S., Technical University Clausthal (Germany), 1993; M.Sc., Technical University Berlin, Berlin, University Technical 1993; M.Sc., Clausthal (Germany), University Technical B.S., 1999 Berlin, University Free 1996; Ph.D., to build artificial muscles that are as good as the real thing. In a system that’s far more far more In a system that’s thing. real as the as good to build artificial are muscles that glucose and uses the sugar to manmade, the human body takes efficient than anything and his team can figure if Hess and talk. But that enable people to move muscles power and ultimately, make better prostheses, they can Nature, to duplicate Mother out how like a big, artificial a car engine that worked muscle. Imagine too. better car engines, these In in the environment. or detect pathogens like anthrax to detect cancer earlier and transport pumps that collect devices, the artificialrole of miniature muscles play the the molecules of interest. of students to the field The course introduces Engineering. Tissue in 2009 and teaches biomaterials, and in particular to the many factors important design, in the selection, of biomaterials for clinical applications. and development - microscop nanoscale motors. Such lab focuses on the engineering applications of His gy. with high efficiency movement active and drive forces ic motors with the ability to create of nanotechnologies, including biosensing, drugenable new to a wide range approaches materials. and active assembly, molecular delivery, the design to advance continue “and transportcontrolled of nanoscale cargo,” said Hess, materials.of such hybrid bionanodevices and can be merged into a revolutionaryunique to either biology or technology combination. found in medicine and biotechnol- particularly to hybrid systems are suited Applications for favorable conditions are and the environmental biocompatibility is critical where ogy, biological nanomachines.” nanosystems incorporating biomolecular motors, the study of lar the design of active polymer coatings. of protein-resistant and the investigation self-assembly, active related injuries. Right now, nearly four million Americans have a prosthetic device. a prosthetic have Americans nearly four million now, injuries. Right related

heumatoid arthritisheumatoid 20 nearly that affects disease is an autoimmune (RA) pain, as old, causing as well people young striking worldwide, people million or can slow and treatment Early diagnosis of the joints. and swelling stiffness,

g - measure on the same harmless light transmission that relies another project In (GFPs), proteins fluorescent green to localize imaging OT also employs Hielscher was a postdoctoral fel- in 2001, Hielscher joining Columbia Engineering Before Leading an international team of engineers, scientists, and physicians from from and physicians of engineers, scientists, international team Leading an ments, members of his laboratoryments, members of optical imaging system for the diagnosis built an have and is the nine women during their lifetime cancer afflicts one in Breast cancer. of breast patented imaging technology of cancer deaths in women. Hielscher’s second leading cause using the clinical pilot studies company and promising York a New has been licensed by underway. new imager are - and their deriva Chalfie. GFPs Martin laureate 2009 Nobel Columbia’s by developed during development, make it possible to see and monitor cell and tissue behaviors tives and his colleagues use Hielscher including observation tumors in vivo. of cancerous he recently, and brain. Most cancers in the stomach, liver, of GFP to study the growth early childhood drugis applying this technology to monitor effects in difficult-to-treat tumors. Wilms and cancers, such as neuroblastoma University Laboratory on the faculty at the State and was Los Alamos National at low and Biophotonics Columbia’s he directs Now Center. Medical Downstate York of New establishing optical tomography towards which works Radiology Laboratory, Optical is developing team this end, Hielscher’s To as a viable biomedical imaging modality. distributions of physi- 3-D that provide and software state-of-the-art imaging hardware laboratory of the The work is sup- parameters in biomedical systems. ologically relevant and of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal Institute ported, the National among others, by the and Bioengineering, Imaging of Biomedical Institute the National Diseases, Skin Technology for Science, Foundation State York and the New Cancer Institute, National and Innovation. 1991; of Hannover, 1987; M.S., University (Germany), of Hannover B.S., University 1995 Rice University, Ph.D., Germany and the United States, Andreas Hielscher has developed a 3-D optical to- a 3-D has developed Hielscher Andreas States, the United and Germany light disease activity in joints. “Shining imaging system that displays mographic (OT) can find any changes,” X-rays before us to see the disease the finger allows through clinical trial. a recent from the latest results showing explained Hielscher, prevent joint damage and increase the likelihood of leading an active and full life. and leading an active the likelihood of increase joint damage and prevent R gineerin

ia En umb l Co in New Light in New Imaging Diseases Diseases Imaging her Hielsc s H. reas H. And Professor of Biomedical Engineering, Engineering, of Biomedical Professor

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g gineerin ia En umb l Co the Unlocking Secrets Brain’s M. C. abeth Eliz n Hillma of Assistant Professor of and Engineering Biomedical Radiology EXCELLENTIA

alk into any clinical research lab and you will undoubtedly find one or find one will undoubtedly you lab and research any clinical alk into - how microscopes, conventional with The problem microscopes. more in adead tissue or cells of thin slices of images can only show is they ever,

“It is a significant technical challenge to build imaging systems capable of study- capable of build imaging systems challenge to a significant technical is “It the brain, par- to investigate microscopy such optical imaging technique is One changes in blood flow understand why these don’t “The really is, we problem our improving is beginning to tease out this complex process, work Hillman’s the heavy of light, none require wavelengths different all of these measure Because do some things she said. “MRIs going to be the next MRI,” imaging isn’t “Optical W M.Sci., University College London, 1998; Ph.D., University College London, 2002 University College London, 1998; Ph.D., M.Sci., University ing cellular or molecular processes in living organisms,” said Hillman. “You need devices need “You organisms,” said Hillman. in living processes ing cellular or molecular things at once. lots of different you that can image very fast and in 3-D and that show and physics at the to think about physiology you that forces one problem, a complex It’s same time.” magneticFunctional activity. and neuronal blood flow between ticularly the relationship neuronal to investigate of the most ubiquitous tools used imaging (fMRI), one resonance in the brain. on detecting subtle changes in blood flow relies activity, a page or so to textbooks only devote the best neuroscience “Even said Hillman. occur,” in the brain.” blood flow the brain functions, and also raising the possibility fundamental understanding of how she is project, another In useful and revealing. more even will one day prove that fMRIs lab mice, in live images of the organs a technique that permits her to create developing to study diseases pharmaceutical companies and researchers which she hopes will allow She has also developed of animals. without sacrificing large numbers and treatments - human skin and is using optical imaging to investi techniques to make images of living tissue changes during a heart attack. the electrical activity in cardiac gate how hopes that dose monitoring necessary shielding or careful imaging. Hillman in radiologic useful in the clinic and as laboratory- re will prove ultimately many of her imaging tools that she does not expect her techniques point out, however, is quick to tools. She search MRIs. replace to entirely arm is or whether you bad the burn on your things like how tell you but they can’t well, can.”Our systems your eye. in the back of good blood flow have dish. It takes a special kind of instrument to produce images from inside the living body, body, inside the living kind of instrument takes a special images from to produce dish. It is building. Hillman Elizabeth exactly the kind that which is Photo: Alan S. Orling S. Alan Photo: early four decades after it first emerged, AIDS is still a deadly disease, killing disease, still a deadly AIDS is emerged, it first after four decades early a year people 2.5 million than More worldwide. people 25 million than more newly virus), immunodeficiency with HIV (human infected are a virus that

g HIV is one of many diseases, like cancer and other viral and bacterial illnesses, other viral and bacterial like cancer and of many diseases, HIV is one - key immune-system cells and geneti and his team want to take some Hone James the basic tools needed to engineer the immune system is to create goal Hone’s nanoelectromechanical (CNTs), focuses on carbon nanotubes whose work Hone, Heinz—as Tony and Shepard Ken with IBM and Professors is also working Hone Mt. at the researchers of a team led by is the co-investigator Hone addition, In looking at is part of the kidney that acts as a filter,” “Thewe’re specific thing that structures scaffolds—three-dimensional lab will build microscopic Hone’s that attacks the immune system, the body’s defense against infection and disease. Even Even and disease. against infection defense the body’s the immune system, that attacks would make an that system with a normal immune system, improving for healthy people individual healthier. of people A small percentage of the body. them outside cally modify and immunize scientists would Ideally, born with certain to HIV. genes that make them immune are look the genes to people’s Then they would modify other harvest good HIV genes. their genes and put them back a supply of these HIV-resistant grow They would same way. to shots and traditional vaccinations. a potential alternative It’s into the human body. and then to put it back inside the body. outside the body, and molecular with applications in cellular systems (NEMS) and nanoscale structures Science and sensors, teaches Carbon Nanotube solar and fuel cells, electronics, biology, to graduate students. Technology and in the Department of Chemistry—on as two professors the U.S.well by funded a project transistors using graphene to determine field-effect develop to Department of Defense Recent technologies. efficient than III-V and silicon semiconductor more if they are that has shown Kysar Jeffrey professor and Columbia Engineering Hone by research - for the devel promise and holds great measured material ever graphene is the strongest opment of nanoscale devices. years to look at five won six million dollars over The group of Medicine. School Sinai cells interact to form tissue in the kidneys. how The question is: cells that come together like interlocking fingers. have “You said Hone. What is it that gets cells to do that?” for cells to begin to form these scientists to artificially the environment control will allow tissues. 1998 of California-Berkeley, University 1990; Ph.D., Yale, B.S., almost always leads to AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome). syndrome). immunodeficiency (acquired leads to AIDS almost always N gineerin

ia En umb l Co Associate Professor of Associate Professor Mechanical Engineering Engineering Mechanical Boost Immunity Boost Reprogramming Cells to to Cells Reprogramming e es C. Hon Jam

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g gineerin ia En umb l n yde Co Understanding How How Understanding Heart Work Cells Ha Huang of Assistant Professor Engineering Biomedical EXCELLENTIA

rrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC), which affects one in affects which (ARVC), cardiomyopathy right ventricular rrhythmogenic disorder, this With death. of sudden cause is a leading worldwide, people 5,000 beating becomes healthy heartreplaces and the heart’s muscle, tissue fibro-fatty

With ARVC as their inspiration, Hayden Huang and his team are figuring out figuring and his team are Huang Hayden as their inspiration, ARVC With it is to deform the hard (how looks at factors such as cell stiffness do so, he To the mystery team unravel heart and his and how cells work how of Huang Once - Bio Laboratory Engineering and Fluid and Molecular Tissue teaches the Huang which Laboratory, and Mechanotransduction the Biomechanics directs Huang of our laboratory“The cell-cell interac- interest is in determining how current A B.S., Johns Hopkins University, 1995; S.M., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1997; Technology, of Institute 1995; S.M., Massachusetts University, Hopkins B.S., Johns 2002 MIT, Ph.D., how heart cells respond to physical stresses. ARVC can be caused by genetic mutations by can be caused ARVC stresses. to physical heart cells respond how changes in these is testing whether Huang which link cells together. that affect proteins heart and send signals, making the cells stick together less with how interfere proteins ultimately damagingassociated with constant pumping and the stresses able to withstand its tissue. cells stick to surfaces (whatwell cell structure or to each other), (how cell), cell adhesion cells (how arranged), and cell response the components are and how the cell is made of like being stretched). to physical stresses react a diagnostic test to determine who suffers from they can help develop progresses, ARVC for a long time, and formulate a treatment the condition, which can be asymptomatic the mysteryThey also want to solve of changes in the heart muscle. or prevent to repair primarily affects the right heart does most when the left heart apparently why ARVC the differences will help scientists better understand This research of the heavy work. the two sides of the heartbetween and heart function in general. as associate biophysicist and instruc a position from came to Columbia - mechanics. He School. Medical Harvard Hospital, Women’s and tor of medicine at Brigham While the in cells and cell clusters. studies cellular mechanics and mechanotransduction the techniques system, focused on the cardiovascular are scope of the projects current to any number of cell and tissue systems. relevant and insight are cells make contact, influence cellular mechanical tions, especially at the junctions where used for studying cell-cell interactions, techniques are said. “Several Huang behavior,” (wide-field and two-photon), time-lapse microscopy, microscopy including fluorescence (pipette and physical micromanipulation magnetic micromanipulation, cell stretching, aspiration, for example).” uncoordinated. As a result, the heart can’t pump well. pump well. the heart can’t As a result, uncoordinated.

g or many people, stiff, aching joints are the first sign of age. For more than 20 For more sign of age. the first joints are aching stiff, people, or many of osteoarthritis, first sign also the it is Americans, million characterized a disease and that is that lines the joints tissue lubricating and load-bearing loss of the by “Since the lifespan of most joint replacements is limited typically to 15 or 20 is limited typically replacements of most joint the lifespan “Since as articular cartilage, is, that this tissue, known is made up of a net- The trouble the conditions under mechanical loads that mimic chondrocytes growing By and canine articular cartilage and bovine has so far succeeded in growing Hung (ASME) Engineers of Mechanical of 2010, the American Society August In “as I came to Hung says, is particularly in ASME fitting,” a fellow “Becoming of the bioengineering division committee executive serves on the ASME’s Hung - that includes Gor faculty Core Bioreactor is also a member of Columbia’s Hung years, restoring joint function with living tissue is almost always preferred,” said Clark said Clark preferred,” tissue is almost always with living joint function restoring years, Hung. and other substances embedded in a stiff matrix of collagen cells of chondrocyte work deformation and a lack of nutrient-rich mechanical repetitive daily, that is subjected to cartilagereplacement easily and this, damaged tissue does not heal Because of blood flow. Until now. a lab. in difficult to grow with natural properties has proved engineering and bio- of mechanical professor Ateshian, and Gerard inside joints, Hung to the body’s tissue that is almost identical been able to culture medical engineering, have their The tissue loading helps transport As a result, nutrients to the chondrocytes. own. better and, they anticipate, will provide durable, is more faster, tissue grows engineered of the joint. restoration in the lab us- in which human cartilage be produced will routinely a near future foresees older. news who plans on growing ing his method. Good for anyone class of fellows. to its most recent named Hung on in cell and tissue engineering that capitalized program Columbia to build a research of biomechanics.” in the area long-standing strengths the institution’s . The Engineering of Biomechanical organiza- and he is an associate editor for its Journal of fellows, select group joins the group’s than 100,000 members. Hung tion has more which includes just 3,012 members. is Their group Mao. and Jeremy Lu, Helen Konofagou, Elisa Vunjak-Novakovic, dana into functional to support research advanced of Health Institutes the National funded by tissue engineering, stem cells, and the study of disease. of University 1992; Ph.D., of Pennsylvania, 1990; M.S.E., University Sc.B., Brown, behind an estimated $128 billion each year in health care costs and lost productivity. and lost productivity. costs care in health billion each year estimated $128 behind an 1995 Pennsylvania, F gineerin

ia En umb l Co Cushioning the the Cushioning Blow of Joint Pain Pain of Joint Blow Professor of Biomedical Engineering of Biomedical Professor g Hun rk T. Cla

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HEALTH EXCELLENTIA Columbia Engineering 39

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g gineerin ia En umb l Co Combating Bone Loss Bone Combating . r R tophe Chris Jacobs of Associate Professor Engineering Biomedical EXCELLENTIA steoporosis is a major public health threat for more than half of all Americans.half of all than more for threat health public is a major steoporosis at are million 34 and another the disease have already 10 million An estimated health shortening bones, increasing and porous lives, of developing high risk

Christopher Jacobs is working to unlock a stem cell mystery to unlock a stem is working provide that could Jacobs Christopher bone-forming to produce stem cells fail bone marrow occurs when Osteoporosis Laboratory Biomechanics will determine whether a Cell and Molecular Jacobs’ in skeletal mecha- to be true, it will be a breakthrough the hypothesis is proven “If cells sense and how focus of his lab is to understand describes the overall Jacobs physical signals, by regulated to be known a wide range of tissues are “Although in Bone via Oscillatory Mechanotransduction include projects active The group’s at in the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery was an assistant professor Jacobs

B.S., Washington University, 1988; M.S., Stanford, 1989; Ph.D., Stanford, 1994 Stanford, 1989; Ph.D., 1988; M.S., Stanford, University, Washington B.S., significant advances in the treatment for osteoporosis. He has received a $1 million New a $1 million received He has osteoporosis. for in the treatment advances significant to the condition. behavior related stem cell grant to research State York the cellular about Veryhowever, little is known, numbers. osteoblasts in sufficient their to changes in stem cells sense and respond which bone marrow mechanism by environment. mechanical loading to sense ability the primary for the stem cell’s is responsible cilium, cellular sensor, novel that primary was one of the first to show lab as me- cilia act mechanical loading. His the ability of transplanted will characterize The project chanical sensors in bone cells. loading and form newstem cells to home in on sites of bone bone and then determine primary this ability if their disrupted. first whether the stem cells retain cilia are will said. “It drugs,” for new anti-osteoporosis nobiology and suggest approaches Jacobs relating primary in also be a significant advance disease.” cilia dysfunction to human to changes in their mechanical environment. respond - outside of sensory for the initial ‘mecha apparatus responsible mechanisms, the cellular is primarily focused on group is poorly understood,” he said. “Our event notransduction’ and disuse fractures, stress osteoporosis, to relates mechanosensitivity of bone cells as it injury bone loss associated with spinal cord space flight.” and Cells of Stem Differentiation Cilia in Osteogenic Primary Mechanosensitive Flow; Fluid Cilia Mech- in Bone; and Primary Cilia as Mechanosensors to Loading; Primary Due anics and Mechanobiology. - in the Departmentof Mechani and an associate professor University State Pennsylvania coming to Columbia. before University at Stanford cal Engineering care costs. care O Photo: Alan S. Orling S. Alan Photo:

enes play an importantenes every in nearly why role reason major disease—a for individual of one DNA entire the sequencing $1 billion spent scientists code ofcost of decoding the This astronomical Project. Genome the Human

g Jingyue Ju and his team are developing revolutionary technologies to dramati- developing his team are and Ju Jingyue the Center for who directs in a few said Ju, a chip should be possible years, Such every genome sequenced on a tinyfuture, the newborn could get his entire In half the pa- in about only work currently for example, for anti-depression, Drugs $1.8 million with a three-year, has supported Ju of Health Institutes The National cally reduce the cost of DNA sequencing so that each person’s genome can be routinely genome can be routinely sequencing so that each person’s the cost of DNA cally reduce the fluorescent co-invented Ju for just $1,000. card of a credit the size decoded on a chip newThe - sequenc possible. Project Genome that made the Human labeling technology the four letters of the to label dyes colors of fluorescent different ing technology uses decoding on a chip. genetic alphabet for at Columbia and who collaborates Engineering and Biomolecular Technology Genome Turro of interdisciplinary scientists including chemistrywith a group Nicholas professor Lipkin Ian Kandel and Professor Eric Laureate with Nobel Working on this research. using the new genome and his team are Ju Center, Medical at the Columbia University and to rapidly and memory, for long-term technologies to study the genetic networks accurately detect pathogens. - genetic predis doctors could easily look up each person’s this information, With chip. This technology would advice. diseases and could tailor their medical position to various genetic diseases based on each person’s diagnose, and treat help doctors better prevent, personal- develop It would also make it easier for pharmaceutical companies to profile. cancer. and breast drugsized for diseases like depression drugs which in advance would gene chips, doctors would know personalized With tients. for each patient. (and not work) work Nucleotide Fluorescent by DNA Sequencing Molecule “Single grant for his proposal, aims to sequence a human genome with high accuracy and project His Terminators.” emerging field of per- that would be critical to the cost, an achievement speed at a low medicine. sonalized of Sciences, 1988; Ph.D., 1985; M.S., Chinese Academy University, Mongolia B.S., Inner of Southern California, 1993 University life makes mapping the three billion base pairs of DNA in each person seem like a pipein each person seem pairs of DNA billion base mapping the three life makes scientists Columbia made by in science and engineering advances However, dream. come true near future. in the this dream should make G gineerin ia En umb l Co Chemical Engineering yue Ju Jing Chips for Everybody Chips

Samuel Ruben-Peter G. Viele Professor of Professor Viele G. Ruben-Peter Samuel

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Creating Personalized DNA DNA Personalized Creating

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g gineerin ia En umb l Co Engineering the the Engineering Defenses Body’s am e C. K Lanc of Assistant Professor Engineering Biomedical EXCELLENTIA

he immune system’s ability to detect and counter infectious agents is among the among agents is infectious counter and to detect ability system’s he immune this response as Durable welcome—capabilities. most remarkable—and body’s intricate, it is extremely invasions, and external in the face of internal may seem

However, the immune system sometimes needs help. Lance Kam seeks to im- Lance Kam help. sometimes needs immune system the However, ability of the body’s key regulators T lymphocytes, that has shown Their research A normally functioning immune is cancer. of particular interest of the threats One which Laboratory, Biocomplexity Microscale Columbia University’s Kam directs in biomedical science role increasing an ever have and nano-scale systems “Micro- of focus particularly which offer a level on the use of fabrication approaches, “We prior to com- University chemistry in Kam did postdoctoral research at Stanford

B.S., Washington University, 1991; M.S., University of Hawaii, 1994; Ph.D., Rensselaer Rensselaer 1994; Ph.D., of Hawaii, 1991; M.S., University University, Washington B.S., 1999 Institute, Polytechnic and small disruptions can have large implications to the body’s response. disruptionsand small to the body’s large implications can have biology with technology and molecular combining cellular by response immune prove doctors may one day allow These techniques industry. the microelectronics adapted from autoimmune diseases, and treat cancer, immune system to combat a patient’s to retrain rejection. transplant prevent specific ways to patterns in to new and adapt respond ones, threats previous to recognize these pat- recreating come in contact with. By and other biomolecules they of proteins with colleagues in an together group, as tens of nanometers, Kam’s terns at a scale as fine has been able to manipulate the Center, Development Nanomedicine NIH-sponsored specific threats. T lymphocytes to combat of activation time, Over in the body. out cancer cells that periodically arise system is able to weed mutations as susceptible to cancerous making us more people appear to lose that ability, T lymphocytes would allow cancer-fighting the patterns that produce age. Identifying we immune system to a patient’s retrain of them and effectively more doctors to produce fight the disease naturally. of biological systems function, and repair development, focuses on understanding proper to those down and hours) reaching (tens of micrometers level at scales of the intercellular nanometers and milliseconds).of supramolecular assemblies (tens of on the use of these systems focuses group research and engineering,” said Kam. “My of cues in their to the complex presentation and respond cells read to understand how extracellular environment. traditional molecular and multiple spatial scales that is not possible through over control of an the scales at which cells operate and the realm these are self-assembly approaches; range of biological phenomena.” increasing ing to Columbia Engineering. T ore than a quarter of U.S. adults live with chronic pain caused by both inju- both by pain caused a quarter than chronic with adults live of U.S. ore - com is the leading suffering physical fact, this In of diseases. a host ries and takes pain of them one in five the reason older Americans—and plaint of

g Jeffrey Koberstein and his team are figuring out how to deliver pain relief drugsrelief to pain to deliver figuring out how his team are and Koberstein Jeffrey to toolbox” and his team plan to use their “molecular Koberstein future, the In on Turro and Nicholas Ju with colleagues Jingyue has also collaborated Koberstein “Thisby synthesis the field of DNA sequencing is a key step to advancing fundamental relationships lie in developing interests other research Koberstein’s - of a Na co-director is a former department chair and is currently Koberstein the right place. With Richard Ambron from the Columbia University Medical Center, Center, Medical University the Columbia from Ambron Richard With the right place. as drug-delivery particles—known easy-to-swallow vehicles—that tiny, creating they are a mass of nerve called ganglia, cells, would carry its target. Ordinarily, medication to this pain signal, them to send to the central nervousshuttles a pain signal For system. protein, of this production scientists can stop a certain If protein. they need to create through of this protein They stop production the transmission of pain. they can prevent and how active which genes are which helps control called RNA interference, a process they are. active efficiently and cost ef- they should be able to more other drugs.help deliver As a result, patients with many conditions and diseases. treat fectively nucleotides, fluorescent novel that has firmly established the feasibility of using a project and molecular engineering for DNA sequencing on a chip. surface chemistry, Ju. by single molecule detection,” said imaging or fluorescence through and par- and properties other soft matter, molecular structure of polymers and between polymer surfaces and interfaces a molecular perspec- ticularly how can be designed from design as gaining a molecular can be generally considered The goal of this work tive. of a polymer surfacecapability to change the chemical composition external through controls. the 2006, he was awarded In Materials. grant on Soft IGERT tional Science Foundation of Division Engineers, of Chemical of the American Institute Award Charles M.A. Stine University taught at Princeton He its highest award. Science and Engineering, Materials in 2000. coming to Columbia Engineering of Connecticut before and the University 1979 of Massachusetts, University 1974; Ph.D., Wisconsin, of B.S., University killers. (Back pain leads the list, followed by headaches.) Unfortunately, in 70 percent of 70 percent in Unfortunately, headaches.) by leads the list, followed pain killers. (Back health care and increase work patients miss As a result, work. does not cases, medication doctors. visiting frequently costs by M gineerin

ia En umb l Co the Right Place the Right y T. ey T. Jeffr Delivering Drugs to Delivering Percy K. and Vida L.W. Hudson Hudson L.W. Vida K. and Percy tein Kobers Professor of Chemical Engineering Professor

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g

gineerin agou ia En umb l Co Without Radiation Without Treating Tumors Tumors Treating a E. Elis Konof of Associate Professor of and Engineering Biomedical Radiology EXCELLENTIA

and, in some cases, a higher risk of cancer. Elisa Konofagou is pioneering new Konofagou Elisa risk of cancer. cases, a higher and, in some showed that two-thirds of adults that two-thirds showed of Medicine Journal England in the New study underwent to radiation them that exposed fewin the last tests medical years

In the area of oncology, Konofagou is developing a tool that could identify and a tool that could identify is developing Konofagou of oncology, the area In parts detect a differ- of the organ until you basically knocking on different “You’re tumors and cancerous can distinguish benign from has found that ultrasound She ultrasound to temporarily open is deploying Konofagou of neurology, area the In a through sends ultrasound waves pioneered has The technique Konofagou Konofagou’s ultrasound in the field of cardiology. has also deployed Konofagou - is bring her research can do anything,” she said. Each day, ultrasound “I believe A B.S., Université de Paris VI (France), 1992; M.S., University of London, 1993; Ph.D., of London, 1993; Ph.D., 1992; M.S., University VI (France), de Paris B.S., Université 1999 of Houston, University destroy tumors without the need for surgery. Her technology, called harmonic motion technology, Her without the need for surgery. tumors destroy growths. of abnormal tissue in search soft to probe imaging, uses ultrasound particularent amplitude in one she said. location,” the and ablate, or destroy, to detect precision that its beam can be aimed with extreme technique could be used in inoperable cancers of the the effective, proven If abnormality. and kidneys. pancreas, brain, prostate, Parkinson’s, diseases like Alzheimer’s, patients with the blood-brain barrier to help treat these few to treating physicians have good options when it comes and ALS. Currently, injection deep into the brain or IV drugs, which include direct Their choices patients. in some side effects causing severe diseased areas, brain, not just the the entire across flow cases. skull, causing that partregion and the intact of the blood-brainmillimeter-specific brain only its intended IV and would reach would be injected by barrier to open. Medicine target. the portions elastography can identify and localize of the heart that trigger myocardial - treat be used to evaluate diagnosis, the same technique can Following atrial fibrillation. natural rhythm. In the heart’s ablation to restore ment, such as after using radiation-free - screen noninvasive for an inexpensive, may allow she hopes her innovations the future, ing test for heart disease. ing that statement closer and closer to reality. uses for an imaging technology that is radiation free, less expensive than CT scans and than CT expensive less free, that is radiation imaging technology uses for an tradi- ultrasound’s she is going beyond ultrasound. Moreover, just as effective: yet MRIs, Alzheimer’s, like cancer, diseases it to treat tool, using as a diagnostic tional application and Parkinson’s. eart disease is the nation’s leading cause of death. About 80 million Americans million 80 death. About of leading cause eart nation’s is the disease about year and each disease, of cardiovascular one form at least from suffer disease, Andrew stages of this understand To it. people die from 900,000

g “Recent advances in real-time 3-D ultrasound (RT3-D or 4-D) imaging give give or 4-D) imaging 3-D ultrasound (RT3-D in real-time advances “Recent isit since advantages many has imaging ultrasound 3-D real-time of modality The that will be able to software Laine and his colleagues will develop Ultimately, heart functioning by muscle com- strain exerted visualizing and evaluating “By in computer University Washington from his D.Sc. degree Laine, who received of ultrasound, has authored to 3-D processing Laine holds two patents related us a wealth of dynamic information captured in seconds over the entire cardiac cycle,” cycle,” cardiac the entire over in seconds of dynamic information captured us a wealth and clinically effective a novel said Laine. “With analytic tools it can provide the proper measure to routinely cardiologists measuring tool that will allow 3-D strain-and-torsion accuracy.” and strain with reliable wall motion cardiac imaging systems. to X-rays as in CT exposure require and doesn’t portable, non-invasive, using By processing. and lack real-time expensive far more contrast are by MRIs Cardiac of heart disease, treatment and 3-D ultrasound technology for both screening real-time patient outcome. the quality of costs while improving health care can reduce we infarcted 3-D and localize the strain on the muscles of the heart in real-time measure at an early intervention by and thus recognize or ischemic tissue that could be salvaged stage what tissue is damaged or at risk. hope to detect previously he said, “we wall using 4-D ultrasound,” prising the cardiac time that will allow subtle changes over as more as well myopathies, cardiac undiscovered function.” us to better quantify cardiac Wavelet Analysis to graduate students and Image science, teaches courses on Medical serves of as vice president to undergraduate students. He in Medicine Applications largest (EMBS), the Society and Biology in Medicine publications for IEEE Engineering Biomedical Technical Committee on society in the field, and is chair of the professional for IEEE EMBS. Processing and Image Imaging 20 doctoral students in the field papers, and has graduated over 300 peer-reviewed over - of the American Insti of the IEEE and fellow is a fellow of medical image analysis. He Engineering. and Biological tute of Medical University Washington of Connecticut, 1980; M.S., B.S., Cornell, 1977; M.S., University 1989 University, Washington D.Sc., Louis), 1983; (St. Laine and his team are analyzing real-time video 3-D ultrasounds of the heart. ultrasounds of video 3-D - Ultra analyzing real-time his team are Laine and can be con- off tissues and that bounce sound waves high-frequency are sound echoes verted into sonograms. H gineerin

ia En Professor of Professor umb l and of Radiology Co ine . La Biomedical Engineering Engineering Biomedical Analyzing Analyzing Video 3-D

Ultrasound of the Heart of the Heart Ultrasound

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rew F And

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g gineerin ia En umb l Co Understanding How Flies’ Flies’ How Understanding Odors Identify Brains azar el A. L Aur Engineering of Electrical Professor

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orking with fruit flies, Aurel A. Lazar and his team are trying are his team A. Lazar and - to under Aurel fruit with orking flies, The brain another. from one smell discriminate brains insects’ how stand to a that respond electrical pulses trains”—brief as “spike gets information

Lazar’s team has developed a novel in vivo experimental setup with precise and experimental setup with precise in vivo novel a team has developed Lazar’s parallel models the team is pursuing the implementation of massively addition, In - the intersection of computation as being “at interests Lazar describes his research an advanced in the Brain, Circuits Lazar teaches Computational Neuroscience:

Building on a well-developed genetic understanding of the anatomy of its olfac- anatomy of its of the genetic understanding on a well-developed Building Department of the of Group and leader of the Bionet Lazar is the founder W B.S., Bucharest Polytechnical Institute, 1971; M.S., Darmstadt Institute of Technology, Technology, of 1971; M.S., Darmstadt Institute Institute, Polytechnical B.S., Bucharest 1980 Princeton, 1976; Ph.D., reproducible delivery stimuli to fruit of airborne reproducible flies that has enabled them to map out is performed in This research of odor encoding in olfactorythe process sensory neurons. Laboratory. The Axel in Professor, University Axel, collaboration with Richard The team has demonstrated for the first time of sensory systems in vision and hearing. animation) and auditory(movies, of natural video (speech, scenes the faithful recovery This has the potential to enhance next-generation sounds) encoded with neural circuits. retinal and cochlear implants.artificial on builds work The computational/theoretical and systems neuroscience. al, theoretical, machine learning, nonlin- information theory, methods of communications/networking, The experimental and systems identification. ear dynamical systems, signal processing, and systems biology.” neurophysiology, methods of genetics, employs work graduate-level undergraduate/graduate introductory-level course, along with follow-up in 1980. joined Columbia Engineering courses. He Electrical Engineering. The group is an interdisciplinary research team bringing together is an interdisciplinary research group The Engineering. Electrical questions and engineering sciences to address the biological from faculty and students and integral is an active The group of computational neuroscience. that arise in the field part community. of the world class Columbia neuroscience tory of olfactoryencoding machines—computer models system, he uses time sensory of smell as a the sense is investigating trains.” He odors as “spike systems—to represent memory-based, system. recognition odor-object processes such smells. such processes stimulus, such as a smell. Lazar is working on how a fruit fly’s brain acquires and brain acquires a fruit fly’s on how is working such as a smell. Lazar stimulus, early 500,000 Americans depend for their lives on thrice-weekly, in-clinic on thrice-weekly, lives for their depend Americans 500,000 early or a year ($23 billion is costly treatment The alive. to remain dialysis kidney quality only a low very per person), about $46,000 and provides demanding,

g - and inves with government been working and his team have Leonard Edward a component Laboratory, Research ArtificialOrgans Columbia’s directs Leonard tor support for these patients, and also for heart to devise a water extractor patients who layer blood into a flowing smaller than a lemon, spreads The device, accumulate water. per- two thin sheets of silicon nitride passes between This layer thick. only 100 microns plasma is col- blood Cell-free nanopores. formed forated with many millions of precisely along with the and then is returned to extract water, is processed the pores, lected from filter for less than a second. quickly and contact the cells move cells to the patient. Blood and a battery two pumps, is expected to processor, The device, together with the plasma the patient to be worn by is designed It and 1 ½ inches high. be about 4 inches square blood-cleansing This novel and nearly continuously. water slowly at all times, removing within current, costs well anticoagulants and will keep treatment system will not require is underway and Testing limits for kidney patients. federally-mandated cost-containment expected in 2013. first trials on patients are with mission has grown since 1968. Its of the Department of Chemical Engineering for the available sophistication of modern biology and with the increasing the evolution to a wide range: innovations have projects current Thus, construction of medical devices. im- lung, cardiovascular liver, traditional artificial organs effecting transport (kidney, medicine, especially regenerative to artificialplants) with special emphasis on the kidney, stem cells into adult tissue. study of methods for introducing and the development and is a Engineering course cluster in Genomic the NSF-sponsored who directs Leonard, Engineering fac- is one of the first Columbia Center, member of the Columbia Genome in the dialysis field has worked He ulty members to engage in bioengineering research. principal on the Columbia faculty since 1958. His and has been than 50 years for more Cortell, of clinical medicine and chief of professor Stanley medical collaborator is Dr. Hospital. Luke’s-Roosevelt at St. nephrology 1955; of Pennsylvania, 1953; M.S., University Technology, of Institute B.S., Massachusetts 1960 of Pennsylvania, University Ph.D., of life. Some 80,000 Americans are on waiting lists for kidney transplants, with 4,000 transplants, with lists for kidney on waiting Americans are 80,000 of life. Some operating, ambulatory get one. A steadily they before year dying each - blood purifica of these of life for all quality increase and burdens patients’ would decrease tion system patients are no ambulatory present system exists. Dialysis patients. At blood processing the typical two-day interval between particularly water accumulation over affected by and uncomfortable wide, dangerous, and thus often experience swings in treatments blood pressure. N gineerin

. ia En umb l F ard Co Developing an Developing rd Leona Artificial Kidney Artificial Edw and of Biomedical Engineering Engineering and of Biomedical Professor of Chemical Engineering of Chemical Engineering Professor

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g gineerin ia En umb l Co Seeing Proteins at Work Work at Proteins Seeing ao g-Chi Li Jun of Professor Assistant Engineering Mechanical EXCELLENTIA early three million people in the United States are infected each year with year each infected are States in the United people million three early roughly Worldwide, virus, C the hepatitis cancer. of liver major cause the making progress Liao is Jung-Chi is infected. of the population percent three

Liao’s work is related to the recent discovery of a peptide that inhibits the func- a peptide that inhibits of discovery to the recent is related work Liao’s dif- and the resulting of dynamical coupling mechanisms on his discovery Based - joined Columbia Engineer Group, Liao Research Liao, who heads Columbia’s in involved in shedding light on the molecular pathways lab is interested “Our in play roles mechanical forces concentrated on how are interests research His

B.S., National Taiwan University, 1993; M.S., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1997; Technology, of Institute 1993; M.S., Massachusetts University, Taiwan B.S., National 2001 MIT, Ph.D., - new Specifi insights. C virustioning of the hepatitis NS3 helicase, providing enzyme to separate theATP energy been identified to convert have hot-spot residues several cally, helicases among different studies comparative conducting DNA. Liao is currently virus’s mechanisms. of coupling the variations to better understand better drug be able to identify companies may now conformations, pharmaceutical ferent 2007, Liaobinding sites of hepatitis C virus NS3 helicase. In ATP candidates to inhibit companies focusing on one of the major biotechnology Inc., InterMune was invited by of thisdrug for hepatitis C virus a seminar presentation development infections, to give work. at associate in the Department of Bioengineering ing in 2008 after posts as a research in molecular and cell biology at the and as a postdoctoral fellow University Stanford of theoretical says his lab integrates the knowledge He of California, Berkeley. University imaging techniques to understand and advanced modeling, molecular and cell biology, as the underlying protein in cellular functions as well molecules play roles single how optics, molecular include nanoscale areas Their research relationship. structure-function Cell Reprogramming. (iPS) Stem Pluripotent motors and Induced hope to identify important transcription “We said Liao. of reprogramming,” this process factors and signaling pathways crucial the specif- to help better understand to the process inter- an innovative it for clinical use. In and to better control ics of reprogramming using are we disciplinary biology, of combining mechanical engineering with approach tracking single molecules.” by light on this event to shed microscopy high-resolution to studymolecules and cells, using both computational and experimental methods cellular functions. “Themolecular motors and related is to integrate focus of my work to studycomputational modeling and simulation with biological imaging techniques dynamics of molecular motors,” he said. toward the effort to find an effective treatment for the virus. He has focused his research research He has focused his the virus. for the effort treatment find an effective to toward C virus. the hepatitis enzymes—of the DNA helicase—or on exploring N ore than a million people with type 1 diabetes—an autoimmune disease that is disease autoimmune 1 diabetes—an with type people a million than ore be able soon of insulin—will doses with frequent treated unless life-threatening blood. drawing of their own without the daily blood sugar levels to check their

g A team of researchers, led by Qiao Lin, has invented a microfabricated, miniature miniature a microfabricated, Qiao Lin, has invented by led researchers, A team of with of America diagnosed States 17.9 million people in the United are There under diaphragm, which vibrates sensor consists of a microscopic glucose Lin’s is a physical process “It binding of glucose to the polymer is key. The reversible an interdisciplinary team including Lin and has been carried out by The project in which conducts research Laboratory, the Columbia BioMEMS Lin also directs electrical engineering department and Lin was a postdoctoral scholar in Caltech’s sensor that can eventually be implanted in a patient’s body for long-term, continuous body for in a patient’s be implanted can eventually sensor that will be part deliver that will automatically system of a closed-loop It glucose monitoring. patients based on blood sugar levels. insulin to diabetic Association. to the American Diabetes diabetes, according polymer so- a glucose-sensitive filled with in a microchamber magnetic excitation remote membrane, it binds a semipermeable through When glucose enters the chamber lution. damp- of the solution. As the viscous changing the viscosity the polymer, with reversibly concentra- the glucose on the viscosity, depends ing on the diaphragm vibration directly on the result, Depending vibration measurements. wireless tion can be determined by a normal glucose level. insulin can be injected to maintain his device between This is a key difference said Lin. and so the glucose is not consumed,” of glu- reaction electrochemical sensors that use an irreversible less reliable, and current, cose with an enzyme. at Columbia, biopolymer chem- student Xian Huang his mechanical engineering Ph.D. and Carolina, of South at the University Li student Siqi and his Ph.D. Wang ists Qian an expert of California, Riverside, biosensors. in Schultz at University Jerome manipula- systems (MEMS) as applied to biological sensing and microelectromechanical biomolecules and cells sensing and characterizing tion, with an emphasis on controlling, goal of these systems is pri- The integrating MEMS transducers with microfluidics. by fundamental biophysical phenomena and to enablemarily to facilitate understanding of practical biomedical applications. prior to University of mechanical engineering at Carnegie Mellon an assistant professor faculty. joining the Columbia Engineering 1988; Ph.D., University, Tsinghua 1985; M.S., (Beijing), University Tsinghua B.S., 1998 Technology, of California Institute M gineerin

ia En umb l Co Associate Professor of Associate Professor o Lin Qia Mechanical Engineering Mechanical Without Pinpricks Without Monitoring Glucose Glucose Monitoring

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g gineerin ia En umb l Co Repairing Torn Ligaments Torn Repairing Lu n H. Hele of Biomedical Professor Associate and and of Dental Engineering Bioengineering Craniofacial EXCELLENTIA any sports-related injuries involve soft tissues such as ligaments, which con- which as ligaments, such soft tissues involve injuries any sports-related year, Each to bone. join muscle which tendons, bone, and bone with nect cruciate to their anterior suffer damage than 200,000 people ligamentmore One of the major hurdles preventing healing lies in integrating soft tissue graftshealing lies in integrating soft tissue preventing of the major hurdles One - continuous tissue re distinct yet interface, see three “With we the ACL-bone tissue types different these three to grow “scaffolding” a novel has developed Lu interfer on the design of an integrative - working are group and her research Lu of is extending the interface to the repair group tissue engineering approach Lu’s B.S., University of Pennsylvania, 1992; M.S., University of Pennsylvania, 1997; Ph.D., 1997; Ph.D., of Pennsylvania, 1992; M.S., University of Pennsylvania, B.S., University 1998 of Pennsylvania, University with the body, and Lu’s group has focused on engineering the interface has focused on engineering group connects that and Lu’s with the body, a single-tissue has traditionally involved While tissue engineering soft tissue to bone. organ systems that will multiple tissues to build functional is growing Lu approach, body. integrate with the the biologi- we understand how “As Lu. gions—ligament, fibrocartilage, and bone,” said to reestablish formed and how types of tissues are cal interfaces these different between soft the native can regenerate we post-injury, these distinct tissue-to-tissue boundaries tissue-to-bone interface integration.” and promote This interface differ- scaffold is stratified, with each layer within one functional system. each particular to best nurture and composition cell type, porosity, ing in architecture, adjacent tissue. Each portionwhile integrating seamlessly with the of the scaffold is living tissue, thus by will ultimately be replaced biocompatible and biodegradable, and becoming part of the body. ACL graft in place, is usually made of used to fix an screw, The interference ence screw. has none of the drawbacks of a permanent screw but a tissue-engineered titanium alloys, - re ACL This new method will move repair. integrative metallic implant and promotes in longer-lasting resulting traditional mechanical fixation to biological fixation, pair from repair. and stronger in the rotator Tears cuff. the rotator another critical soft tissue-to-bone transition area, collabora- In one of the most debilitating and common injuries of the shoulder. cuff are special is developing Levine, a shoulder surgeon at Columbia, Lu William tion with Dr. well as function- tissue in organization as nanofiber-based scaffolds that mimic the native cuff repair. rotator ality for integrative

(ACL), the primary ligament that stabilizes the knee joint. With the rate of ACL tears of ACL the rate With the primary knee joint. the (ACL), that stabilizes ligament it is a hopeful the population, in all segments of increasing soft tissue injuries and other these the body heal after to help a new approach has developed Lu H. Helen sign that injuries. debilitating soft tissue M - trau 1.5 million of the than half for more account accidents vehicle otor to prevent, ways Finding year. each that occur (TBIs) brain injuries matic and Morrison of Barclay research is the basis for the TBIs and repair treat,

g At the moment of injury, some brain tissue is instantaneously destroyed and can and instantaneously destroyed brain tissue is some of injury, the moment At underlying of brain deformation, which is the determining the safe limits “We’re approach One TBIs. with the aftermath of is also working group Morrison’s - Wom or “The Bionic Man” Dollar “The from Million directly a scenario Six In have in the spring of 2010: “Engineers this research WIRED magazine explored array to by conforming the electrode recording “This will significantly improve researcher was a postdoctoral Morrison coming to Columbia Engineering, Before never be saved by post-injury treatment, so prevention becomes all the more important. more becomes all the post-injury by so prevention be saved treatment, never is measuring material properties of anatom- Morrison microscope, force an atomic Using Safety Traffic Highway the National within the brain that can be used by ical structures manufacturers. for automotive to set standards Administration can be designed to can withstand, so safety systems TBI, to learn what the brain cause of the trauma,” said Morrison. minimize the damagedrepair which is an attempt to initial response, own the brain’s investigates process this repair unknown, yet reasons lost tissue. For neural connections and replace may be possible toresponse, it can find a way to short-circuit this is aborted. Morrison If be possible to grow may even It innate potential for repair. the brain’s harness and control cells via neural tissue engineering. stem own a patient’s neural tissue from replacement onto silicone circuitry sees the possibility of interfacing directly neurons an,” Morrison he continues to only imagined, this technology is now While a prosthesis. to control with to form connections the factors that influence the ability of neurons investigate of immediately impact the lives that can for a breakthrough hoping silicone circuitry, thousands. that stick to the surface silk-based electronics designed of the brain, similar to the now ultrathin design would make for bet- The stretchable, clings to the hips. way a silk dress patients in paralyzed brain activity which record ter brain-computer interfaces (BCIs), arms.” of computer cursors or robotic and translate thoughts into movements forward the field of will move said in the article. “It the surface of the brain,” Morrison flexible electronics.” of Southampton, and later at the University of Pennsylvania TBI at the University in U.K. 1994; Ph.D., of Pennsylvania, 1992; M.S.E., University University, Hopkins B.S.E., Johns 1999 of Pennsylvania, University his Neurotrauma and Repair Laboratory and Repair team. his Neurotrauma M gineerin

y ia En umb l Co Brain Injury Brain Associate Professor of Associate Professor la Barc Biomedical Engineering Biomedical Preventing Traumatic Traumatic Preventing orrison III Morrison

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g gineerin ia En umb l Co C. Mow an Reconstructing Cartilage Reconstructing V of Professor Dicker Stanley of and Engineering Biomedical Orthopedic Engineering EXCELLENTIA

The detailed understandings of this group of diseases have been, and are being are been, and have of diseases of this group understandings The detailed have now concentrated efforts of bioengineers, we than 35 years by more “After engineers are knowledge, gained engineering recently on this relatively Based cartilage new cells how lab is developing models to understand Mow’s Currently - of Medi the Institute of Engineering, Academy a member of the National Mow, n recent times, degenerative joint diseases, low back pain, cardiovascular diseases, cardiovascular back pain, low joint diseases, times, degenerative n recent sports and engineering. biomedical focus of the become osteoporosis, have injuries of these clinical or more one today suffers from number of people An overwhelming B.A.E., Rennselaer Polytechnic Institute, 1962; Ph.D., Rennselaer Polytechnic Institute, 1966 Institute, Polytechnic Rennselaer 1962; Ph.D., Institute, Polytechnic B.A.E., Rennselaer problems. As the average age of our population increases, this group of clinical diseases this group population increases, age of our the average As problems. population, worldwide. of the percentage an ever-increasing will affect and engineering methodologies bioengineers using advanced by successfully addressed as arthritis isknown of the family of diseases far the largest subgroup mathematics. By joint disease (osteoarthritis),degenerative engineers to study this and it has attracted laws that govern been successful in developing engineers have Indeed, medical problem. the behaviors of articular cartilagethe fundamental stress-strain lining covering (the soft knee, shoulder, is the major constituent of joints (hip, This tissue bony ends in a joint). intervertebral disc, meniscus, etc). tissues such as articular formed biologically by cartilage on how are detailed knowledge (cartilagechondrocytes fail,” said cells), deform under heavy and rapid joint loading, and of articular cartilage as a bearing material of our joints always leads “Failure C. Mow. Van to osteoarthritis.” to influence the cartilage cells to form and shape cartilagelearning how within joints, the damaged cartilage, and, in general, make the cartilage against therepair stronger the activities of daily living, or from that often result and tear processes natural wear loads, such as performing sports. competitive extreme from health and to signals (mechanical, electrical, and chemical) to maintain tissue receive on and in the cartilage to mend the micro-damages processes stimulate the cellular repair loading. and repetitive excessive from that result and the Academy Taiwan, of Sinica Academia of Sciences, Academy cine of the National chair of Columbia Engineering’s is the founding World, of Sciences for the Developing has served engi- of mechanical as professor He Engineering. Department of Biomedical Orthopedic Hospital York of the New neering and orthopedic bioengineering, director of director and is currently Center, Medical laboratoryResearch at Columbia University Engineering. Tissue Laboratorythe Liu Ping for Functional I echanical engineers think about the design, construction, the design, about think engineers echanical - proper material They functionality. that allow devices mechanical of and operation ties, buildings can how work, engines how for understanding responsibility have

g Consider the structure all humans have their first experience with: the womb. with: the womb. first experience their all humans have the structure Consider to behavior of soft tissues in order the mechanical investigates Kristin Myers at Massachusetts after completing her doctoral work joined Columbia Myers Much more than a structure that protects a growing fetus, the womb is made up of fetus, a growing that protects a structure than more Much those parts of One is many parts to incubate and then birth together that work the baby. inside the mother holds a baby end of the uterus—andthe cervix—the its strength lower birth, for the cervixWhen prepare soften. must dramatically To while it is developing. birth can miscarriage or premature the cervix and dilates prematurely, fails as a structure understanding the mechanical properties better of the cervix,- By better pre be the result. births, premature to reduce techniques can be developed screening natal diagnostic and which is the leading cause of fetal deaths. behavior and disease influences constitutive their tissue architecture understand how of her main focuses is the One and to aid in early diagnosis and treatment. development labor condi- characterization of the cervix and the pre-term pregnancy during normal woman with cervical A insufficiency has a softer, as cervicaltion known insufficiency. or abnormally short cervix, which may efface and dilate without contractions weaker, on pressure puts increasing of a baby as the weight trimester in the second or early third cellular matrix components that lead to the to identify abnormal extra works it. Myers new developing instruments mechanical function of the tissue and is that can testaltered of the cervix.the strength addi- In University. Hopkins at Johns and post-doctoral work Technology of Institute of the tion to her cervical she also studies glaucoma and examines the strength research, she area research In this partcollagen fibers that make up the white or sclera. of the eye, glau- can correct of the eye to the mechanical structure to determine if corrections works a weaker diagnosed with glaucoma have is exploring whether people who are coma. She mechanically. the structure be a way to correct and if so, could there structure, eye 2005; Technology, of Institute 2002; M.S., Massachusetts of Michigan, B.S., University 2008 MIT, Ph.D., be more efficiently built, and how the environment affects bridge architecture. They architecture. affects bridge the environment built, and how efficiently be more body. of the human workings to the their knowledge also apply M gineerin

ia En umb l Co Myers Kristin Assistant Professor of Assistant Professor of Soft Tissues Mechanical Engineering Mechanical Investigating the the Investigating Mechanical Behavior Behavior Mechanical

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g gineerin ia En umb l Co a aness Ortiz Using Physics and and Physics Using to Understand Engineering Phenomena Biological V of Assistant Professor Chemical Engineering

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When experimental attempts fail to capture the details of super-microscopic me- super-microscopic the details of fail to capture attempts When experimental Ortiz applies the fundamentals of physics and engineering to understand Vanessa and application of advanced in the development are primary interests Her research of cytoskeletal has been instrumental the stability under stress in investigating She - The double-heli askew. knocked life—DNA—get blocks of building the ometimes it does,when and, change can for known customarily are nucleic acids that cal form it can be almost Unfortunately information is affected. of genetic the transmission

chanics like that of DNA, computer simulations on the macromolecular level can deliver can deliver level on the macromolecular simulations that of DNA, computer chanics like in spectrin example, mutations For assembly in biology. insight into what drives valuable These mutations and other genetic diseases. to muscular dystrophy linked are proteins - too small for experi on length-scales that are unfolds which the protein change the way in detail about atom-by-atom provides simulation of the process mentalists to see. Computer guidance for in providing holds promise type of research This occur. the interactions that well as for in- technologies, as efficient biomedical of better and more the development disease treatments. novative to describe these phenomena with a multi-scale works biological phenomena. She - techniques for the study of biological macromol multi-scale computational modeling assembly that drive insight into the molecular mechanisms is to provide The goal ecules. efficient of better and more guidance for development providing thereby in biology, Ortiz on concentrates particular, sensing technologies. In biomedical and environmental of nanomaterials, organization the use of nucleic acids for templating directed developing combining preformed of inorganics, and approaches including biomolecules, templating and materials. of nanotechnology areas and template materials for use in the and worm-like the stability of diblock copolymer vesicles and in understanding proteins 2007 of Pennsylvania, University 2002; Ph.D., Rico, of Puerto B.S.E., University impossible to observe, in a laboratory setting, how these different conformations occur. to observe,impossible occur. conformations in a laboratory different these how setting, state-of-the-art in the use of advanced, sampling rooted modeling approach, hierarchical and when in contact with the behavior of nucleic acids in solution methods, to investigate nanotubes), surfaces, (proteins, or assemblies (membranes). Using other macromolecules con- under different a physical system will behave how these models, she is able to predict prevent or even to devising therapies that can treat ditions, helping scientists draw closer disease. of efficient drug design parameters for the development micelles as a function of different carriers. S

ach year as many as one in five Americans get the flu. More than 200,000 endthan 200,000 More the flu. get Americans five as one in as many ach year And causes. flu-related die from 36,000 and for complications, the hospital up in of viruses. only one family for are those statistics g The long-term goal of this research is to keep the virus from invading (most likely (most is to keep the virus invading from of this research The long-term goal viral anti-viral drugs for effective to treat may also help the search The research a $1.5 million grant O’Shaughnessy awarded of Health Institutes The National un- to establish a quantitative mathematically modeling this machine are “We in ring constriction can result cytokinesis due to improper or improper “Failed to un- in Chemical Engineering Phenomena teaches Molecular O’Shaughnessy Ben O’Shaughnessy and his team are figuring out how viruses they cells so invade out how figuring and his team are O’Shaughnessy Ben through preventing the fusion of the virus the fusion of the cell walls), and then to come up and healthy preventing through especially important These drugs for infections such are with virus-fighting medications. no vaccine. have which fever, and dengue fever, hemorrhagic as AIDS, Ebola are imperfect as flu vaccines exist, they viruses mutate While flu diseases such as flu. - best cocktail to pro which makes it difficult for scientists to decide on the rapidly, is particular urgency toThere each November. tect against the strains that will appear H1N1 or and from flu both “regular” anti-viral drugs people from develop to protect flu. “swine” division. essential to all life: cell that takes a closer look at a process in 2010 for a project it a muscle-like ring inside the cell is assembled and how how team is investigating His as the cell physically splits, a process to complete the closure on a molecular level works called cytokinesis. implica- has potentially far-reaching The research he said. it works,” derstanding of how tions. added. “Understanding or many copies of the genome,” O’Shaughnessy cells with zero disease, neurological the mechanism of cytokinesis is essential to help combat cancer, and birth defects associated with such failed cytokinesis.” Scientists and for Physical in Biology Topics and Mechanics dergraduates and Statistical students. to graduate Engineers (England), of Cambridge University 1977; Ph.D., (England), of Bristol B.Sc., University 1984 can help develop anti-viral drugs to prevent diseases like the flu and AIDS. Like detec- and AIDS. Like like the flu diseases anti-viral drugsdevelop can help to prevent wall-like membranes own their through viruses break how tracking down they’re tives, of the barrier and that they open up their own do how That is, cells. and those of healthy trying to attack? A virus uses a finger-like protrusionpoke a hole in the cell to cell they’re it is attacking. E gineerin

ia En Ben umb l Co

How Out Figuring

Viruses Invade Cells Invade Viruses Professor of Chemical Engineering Professor

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g gineerin ia En umb l Co Discovering Origins Origins Discovering of Diabetes r k Pe’e Itsi Associate Professor of Computer Science EXCELLENTIA early 50 million people nationwide struggle nationwide people 50 million early or high 2 diabetes with type some people to why The clues annually. increasing are and rates cholesterol, Island, a small Pacific on being discovered are than others susceptible more are

Itsik Pe’er, who leads the Itsik Pe’er Lab of Computational Genetics, is developing Genetics, Lab of Computational Pe’er leads the Itsik who Pe’er, Itsik of for 40 to 90 percent thought to be responsible heritable changes are Such isolated for thousands been who have The unique genetic makeup of the islanders, family ties computational tools to decipher remote has developed group The Pe’er multiple new traits. disease genes for health The lab was thus able to discover dataset expose completed recently scope and uniqueness of this The unprecedented institutions, at several researcher was a postdoctoral joining Columbia, Pe’er Before

B.S., Tel Aviv University (Israel), 1990; M.S., Tel Aviv University, 1995; Ph.D., Tel Aviv Aviv Tel 1995; Ph.D., University, Aviv Tel 1990; M.S., (Israel), University Aviv Tel B.S., 2002 University, - technological break Recent for analysis of DNA sequence variants. analytical methods observation high-throughput alterations along the of these genetic allow now throughs material). collection of genetic genome (an individual’s The to schizophrenia. diabetes conditions, from of health a wide variety population risk to Federated Kosrae, in the Island of the Pacific studying a population from is group Pe’er such as of metabolic disorders, rates increased suffers from which of Micronesia, States type 2 diabetes, and high cholesterol. obesity, makes analysis of makes them ideal for genetic studies, but their interrelatedness of years, complex.their DNA extremely from descent inherited by individuals based on identity of genomic segments between of 500,000These analytical methods enabled examination ancestor. unknown a recent most of the adult representing of 3,000 Kosraeans, polymorphic sites along the genomes population. the entire able to sequence were these disease associations, the researchers on Based that have in discoveries population, resulting of the Kosraean genome of representatives with these metabolic diseases. implications for anyone broad genomes mutations in individual pinpoint severe the effects of population isolation, and The combination of these genome sequences with likely associated with disease. that are of descent delineates large groups identical by map of segments that are the precompiled mutation carriers to confirm such associations. His Hospital. General Massachusetts of Science and Institute Weizmann including the academic back- is a home to an interdisciplinary diverse team attracting group research under- computational promote and skill sets to effectively analytical talents, grounds, standing of human genetics. - and associ new variation genetic discovering are researchers Columbia Engineering where metabolic disease. ating it with N

ountless times a day—often without realizing it—humans make split-second make it—humans realizing without a day—often times ountless be as might It knowledge. subjective on our see and we on what based decisions a friend or recognizing online, catches our interest clicking a link that simple as

g “We can build a computer that’s good at very decision making, but constrained a computer that’s can build “We interests—are, subjective decision making and identifying Those two tasks—rapid Projects Research Advanced has drawn the attention of the Defense work His “It information,” said Sajda. still unclear at what scale the brain processes “It’s but was knew he wanted to be an engineer, Sajda up on Long Island, Growing general purpose, rapid decision making is difficult,” said Paul Sajda. “It might be able to might “It Sajda. Paul said decision making is difficult,” general purpose, rapid or novel interesting what’s always know but it doesn’t or novel, detect what is interesting to you.” the same time, succeeding in building. At team are and his exactly what Sajda however, in the brain that process the most basic neural structures is attempting to reveal Sajda Computing, and Neural his Laboratory Imaging visual information. In for Intelligent to screen subjects to an EEG and flashes a series of images on a computer connects Sajda - or recogni signaling interest moment of the “Aha!” equivalent the neurological record the to recognize is calibrated coupled computer vision system” the “cortically tion. Once that likely to pique images that are more an individual, it can present things that interest interest. person’s a sortAgency for its potential to help conduct through sifting quickly triage by of visual of satellite imagery a million gigabytes) or hours of surveillance tapes. (that’s petabytes Center on techniques Medical at Columbia University with researchers also works He fasci- most that question the But decisions. quick make to ability brain’s the enhance that can do to reveal networks visual recognition is what his studies of the brain’s nates Sajda amounts of information. massive fundamental ability to process the organ’s he and his But know.” don’t We it could be the whole brain. of neurons, could be groups a good chance of finding out. stand group research That fascination with living systems con- and physiology. anatomy also fascinated by is helping at the same time that his engineering perspective tinues to infuse his work, about the human brain. we know what redefine of 1989; M.S., University Technology, of Institute B.S., Massachusetts 1994 of Pennsylvania, University 1992; Ph.D., Pennsylvania, from a 50-millisecond glimpse of his or her face across a crowded room. But no matter But room. a crowded across of his or her face glimpse a 50-millisecond from effortless effort may seem, the process decision-making the that into an to translate how daunting. system has proved automated C gineerin

ia En umb l Co Associate Professor of Associate Professor Capturing the the Capturing “Aha!” Moment “Aha!” l Sajda Pau

Biomedical Engineering and of Radiology and Engineering Biomedical

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g gineerin ia En umb l Co Integrating Biology Integrating in a Chip eth L. Kenn rd Shepa and Engineering of Electrical Professor Engineering of Biomedical EXCELLENTIA

elcome to the post-modern biology lab. It’s made of silicon, measures 5mm silicon, measures made of It’s lab. biology post-modern to the elcome lo- distant harsh or to also be deployed can $20. It costs just side and on a Welcome it can be discarded. is complete, when an experiment cations and

Very often, in order to detect a particular to first be labeled— molecule, they have often, in order Very molecules bond to the surfaceWhen target protein of one of their chips, it causes using a sensor Johnston are and Shepard first test of the lab-on-a-chip, their In corporate sources been funded by activities have than Moore” “more Shepard’s State York the New in 2006 by Award Development a Faculty was given Shepard Shepard and his team at the Bioelectronics Systems Lab employ the integrated the Lab employ Systems Bioelectronics and his team at the Shepard W B.S.E., Princeton, 1987; M.S.E.E., Stanford, 1988; Ph.D., Stanford, 1992 Stanford, 1988; Ph.D., 1987; M.S.E.E., Stanford, B.S.E., Princeton, physically attached to something such as a fluorescent dye that permits detection. Shep- detection. that permits dye as a fluorescent physically attached to something such by this laborious process aim to circumvent Johnston and graduate student Matthew ard of individual molecules. detecting the weight directly of the changeThe magnitude crystal of a vibrating piezoelectric the frequency to change. of their target. quickly confirms the presence linked to been that have dust samples for common airborne allergens designed to search also envisions a day when his chip- Shepard areas. high childhood asthma rates in urban and easily detect blood-borne cancer proteins. based labs could be used to quickly State York Corporation) and state and federal grants (New Research (Semiconductor Science Foundation; National and Innovation; Technology, for Science, Foundation is also He Agency). Research Advanced and the Defense of Health; Institutes National of bioimaging training grant in the area on a large NSF Ph.D. a principal investigator technologies. In 2008, he was named a finalist Research. Academic Technology and of Science Office is a of Sciences. He Academy York the New faculty by for young Award for the Blavatnik Engineers. and Electronics of Eletrical of the Institute fellow circuits technology to build their own micrometer-scale arrays of sensors that can detect arrays of sensors micrometer-scale technology to build their own circuits for definitely other techniques or select strands of DNA. “Therebiological molecules are Shepard. said time-consuming, and expensive,” difficult, but they’re doing these things, as the most sensitive as sensitive “The is to come up with something that’s goal here everything and reduce else about it.”instruments, if not more, to Ken Shepard’s lab—or at least one of the many he is designing. This new research This new research he is designing. least one of the many lab—or at Shepard’s to Ken a manner that design in circuit and integrated biology, expertisecombines in chemistry, in- the semiconductor While most of capabilities. unique, high-impact Columbia gives dustry to to try is focused on continuing technology according to scale integrated circuit of IC technol- applications than Moore” on “more lab is focused Shepard’s Law, Moore’s ogy. octors in developing countries will soon be able to use handheld devices to devices handheld able to use soon be will countries in developing octors and infectious to diagnose bedside patient’s tests at a blood and analyze collect K. Sia. Samuel by thanks to research other diseases,

g “Nowhere is the need for new diagnostic technologies greater than in developing than in developing is the need for new greater diagnostic technologies “Nowhere of small manipulation technology uses microfluidics—the The “lab-on-a-chip” reduces the chip), significantly as mChip (mobile microfluidic device, known His - to its presti magazine named Sia Review Technology of 2010, MIT’s August In that sup- Science Foundation the National from a CAREER Award received Sia The devices, now undergoing field tests in Rwanda, require only a finger prick only a finger require tests in Rwanda, undergoing field now The devices, countries, where people suffer disproportionately from infectious disease compared to infectious disease compared disproportionately people suffer from countries, where said Sia. the U.S. and Europe,” routine laboratory automate and miniaturize amounts of fluids—to tests onto a hand- lab and Sia’s in a collaboration between being developed The devices are held microchip. co-founded capital-backed startup company that Sia venture Inc.—a Diagnostics Claros at Columbia University. Health School of Public as with the Mailman in 2004—as well the extracel- tools to control new also focuses on developing high-resolution work Sia’s they interact to form human to study how cells, in order around lular environments fields, including a number of different techniques from lab uses tissues and organs. His materials chemistry, microfluidics, microfabrication, molecular biology, biochemistry, and cell and tissue biology. in the medical workers them and provides testing patients and treating time between inside the The microchip cost. read at a much lower much easier to results that are field of test tubes and forms injection molding and holds miniature device is formed through instrument about $100. Sia’s $1 and the entire chemicals; the cost of the chip is about . Medicine Science and Nature in Popular been featured has recently research work for 2010 for his groundbreaking Innovators Young Top World’s gious listing of the in biotechnology and medicine. systems and implant- biocompatible microelectromechanical ports in developing his work H. Coulter Early Walter of the able medical devices, such as glucose sensors. A recipient U.S. of Engineering’s Academy participated in the National in 2008, Sia Award Career in 2007. engineers brightest young symposium for the nation’s of Engineering Frontiers 2002 Harvard, 1997; Ph.D., (Canada), of Alberta B.Sc., University of blood and provide quantitative results in less than 20 minutes. The aim of the newThe aim in less than 20 minutes. results quantitative and provide of blood them, patients and treating testing time between reduce the is to significantly technology costs or regulatory burdens. without increasing D gineerin

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Associate Professor of Professor Associate Biomedical Engineering Biomedical

Sia el K. Samu

Streamlining Testing Streamlining Blood EXCELLENTIA

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g gineerin ia En umb l Co h an-An g Truon Strategies for a Smarter a Smarter for Strategies System Care Health V of Industrial Assistant Professor Research and Operations Engineering EXCELLENTIA hildhood vaccines are one of the great success stories of medicine. With timely With of medicine. stories success the great one of are vaccines hildhood this battle Yet eradicated. nearly been have illnesses childhood many vaccination, planning. vigilance and constant epidemics requires childhood against common

Van-Anh Truong studies decision problems that arise in many health care systems health care that arise in many studies decision problems Truong Van-Anh include separation methods for stochastic dynamic interests theoretical Truong’s Such uncertainties exist in many real systems. To make a system more efficient re- efficient make a system more To systems. uncertainties exist in many real Such

B.S., University of Waterloo (Canada), 2002; Ph.D., Cornell, 2002; Ph.D., 2007 (Canada), Waterloo of B.S., University and supply chains. Her work has application in the management of pediatric vaccine management of pediatric vaccine has application in the work and supply chains. Her surgeries, and elective capacity to emergency room stockpiles, the allocation of operating services,the structuring and pricing of health care of equipment for the tactical purchase and the strategic use of inventorysemiconductor fabrication facilities, She in retailing. scientific theory develops machines, staff, to design smarter systems, and to help deploy engineering analysis andBy drawing on mathematics and efficiently. and materials more time, they interact over systems, how models of real representative design, she develops of these analysis Her in the environment. random events affected by they are and how and algorithms for finding decisions that optimize mathematical models yields insights system performance. to teach- algorithms, and learning-based optimization. Prior approximation programming, and a Suisse associate at Credit was a quantitative Truong ing at Columbia University, - Re for Operations is a member of the Institute She at Google. researcher quantitative Sciences (INFORMS). and the Management search quires an understanding of how to effectively account for uncontrollable random factors. random uncontrollable account for to effectively an understanding of how quires of these systems, the behavior mathematical models to capture engineers build Industrial system performance system behavior and optimizing with the goal of simulating under economic and technological constraints. In particular, a steady supply of vaccines needs to be made available to children. This taskThis to children. made available needs to be vaccines steady supply of a particular, In the lastJust in fragile. is inherently vaccines the supply of difficult because is especially disruptions six major protracted has experienced vaccine of its States United decade, the maintaining a na- such emergencies by plans for Control Disease The Centers for supply. to minimize in order to set stockpile levels importanttional stockpile. An is how decision a shortagecost and the risk of and uncertain in a dynamic environment. C

g disorders, including pain in the chewing pain in the including or clicking, popping jaw stiffness, muscles, disorders, pproximately 35 million men and women in the United States suffer from TMJ suffer from States United in the and women men 35 million pproximately TMJ of symptoms experience people one in four many as and as problems, Gordana Vunjak-Novakovic and her research team have been able to grow bone been able to grow team have research and her Vunjak-Novakovic Gordana and is engineering thick, vascularized, Vunjak-Novakovic area, research another In Tissue (NIH) of Health Institutes of the National Core lab hosts the Bioreactor Her - for Medi of the American Institute was elected a fellow Vunjak-Novakovic 2002, In A grafts that will match a patient’s original jaw bone for facial reconstruction surgery original jaw bone for facial reconstruction to repair a patient’s grafts that will match engineering in bone tissue This spectacular advancement birthinjuries, disease, or defects. bone as a The team used real original jaw bone. of the body’s all the advantages provides they stripped them of the knee joints of calves, Taking TMJ graft. the new scaffold to grow and carvedall their living cells parts centimeter-size them into cubic of a human jaw joint. cell types, to seed the scaf- into many stem cells, which can differentiate mesenchymal Using in a bioreactor. factors, and oxygen growth of nutrients, folding, they fed them with streams in the bone grafts to blood vessels best way to grow The next step will be to determine the continue their viability. engi- “tissue culturing stem cells, the actual tissue, by functional cardiac electromechanically containing oxygen medium perfusedneers,” on a channeled elastomer scaffold culture with over may lead to a heartresearch patch that could be laid This carriers, to mimic blood flow. a heart attack. normal function in someone who has suffered heart tissue to restore injured look forward in this field, I to unlocking the full involved a biomedical engineer actively “As longer than our disease and live can cure potential of human stem cells, so we regenerative failing organs,” she said. “This imaging instrumentation and sophisticated bioreactor Center. Resource Engineering models of of petri dishes to controllable the ‘flat biology’ from research stem cell has moved real time to observe which can be studied in the interacting factors high biological fidelity, now “We Vunjak-Novakovic. of stem cells,” said differentiation and mediating self-renewal to engineering paradigms and approaches new research entirely the capacity to develop have human tissues.” at the NIH, as the first lecture the Director’s 2007, she gave In Engineering. cal and Biological Technology in Women was inducted into the She this distinction. woman engineer to receive of Sciences in 2009, and, Academy York in 2008, elected to the New of Fame Hall International for contribution to literature. Society the Biomaterials of the Clemson Award in 2010, received of 1975; University of Belgrade, 1972; S.M., University (Serbia), of Belgrade B.S., University 1980 Ph.D., Belgrade, grating, or the pain of arthritis. The temporomandibular joint, or TMJ, is the jaw joint thatTMJ, is the jaw joint, or The temporomandibular the pain of arthritis.grating, or - the mo providing jaw) to the skull, (lower the mandible connecting each ear, of lies in front bility necessary facial expressions. and making food, speaking, biting, chewing, for swallowing gineerin

ia En umb l Co - Vunjak dana Gor of Biomedical Engineering of Biomedical ovic Novak The Mikati Foundation Professor Professor Foundation The Mikati Fixing Bones and Hearts and Bones Fixing

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g gineerin ia En umb l Co “Turning Off”“Turning Genes Cancer H. Chris Wiggins Physics of Applied Associate Professor Mathematics and Applied EXCELLENTIA

he key to unlocking complex problems like the biological cause of cancer—the cause the biological like problems complex to unlocking he key building in the fundamental be found all deaths—may cause of second-leading that activity— to predict how each other—and control genes life. How blocks of “The changed in the has completely and mathematics biology between relationship data, along with one can use these how shown have and his collaborators Wiggins and trying“The and down, is a bit like watching stocks go up to predict problem is a basic biological topic, of the underlying genetic network While the architecture in fellow postdoctoral research Science Foundation who was a National Wiggins, the brain drain technology sector, The influx of new talent would expand the city’s in 2007. Award Diversity and Armen Avanessians the Janette received Wiggins B.A., Columbia, 1993; Ph.D., Princeton, 1998 Princeton, B.A., Columbia, 1993; Ph.D., is a research focus of Chris Wiggins. He is working to develop models that predict how how that predict models to develop is working He Wiggins. focus of Chris is a research become cancerous. some cells to explain how genes behave transformed biology into a data-rich technologies have “New Wiggins. last decade,” said modeling predictive made possible data-driven in algorithms have science, and advances any biologists to made it possible for Web Wide World the the same time, At in biology. mouse.” community with the click of a mathematical their data with the entire share genes and why. which other controlling are math, to learn which genes the appropriate also constrained this case, our models are “In he said. driving each other,” which stocks are of decades of bench biologists and medical scientists.” work the hard and guided by we and biological diseases, including cancer, of numerous said, “it is at the root Wiggins of those genetic links.” more of finding on the threshold now are American in 2008. In in Scientific was profiled biomathematics at the Courant Institute, trying his work the school’s explored to lure publications have months, numerous recent banks. Street Wall top math students to tech startups instead of joining and Coast schools and companies would ebb, West of math and engineering students to people to would be enriched. “I want young environment intellectual City’s York New can do with math,” he said. things they the creative realize outstanding performancein of engineering faculty was established to recognize The award The at Columbia. in departmental, programs enhancing diversity school, and university on evaluated are Nominations of $1,000 and a plaque. a cash prize winner receives award at Columbia Engineering. diversity in advancing the basis of excellence T

g Y. Lawrence Yao, together with researchers from Columbia University Medical Medical University Columbia from together with researchers Yao, Lawrence Y. the cells divide under normal conditions, When division. cell affects Radiation and his colleagues Yao by in these technologies being pioneered The advances confident that this device can operate at and the NIH, are and his colleagues, Yao Laboratory Research (MRL), Manufacturing Columbia’s directs who also Yao, estab- Award, Diversity and Armen Avanessians the Janette he received 2009, In served the School in lecturer as a senior Yao joining Columbia in 1994, Before n the realm of national preparedness, few scenarios are as scary few are scenarios ofas the possibility preparedness, of national realm n the million a $25 is funding (NIH) of Health Institutes The National bomb.” a “dirty of radiation rapid mass-screening newgrant to find provide that will technologies exposure. exposure. departmentCenter and is part colleagues, consortium of a multi-institute that, among capable device “biodosimetry” a high-throughput with developing other tasks, is charged (radioactive that an RDD event large swath of the population in the of rapidly testing a in a major metropolitan is detonated bomb,” called a “dirty dispersal device), commonly area. effort is collaborating on an quickest tech- and This group most effective to design the robotics. imaging, lasers, and advanced nologies that involve however, exposure, cellular material. After radiation is clean, with no extraneous break and can appear along with divided cells micronuclei, pieces of damaged chromosomes, be tested for DNA breaks. With the help of a finger stick. based on blood from process will accelerate the screening portable of which isa highly automated, efficient, and eventually device—a prototype basement—doctors can quickly determine the scope of radia- whirring in Mudd’s already tens of thousands processing is needed by and whether medical treatment tion exposure instead of only a few hundred. of samples per day, needed. with the hope that it is never and full throttle, high volume engages in multidisciplinary laser that includes nontraditional manufacturing, research shaping, and surface modification, laser assisted material removal, materials processing, laser applications in industry in industry and robotics and art restoration, and health care. outstanding performance- of engineering faculty in enhancing diver lished to recognize winner The award at Columbia. sity in departmental, programs school, and university on the basis of evaluated are of $1,000 and a plaque. Nominations a cash prize receives at Columbia Engineering. diversity in advancing excellence Wales, South of New at the University Engineering and Manufacturing of Mechanical Australia. Sydney, Wisconsin-Madison, of (China), 1982; M.S., University University Tong Jiao B.E., Shanghai 1988 Wisconsin-Madison, of University 1984; Ph.D., I gineerin

o ia En Ya umb l Co ence wr Detecting “DirtyDetecting Bomb” Radiation Bomb” . La Y Professor of Mechanical Engineering of Mechanical Professor

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The Columbia School of Mines was established in 1864, at a time when we were anxious to learn ways that Earth could yield its resources for our use. Today, many of our faculty, especially those in the successor Department of Earth and Environmen- tal Engineering, are finding new ways to help our planet endure—working on issues of water, climate, and energy that have impact around the globe. SUSTAINABILITY SUSTAINABILITY

EXCELLENTIAEXCELLENTIA Co Columblumbiaia E nEnggineeineerriningg 89

g The electronics industry is now undergoing rapid change, being pushed by a industry being pushed by undergoing rapid change, The electronics is now speed, data processing by increased This science could mean a new era defined the deposition and properties studies ultrathin films. of magnetic Bailey William Council Research held a National Bailey to joining Columbia Engineering, Prior t is often said that there is nothing new under the sun. However, looking more more looking new nothing is sun. However, under the that there said t is often new in surprising knowledge. can result understood is commonly into what deeply charged particle the atom. of the negatively on the outer layer the electron, Consider The electron’s charge is responsible for electricity and makes it possible to process data. to process makes it possible for electricity and responsible charge is The electron’s The entire data. to store and makes it possible magnetism spin underlies The electron’s industry most basic particle. utility of this electronics the known has been built on increased efficient appliances that have smaller and more for desire worldwide consumer to lay working meet this demand, engineers are To and storage capability. data processing audio, and video in computer, to newthe stepping stones breakthroughs technological elec- as the charge of the using the spin as well as sensor technology by storage as well to transport spin through electrical charge and magnetic how discovering and by tron, of magnetic to the development This science is leading single atoms or nanoparticles. one upon the other and tested of magnetic film, layered thin films—single atomic layers and their agility in signal processing. electrical resistivity, to frequency, for their response an MP3 player Imagine technology. affordable consumption and more power decreased computer that could run of thousands of songs; a laptop on a hundreds that could store degrada- data from single battery and protect or a cell phone that could store for weeks; to made in understanding how are all possible, once breakthroughs tion for decades. It’s spin via electric and magnetic fields. best manipulate the electron’s materials include nanoscale magnetic films and heterostructures, interests research His transport,issues in spin polarized He and materials engineering of magnetic dynamics. - magnetic propertiesspintron for application in the emerging field of novel investigates energy reduced in designing magnetic materials with ics, and is particularly interested loss for application in computing. (NIST) Technology and of Standards Institute at the National Fellowship Postdoctoral Science Foundation the National include for his research Honors Colorado. in Boulder, awards. Investigator Young Office CAREER and Army Research 1999 Stanford, 1995; Ph.D., 1993; M.S., Stanford, Sc.B., Brown, I gineerin

ia En umb l Co Bailey Bailey of Electronics On the Science the Science On m E. m E. WilliaWillia Putting a New Spin Spin a New Putting

EXCELLENTIA Associate Professor of Materials Science and Science and of Materials Associate Professor

of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics and Applied Physics of Applied

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gineerin ia En umb l Co Assessing Damage in in Assessing Damage Infrastructure Aging do do Raimon Raimon BettiBetti and of Civil Engineering Professor Mechanics Engineering EXCELLENTIA

ssessing potential damage to aging infrastructure is an ever more critical issue critical more ever is an infrastructure to aging damage potential ssessing of the Department chair Betti, which Raimondo in the areas of One every day. detec- is damage specializes Mechanics, and Engineering of Civil Engineering

“New York City has among the oldest suspension bridges in the world,” said Betti. in the world,” said Betti. among the oldest suspension bridges City has York “New a unique experiment on theBetti has been conducting years, the past five Over the only one subjected built in the world and The cable—one of the largest ever meaningful to provide order in results analyzing the now and his team are Betti of done on monitoring the corrosion first systematic study ever This project—the A B.S., University of Rome La Sapienza (Italy), 1985; M.S., University of Southern California, 1985; M.S., University (Italy), La Sapienza of Rome B.S., University of Southern California, 1991 University 1988; Ph.D., “Many have been in service for over 100 years, in a harsh environment. They have deterio- They have environment. in a harsh 100 years, been in service have for over “Many critical structural the most cables are to, if nothing is done. Main rated and will continue bridge fails and so special a cable fails, the entire suspension bridge. If element in a cable a bridge would be prohibitively Replacing to such elements.” given attention must be of is estimated that the failure It City. York as New in a densely populated area expensive bridges could cost billions of dollars. suspension one of the city’s suspen- monitoring system to be applied in main cables of of a corrosion development inches in test such a system, a mock-up of a bridge cable, 20 feet long, 20 To sion bridges. an has been built inside bridge wires, 10,000 galvanized and made up of nearly diameter, test. corrosion cyclic chamber and subjected to a one-year environmental chamber to an environmental of 1,200 kips—has been enclosed in to a tensile axial force York’s New by as that endured such decades of wear, accelerate deterioration, simulating 76 in the cable mock-up are Buried Bridges. and Brooklyn Manhattan, Williamsburg, and acidity, humidity, rates, temperature, measuring corrosion sensors that are miniature chlorine content. he finds The answers of the cable. time, the actual conditions methods to assess, in real the world. around a longer life for suspension bridges should help insure in main cablesthe first in a series focused on damage assessment suspension cables—is also in Urban Center on Aging Infrastructure of suspension bridges and is part of a National - Mechan and Engineering the Department Civil Engineering of by created Environments ics. tion for bridges using data correlation analysis. He and his team are leading the effort leading the to and his team are analysis. He correlation using data tion for bridges a state-of-the-art cables of sus- to be used in main monitoring system develop corrosion the life of existingways to safely extend at finding is aimed research His pension bridges. City. York focusing on those in New suspension bridges, n August 14, 2003, an unusual combination of events shut down electrical shut down of events combination unusual an 14, 2003, n August was The event and Canada. States United in the people for 55 million power it. no one plans for that so rare swan, something call a black what statisticians

g Yet major blackouts also occurred—with significant consequences—in 1965 and consequences—in significant occurred—with blackouts also major Yet “If disciplines,” said Bienstock. other engineering from ideas borrowing “We’re in different that occurred a number of unusual events The 2003 crisis involved handle it,” and the grid can or two things like this can happen frequently “One and cascading events that will let utilities analyze software goal is to create His it in and stresses a mathematical model of the grid created Bienstock Instead, and look at cascading events We a chess game. also runs what-if scenarios. “It’s He had at least one hour to do our com- would have he concluded. “We “Imagine,” 1977. Daniel Bienstock believes that by studying these black swans, he can help utilities swans, he can help these black studying that by believes Bienstock 1977. Daniel next major blackout. the prevent even for and prepare it to see and vibrating strapping it to a fixture test it by you wing, design an aircraft you is to objective of the grid. Our using our model by do the same thing We what breaks. it breaks.” the grid and see where stress com- room control errors, human included These grid. States partsUnited Eastern the of major strain on several put too much events These plant shutdown. puter bugs, and a This started a process shut down. and eventually overheat lines, causing them to power the Eastern grid. much of until it knocked down that snowballed After gather- catastrophic. the particular combination proved here, “But said Bienstock. of lines to fail within 15 caused hundreds hours, the snowball ing momentum for several minutes.” he needs to anticipate what though, First, the grid comes down. to them before react could trigger a blackout. “Thecombination of events way is to enumerate traditional and determine the conse- every possible combination of individual lines coming down to do this.” not enough computers in the world quences,” he said. “There are see Then we the grid will break. us where can use the model to show ways. “We different those vulnerabilities,” he said. can do to address what we These become templates that can react. strategies to find the best way to test different said. into a major outage,” Bienstock turn these events before guide utility responses a blackout.” to prevent calculated the right moves could have We putations in 2003. 1985 Technology, of Institute Massachusetts 1982; Ph.D., Unversity, B.S., Brandeis O gineerin

ia En umb l Blackouts Co el el DaniDani Short-Circuiting Short-Circuiting ock ock BienstBienst and Operations Research and of and Research and Operations Professor of Industrial Engineering Engineering of Industrial Professor

Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics and Applied Physics Applied

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g gineerin

ia En umb l Co Characterizing Characterizing Nanoparticles Cells for Fuel Simon Simon gege BillinBillin Science of Materials Professor and Physics and of Applied Mathematics Applied EXCELLENTIA

he solid oxide fuel cell, which runs on hydrogen and oxygen to produce water as water produce to oxygen and runs cell, which fuel oxide he solid hydrogen on These for transportation. the future of technology as a promising is seen exhaust, But some city buses. to power experimental basis used on an now are fuel cells “Scientists want to exploit the nanoparticle in the device but still don’t know that know the nanoparticle want to exploit “Scientists don’t the device but still in one-millionth of a millimeter balls These catalysts, nanoparticles are of platinum, the new methods to characterize is developing a solution, Billinge help provide To beams emitting intense x-ray at high energy, circle accelerators, electrons these In The on measuring the surface also has worked catalyst. energy of the platinum He for his contribution to the Award won the J.D. Hanawalt Billinge Earlier this year, B.A., University of Oxford (England), 1986; Ph.D., University of Pennsylvania, 1992 of Pennsylvania, University 1986; Ph.D., (England), of Oxford B.A., University the fuel cells have proved unreliable because the nanoparticles because platinum that serve of unreliable as a proved have the fuel cells optimally. do not function sometimes the chemical reaction catalyst for and sometimes it it works, “Sometimes Billinge. basic properties,” said Simon particle’s doesn’t.” have so small and scientists The properties change when they are of the metal in diameter. - and proper structure determining the nanoparticle’s By them. to fully characterize yet and stiffness—sci- melting point, thermal conductivity, conductivity, ties—its electrical performance, particular based on what a fuel cell’s able to predict entists will be better nanoparticle is used as the catalyst. of nanoparticles,structure figuring out the arrangements of atoms in particles that are x-ray and neutron uses intense to a fewmade up of a few thousand atoms. He hundred carrying using particle at the Brookhaven accelerators out his research technology, source Laboratory in New the Los Alamos National Laboratory N.Y., in Long Island, National Laboratory in Illinois. and the Argonne National Mexico, to with each other x-rays interfere The scattered that impinge on the nanoparticles. by has made important breakthroughs Billinge patterns of intensity. “diffraction” produce the data. transform methods to analyze Fourier novel developing higher energy thansurface have atoms, like those on the meniscus of a water droplet, the of the nanoparticles the surface that provides area those inside of the particle. And it’s the energy that that come together to produce and oxygen for the hydrogen reactivity the vehicle. propels the award Data gives Diffraction International Center for The diffraction. field of powder Committee, Selection Award the Hanawalt chosen by are Awardees every years. three which is comprised of past recipients. T can be controlled. He was a He can be controlled. -4 agnetic fusion, a potential long-term source of electricity, occurs when occurs of electricity, source long-term a potential fusion, agnetic of at temperatures combine tritium and deuterium, of hydrogen, isotopes and the the electrons such temperatures, C. At million degrees about 200

g This shaping in effect forms a cage around the plasma making it more robustly robustly the plasma making it more forms a cage around This shaping in effect which the magnetic field the design principles by has developed Allen Boozer the detrimental in the understanding of how a critical role has played Boozer Boozer was one of two recipients who received the 2010 Hannes Alfvén Prize— the 2010 Hannes who received was one of two recipients Boozer stable as well as eliminating the difficulty of driving currents in the plasma. However, the However, in the plasma. of driving currents as eliminating the difficulty stable as well plasma confinement. the issue of obtaining adequate complicates helical shaping greatly the plasma so that power to sustain required of the power the reduction issues are Major of plasma con- and the achievement reactions, the deuterium-tritium can be supplied by plasma stability. robust such as requirements, ditions consistent with engineering in a helically shaped torusadequate particle could be made consistent with strength Experiment (HSX) at Shaped Helically tested in the been These ideas have confinement. W7-X experiment under and will be tested in the $1 billion Wisconsin of the University construction in Germany. effects on confinement of an asymmetry small as 10 as ions separate and form an electrically conducting gas called a plasma, which can be which can gas called a plasma, conducting and form an electrically ions separate In tube, called a torus. like an inner shaped a in a chamber, magnetic fields by confined magnetic field the runs both through creates that torus,symmetrical current the electric the shaping of plasma. Helical the and through the chamber, external coils surrounding in the coils. by currents produced entirely be the confining magnetic field to torus allows the best-known European award in plasma physics. Boozer and his colleague, Jürgen in plasma physics. Boozer award European the best-known Germany) (Greifswald, Physics for Plasma Institute Planck the Max from Nührenberg, - of the Euro Division Physics of the Plasma conference 2010 at the June honored were cited them for The Society in 2000. which established the award Society, pean Physical fast par- stellarators to improve in the formulation of criteria allowing work “outstanding impor- is considered result of their work The ticle and neoclassical energy confinement.” and tritium) (deuterium in which isotopes of hydrogen tant for magnetic fusion energy, energy while confined in a magnetic field at a high temperature. fuse to release Cornell, 1966; Ph.D., 1970 Virginia, of B.A., University co-inventor of a method of driving currents in plasmas, electron cyclotron current drive, drive, current cyclotron in plasmas, electron of a method of driving currents co-inventor spatial location it is needed. He the precise in to be driven the current which allows in an the current to drive required implies the power that thermodynamics also showed axisymmetric torus perfor constraints on the plasma is sufficiently large to place strong - used to enhance the perfor- techniques that are theoretical has developed mance. Boozer feedback. mance of axisymmetric plasmas through M gineerin

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Shaping Magnetic Fusion Magnetic Shaping Professor of Applied Physics and Applied and Applied Physics Applied of Professor EXCELLENTIA

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gineerin ia En umb l Co Predicting El Niño El Predicting ee k Cank Can MarMar and Physics Applied of Professor and Mathematics Applied of Earth Professor Vetlesen G. Unger and Climate Sciences EXCELLENTIA

Despite its impact, in the early 1980s there was still no accepted theory was still it its impact, in the early 1980s there Despite for how 1986. in late developing Niño a moderate El model showed The Zebiak-Cane which gave of that year, in June in Nature published their forecast Cane and Zebiak cli- to the impacts of human-induced since that time relates work of Cane’s Most not just said Cane. “We’re exercise,” than just an academic “Science should be more - and the Philip India in in deep droughts resulted for example, Niño, El The 2009 n 1985, Mark Cane and his student, Steve Zebiak, published the results of a model the results published Zebiak, Steve his student, Cane and Mark n 1985, Pacific tropical the across water of warm movement the predict to developed they or Oscillation, Southern Niño the El as phenomenon known in a cyclical Ocean

B.A., Harvard, 1965; M.A., Harvard, 1966; Ph.D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Technology, of Institute Massachusetts 1966; Ph.D., 1965; M.A., Harvard, B.A., Harvard, 1975 worked. “If you’re predicting the weather you get to verify your models every or four your three get to verify you the weather predicting you’re “If worked. right.” you’re to find out if to wait four years have you Niño, El “For days,” said Cane. effects had vivid memories of the devastating still and elsewhere Australia in Peru, People in 1982 and 1983, so many scientists opposed pub- that formed Niño El of the powerful said wrong?,’” said, ‘What if you’re understand. “People yet they didn’t lishing forecasts tell anyone?’” don’t right and we Cane. “I said, ‘What if we’re a delay in its formation early in the Despite to listen time to prepare. who cared anyone bringing its developed, Niño El the autumn of 1986, the predicted by window, forecast patterns to much of the globe. associated weather as a seminal the world, such on people around mate change and natural climate variability - has also cre He yields in Zimbabwe. on maize Niño paper studying the implications of El stu- that prepares in Climate and Society program degree ated a highly successful master’s and climate change the impacts of climate variability dents to understand and cope with on society and the environment. trying around all these consequences to predict we’re this thing in the Pacific, predicting about.” the world that people care pines and deadly rains in Uganda. Aside from the regular progression of the seasons, no of the progression the regular Aside from in Uganda. pines and deadly rains short-term as ENSO. climate as profoundly influences Earth’s other phenomenon ENSO. When it forms, El Niño’s meteorological reach spans the globe, causing a well- globe, causing a spans the reach meteorological Niño’s When it forms, El ENSO. events. weather of extreme pattern known I arco Castaldi, head of the Combustion and Catalysis Laboratory, focuses his focuses Laboratory, Catalysis and Combustion of the head Castaldi, arco occur that reactions non-catalytic and catalytic understanding on research as such processes into thermal conversion is introduced dioxide when carbon

g Humans currently produce nearly 30 billion tons of carbon dioxide each year, year, each of carbon dioxide nearly 30 billion tons produce currently Humans burning two ways: by biomass is generally done in one of energy from Producing some happen if he reused what would investigating ago, Castaldi began years Five of exist- 20 percent used to replace were Castaldi estimates that if the biomass that“This processes is what engineering does best,” said Castaldi. “Developing almost all of which ends up in the atmosphere. Most strategies to combat global warm- strategies to combat global Most ends up in the atmosphere. almost all of which being emitted or on ways to remove of carbon dioxide the amount ing focus on reducing a portion of those emissions to aim is to redirect Castaldi’s the atmosphere. the gas from a useful purpose. - and hydro extracting the carbon the heat to spin a turbine or by the material and using the two, the latter fuel. Of a hydrocarbon produce gen in plant material and using it to Synthesis gas, or syngas, is environment. efficient and much less harmful to the is more can be used as a and injecting steam. It vessel heating biomass in a reaction by produced - The re other chemicals and fuels. to synthesize as its name implies, stand-alone fuel or, behind large amounts that can also leave process action is an energy- and water-intensive lignin. of carbon in the form of unprocessed pumping it back into the by generated during syngas production of the carbon dioxide with the reacted carbon dioxide that the When he did, he discovered chamber. reaction of 30 percent replacing about He also found that in higher efficiency. biomass resulting water usage and converted all of the biomass to reduced the steam with carbon dioxide char. syngas, leaving behind only a carbonless ing demand for transportation be kept would carbon dioxide fuels, 1.4 billion tons of would fuel-making process into the dioxide carbon Incorporating the atmosphere. from 308 million vehicles than 1.8 billion tons—the same as removing this to more increase the roads. from unwanted materials—to help make the world a better place.” from can extract value 1994; Ph.D., of California-Los Angeles, 1992; M.S., University College, B.S., Manhattan UCLA, 1997 the gasification of coal. He recently developed and tested a simple method for converting tested a simple and developed recently He of coal. the gasification he did, he foundWhen to the process. added carbon dioxide fuel in which he biomass to and less waste. fuel more significantly that he produced M gineerin

ia En umb l Co rco Marco Marco Assistant Professor of Assistant Professor ii Castald Castald Recycling Carbon Carbon Recycling Dioxide for Energy Dioxide Earth and Environmental Engineering Earth and Environmental

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g gineerin ia En umb l Co Professor of Materials Science of Materials Professor and Physics and of Applied Mathematics Applied Investigating the the Investigating of Properties Magical Boundaries Grain and Interfaces nn i Chai Cha Siu-Wa Siu-Wa EXCELLENTIA

olycrystalline materials are ubiquitous in all engineering structures and devices. devices. and structures all engineering in ubiquitous olycrystalline are materials called a grain defect a planar form materials in these grains two misaligned Any in certain trap electrons Boundaries can also demon- devices and can boundary. Identifying boundary has important electrical responses similar types that have Identifying - Chan has focused on a systematic study of grain boundaries and inter Siu-Wai crystallites oxide as cata- involves with special metal additions research Current

B.S., Columbia, 1980; Sc.D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1985 Technology, of Institute B.S., Columbia, 1980; Sc.D., Massachusetts - quan superconducting temperature technology like high for next-generation relevance mineral explora- and rare devices (squids) for magnetic cardiograms tum interference certain properties bound- at chemical additions that can improve tions. Also, identifying to adding manganese to steel in order aries has important how implications; consider - special bound Already Titanic. the story changed could have abate its brittleness of the temperature positive ary as surge protectors; varistors engineering has enabled zinc oxide switches; and new thin film transistors. coefficient materials for temperature-activated and energetics with their electrical chemistry, their geometric structure, faces relating include the study of grain boundaries and interfaces activities in research properties. Her YBCO, a high-temperature particularlymetals and oxides, the fast ionic conductors and on isolating and examining particular has placed emphasis She superconductor. oxide microscopy transmission electron via high-resolution boundaries and their structures has also She (TEM) and measuring electrical properties via scanning squid microscopy. twin boundary wires methods to increase oxide developed density in superconducting capacity. super-current their pinning magnetic flux lines and increase that the boundaries and interfaces propose catalysts exist in these researchers lysts. Many early Her reactions. and promoting in stabilizing the nanostructure play special roles in nanoparticles and thus explains accelerated grain growth on grain rotations work and shape in a single size These nanocrystals prepared as catalysts. effectiveness reduced with crystallites optimization of catalytic reactions will be used to investigate of special certain investigates surfaces catalysts using scanning tunnel- as active She shape and size. TEM and is exploring new techniques such as in-situ and spectroscopy ing microscopy applied to crystallites as they occur to lend and oxidation to look at their reduction U.S. patents. has five insight into catalysis mechanism. She strate novel properties on the particular depending such as in geometric misalignment, strate novel misalign- that geometric transport. to electrical But in regard oxides superconducting making grain of the same material, any two grains, even the same between ment is not boundaries and interfaces least understood in materials science. among the P O), it is one of the strongest greenhouse gases. As nitric gases. As greenhouse strongest O), it is one of the 2 . However, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency esti- Protection the U.S. Environmental . However, 2 , nitrogen is a largely non-reactive, but crucial, part of Earth’s atmo- but crucial, part of Earth’s a largely non-reactive, is , nitrogen 2 ot everyone a new found having helped claim to can lay or to of study field them. Kartik after named but can, Chandran of measurement a unit having the that except about either, not to talk prefer fact, he’d In not to. he tends

g Chandran focuses on the influence of nitrogen on global climate and the bio- on global climate of nitrogen focuses on the influence Chandran convert ideally like to everything “But gas,” said Chandran. to di-nitrogen “We’d - to convert nitrogen-con household and industrial wastewater is treated Ideally, the In wastewater treatment. of faulty or improper is a byproduct oxide Nitric of wastewater coupled with increasing need for continued treatment The obvious pollution and nitrogen going to be dealing with wastewater treatment are “We sphere. As N sphere. impairing air quality and possibly just end up we’ll well, engineer bioreactors don’t if we microorganisms.” robust creating taining compounds to N tons of of 24,000 methods lead to the accidental release treatment mates that improper than 300 times more the gas is more Because in the U.S. alone each year. oxide nitrous to having the combined effect is equivalent at trapping heat in the atmosphere, effective than one million extra cars on the road. more smog in of ground-level a major component dioxide, it converts to nitrogen atmosphere, - to become re “learn” also has the surprising property of helping microorganisms cities. It such as tetracycline. to antibiotics and, potentially, sistant to the human immune system led to efforts Chandran andhave by treatment impacts of improper the concerns over and structure which examines the microbial others to launch the new field of azotomics, in a new has resulted work addition, Chandran’s In cycle. function of the global nitrogen to of microbes describes the propensity which the Chandran number, unit of measure, oxide. nitrous produce understanding of the molecular mecha- improving for a long time,” said Chandran. “By pathways and coupling that with new nitrogen engineering tools, nisms of the microbial thus far.” been have in a better fashion than we can tackle these issues we of Connecticut, University 1995; Ph.D., (Roorkee), Technology of Institute B.S., Indian 1999 subject is verysubject is important these days. (N oxide As nitrous sphere. and, at the molecular scale, in promoting depletion in ozone (NO), it plays a role oxide of wastewater Both can be formed in the process products. to anti-microbial resistance treatment. N gineerin

ia En umb l Co tik tik KarKar Nitrogen Cycle Nitrogen ranran ChandChand Environmental Engineering Environmental Associate Professor of Earth and Associate Professor Repairing the Microbial the Microbial Repairing

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g gineerin ia En umb l Co Harvesting EnergyHarvesting Nanomechanics Via nn Xi Che Xi Che of Associate Professor Engineering Earth and Environmental EXCELLENTIA very during is wasted of energy amount an enormous world, the around day 40 percent is about plants power fuel of fossil efficiency The generation. power and solar of the chemical with the majority percent, of solar panels 25 and that

Chen has coupled nanoporous solids and functional liquids to create a multifunc- to create solids and functional liquids Chen has coupled nanoporous harvestThe nanocomposite can simultaneously the ambient low- electricity from he said, to multifunc- so far into the future,” Chen is also looking ahead, “not One researcher who may have found a way to harvest who may have some of this lost energy researcher One

B.E., Xi’an Jiaotong University (P.R. China), 1994; M.E., Tsinghua University (P.R. China), (P.R. University Tsinghua China), 1994; M.E., (P.R. University Jiaotong B.E., Xi’an 2001 Harvard, 1998; Ph.D., 1997; S.M., Harvard, tional nanocomposite. “Depending on the combination of the solid matrix and liquid on the combination tional nanocomposite. “Depending by the large surface amplified processes electrochemical the thermomechanical and filler, thermal, and among mechanical, may enable high efficiency energy conversion area electrical energies,” he said. times higher output—many power Significant grade heat and/or mechanical motions. than other energy-harvesting been successfully demonstrated materials—has already of such a system into existing power Chen envisions that the integration his group. by no major change, and the nanocomposite simple, requiring plants would be relatively is cur- cents per watt. He as several as inexpensively power would generate “recovered” technique. companies for implementing this in talking stages with several rently impacts: almost mind-boggling broad, could have tional nanocomposite materials that soldiers but also alleviates not only protects liquid armor that things like self-powered whose shape willtheir battery or aircraft skin for vehicles needs, impact/blast-resistant sensors, among also morph to perform self- and wirelessly-powered functions, optimized national security, military, these wide potential applications in aerospace, With others. of generating building blocks of intelligent Chen is at the frontier and consumer areas, sustainable planet. materials for a smarter and more through nanomechanics is Xi Chen. He is working with nanoporous materials, including materials, with nanoporous is working nanomechanics is Xi Chen. He through and low-cost, available readily materials that are carbon, silica, and zeolite, nanoporous The ultra-large specific to convert or mechanical energy to electricity. ambient thermal - that yields unprec for energy conversion an ideal platform provides surface area pore edented performance. energies lost as low-grade heat. While scientists work on producing low-cost, efficient low-cost, on producing scientists work While heat. as low-grade energies lost on traditional carbon-based still relies States United of the 70 percent energy, “clean” these with to live will still have few the next we decades, that, over and it is clear power sources. traditional energy E

g gineerin ia En

umb l

Co

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g gineerin ia En umb l Co Spinning Spinning Theory Between and Experiment oleole rew Crew C AndAnd Physics of Applied Assistant Professor EXCELLENTIA

- thermo at controlled aimed physics of plasma in an area Cole works ndrew fusion to harness years for many worked have Scientists power. fusion nuclear a of the plasma is in plasma performance. strides Stability making great energy,

Cole is one of two theorists in the Columbia Plasma Physics Laboratory Physics theorists in the Columbia Plasma Cole is one of two and his “What is find newto spin up a plas- ways a lot of scientists want to do right now distilling intricate theory a physicalCole enjoys calculations into models that give first as a Wisconsin, of at the University joining Columbia, Cole worked Before A B.A., University of Oregon, 2000; Ph.D., University of Texas, 2006 Texas, of University Ph.D., 2000; of Oregon, B.A., University research focuses on understanding and preventing plasma instabilities through the use plasma instabilities through on understanding and preventing focuses research degrees million to several must be heated Plasma magnetic torques. of externally applied the nuclei and liberate energy from to occur for thermonuclear reactions in order Kelvin in an ordinary containment precludes a high temperature in the plasma. Such present a device that uses electromagnetic is the tokamak, problem solution to this One vessel. material sur- touching the plasma from a virtual container preventing fields to create are inevitable in any the confining fields in Imperfections faces during an experiment. plasma, degrading the fusion magnetic instabilities in the practical device and can drive plasma on of field errors focuses on understanding the effect work performance. Cole’s which is a crucialrotation, component of plasma stability. addressing way Cole has been tends to keep it stable,” says Cole. One ma, since rotation generated on the plasma models for the torque developing is by this stability problem by friction when magnetic fields. An ordinary rippled fluid is damped through moving plasma, the net effect of the ripples isIn a hot path. it encounters ripples along its flow proportional to the temperature at a value acts to keep the plasma rotating different—it This effect allows and the cooler plasma edge. the hot fusion core between difference means to generate plasma rotation. scientists an inexpensive - “Some the theory. and improve of plasma dynamics to help the experimentalists picture to experimentalists that enhance their understanding predictions theorists give times we not right come back with what’s going on, but quite often the experimentalists of what’s Cole says. “The back and forth the data and the theory—zero between - with the theory,” to sit at the interface theory between it exciting ing in on an answer—makes and experi- I can learn the most.” where ment. I think it’s in Portland, scientist. Born and raised and later an assistant research postdoctoral fellow fusion since high school, and studied phys- in nuclear Cole has been interested Oregon, first His of Oregon. ics and applied mathematics as an undergraduate at the University he worked where Laboratory, to plasma physics was at Los Alamos National exposure during his undergraduate summers and continues to collaborate. key issue for fusion power. Cole, assistant professor of applied physics and applied math- applied physics and of professor Cole, assistant for fusion power. key issue stabil- tackling plasma Engineering at Columbia partematics, is of a team of researchers to scientists. available of plasma behavior and control the measurement improving ity by

g Culligan would replace or augment these with smaller, more decentralized sys- decentralized more or augment these with smaller, replace would Culligan that many arguments in has found Culligan popularity, their growing Despite transport studying the - con and radioactive of chemical began her career Culligan routinely City are York systems in places such as New wastewater treatment Old and her colleagues have many of which Culligan roofs, green Columbia has seven about helping “It’s is about giving people a better life,” said Culligan. work “Our n 2009, the American Society of Civil Engineers gave the country’s water and sewage water the country’s gave Engineers of Civil Society the American n 2009, D, citing grade of passing and transportation a barely backbone energy, treatment, be- Culligan Patricia upgrades. lack of much-needed maintenance and long-overdue lieves she can begin to address some of these inadequacies by changing the way engineers the way changing inadequacies by some of these begin to address she can lieves - conditions for mil may help improve work same time, her the At design infrastructure. services. who lack basic urban slums rapidly growing the world living in lions around help population or fast-growing that can either meet the needs of a tems and facilities of small-scale the role way is studying One an existing, aging network. take the strain off roofs covered roofs—flat of green examining the effectiveness by projects infrastructure storm runoff or mitigate that cool buildings and reduce of vegetation—to in a thin layer facilities. water treatment overburdened buildings into from flows not proven,” simply are lot of the claims being made “A lacking. are roofs of green favor needs to be a scientific rationale behind it.” there this is going to work, she said. “If and ocean sediments, and rock, media such as soil, fractured porous taminants through contain a thin roofs green Since groundwater. later focused on mitigating contaminated the plants or being taken up by which water passes before media through of porous layer function and effect. technology’s it was a natural segue to quantifying the released, in millions of gallons of raw sewage resulting and building runoff, street by overwhelmed may help absorb some of the roofs Green being dumped in local waterways each year. runoff. But the heart of the local the system. through instrumented to study heat and fluid flows many neighborhoods, finding them- where Bronx, is the South movement roof green community-based solutions begun to look for their own politically isolated, have selves Culligan this reason, pollution. For as environmental to such socially complex problems of her ap- the core has made community partnerships and interdisciplinary research proach. society prosper.” (England), of Cambridge University 1982; M.Phil., of Leeds (England), B.Sc., University 1989 of Cambridge, University 1985; Ph.D., I gineerin

ia En umb l Co a a rici rici Pat Pat nn CulligaCulliga and Engineering Mechanics and Engineering Professor of Civil Engineering of Civil Engineering Professor Greening Infrastructure Greening

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g gineerin

ia En umb l Co Relating Forces to to Forces Relating Systems Real-World m m ta ta GauGau pta pta DasguDasgu of Civil Engineering Professor Mechanics and Engineering EXCELLENTIA

autam Dasgupta has been working on a wide range of basic engineering of basic a wide range on working has been Dasgupta autam - model and mathematical formulation analytical from that span problems on focuses classical civil engineering in work His applications. ing to practical

Dasgupta focuses on research in engineering mechanics. The major objective is The major objective mechanics. in engineering focuses on research Dasgupta mechanics also focus on material properties engineering that change with Basic on 3D analyses and computer code generation of incom- is working Dasgupta

B.Engr., University of Calcutta (India), 1967; M.Engr., University of Calcutta, 1969; of Calcutta, University 1967; M.Engr., (India), of Calcutta University B.Engr., 1974 of California-Berkeley, University Ph.D., analyses of safe but economical design-analysis, such as the dynamic response of nuclear response such as the dynamic design-analysis, safe but economical analyses of the soil generated at waves radiating outwardly with the plants in conjunction power interface vibrations the effects of acoustic and earthquake the action of under excitation, material excessive initiating or floating structures, on submerged waves ocean by created - dentists, anthro with spacecraft engineers, has also worked He degradation and damage. is to relate of his research The common thread preservationists.pologists, and historic in reflected are personal interests systems. His and deformation of real-world the force graphics. in computer music and computer-aided applications his research of world the real (effects) in and sizes (causes) and changes of shapes the forces to relate used and statistics) were Thus his stochastic (models based on probability uncertainty. NASA Lewis (then Research Ohio, Center in Cleveland, Research the NASA Glenn by engine turbine blades of the the damage in the main Center) in the 1980s to analyze been used since the finite element formulations have high-accuracy space shuttles. His shape of teeth, as clinicians the changes in facial bones, including the 1990s to analyze surgeryperform corrective on patients. The subsequent shape and size or dynamic impact. time under sustained static loading been adapted to have and plasticity, studied under viscoelasticity changes, which are for such changes that can important derived theorems computer simulations. Dasgupta of deforming bodies. In directions in different different vary and are with frequency er- low numerical models (of extremely (finite element) conjunction with his defect-free order very he proposed of crash tests for super computers. In ror), large-scale simulations computing time, a large partto minimize of the calculation is carried out algebraically. equations to derive of symbolic computer programs development This led to Dasgupta’s computing in a parallel for numerical execution and generate conceptual (elegant) codes environment. fluids and solid mechanics modeling of complex surfaces and solid objects withpressible applied in a wide class of applications ranging from to be of mechanical failure zones to the cooling mechanism of wind turbines. blood flow G o you ever wonder, as you drive across a suspension bridge, whether anyone anyone whether bridge, a suspension across drive as you wonder, ever o you a in are if you happen what might Or cables? bridge’s checks the ever really an earthquake? during it starts beneath when the ground building to tremble

g One of his current research projects deals with the monitoring and prediction of prediction deals with the monitoring and projects research of his current One the civil infrastructure. is also studying the effect of climate change on Deodatis Another important application of stochastic field theory- Deodatis is work that about Press University finalizing a book with Cambridge is currently Deodatis George Deodatis has made numerous contributions in the general field of probabilistic of probabilistic the general field contributions in has made numerous Deodatis George - and risk man risk assessment, of structures, and safety analysis the reliability mechanics: analysis. earthquake systems, of civil infrastructure agement and hazards engineering, Bridge Williamsburg City’s York suspension bridge cables, with New the safety of aging theory is using stochastic field uncer- various to deal with the He as one of his models. of the thousands of wires the strength of estimating in the problem tainties involved are results cable. His contained within a suspension of which can be broken) (several of suspension bridges reliability and future safety helping to assess the current already the world. around is example, how “This of truly is a problem major societal significance,” he said. “For affect densely built coastal rise—in combination with hurricanes—going to sea-level a wide range of which involves on this challenging problem, is working megacities?” He difficult-to-quantify uncertainties, the conse- of estimating with the ultimate objective a wide range of mitigation measures. quences of climate change and suggesting a destructiveing on has to do with soil liquefaction, during phenomenon that occurs earthquakes, causing major structural soils, an- damage, and with bearing capacity of on for the behavior of a wide range of structures other phenomenon with major impact uncertainty of the soil hoping to account for the inherent are “We soils. weaker relatively to lead eventually about these phenomena should “Learning more mass,” said Deodatis. mitigation strategies.” improved the theoretical in which he develops and Fields” Processes of Stochastic “Simulation array of sto- simulation formulas for a broad as the corresponding foundations as well various applications of these theories in numerous are There fields. and chastic processes fields of engineering and applied science, including earthquake engineering, wind engi- engineering, engineering, environmental offshore and nano-mechanics, neering, micro- finance, and many others. materials science, atmospheric science, oceanography, 1982; M.S., Columbia, 1984; (Greece), of Athens University Technical B.S., National Columbia, 1987 Ph.D., D gineerin

ia En umb l Co ge ge GeorGeor isis Deodat Deodat Professor of Civil Engineering Professor in Infrastructure Studies in Infrastructure Quantifying Uncertainty Uncertainty Quantifying

EXCELLENTIA Santiago and Robertina Calatrava Family Family Calatrava and Robertina Santiago

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g gineerin . Duby. Duby ia En umb l Co Driving Efficiency and and Efficiency Driving into Sustainability and Processing Materials Energy Paul FPaul F of Earth and Professor Engineering Environmental

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- produc times, the earliest since occurred have processing and mineral ining - devices, shel types of useful objects, of all for the manufacture ing materials a century Half infrastructure. and to mine paramount ago, it became ter,

Paul F. Duby is a prominent researcher in the areas of applying electrochemical electrochemical of applying in the areas researcher is a prominent Duby F. Paul consumption include the use of of energy contributions to the reduction His - natural pro degradation of materials properties are and the resulting Corrosion Today, the multinational extraction and processing industry processing the multinational extraction and another is making Today,

Ingénieur Commercial, Free University of Brussels, 1958; Eng.Sc.D., Columbia, 1962 of Brussels, 1958; Eng.Sc.D., University Free Commercial, Ingénieur Ingénieur Civil Mécanicien et Electricien, Free University of Brussels (Belgium), 1956; of Brussels (Belgium), University Free Mécanicien et Electricien, Civil Ingénieur principles and technologies to improve and design new mineral processing protocols. and design new protocols. mineral processing principles and technologies to improve metal on fuel-assisted electrolytic include a patent work of his and his students’ Examples to emissions; a process consumption and carbon dioxide energy extraction that lowers waste- sediments or from contaminants like arsenic from heavy metals and other remove heavy on industrial waste to recover method that uses electrolysis waters; a recycling - hydrometal chemistrymetals and solar cell material; and a modification that improves lurgical processes. and the elec- of metals in aqueous solutions efficient anodes for the production more earths. of heavy metals or rare of molten chlorides for the production of mixtures trolysis fuel cell and gas of a high-temperature The modeling of a hybrid system consisting of natural gas to electric heating value of the low turbines that converts about 75 percent plant. the efficiency of a power of energy is an example of improvement has contributed to a better understanding Duby Professor cesses that affect sustainability. used on plane engines and steels for non- typically found on super alloys of corrosion plants, and was part of the consulting faculty engineering team that traditional power designed and supervised and mainte- of a rehabilitation the testing of and development City. York in New Bridge Williamsburg for the nance program step toward sustainability by refining present technologies that often result in waste. This result in waste. technologies that often present refining by sustainability step toward into the when released hazardous costly and environmentally waste can be commercially metals can be lostsignificant amounts of minerals or and water; in addition, ground, air, and protection recycling, to devise new reprocessing, goal is now The industry’s to waste. business practice and sustainable with demands for responsible methods that comply generator. waste into a profit hazardous which could also turn and process minerals while protecting the environment and insuring the sustainability of and insuring the the environment minerals while protecting and process resources. Earth’s M

he ocean is a vast frontier that has fascinated mankind for centuries. But as But for centuries. mankind has fascinated that frontier vast is a he ocean the mysterious. Consider is more about it, much know think we we much as water—like of ocean layers When two or more of internal waves. phenomena g Studying waves on the surface of the ocean—where their formation and dissipa- on the surface waves ocean—where of the Studying of internal waves, to study the propagation mathematical models developing By - and ships can be im structures that understanding, the design of marine With models that seek to explain oceano- mathematical develops Duchêne Vincent to the related include understanding problems interests other research Duchêne’s tion can be easily observed—is one thing. Trying to understand what happens below below to understand what happens Trying observed—istion can be easily one thing. tech- depths at the interfaces because measurement is almost impossible of water layers sparse. data are limited and available niques are in relation of hidden waves compute and study the behavior scientists can numerically to By applying that knowledge parameters like depth and fluids densities. to different our understanding oceanic fluid mechanics, new models can be constructed to improve and the energy they generate. of the effects of these waves to the depths of the ocean pollutants mix and percolate of how and the results proved can be better monitored. behavior of density-stratified flows the regarding graphic challenges, especially those successful He has been in by gravity. influenced constituted of two immiscible fluids to the dead water phenomena by justifying models related and rigorously producing internal key aspects which include generation of transverse the phenomena’s reproducing and the posi- at the surface of stratified flows of a body while moving at the rear waves modelsThese is located at its stern. wave drag on a body when an internal elevation tive parameters to different in relation to study the behavior of internal waves scientists allow velocity of a ship. densities of the fluids, and like the depth of the layers, photonic crystals of light through propagation equations with and partial differential particular emphasis on hyperbolic equations. M.S.C., Université 2007; (France), de Lyon Supérieure École Normale élève, Ancien VI), 2011 (Paris Curie et Marie Pierre Université 2008; Ph.D., 1 (France), Bordeaux fresh and salt water, or warm and cold water—rest one on top of the other without the other without one on top of water—rest or warm and cold and salt water, fresh dissipates, af- energy forms and This wave two layers. the form between mixing, waves fecting everything cables, and the submarines, drilling rigs and undersea ships and from ecosystem of the ocean. T gineerin

ia En umb l Co Applied Mathematics Applied ent ent Vinc Vinc ee DuchÊnDuchÊn

Ju Tang Chu and Wu Ping Chu Ping Wu Chu and Tang Ju Foundation Assistant Professor of Assistant Professor Foundation

the Behavior of the Ocean of the the Behavior Mathematically Modeling Modeling Mathematically

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g gineerin ia En umb l Co Using Nanomaterials Nanomaterials Using Clean to Filter Water Drinking opher opher ChristChrist gg J. Durnin J. Durnin of Chemical Engineering Professor EXCELLENTIA lean drinking water is something most of us take for granted. But many people But for granted. us take most of something water is drinking lean go- is only the problem and clean water access to do not have the world around the water supply and increase as populations years, worse in coming ing to get

Durning’s research focuses on exploiting “soft” materials in a variety of new materials in a variety appli- focuses on exploiting “soft” research Durning’s new nano- to develop ways to generate working currently and his team are He very satisfying to see what starts into a as an esoteric basic finding develop “It’s A current project Durning is working on is developing better filtration mem- better filtration developing on is is working Durning project A current

B.S., Columbia, 1978; M.A., Princeton, 1979; Ph.D., Princeton, 1982 Princeton, 1979; Ph.D., B.S., Columbia, 1978; M.A., Princeton, cations through their manipulation at the nanoscale. This requires an understanding of This requires their manipulation at the nanoscale. cations through studies transport and dif- and dynamics. He their structure the key factors that control fusion, surface and interfacial processes behavior in polymeric systems, and self-assembly materials, which in nanostructured particularly is interested in soft matter systems. He as high-capacity magnetic in many applications, such he says offer unique advantages for and films graded layers devices, and electronic storage media, ultra-small photonic and notch filters, and “labs-on-a-chip.” super-mirrors arrays of nanoparticles via supra-molecu- and nanorods, such as well-ordered structures, - to exploit established self-assem also working They are lar chemistry and self-assembly. new solids, and such as nanocomposites, nanoporous materials, bly methods, to provide as such compelling technological problems, surfacestructured coatings, that help address toxin detection. water purification, and fuel cell development, natural gas refining, is especial- “It practical solution for an important said Durning. technological problem,” most one of the world’s in membrane science could help supply that our work ly exciting basic needs—clean drinking water.” branes for both the reuse of wastewater brack- the efficient desalination of sea and and reuse branes for both the of water Corporation, a leading manufacturer the Pall funded by a project In ish water. modifying the surfaces of ultra-filtration and his team are Durning purification systems, polymer/nanoparticlemembranes with ultra-thin (NF) coatings to enable nanofiltration performance. “This surfacewe use, modification method osmosis (RO) and/or reverse outstanding and provides self-assembly process, a directed deposition, is layer-by-layer - adding that the re said Durning, and chemistry,” of the surface architecture control layer of membranes membranes will expand the range and capability sulting new and RO NF and desalination. “Our of potable water via wastewater treatment useful for production crisis’.” ‘water technology for the impending aim,” he said, “is to contribute relevant becomes more scarce. Researchers, including Christopher J. Durning, are working on working are J. Durning, including Christopher Researchers, scarce. more becomes in particular ways—at lower on developing of water, the decontamination improving safely use wastewaterusing less energy—to cost and brackish desalinate sea and and to water. C

limate change has brought increased concern over the rise of extreme weather weather of extreme the rise over concern increased has brought change limate climate by impacted fundamentally are resources Water the globe. around events such as weather, extreme world affected by of the regions more change with g Such events can have far-reaching effects on human health, the environment, and the environment, on human health, effects far-reaching can have events Such atmospheric sci- and hydrology between the relationship studies Gentine Pierre simple models he has developed on the data collected during those years, Based interactions and the inherent focuses on land and atmosphere research Gentine’s totally dry,” “The ago, and is now some centuries desert was once green, Sahara experiencing in places now weather—drier extreme more scenarios predict His experiencing higher than normal rainfalls, which now just the opposite in areas It’s our society. The growing prevalence of drought conditions increases the risk of water the increases conditions drought of prevalence growing The our society. af- Heavy precipitation water- and food-borne diseases. well as as shortages and wild fires and cause the water supply, can contaminate surfacefects the quality of and groundwater, that sustains thesesubstantial disruption and the infrastructure commerce, to settlements, communities. 2002 to from began in Morocco research on climate change. His ence, and its impact in a semi- hydrology he studied There, space agency. with the French 2004 as an engineer the desert region. transition between and a vegetated arid region—a and climate water resources between and the link cycle to understand the hydrological Gentine’s analyzing huge data sets in supercomputers, While other scientists are change. terms. global climate in broad happening in the simplified, to explain what’s models are the is to improve of his work motivation overall The the two systems. feedback between manage- water resources in turn improves land, which over estimation of evaporation and climatic forecasts. ment, weather, in the same way.” to evolve expect these semi-arid regions said. “We Gentine temperatures In dryregions, increasing beset with floods. in regions and wetter drought, in less transpiration and result vegetation, which will stress drier, will make the soil even the in turn, will lead to less rainfall. “WithThat, this feedback loop, into the atmosphere. phenomena become worse,” he said. and water from humidity, will increase Warm temperatures flooding. has led to extensive the likelihood of creating water into the atmosphere, putting more the soil will evaporate, precipitation. more even 2006; Ph.D., Technology, of Institute 2002; M.S., Massachusetts (France), B.S.c., SupAéro 2009 MIT, droughts. Incidents of heavy rain leading to flooding have increased as well. as increased have to flooding of heavy rain leading Incidents droughts. C gineerin

ia En umb l and Floods Co

Environmental Engineering Environmental

Assistant Professor of Earth and Assistant Professor Predicting Droughts Droughts Predicting

EXCELLENTIA ntinentine rre Gerre Ge PiePie

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g gineerin ia En umb l Co Collecting Solar Energy Solar Collecting Nanomaterials with Heinz Heinz Tony Tony M. Rickey Professor David Communications of Optical of Physics and Professor

EXCELLENTIA he amount of energy from the sun that falls to the earth far, far exceeds our far exceeds to the earth that falls the sun energy from of he amount far, we world if in today’s use of broad be surely would Sunlight for energy. demand and eco- efficiently, and convert sufficiently, it into electricity could capture “As part of the Energy Frontier Research Center recently established at Colum- Center recently Research part Frontier Energy of the “As These devices are typically made from silicon. Silicon, the basis for electronic basis for electronic the silicon. Silicon, from typically made These devices are understanding of energy-conversion our revolutionize to is working Heinz Tony nanoscale such structures—individual making are and his collaborators Heinz “This of issue that goes to the core is a very fundamental scientific exciting B.S., Stanford, 1978; Ph.D., University of California-Berkeley, 1982 of California-Berkeley, University 1978; Ph.D., B.S., Stanford, bia University with the support of the U. S. Department of Energy, we have the good have we with the support of the U. S. Department of Energy, bia University Columbia, we fortune of being able to pursue these fascinating questions,” he said. “At us to bring This allows environment. research collaborative excellent an also benefit from expertisetogether the diverse engineering disciplines that is indispensible in science and problems.” in attacking these demanding for progress understanding how light interacts with electrons in solids,” said Heinz. “At the same “At in solids,” said Heinz. light interacts with electrons understanding how the an important with the potential to have impact on addressing time, it is a problem energy. needs for sustainable world’s

nomically. The conversion of light to electricity is carried out in photovoltaic devices or, devices or, out in photovoltaic to electricity is carried of light conversion The nomically. solar cells. commonly, more known as they are the basic properties of electrons However, material. is in many ways an excellent circuits, necessarily end up of the incident energy will two-thirds than more in silicon imply that the loss and increase this energy to avoid a way there Is as electricity. as heat rather than devices? efficiency of photovoltaic exploring a new is sunlight. He of electricity from and the practical production processes elec- or more two creates in which a single absorbed photon process, energy-conversion - in conven (MEG), is weak Generation Exciton Multiple This process, excitations. tronic with the right is convinced that it will work Heinz tional semiconducting materials, but materials. nanoscale materials—novel nanoscale materi- based on carbon nanotubes and other tailored devices photovoltaic said that both the electrical and tested. He als—in which these ideas can be rigorously builds on recent The program experimental advances. require optical measurements individual carbon nanotubes and in- in extracting photogenerated charges from progress the use through such tiny structures by measuring the amount of light absorbed directly of new techniques. laser-based T anomaterials are viewed as a key part viewed as century of 21st are anomaterials tiny with manufacturing, particles and how and shape, properties whose their size on depending change, al- have Applications process. during the manufacturing manipulated they are

g For example, nanocrystals, which are intermediate in size between molecules and molecules nanocrystals, example, between in size intermediate which are For and nano- the fundamental aspects of matter focuses on research Irving Herman’s nanocrystals synthesizes made of cadmium selenide or iron Herman project, one In they also looks at the optical properties materials—how of these research Herman’s of the teaches a course to Columbia undergraduates, “Physics addition, Herman In bulk crystals, emit more blue light when they are successively smaller, due to quantum smaller, successively bulk crystals, they are blue light when emit more as- with when working complex more such effects becomes Creating mechanical effects. nanocomponents semblies of various nanocomponents, as well of nanomaterials from the assembly involves work science. His properties of the optical and mechanical of newas the investigation materials composed potential applications in has work nanocrystals.and metal-oxide of semiconductor His and optical communications, and electrical harvesting light for solar cells, improving containing nanomaterials. manufacturing products properties in have materials that and assembles them with electrical fields to create oxide, the scientists to “tune” This technique allows range. the nanomaterial intermediate-size as optical properties such or mag- properties,based on their size, different materials to have arrays of nano- assembles three-dimensional Herman other projects, netic properties. In nanocrystals.crystals, of ordered called supercrystals, comprised of many layers which are composed of nanocrystals also assembles hybrid materials and carbon nanotubes. He uses which is called photoluminescence. He absorb light or emit light after it is absorbed, of light after or frequency in which the wavelength as Raman scattering, known a process This has al- properties. the nanomaterial’s it hits matter is discerned, to better understand scientists to couple nanocrystals and other nanocomponents to form nanomaterials.lowed and mechanical properties strain of nanocrys to investigate has used Raman scattering - He containing nanomaterials. integrity of products tal films, which helps determine the the lens of engineering and the which looks at human physiology through Body,” Human of the static body textbook on this subject explains the mechanics physical sciences. His materials properties, circulation, also describes the body’s and the body in motion. It electrical properties. as the body’s the acoustics of speech, as well breathing, 1977 MIT, 1972; Ph.D., Technology, of Institute B.S., Massachusetts ready been seen in electronics, pharmaceuticals, and food products. Nano-sized structures Nano-sized and food products. pharmaceuticals, been seen in electronics, ready properties. ways, with pre-selected in different can be built N gineerin

ia En umb Mathematics l Co

for a Better World Better for a

Tuning Nanomaterials Nanomaterials Tuning

Professor of Applied Physics and Applied and Applied Physics of Applied Professor

rmanrman ing Heing He IrvIrv EXCELLENTIA

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g gineerin ia En umb l Co Storing EnergyStoring Efficiently More arar Kum Kum at at SanSan of Chemical Engineering Professor EXCELLENTIA

he batterylimitations but of choice, device storage the energy long been has - research of number growing A weight. and capacity, span, storage in life persist chair of the Department Engineering of Chemical Kumar, Sanat ers—including

“Electrical energy is stored by a difference in charge between two metal surfaces, two in charge between a difference by is stored energy “Electrical in the state-of-the-art on a substantial impact have would an improvement “Such an impact on transportation, would have as well. advancements Technological power-efficient needed to facilitate more capacitors are low-voltage “Advanced needs do not stop there. and future The present compensation of electric needed for reactive capacitors are high-voltage “Advanced the present beyond advances demand, substantial and future meet the present To will help to model the behavior of new will propose that the group materials “We

B.Tech., Indian Institute of Technology, 1981; S.M., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Technology, of Institute 1981; S.M., Massachusetts Technology, of Institute Indian B.Tech., 1987 MIT, 1984; Ph.D., —are working to make high-energy capacitors (energy storage devices) become a viable devices) become (energy storage high-energy capacitors to make working —are systems. electric power hybrid cars, and in electronics, replacement he their energy very designed to release quickly,” capacitors are but unlike a battery, big capacitors, which would have is to design high-energy said the objective said. Kumar impact in industry military. and the practi- much more to electrified systems making the move the Department of Defense, want we since “Further, ships,” added Kumar. launchers on aircraft cal, for example, for in weight, considerable savings these capacitors, it will provide to use plastics to make of view.” a fuel consumption point which is highly desirable from and compact, portable and devices for communications, medical applications, electronic include implantable defibrillators and he said. Applications electronics,” high-power electric propulsion and distribution in hybrid conversion for power electronics power systems.” to the interfacing of renewable and distribution related systems, energy storage, power energy storage for pulsed power for “and grid,” said Kumar, to the power energy sources systems.” pulse power applications such as electromagnetic-based the same At required. state-of-the-art are in dielectric materials and capacitor technology high- for fabricating compact, high-voltage, time, new will be developed technologies energy in sub-microseconds. capacitors that deliver high-repetition-rate current, as new capacitors,” he said. “The up.” the ground goal is to design better capacitors from T

g ong before the Gulf oil spill and President Obama’s call for new call - efforts to re Obama’s President spill and oil the Gulf before ong our to reduce working were researchers on oil, Columbia U.S. dependence duce (John) of fossil fuels. Ioannis dwindling supply rapidly on the world’s dependence Photovoltaics, which convert energy from the sun into electricity, have been have electricity, the sun into which convert from energy Photovoltaics, than 50 rapidly—more been increasing has production The rate of photovoltaic the performance of and processability in improving team is involved Kymissis’ scale to that thin-film semiconductors, with their ability to believes Kymissis will see the and our grandchildren petroleum will see the end of children “Our Kymissis and his team are working on producing organic photovoltaics that are easier are that photovoltaics organic producing on working are and his team Kymissis on the market. cells currently than solar to manufacture and cheaper of applications, such used in a variety currently They are than 50 years. for more around remotely recharging batteries in signs, and emergency telephones and traffic as roadside a number of grid-level present installations potentially Such electronics. deployed generation power economies. Distributed and developing in both advanced advantages systems and provide the load on strained distribution can reduce photovoltaics through - problem or environmentally it may be cost-prohibitive where locations to remote power lines. atic to run power - Kymis of energy. still dwarfed other sources by are photovoltaics per year—but percent total energy used in the of the 0.02 percent only produced sis notes that photovoltaics to meet global energy is required a new to photovoltaics last year; approach States United needs. elementally abun- organic thin-film semiconductor materials that are using photovoltaics The and straightforward to deposit in large installations. to synthesize, dant, inexpensive storage costs, improve reduce processing efficiency, improve to on how team is working devices. photovoltaic the operating lifetime of organic lifetime, and increase can group His problems. conversion of sensing and power a variety can solve large sizes, and including photovoltaics of thin-film devices, fabricate systems that integrate a variety polymer sensors, and effect transistors, piezoelectric organic photodetectors, organic field inThese integrated devices can be applied to applications organic light-emitting diodes. world, such as sensors need to interface which electronics with large objects in the real an airplane wing. over sound and airflow that can measure our start today to reduce that we essential working “It’s end of coal,” said Kymissis. of living for future a better standard to insure resources dependence on finite energy today.” have generations than we 2003 MIT, 1999; Ph.D., Technology, of Institute Massachusetts M.Eng., L gineerin

ia En umb Engineering l

Co Photovoltaics

Kymissis Kymissis Producing Organic Organic Producing Associate Professor of Electrical of Electrical Associate Professor

nnis (John) (John) nnis nnis IoaIoa

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g . . gineerin ia En umb l Co Analyzing Materials Materials Analyzing Conditions Extreme Under ey Wey W Jeffr Jeffr KysarKysar of Mechanical Professor Engineering EXCELLENTIA ngineering and science rely on the ability to make accurate predictions of ma- of predictions make accurate ability to on the rely science and ngineering technological transforming and innovative create to in order behavior terial properties thermal, and electric, magnetic, as of materials—such Most advances.

Kysar’s current research is focused on the mechanics and mechanical behavior of is focused on the mechanics and mechanical research current Kysar’s was part team that completed the first of the Columbia Engineering Kysar - mechanical properties. Dif determine its interesting The defects of a material

B.S., Kansas State University, 1987; M.S., Kansas State University, 1992; S.M., Harvard, 1992; S.M., Harvard, University, 1987; M.S., Kansas State University, B.S., Kansas State 1998 Harvard, 1993; Ph.D., materials at multiple scales and under extreme conditions. A second focus is to create conditions. A second focus is to create extreme materials at multiple scales and under propertiesnew mechanical which interact with other properties, such have materials that sensors, actuators, and power to make microscale as optical or electrical, that can be used generation devices. measured. material ever it to be the strongest tests on graphene in 2008, proving strength were that no defects sufficiently small so were The specimens used in those experiments to According why graphene is so strong. in the material, which is the reason present “The mechanical properties its use in many new of graphene will enable appli- Kysar, practical applications of More strength.” materials with excellent cations that require in graphene include use as a transistor that can take the strains of faster microprocessing computers or as a durable, mechanically operated electrical switch for communications radar. devices, including cell phones and advanced ferent types of defects can be idealized as being points, lines, areas, or volumes within a or volumes as being points, lines, areas, types of defects can be idealized ferent the atomic-length scale to the millimeter- can range from material, and the defect sizes new defects, all of which sub- initial defects in a material create length scale. Further, within the solid and interact with each other in complex and about sequently move in and computational challenges that must be overcome The conceptual ways. different of the researchers daunting. One mechanical behavior are the resulting to predict order is of mechanical behavior to make meaningful of this work predictions at the forefront Kysar. W. Jeffrey optical properties—are sufficiently well understood so that scientists can make meaning- can make so that scientists well understood sufficiently optical properties—are to that ruleexceptions of physics. Important principles fundamental from ful predictions the mechanical properties Certain of a material. properties mechanical are - such as stiff others such However, accuracy. can be calculated with great ness and thermal expansion and temperature, limit, ductile-to-brittle transition fatigue plastic hardening, as strength, en- Therefore, fundamental principles. be calculated from toughness cannot yet fracture to determine properties on experiments when designing predominantly gineers must rely and automotive new such as those for the aerospace materials for life-critical applications industries. E

here are people who think outside the box. Then there are people like Klauspeople like are there Then box. the think outside who people are here argue others While they think. when away entirely box the throw who Lackner - methods pro Lackner has gas emissions, greenhouse new ways to reduce over g “Stabilizing the concentration of carbon dioxide in the air requires reducing reducing in the air requires dioxide of carbon the concentration “Stabilizing the pour water into the cup, “Think As long as you into a cup. of pouring water carbon dioxide to remove would have truly emissions, we carbon control To further Lackner has taken his ideas one step with Global and is working Now for transportation fuels has led Lackner to on liquid hydrocarbon reliance Our putting houses on stilts by our garbage problem decided to solve if we “Imagine cess that will, as he puts it, “close the carbon loop” altogether. altogether. the carbon loop” “close will, as he puts it, cess that subcommittee said to a congressional Lackner emissions to nearly zero,” carbon dioxide recently. is one inch whether the maximum level does not matter It in the cup goes up. water level will eventually either case, you the rim. In a half inches below the rim or one and below to stop pouring.” have efficient at transporting more he calculated, was vastly The wind, air. the from directly By of generating electricity. to a collection device than it is as a means carbon dioxide underground the air and locking it away permanently gas from capturing the greenhouse the impact of large, concen- to fully neutralize as carbonate minerals, it may be possible gases. of greenhouse trated sources air, the from that will pull carbon dioxide artificial trees to create Technologies Research like giant filters that trap the carbon machines are air capture His do. trees just as real and converted into a liquid, such as syngas, synthetic gas that will be later freed dioxide geologic it could be disposed of through that can be used as a fuelstock. Alternatively, and mineral sequestration. and his colleagues at Colum- He methods. production low-carbon for affordable search looking for ways to apply the benefits are Energy Lenfest Center for Sustainable bia’s addition, he is taking a costs. In down to energy and fuels to drive of mass production fuel production a way to eliminate carbon emissions from as serious look at solar power society. and bring us closer to achieving a carbon-neutral entirely a lot of geoengineering what “That’s said Lackner. and raising them a little every year,” solution will only come by A real not a solution to the problem. amounts to, and that’s use carbon.” the way we completely rethinking Heidelberg, 1976; Ph.D., 1974; M.S., Heidelberg, (Germany), University B.S., Heidelberg 1978 T gineerin

ia En umb l Co Professor of Geophysics Professor

Maurice Ewing and T. Lamar Worzel Worzel Lamar T. and Ewing Maurice Creating Artificial Trees Creating Artificial

us LknerLkner us acus ac KlaKla

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g gineerin ia En umb l Co Solving the Global the Global Solving Crisis Water Lall Lall anu anu UpmUpm Professor Silberstein Alan and Carol Engineering of EarthEnvironmental and and of Civil Engineering and Professor Mechanics Engineering EXCELLENTIA

- for an engi place an odd seem like might Affairs of International he Journal professor this engineering did, but recently Lall as Upmanu to publish, neer in his mind Foremost reach. broad big questions with addressing is used to

Since the 1980s, Lall has been focused on how society and water intersect. His His water intersect. society and on how Lall has been focused the 1980s, Since fact, the water crisis, as he crisis. In Lall sees a looming global water Today, climate risk to address Center in order Water Lall helped found the Columbia for 70 per- which accounts in the looming water crisis is agriculture, A key player water short- severe world expected to confront of the developing one-third With

B.Tech., Indian Institute of Technology (Kampur), 1976; M.S., University of Texas, 1980; Texas, of (Kampur), 1976; M.S., University Technology of Institute Indian B.Tech., 1981 Texas, of University Ph.D., these days: Will we run out of fresh water in the 21st century? water in the 21st run we out of fresh Will these days: to study systems in order India his native from Texas to he moved began when interest complex systems in the Ameri- in one of the most analysis and very quickly got involved energy future part water use. As thesis, Lall examined the state’s of his doctoral West: can system with oftenboth as parts interconnected vast, of one treating and water demands, conflicting parts. and one of crises—one of access, one of pollution, separate three sees it, is actually each is inexorably to simple solutions. Moreover, do not lend themselves scarcity—that like climate change and intractable problems linked to the others and to additionally population growth. “The a range of temporal and spatial scales. management across that North possibility in run may leading to a collapse of agriculture in a decade out of groundwater India of in the Journal Lall and his co-authors wrote not viewed as a global problem,” is India the global crisis is viewed as a collection of local cri- essence, Affairs. “In International is a global which there to access, pollution, or scarcity—for related ses—whether they are the global elements of these individual problems.” address rarely We policy imperative. Lall thinks in arid regions. than 90 percent and more cent of global water use on average use while maintaining water regional reduce that it should be possible to dramatically irrigation scheduling, and when and irrigation systems, improving food security by - improv water use by for improving also sees room He grown. are crops different where storage, and delivery. ing food processing, mind- that is particularly Lall sees a problem suited to an engineer’s ages in this century, set. “The said Lall, “fits solutions to societal problems,” goal of engineering to develop into the domain of engineering better than anything else.” T

g In 2009 during Typhoon Morakot, more than 450 people died when Hsia-Lin than 450 people more Morakot, Typhoon 2009 during In do something should feel you “When really go to the site of a landslide, you you they die because the ground the world around nearly 100,000 people year, Every he is First, the problem. Ling is pursuing two lines of inquiry to address in order - re geosynthetic materials that help Ling takes is to develop The other approach and under what conditions a particu- to understand how combining his work By in Science Foundation the National from Award the Career Ling received ometimes the ground beneath your feet isn’t as solid as it might seem. For many For might seem. as it as solid isn’t feet your beneath ground the ometimes this canregions, active or seismically flood plains and in on hillsides living people to make ground the wants to reengineer Ling literally fact of life. Hoe be a deadly 2001. He has published more than 170 journal and conference papers in the fields of than 170 journal and conference has published more 2001. He geomechanics and geotechnical engineering. (Japan), 1990; Ph.D., Tokyo of (Japan), 1988; M.S., University University B.S., Kyoto 1993 Tokyo, of University Village in southern Taiwan was wiped off the map by a massive landslide that occurred occurred landslide that a massive off the map by was wiped Taiwan in southern Village the village let go. hillsides above when rain-weakened slope failures.” just too many Ling. “Thereto help people,” said are causes are The most common them fails. above somewhere living on or the ground are much as landslides account for as States, the United earthquakes and heavy rainfall. In annually. $2 billion in damages centrifuge geotechnical soils using the department’s simulating the effect of heavy rain on the instrument, Ling has used which is soil and slope failure. to help model and predict to one of the largest in the country that of gravity, 200 times a force and can generate Katrina. after Hurricane levees Orleans’ of New study such things as the failure installed are The polymer sheets he has developed to fail. potentially prone areas inforce walls and slopes that stand up to heavy loads of compacted soil to create layers between shocks such as earthquakes geosynthetic mate- better than soil alone. Because and severe suitable as permanent also more and metal, they are like wood or corrode rot rials don’t materials. reinforcing of newlar slope might slip with the application materials and techniques, Ling hopes Then high-risk areas. be able to quickly identify and reinforce engineers will eventually able to sleep better knowing the world will be perhaps he and millions of others around is safe. that the ground disasters like the one he surveyed in Taiwan recently a thing of the past. recently Taiwan like the one he surveyeddisasters in S gineerin

ia En umb l Co Slippery Slope Slippery Stabilizing the Stabilizing Engineering Mechanics Engineering Lin g Lin g HoeHoe

Professor of Civil Engineering and of Civil Engineering Professor

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g gineerin

ia En umb l Co Predicting Behavior Behavior Predicting of Materials Chris Chris nettinetti MariaMaria of Applied Assistant Professor Mathematics and Applied Physics EXCELLENTIA

redicting the behavior of materials challenges scientists and engineers intent on intent and engineers scientists challenges materials of the behavior redicting new for applications and energy materials, alternative of new sources developing say holds promise researchers of carbon that layer the one-atom such as graphene, - weap and nuclear nuclear power of material used in the behavior Understanding - the proper able to predict to be “The have ages, and we plutonium in the weapons in computational earned his Ph.D. came to Columbia in 2008. He Marianetti continued on to a postdoctoral position in condensed matter phys- Marianetti to carry weeks an element like plutonium, it can take several out his compu- With in understanding the behavior of graphene, the a role has also played research His under and why graphene fractures how determined computations have Marianetti’s

B.S., Ohio State University, 1997; M.S., Ohio State University, 1998; Ph.D., Massachusetts Massachusetts 1998; Ph.D., University, State 1997; M.S., Ohio University, State B.S., Ohio 2004 Technology, of Institute - onry in nuclear weap ingredient is also crucial an active to their safe storage. Plutonium, prohibiting treaty the international test ban With particularly challenging. ons, has proved with many-body quantum materials react the how predict now experiments, scientists these materials will within the electrons how to determine using supercomputers theory, behave. need the said. “You Chris Marianetti of conditions,” under a variety ties of plutonium diffi- and it turns out that it’s think it will work, like you material to be stable and work cult to predict.” focus- Technology, of Institute the Massachusetts materials science and engineering at Theory (DFT) and Functional Density such as ing on applying first-principles methods, Theory (DMFT), to energy storage materials. Dynamical Mean-Field DFT and DMFT to he continued developing/applying There, University. ics at Rutgers on to a second moved Marianetti Rutgers, systems. Following electron correlated strongly Laboratory he (LLNL) where National Livermore post doctoral position at Lawrence to apply DFT and DMFT to plutonium. world-class supercomputers LLNL’s utilized pioneering has made numerous He largest supercomputers. tations on one of the world’s dependence of of the temperature including the most accurate computation predictions, magnetic properties. plutonium’s is among the strongest lattice structure carbon whose honeycomb of single-atomic layer seen as a next-generation material, has many potential uses, Graphene, measured. ever connections to transistors that could one day in integrated circuit nanoribbons used from to silicon, to construction the atmosphere of a tether winding its way through replace outer space. use. future tension, an important step in determining the limits of the material’s in a wide variety of applications. The materials used in batteryThe materials a key partof storage are of applications. variety in a wide resources. to exploit renewable strategies P

g “Scientists have been studying how strong magnetic fields confine high-temper- magnetic fields confine strong been studying how “Scientists have of energy meeting these requirements. source energy is the most promising Fusion to is building experiments that test whether or not the magnetic fields used Mauel and Professor Technology of Institute with colleagues at Massachusetts Together the shape of the how these experiments, students and scientists explore Using com- and received Engineering for Fusion Prize the Rose has been awarded Mauel trong magnetic force fields confine high-temperature ionized gas, called “plasma,” gas, called ionized high-temperature fields confine force magnetic trong the surface tubes of hot At of our sun, magnetized the universe. throughout energy through tremendous launched with are millions of degrees, plasma, several ature matter since the dawn of the Space Age,” said Michael Mauel. “Today, a grand “Today, Mauel. said Michael Age,” the Space matter since the dawn of ature one to achieve of plasma physics physics is to use our know-how challenge of applied most importantand of energy that is clean, safe, technical goals: a source of the world’s for thousands of years.” available and release called deuterium, to form helium hydrogen, uses the heavy isotope of Fusion enough deuterium to generate bottle of water contains Every huge amounts of energy. a major chal- But source. of oil when used in a fusion power of a barrel the equivalent of the stars before to the temperature deuterium must first be heated lenge remains: fusion energy can be released. plasma at the surfaces of stars or in planetaryconfine high-temperature magnetospheres can be used in the laboratory make fusion energy the conditions that will to produce work. - builds and operates fusion experi Mauel Engineering, at Columbia Navratil Gerald million than 100 of more temperatures achieved which have These experiments, ments. techniques for magnetic confinement. numerous pioneered have degrees, how the plasma the hot plasma to be confined and heated; fields allows magnetic force high-speed con- sophisticated and how swirls within the containment vessels; and mixes output. fusion power systems maintain the perfect to maximize trol symmetry required and Depart- Department of Energy States the United from mendations of appreciation of a Jefferson was the recipient Mauel the 2006-07 academic year, During ment of State. he While at the Department of State, Academies. the National from Science Fellowship Policy assisting U.S. diplo- Energy and Commodity International served of in the Office matic efforts energy security. to promote 1983 MIT, 1979; Sc.D., 1978; M.S., MIT, Technology, of Institute B.S., Massachusetts the solar system. Around the earth, the strong magnetic field that we measure with a we measure the earth, field that magnetic system. Around the solar the strong - atmo forms a protective into space and of kilometers extends tens of thousands compass matter called the “magnetosphere.” of ionized sphere S gineerin

ia En umb l for Fusion MauelMauel Co Applied Mathematics Applied hael hael MicMic Professor of Applied Physics and Physics of Applied Professor Containing Hot Plasma Plasma Hot Containing

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g llll NeiNei cc gineerin ia En ye Mye M umb l Co V. Fa V. Understanding Understanding Carbon Brown Fa V. of Chemical Engineering Assistant Professor

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Technology, Faye McNeill McNeill Faye Technology,

studied the atmosphere for a very personal reason. “The air pollution there was a very for “Thewas the atmosphere studied reason. personal there air pollution - of atmospher aware always a little more so I’m asthma, said. “I have bad,” she s an undergraduate at the California Institute of Institute the California at undergraduate s an

McNeill is particularly interested in how aerosols affect global climate. Because climate. Because affect global aerosols in how is particularly interested McNeill - radiation reflect incoming solar radiation or long-wave can absorb aerosols Other their range of chemical compositions, which reflect a wide can also have Aerosols - and environ carbon also interacts very with the atmosphere differently Brown on the basic chemistry is focused and physics behind the cloud-forming McNeill to model- of our work big part do is to communicate the results of what we “A A B.S., California Institute of Technology, 1999; M.S., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Technology, of Institute 1999; M.S., Massachusetts Technology, of B.S., California Institute 2005 MIT, 2001; Ph.D., they are so small, gravity has little effect on aerosol particles and they can remain air- particles on aerosol has little effect so small, gravity they can remain and they are Mount compounds and ash emitted by such as the sulfur days. Aerosols borne for several for two to three temperatures global average pushed down in the Phillipines Pinatubo after it eruptedyears 1991. in and The range of direct effect on climate. in a warming surface, resulting Earth’s ed from one of the biggest unsolved effects makes aerosols compounding and conflicting indirect, facing climate scientists. problems focused on understanding the and her team have McNeill origins. Recently, diverse carbon, in atmo- and properties organic material, or brown of light-absorbing sources of biomass, it turns out that brown of the burning a byproduct Often spheric aerosols. particles. in airborne atmospheric complex reactions carbon can also form through in atmospheric chemistry carbon, and its roles ment than its inorganic cousin black and one thing, black carbon tends to absorb just beginning to be understood. For climate are absorbs shorter carbon preferentially the visible spectrum,radiation across but brown ozone—the of ground-level of light and thus can influence the formation wavelengths asthma attacks. that leads to McNeill’s kind “bad” with also works She the lab. in organic aerosols and light-absorbing characteristics of including into the big picture, to integrate their piece of the climate puzzle other groups simulations that attempt to computer-based climate modelers who write the massive, climate. Earth’s parts individual govern interact to of the environment how predict “The find get in the lab will eventually fundamental information we ers,” said McNeill. a us all breathe its way into better climate models.” And that is something that can help little easier. ic composition just because of the way I feel.” just because ic composition into the 2 ne of the world’s most important building materials, concrete, leaves a huge leaves important most concrete, materials, building the world’s ne of - ingredi a basic cement, Portland of The production footprint. environmental one ton of CO of release to cause the is estimated ent of concrete,

g But Christian Meyer claims that concrete can be an environmentally friendly be an environmentally can concrete claims that Christian Meyer But glass. most notably, materials in concrete, using recycled success great has had He which has strong concrete, to make lightweight Styrofoam has added shredded He - said that a key challenge is to identify special properties intrinsic to recy Meyer ways to safe- technology to explore is also using his expertise in concrete Meyer material—if, as he puts it, “you use as much concrete with as little Portland cement as as little Portland with use as much concrete he puts it, “you as material—if, basic from industry,” of the concrete of the “greening is at the forefront possible.” Meyer production. science to commercial of the alkali-silica reaction, use post-consumer glass failed because Early attempts to as partialsubstitute admixtures cementitious uses various Meyer damaging the concrete. for stunning glass can be incorporated colored how and has shown cement, of Portland applications, including tiles and countertops. concrete and decorative architectural exploring is currently is cheaper to transport.insulating and acoustic qualities and He generates about 150 States that the United noting as aggregate, concrete using recycled 50 than is more debris million tons of construction waste annually and that concrete of that amount. percent as in the glass tiles generate added value, and thereby cled materials that can be exploited is governed materials in concrete that the use of recycled added his team has made. He think they people don’t “If Meyer. said economic factors. “The is key,” by motive profit rather than simplyBut do it.” doing something, they won’t profit can earn a reasonable to add how to explore prefers Meyer of concrete, using any waste materials as ingredients useful more components and find ways to make better, waste stream to the various value while conservingproducts natural resources. materials novel He is hoping to develop drilled deep into the ocean floor. oil wells guard behavior and the fracture the cement slurrythat will reinforce fibers to improve with the properties of slurries that device to measure energy absorption. A specially developed first successful tests in conditions has undergone the downhole under simulated hydrate the Carleton Laboratory Department. of the Civil Engineering of California-Berkeley, 1965; M.S., University Berlin, University Technical Vordiplom, 1970 UC Berkeley, 1966; Ph.D., atmosphere annually. The cement industryThe of this percent about seven alone generates annually. atmosphere globe. the gas across greenhouse O gineerin

ia En umb l

Co MeyerMeyer

Engineering Mechanics Engineering tian tian Chris Chris Professor of Civil Engineering and of Civil Engineering Professor

Making Concrete “Green” Concrete Making

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g gineerin ia En odiodi y My M umb l Co Professor of Mechanical Engineering Engineering of Mechanical Professor Engineering in the the in Engineering World Developing VijaVija EXCELLENTIA

ijay Modi is an engineer in search of problems. That is, he has changed the way the has changed is, he That of problems. search in is an engineer ijay Modi - seem some address is helping the process, and in engineering, he approaches complex extremely on further challenges that, ingly minor are investigation,

“Instead of starting with a particular narrow skill I had and trying to apply it, I’m I had and trying skill of starting with a particular“Instead it, I’m to apply narrow that he can categorize discovered has Modi this bottom-up approach, taking By at Columbia in 1986, he focused arrived When Modi always that way. wasn’t It carried out in academia has started to lose connection with research “Engineering skills needed and a lies in assembling people with the diverse he believes, The key, as problems design and test solutions to such developing-world has helped Modi V and can change the lives of a large portion of the world’s poor. portion of a large the lives and can change world’s of the we can bring and then seeing how are problems trying out what the interesting to figure as simple as it can be something “Sometimes on them,” said Modi. engineering to bear system that enables people in rural lighting villages to do things a solar-powered creating or runafter sunset like study a small shop.” immediate im- those he can make little groups: he encounters into three the problems those he and to solve, decades of research require impact but can have pact on, those that - of prob that last group the right people. It’s with the help from might be able to solve of late. lems that has attracted his attention Engi- Columbia to fellow Exposure and heat transfer. fluid flow on questions involving Themelis, and the Earth Center soon re-focused Engineering Nicholas neering professor the cracks of the academic commu- fallen through that have his priorities on problems sector alike. nity and private “What said Modi. of engineering, which is about solving problems,” the profession and was that science was curiosity driven historically separated science and engineering inherently are today problems many engineering But driven.” engineering was problem integration. “system” multi-disciplinary and require access for of electricity the problem to understand work recent to apply them. In desire a the importance of allowing team recognized it, Modi’s the two billion who do not have long that did not require a “system” electricity from model for providing go” as you “pay team included engineers who can design low- The station. a central power from wires and payment gateway writing communication, control wattage meters, programmers and field practitioners who understand rural needs and capabilities.software, robust IT systems that allow and efficient cook stove, the need for a cleaner and more not typically villages. “These that are projects remote one to access information from are - in need of innova large amounts of funding, but they occur in places that are by driven happen in a low- to make innovation “The out how key is to figure tion,” said Modi. market.” tech, low-cost chnology Cornell, (Bombay), 1978; Ph.D., 1984 tute Insti Indian of Te B.Tech.,

g veryone knows that electronic devices can overheat and fail. This is becoming is becoming This fail. and can overheat devices electronic that veryone knows get laptops, phones to cell from lives, our daily used in the devices an issue as of more The important. increasingly effect becomes size-scale influence of the smaller—the Shrinking a device’s size greatly impacts its ability to transport energy, due to clas- its ability to transport impacts energy, greatly size a device’s Shrinking of thermal transport: nanoscale areas two broad team is addressing Narayanaswamy’s transportWhile nanoscale effects on thermal been materials have in solid-state on nanoscale thermal radiation is very said Narayanaswamy. work “Our exciting,” sical as well as quantum size effects. Fourier’s law of heat conduction, which describes law of effects. Fourier’s as quantum size sical as well does Planck’s at nanoscales. So down scales, breaks at macroscopic heat transfer well - research theory Recently, objects get much closer than a few of radiation, when microns. enhancement in thermal radia- that the discovered have ers, including Narayanaswamy, density of thermo- the power to increase transfer at nanoscale gaps can be utilized tive devices. energy conversion photovoltaic transfer and thermal transporteffects on thermal radiative materi- in nanoscale polymeric transfer focuses on understanding photon transport in radiative between work als. His to materials, it is possible choosing appropriate by that and he has shown nanostructures, a significant amount. law by Planck’s transfer imposed by the limit on radiative overcome often, heat transfer in nanoscale devices isWhile this phenomenon may seem esoteric—most technologies. drive an important thermal conduction—it could have impact on hard-disk by that nanoscale thermal with industrial collaborators to ensure is working Narayanaswamy devices. a deleterious effect on the performanceradiation does not have of magnetic recording used Polymers are their influence in polymeric materials is less clear. investigated, well materials. bottles to organic optoelectronic and plastic cards credit everywhere, from Thermal transport- poor conduc in polymers becomes especially important since they are polymers will improve heat conduction through tors of heat; any means of improving focuses on understanding thermal transport work device performance. Narayanaswamy’s important techniques. An different his lab by in synthesized in polymeric nanowires of heat to enable measurement development is technique component of his research transport single nanowires. through into applications, the tools“Whiletranslate our research can we it will be some time before us start helping thermal transport examining are in polymers. Our developed already we’ve cooling.” immediate engineering implications, especially in electronics will have discoveries 1999; of Delaware, 1997; M.S. University (Madras), Technology of Institute Indian B.Tech., 2007 Technology, of Institute Massachusetts Ph.D., ability to extract heat rapidly and efficiently is critical for electronic and optoelectronic devices. devices. optoelectronic and critical for electronic and efficiently is extract heat rapidly ability to energy transport studying in nanoscale researchers one of the leading is Narayanaswamy Arvind and devices.structures E gineerin

ia En amyamy umb l Transport Co ind ind ArvArv Assistant Professor of Assistant Professor Mechanical Engineering Mechanical anasw anasw Tailoring Thermal Tailoring y y

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Nara Nara

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g gineerin

ia En umb l Co Stabilizing Plasma for Plasma Stabilizing Energy Fusion ald ald GerGer ilil rat rat Nav Nav Professor Edison Thomas Alva and Physics of Applied Mathematics Applied

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- —and the produc erald Navratil is among the world’s leading researchers in the field of in the researchers leading the world’s is among Navratil erald fusion energy. His findings have been incorporated in the design of ITER, the of in the design been incorporated have findings His energy. fusion under con- now project reactor fusion international experimental $12 billion

“It’s a carbon-free way to provide energy, where the fuel sources are unlimited, are the fuel sources where energy, way to provide a carbon-free “It’s machine that tokamaks—a donut-shaped his experiments at three conducts He $1.1 million and his team his Columbia team on DIII-D was awarded 2010, In to magnetic fields creating involves A crucial issue in fusion energy research limits of focused on understanding the pressure experiments have Navratil’s ad- developing limits involves Another strategy for extending plasma pressure

B.S., California Institute of Technology, 1973; M.S., University of Wisconsin, 1974; Ph.D., 1974; Ph.D., Wisconsin, of 1973; M.S., University Technology, of B.S., California Institute 1976 Wisconsin, of University and there’s minimal long-term radioactive waste,” said Navratil. “It could be an impor- could be an “It waste,” said Navratil. long-term radioactive minimal and there’s of the next century.” by the turn tant part of our energy profile major Ideas for experiments on his plasma with magnetic fields. confines the super-hot Plasma experiment in Columbia’s out of small-scale HBT-EP generated are projects at larger toka- collaborates with teams of fusion researchers then He Laboratory. Physics and the National Calif. Diego, San in Facility Tokamak National maks, like the DIII-D N.J. in Princeton, Experiment Torus Spherical for three on these projects $3.3 million to continue their work was awarded on HBT-EP Department of States the United supported grants from by are Both projects years. more Energy. interior of the hotter than the and at temperatures contain the plasma at high pressure contact with the cold tokamak the confined plasma become unstable, it comes in sun. If and the fusion plasma is extinguished. walls, loses its energy, ­ the pressure to increase ways created team has fusion systems. His That technique was pio- of the instabilities. feedback-control forms of active vanced being used in demonstra- experiment at Columbia, and is now on the HBT-EP neered in the it will be employed Ultimately Diego. tokamak in San at the DIII-D tion projects operation of ITER in the next decade. tion of energy in future fusion power plant designs—while keeping the plasma stably plant fusion power tion of energy in future in fusion systems, has been able to double the pressure team on DIII-D contained. His - the magneti rotating rapidly done by That’s which quadruples the fusion-energy output. to award in 2007 with the recognized was result This important cally confined plasma. Physics in Plasma for Excellence Award Dawson and his colleagues of the John Navratil Society. American Physical the by Research struction in France, which is expected to generate up to 500 MW of fusion power after of fusion power up to 500 MW to generate which is expected struction France, in of constructioncompletion 2018. by G

g Osgood and the other members of the Surface Group in his Research Laboratory in his Research Group of the Surface the other members and Osgood need to trying “We said Osgood. to address,” “This is a very question we’re basic team use ultra-short and his molecules bursts of laser light to watch individual He cells, a type Graetzel because it is used in is of particulardioxide interest Titanium mean- efficient, 10 percent to only about seven cells are is, Graetzel The trouble to the big questions answers focusing on the small stuff, hopes that, by Osgood ometimes, to solve big problems, you have to think small. Richard Osgood thinks Osgood Richard think small. to have you big problems, solve to ometimes, solar cells to make very today is how energy questions of the biggest small. One This is particularly important the billion or for affordable. more efficient and more for Fundamental and Applied Science study the basic processes that allow some materi- that allow study the basic processes Science and Applied for Fundamental and cells photovoltaic is a phenomenon that makes It als to convert light to electricity. sustainable hopes for a more and that lays at the foundation of many fuel cells possible understood. is surprisingly not well the process for all its promise, But future. transfer.” that limit the efficiency of charge about the fundamentals more know of the first made some also have They electrons. accept or reject of titanium dioxide of a scanning nanoparticles resolution studies of titanium dioxide using the atomic-level can be used to structures these novel (STM) to understand how tunneling microscope solar cells. improve materials. available readily from cell that is easy to manufacture photovoltaic of low-cost cell, The Graetzel band of sunlight. to only a narrow sensitive are cells low-cost Most a wide spec- from electrons free that produces of organic dye contains a layer however, trum does in plants. of sunlight, much like chlorophyll and others Osgood a current. produces electrons free ing that, at best, only one out of 10 and another is captured one electron why reasons on this, but the would like to improve Observing elusive. short crystalis not remain of laser light at a titanium dioxide bursts nearing the ability to observe and his team are individual elec- with an STM, Osgood the crystal by being taken up or rejected matrix.trons “The done,” he said. “The not far off. world is changing in the way things are num- are time.” an exciting It’s every day. is growing ber of people doing interdisciplinary work - Massachu 1968; Ph.D., University, State 1965; M.S., Ohio B.S., U.S. Military Academy, 1973 Technology, of setts Institute so people who live in poverty and, in most cases, entirely off the grid. off entirely in most cases, and, in poverty who live so people S gineerin

ia En umb l Co Applied Mathematics Applied dd OsgooOsgoo hard hard RicRic Looking at Light Looking and Professor of Applied Physics and Physics of Applied and Professor

EXCELLENTIA Higgins Professor of Electrical Engineering Engineering of Electrical Professor Higgins

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g

gineerin ia En umb l Co Capturing Carbon for for Carbon Capturing EnergySustainable gg Ah-Hyun Ah-Hyun a) Parka) Park (Aliss(Aliss in Professor Lenfest Junior Climate Science Applied EXCELLENTIA

. By imposing frustration struc onto the corona - . By 2

capture can be enhanced via not only enthalpic but also entropic effects. but also entropic can be enhanced via not only enthalpic capture h-Hyung (Alissa) Park has been called the “Carbon Lady” for good reason. She She good reason. for Lady” the “Carbon been called has Park (Alissa) h-Hyung experts of the leading is one takes as humans carbon that many forms in the the help pave may work her path-breaking and the environment, transform 2

“The with our ability to use energy and materials of humanity depends on future - industrial and environmen through the ways that carbon circulates studies Park the human activity around by billion tons of carbon produced than seven More from carbon dioxide effortsadvance to to capture is also working Park Today, of the captured is also looking for ways to safely and permanently dispose Park the past, engineering has mainly focused on optimizing the individual unit of “In A B.S., University of British Columbia (Canada), 1998; M.S., University of British Columbia, of British 1998; M.S., University Columbia (Canada), of British B.S., University 2005 University, State Ohio 2000; Ph.D., - who is also the associate direc said Park, sustainability,” environmental towards an eye “This to include will inevitably have Energy. Center for Sustainable tor of the Lenfest and municipal biomass, resources, fossil of energy and materials from efficient extraction solid wastes.” is because of our “The carbon out of the ground take so much tal processes. we reason find a way to keep the carbon can we “If materials,” said Park. needs for energy and to take so have won’t energy and materials, we while providing ground above circulating much out of the ground.” gas, of the greenhouse primarily in the form each year, world ends up in the atmosphere is an important in the global carbon cycle able to manage our role Being carbon dioxide. ways to integrate carbon cap- novel is investigating Park of our society. step in the future and liquid fuels hydrogen that synthesize and storage (CCS) technologies with those ture plastics. non-recyclable coal, biomass and municipal solid wastes including from do this, she is exploring To and economically. emissions and lock it away permanently the use of nanoparticle a new organic hybrid materials (NOHMs), class of organic-inor- function- by surrounded nanoparticle core a hard ganic hybrid materials that consist of a particle-based that provide fluids essentially solvent-free, NOHMs are corona. alized sites for CO large number of capture carbonates or to convert as mineral it to other useful materials such ascarbon dioxide holistic view The key to achieving sustainability is to take a more paper or plastic fillers. carbon. of the systems that process and add environmental need to look at the big picture we “Today, said Park. a process,” sustainability to our equations.” way to a future in which society obtains energy and materials from a wide range of sus- a wide range from energy and materials society obtains in which future way to a ways. carbon in surprising its excess and deals with tainable sources CO ture, e don’t hear much about the hole in Earth’s ozone hole these days, and for days, hole these ozone in Earth’s the hole about hear much e don’t - in revers been successful action has international Collective reason. good in the stratosphere. layer of the protective deterioration ing a decades-long

g Now, however, models and observations of Earth’s atmosphere are showing that showing are atmosphere and observations models of Earth’s however, Now, holds an appointment in the Department who also of Earth- Envi and Polvani, much of the atoms of oxygen—absorbs molecule made up of three Ozone—a absence relative when it absorbs UV radiation. Its warms the stratosphere Ozone affecting the location of the appear to be The effects of this cooling already and in the south as well, patterns moving in precipitation This shift has resulted times,” said Polvani. “These going to be interesting next couple of decades are W the ozone hole might have an effect on global climate patterns that may be masking the an effect on global climate patterns hole might have the ozone warming. “Thefull impact of global for the past decade as has been ignored hole ozone deal of has caused a great finding it we’re “But Polvani. said Lorenzo problem,” a solved observed.” been that’s the climate change the surface dynamics from Sciences, has studied atmospheric to the upperronmental last few he has focused on the years, In both poles to the equator. and from stratosphere on Earth’s have recovery, depletion, and its eventual understanding the effects that ozone climate. a that chlorofluorocarbons, it was discovered the mid-1980s, radiation. In UV-B sun’s 1987, In ozone. the planet’s down breaking were propellants, chemical used as aerosol to ban chlorofluorocarbons. Protocol signed the Montreal world governments on the upper atmosphere has had a cooling effect for the past 40 years Antarctica over as the warming effect associated as 10 times as strong that is as much Pole the South over concentrations. carbon dioxide with increasing Cooling of the upper troposphere—the mid-latitude jet stream. Hemisphere’s Southern to a shift of the southern jet been connected atmosphere—has highest part of the lower a few south by degrees. the towards stream find out what will happen as the next task is to drytropical expanding. Polvani’s zones the full brunt hole closes and the atmo- ozone warming is felt throughout of global sphere. going to see these climate changes play out in our lifetimes.” “We’re - Massa 1982; Ph.D., University, McGill 1981; M.Sc., (Canada), University B.Sc., McGill 1988 Technology, of chusetts Institute The hole, which grows and shrinks seasonally over Antarctica, is expected to close by close by is expected to Antarctica, over and shrinks seasonally which grows The hole, mid-century. sometime gineerin

ia En umb l Co Ozone Layer Ozone Applied Mathematics Applied nini Polva Polva nzo enzo enzo Lor Lor Re-evaluating the Re-evaluating Professor of Applied Physics and Physics of Applied Professor

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g gineerin

ia En umb l Co Sustaining the the Sustaining Environment r r Pete Pete erer SchlossSchloss of Earth and Professor Vinton and Engineering Environmental of Earth and Professor Sciences Environmental EXCELLENTIA

ny one of Peter Schlosser’s three jobs could be a full-time undertaking. First, undertaking. be a full-time could jobs First, three Schlosser’s of Peter ny one - of Earth and Environmen Professor Vinton as hydrosphere Earth’s he studies as of earth sciences. Second, and professor and environmental tal Engineering

Rather than keeping them separate in his mind, he tackles all three together. together. all three them separate in his mind, he tackles Rather than keeping he chose to study physics at Germany, student in his native As an undergraduate physics, in part ended up in environmental because of a natural eventually He has helped him become a key part perspective of effortsThat broad to establish “Whether a non-sustainable to a sustainable path can turn the world from we the need for communicating the messages of science clearly Schlosser emphasizes “That, and to look for solutions,” to continue working to me, is enough motivation A B.S., Heidelberg University (Germany), 1981; M.S., Heidelberg University, 1981; Ph.D., 1981; Ph.D., University, 1981; M.S., Heidelberg (Germany), University B.S., Heidelberg 1985 University, Heidelberg “They all retain some distinct character,” said Schlosser. “But in my daily life, they are all life, they are in my daily “But said Schlosser. “They some distinct character,” all retain they intertwined, the way Schlosser has but they also speak to only are intertwined.” Not his work. always approached and teaching, because, he research with a long tradition and broadly-based a university felt, he Physics, university. see science as a holistic partsaid, he wanted to of the entire a set of skills that would be useful for studying a him the opportunity gave to acquire relevance. with societal wide range of scientific problems arriving at Columbia in 1989, Schlosser has him. Since curiosity in the world around fostering connec- by curiosity about his surroundings continued to feed his omnivorous departments campus.tions with faculty members from across Schlosser has been integral in guiding the Institute’s and expand the Earth Institute. that practical solutions to the problems agenda, which focuses on developing research found- he recently the same time, At future. humankind faces in designing a sustainable a part that specifically addresses of the Earth Institute ed the Columbia Climate Center, strategies to mitigate and adapt to climate change. needs for society’s but yet, answer a real have think we “I don’t has been on my mind a lot,” said Schlosser. the important can see a path forward that is supported technological thing is that we by innovation.” to allocate resources and accurately to a public that is often charged with deciding how to do that is a difficult question, but he feels how Exactly future. a sustainable to achieve campus. fields across many different from it is possible with involvement he said. senior staff scientist at Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, he is involved in an array of he is involved Earth scientist at Lamont-Doherty senior staff Observatory, at research of and director director he is the associate Finally, programs. large scientific the Earth Institute. orld demand for more efficient energy production is colliding with the is colliding production energy efficient for more demand orld a sustainable harnessing and Finding responsibility. for environmental need fusion which the nuclear goal. If is a paramount universal energy source

g However, while thermonuclear fusion has great potential as an efficient and potential as an efficient fusion has great while thermonuclear However, An importantstudying these instabilities is the Columbia tool in identifying and - efforts and experimental in the rela his sustained pioneering theoretical With a new paradigm for plasma transport, has pioneered which chal- Sen Recently, - journal in physics and applied physics is Physi archival far the most prestigious By National Livermore been a consultant and advisor to the Lawrence has Sen W environmentally friendly energy source, harnessing that power is hampered by fusion by is hampered harnessing that power friendly energy source, environmentally andvariety of instabilities The large fluctuations, and turbulence. instabilities, plasma’s of fusion devices. and vitiate the success energy out of their core fluctuations drain with tailored and appropriately redesigned, repeatedly was developed, It Linear Machine. His Amiya Sen. of each instability by for the physics requirements striking ingenuity led to the very identification and many years, first production, efforts, extending over particle,detailed parametric studies of trapped gradient instabilities electron ion, and and their transport consequences. Sen has established himself new of plasma instabilities, tively field of feedback control stability effortsThese Lyapunov include the as a leader in this critically important area. plasma of most and feedback suppression controllability, of plasmas, the observability, instabilities. This finding promises scaling. of Bohm/gyro-Bohm gold standard lenges the 50-year-old impact on the quest for fusion. a great to have published 17 papers in this, and in numer- his students have and Letters. Sen cal Review ous other publications. Department of States the United Laboratory, Physics Plasma the Princeton Laboratory, of the American Physical is a fellow He Science Foundation. and the National Energy, and is a member of Engineers, and Electronics of Electrical and the Institute Society Union. Xi and the American Geophysical Sigma 1958; Technology, of Institute of Science, 1952; M.S., Massachusetts Institute Dipl., Indian Columbia, 1963 Ph.D., occurs naturally in the sun can be replicated by science here on Earth, will be possible it science here by can be replicated in the sun occurs naturally a powerful, in seawater into in abundance available that is heavy hydrogen to turn the energy. of source nearly inexhaustible gineerin

ia En umb Mathematics l nn a Sea Se Co Amiy Amiy

Harnessing Fusion: Fusion: Harnessing

Professor of Electrical Engineering Engineering of Electrical Professor

and of Applied Physics and Applied Applied and Physics and of Applied

EXCELLENTIA The Ultimate Green Energy Green The Ultimate

SUSTAINABILITY

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g gineerin ia En umb l Co Modeling Monsoons Modeling m Sobel m Sobel AdaAda and Physics Applied of Professor and Professor Mathematics Applied Sciences of Earth Environmental and EXCELLENTIA

- tropi of Darwin to the city ticket a plane once bought in Australia’s Sobel dam is nothing in itself That prediction. weather cal north on a colleague’s based the start was for he followed the prediction new—people time. But do it all the

“We had half a meter of rain in 10 days,” said Sobel. “It was exciting.” “It meter of rain in 10 days,” said Sobel. had half a “We both a life-giving are one billion people, the seasonal monsoons than more For at in the tropics pattern that develops an atmospheric circulation are Monsoons if they come with and famine can result; drought weak, When the monsoons are - for spawn also responsible the monsoon are The atmospheric patterns that drive need a central theory simply that explains the variations that can be stated “We A B.A., Wesleyan University, 1989; Ph.D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1998 Technology, of Institute Massachusetts 1989; Ph.D., University, Wesleyan B.A., - the mon about how Although much is known and a potential disaster. annual event vary. they veryhow little is understood about soons occur, sun warming the surface The of the earthdraws mois- year. times of fairly well-defined Asia and Southeast rains of South waters and forms the iconic, seasonal ocean from ture particu- in these regions, The people who live America. Africa and South or sub-tropical aquifers. and recharge on the monsoon rains to water crops rely larly the rural poor, life and death makes The fine line between occur. too much gusto, flooding and disease one of the most important modeling these topics within climate monsoon forecasting a monsoon sea- within is trying the variations to predict days. Sobel models to develop the ability of so far been beyond which have cycles, and “break” as “active” son, known helped demonstrate the central importance he of heat stored climate modeling. Recently, cycles. and break in the oceans on the formation of active Niño El the formation of storms in distant ocean basins and may influence ing tropical an may one day have work Sobel’s result, a As Pacific. in the western cycles and La Niña of the monsoon rains. the reach beyond well impact on people who live max. Climate in the future, can look two weeks prediction “Weather see,” said Sobel. we This in advance. monsoon a year or weak for a strong us the probability models can give right now.” Grail kind of the Holy It’s is in between. of the monsoon rains three weeks hence, a prediction that was virtually unheard of just a that was virtuallyunheard a prediction hence, weeks rains three of the monsoon one was hap- off the plane, no When he got of its foresight. for the length decade earlier schedule. open up and the rain begin right on pier to see the sky

sk Ponisseril Somasundaran to say something in Hindi and he will jokingly he will and Hindi in say something to Somasundaran sk Ponisseril he thinks him what Ask few words.” bad common “a aside from beg ignorance of nishkam tenet quote the Hindu though, and he will means, “sustainability”

g A world leader in surfactant science, Somasundaran has used his expertise has in surfactantA world leader to takescience, Somasundaran is like the “It meanings,” said Somasundaran. different has several “Sustainability when it comes “There movement is a fundamental disconnect in the sustainability which contain large amounts of water. An example is liquid soaps and detergents, - which is notori has begun to focus on agriculture, Somasundaran recently, More is convinced that next target may be the carbon footprint. Somasundaran His A on problems as wide-ranging as the enrichment of scarce minerals from ultra-lean ores, ultra-lean ores, minerals from of scarce the enrichment as wide-ranging as on problems current on lungs, to the behavior of nanoparticles. smoke His to the impact of cigarette is sustainability. mantra, however, each disagree tale, four blind men that Sufi an elephant.” In four blind men describing part of the animal. feels a different of an elephant because each about the true nature sustainabil- is approaching open, Somasundaran wide with his eyes Like those men, but perspectives. several ity from choosing products number of people are increasing he said. “An to consumer products,” little certification, give but many of these labeling programs green based on third-party and shipping, to use manufacture from lifecycle, to the full scope of a product’s weight and disposal.” in these products the amount of water has been to reduce approach Somasundaran’s the amount of fuel needed to ship and they require the amount of packaging to lower and mine to mineral processing water-saving approach has applied a similar them. He less water consumption. chemicals that require developing by tailing treatment modest savings in agricultural water use Even ous for its enormous demand for water. cellulose nanoparticles, which naturally Using could translate to huge gains globally. he is trying mechanism to a targeted release to develop of water, curl to trap droplets and only when the soil is too dry of crops water just the roots or when high temperatures crops. threaten our notion of what is need to broaden “We focusing solely on carbon is far too narrow. elephant. will all be able to see the entire Then, perhaps, we sustainable,” he said. of Science, 1961; M.S., Institute 1958; B.E., Indian (India), of Kerala B.Sc., University 1964 UC Berkeley, Ph.D., 1962; of California-Berkeley, University karma sake of the future. today for the making sacrifices action, that entails , or selfless gineerin

ia En umb l Co

New Fostering Ways to“Green” Ways

LaVon Duddleson Krumb Duddleson LaVon l l erieri Poniss Poniss Professor of Mineral Engineering of Mineral Professor

darandaran SomasunSomasun EXCELLENTIA

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g gineerin

ia En umb l Co Professor of Applied Physics and Physics of Applied Professor of Earth and Professor Mathematics Applied Sciences and Environmental Studying Earth’s Earth’s Studying Crust and Mantle Marc Marc manman SpiegelSpiegel EXCELLENTIA

rowing up, Marc Spiegelman dreamed of one day being the next Jacques Jacques the next day being of one dreamed Spiegelman Marc up, rowing and he than diving hiking more was he enjoyed The only problem Cousteau. spent summers Two than oceanography. and physics rather at math excelled - the planet using the tools of a computa studies the interior of now Spiegelman migra- the that describe theories applying expertiseprinciple involves Spiegelman’s expertise out that one new because it turns is attracting attention from circles His of observation the worlds between ability to work and modeling Spiegelman’s to model unobservable is this ability fluids and heat solids, interactions between It B.A., Harvard, 1985; Ph.D., University of Cambridge (England), 1989 (England), of Cambridge University 1985; Ph.D., B.A., Harvard, working as a ranger for the United States Forest Service planet that the and the discovery Forest States ranger for the United as a working his future. calculus sealed through inner workings its secret often reveals crust active in tectonically behave and mantle Earth’s understand how tional physicist to has tradi- that a problem he has begun considering recently, of the world. More regions airy with a more tionally attracted scientists carbon dioxide focus: what to do with all the in the atmosphere. fluids in the solid earth,tion of magma and under the and the behavior of solid materials general a more helping create efforts are deep earth. of the His stress immense heat and This in the mantle and crust. solids and fluids understanding of the interactions between around output of volcanoes has applications to understanding the behavior and work that erupted 2010 and in early in Iceland the volcano the globe like Eyjafjallajökull, also provides work for nearly one month. His much of Europe over air travel shut down variety of fluids and a reactive as the interactions between insights into such problems minerals found in the earth. solid the carbon emissions involves ideas for dealing with excess promising of the more colleagues at the that Spiegelman’s earth. carbon sequestration, a problem Geological EarthLamont-Doherty Observatory entails injecting carbon investigating, actively are into certain the world.dioxide mineral formations found in many places around crucial under when carbon dioxide in understanding what happens may one day prove reactions Such with mineral formations containing magnesium. reacts immense pressure and form solid magnesium carbonate, heat, which cracks the rock, extreme produce away safely and permanently. locking the carbon dioxide of Cousteau. Instead Jacques him a leg up on his old hero, gives that deep underground his equa- see through has been able to a view into the depths of the ocean, Spiegelman of the upper Earth.tions and models into the deepest recesses G

round the world, communities are increasingly utilizing wind power because it because power wind utilizing increasingly are communities world, the round jobs, creates fast to deploy, is energy, of renewable source sustainable is a clean, is wind power fact, In competitive. and is economically uses very little water,

g Elon J. Terrell is an expert in tribology, the science of friction, lubrication, and the science of is an expert tribology, in Terrell J. Elon of con- is focused on the multiphysics analysis projects current Terrell’s of One group Terrell’s of contaminated gear trains, better understand the lubrication To and the study of crack initiation, propagation, include interests other research His A the fastest-growing source of energy production, having grown from zero production production zero from having grown of energy production, source the fastest-growing wind as But as of 2008. megawatts worldwide than 120,000 1980s to more in the early a challenged by being are systems their power being installed, increasingly turbines are conditions, to harsh operational and environmental especially exposure number of issues, the environment. as the effects of contamination from as well - analytical, numerical, and experi uses within sliding and contacting interfaces.wear He sliding the interfacial between to analyze mental techniques the wear interactions and challengessurfaces are in either dry friction and wear Since sliding or lubricated contact. - genera include power interests components, his research moving for devices that contain systems (MEMS), energy harvesting, tion, energy conversion, microelectromechanical and health sciences. contacts to gain a better physical understanding of the rolling-sliding taminated cyclic primarybehavior of an interface two lubricated surfaces. between His testbed involves particulate wind system, such as those used in contaminants in a lubricated gearbox physical the various is the combined modeling of turbines. A vital aspect of his research particle interface,interactions that take place within this lubricant fluid flow, including both experienced by wear motion, particle-surface abrasive contact, and the resultant surfaces. the contacting surfaces, the lubricant flow, particle methods, wherein is using mesh-free virtual by particlesanother that interact with one all represented and the particles are meth- the use of these involved with time. Although studies have dynamically and move is seeking to be the first to group Terrell’s mechanics, ods for fluid mechanics and solid mechanics, solid mechanics, and particleuse them to integrally connect fluid dynamics simulation. into a single predictive that will help to better explain loading, work cyclic agglomeration under low-amplitude also explor- is Terrell amount of use. why the bases of gas turbine blades fail after a given that is to thin film lubrication, a project ing the possibility of applying electrokinetics devices. mostly applicable to devices such as MEMS and magnetic data storage Carnegie 2004; Ph.D., Texas, of 2002; M.S., University (Austin), Texas of B.S., University 2007 University, Mellon gineerin

ia En umb l Co on J. J. Elon Elon TerrellTerrell Keeping Wind Wind Keeping Assistant Professor of Assistant Professor Mechanical Engineering Mechanical Turbines Turning Turbines

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g gineerin ia En umb l Co Maintaining Aging Aging Maintaining Infrastructure Urban Testa Testa e B. e B. RenRen and of Civil Engineering Professor Mechanics Engineering EXCELLENTIA

ging infrastructure is of great concern to all of us on the planet—no one wants one planet—no us on the to all of concern is of great infrastructure ging whosea building in or work or live may collapse that a bridge over to drive Rene catastrophe. to predict oftentimes it is difficult is failing, but structure

Testa, who is also the director of research for the Carleton Laboratory for the Carleton of research at Colum- also the director who is Testa, with material and structural dealing - projects con performance are Testa’s of Many mechanicalalso included the analysis of failed structures, has research Testa’s especially when structures, real has involved the years over of my work “Much While research it. if nothing is learned from only a total failure is a failure fact, “In A B.E., McGill University (Canada), 1959; M.S., Columbia, 1960; Eng.Sc.D., Columbia, Columbia, 1960; Eng.Sc.D., 1959; M.S., (Canada), University B.E., McGill 1963 bia Engineering, has extensive experience in infrastructure assessment and rehabilitation, assessment and rehabilitation, experience in infrastructure has extensive bia Engineering, and Brooklyn, Washington, George Whitestone, City’s York on New including work - Ver Whitman, Walt testing on the Manhattan, has also done bridges. He Triborough He buildings. as on high- and low-rise as well Bridges, Neck Throgs and razano Narrows of a system strategy for management optimal maintenance and repair has formulated an focuses research current His the city. and used by, for, one developed of bridges like the the characterization ofto detect damage in structures, on the use of vibration monitoring of bridge maintenance.damage in materials, and the management is urban infrastructure on sustainability of aging Research ducted in the Carleton Lab. of a new the development accelerated-aging test facility in the by advanced being greatly to aging relating capability for research far greater will provide notes that “this Testa lab. both senior and junior members of the civil engineering faculty.” by infrastructure on has worked and cementitious materials. He systems, and components of metallic modeling of the mechanical and of concrete, composite materials, the inelastic response transducer. of structural fabrics for which he holds a patent for a stress response an opportunity for learning,” cause must be determined to provide is a failure—its there said Testa. on fundamental theorythat focuses purely and continuum mechanics is of structures me much satisfaction, it is the and gives knowledge propagating in elegant and valuable actual application that is the most gratifying.” by that is driven research Testa is an expert in structural mechanics and materials, and has focused his research on is an expert in structuralresearch has focused his and materials, and mechanics Testa buildings of all kinds, especially and structures of materials and failure the deterioration and bridges.

- tinier com ever for the demand and smaller, ever become devices s electronic atthese materials through flows current how understanding grows, ponents important.becoming increasingly a meter) scale is (billionth of the nanometer

g By probing and understanding electronic structure and properties at this scale, her structure electronic and understanding probing By connection has to be made with a single molecule, a physical fabricate circuits To us- by has made possible these measurements pioneering research Venkataraman’s carried out us- their characterizations are these device fabrications and lab, her In - Venkatara says is the ultimate limit one can achieve,” single-molecule circuit “A A research findings will not only influence the design of molecules as active electronic com- electronic of molecules as active will not only influence the design findings research charge transport also enhance the understanding of ponents; they will metal-or- across catalysis, ganic interfaces, photovoltaics, of organic electronics, with impact on the fields photosynthesis. “These and including respiration and biological processes, experiments transport, fundamental physics of electron a deeper understanding of the while provide at the nanometer scale,” she said. for technological advances laying the groundwork in microscale. electrodes, the single molecule at the nanoscale and the metal between ap- of top-down the capabilities is beyond atomic precision with such circuits Building the to measure how out figure indeed, one of the main challenges has been to proaches; Although there components that consist of a single molecule. of electronic resistance in the experimen- been used, the large variations a number of techniques that have are individual how these techniques had made it difficult to predict by produced tal results devices. as electronic molecules will behave a molecule self-assem- where to form single-molecule circuits ing a bottom-up approach with known devices create The ability to two metal electrodes. bles into a gap between the chemistry by is then controlled structure at the metal-molecule interface, which can be tuned. sensitiv- built inhouse to have which are ing state-of-the-art microscopes, scanned-probe In mechanical stability. the required as to have well as and forces, ity to small currents conduc- electronic then used, for example, to measure these instruments are her group, not only to that these properties relate They show forces. tion or single bond breaking but also to the metal contacts and linking bonds.the molecular structure, us to push charges on this scale allows and transfer to control how man. “Understanding the frontier.” 1999 Harvard, 1997; Ph.D., 1993; M.S., Harvard, Technology, of Institute B.S., Massachusetts Latha Venkataraman conducts research on the molecular level, where she focuses on she focuses where level, on the molecular conducts research Venkataraman Latha in electrical elements as active of single molecules and control manipulation, probing, - and engineer of physics, chemistry, the interplay to understand working “I am circuits. scale,” she said.ing at the nanometer gineerin

ia En umb l Latha Latha Co

and Applied Mathematics and Applied Building Single- Single- Building Molecule Circuits Molecule

Physics of Applied Associate Professor

ramanraman Venkata Venkata

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g gineerin ia En

umb l

Co

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HEALTH SUSTAINABILITY INFORMATION HEALTH SUSTAINABILITY INFORMATION

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gineeringineerin ia Enia En umb umb ll Co Co Working Towards Net Towards Working Energy Fusion ncesco ncesco FraFra VolpeVolpe Physics of Applied Assistant Professor EXCELLENTIA EXCELLENTIA

Volpe is part of a team of researchers at Columbia Engineering who specializes in who specializes Engineering at Columbia is part of a team of researchers Volpe said it needs to be optimized,” but of energy works the production know “We magnetic islands as soon as they is to suppress way to tackle this problem One of the tokamak in a much bigger version been involved actually already has Volpe knew he wanted to pursue physics or engineering Volpe child, as a young Even whereWisconsin of the University of 2012 from joined Columbia in January Volpe - brings together electromagne waned. “It in fusion has not keen interest Volpe’s or years, scientists and engineers have been working on a way to control nuclear to control on a way been working have and engineers scientists or years, super at a with plasma experimenting been have They power. to provide fusion from used is extracted The fuel machines called tokamaks. in high temperature

Laurea, University of Pisa (Italy), 1998; Ph.D., University of Greifswald (Germany), 2003 (Germany), of Greifswald University 1998; Ph.D., (Italy), of Pisa University Laurea, fusion energy. He focuses on two key aspects: the first is to keep the plasma sufficiently aspects: the first is to keep the focuses on two key He fusion energy. of their Coulomb repulsion. fuse (and thus liberate energy) in spite hot for the ions to power) state (yielding high fusion the plasma in a high-pressure The second is to keep which destroyed, worse, be or, pressure reduced degenerating to from it and prevent uses microwaves Volpe the tokamak device. for people, can damage while not dangerous the Surprisingly, magnetic fields. combined in the second case with for both purposes, the principles by not very from of these techniques are underlying mechanisms different a magnet. by and a compass can be steered water, heats oven which a microwave islands tend to develop called magnetic is that structures of the challenges “One Volpe. fusion performances, cases so much so that the in several in the plasma, which decrease plasma is destroyed.” found, he explained, have Researchers and magnetic fields. means of microwaves form by that a bigger machine is more and depends on its size that the efficiency of the tokamak fusion energy. efficient at producing all fusion experiments that will called ITER—the first of in a major international project and expected to be The machine is under construction in France net energy. produce being used in ITER of microwaves helped design a launcher Volpe 2020. completed by in keeping the plasma stable. the magnetic islands and assists that suppresses fascination with fusion began when His for the environment.” something useful and “do after attending an exhibition on grew interest a book about it at age 16. His he read energy and watching a documentarya tokamak in England. about Atomics did his postdoc at General of engineering physics. He he was an assistant professor energy program. on DIII-D, another major fusion and worked Calif., Diego, in San even So more. tism, kinetic physics, optics, materials science, computer simulations and fusion is useful. Volpe. “Plus, said interesting,” it is extremely just as a scientific problem, - Fu need to do something about the generation of energy and for our environment. We getting there.” we’re but realize, is difficult to is perfect. It sion, at least on paper, water and rocks and while the reaction that takes place in the tokamaks is nuclear, no tokamaks is nuclear, takes place in the that reaction and while the rocks water and many scien- energy and in fusion remain challenges Still, is produced. waste radioactive assistant Volpe, including Francesco it work, aspects to make tackling various tists are of applied physics. professor F

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g gineerin ia En umb l Co Engineering of Civil Professor Assistant Mechanics and Engineering Keeping Structures Sound Structures Keeping ism anism an Wa Wa Haim Haim EXCELLENTIA

he I-35 bridge collapse in Minneapolis, Minn. in 2007 killed 13 people killed in 2007 Minn. in Minneapolis, collapse bridge he I-35 also It Midwest. economic disruption in untold for the Upper and resulted and it is old infrastructure: with the nation’s a problem relief to stark brought

Waisman is refining computational methods known as extended finite elements as extended finite methods known computational is refining Waisman suspension bridge to study how he has been using his methods particular, In can wires the remaining friction between breaks, wire has found that, when a He turned his attention has recently Waisman and in nature also play a role Fractures shattered, Antarctica West miles of the Larsen B ice shelf in 1,250 square 2002, In Haim Waisman is developing computational techniques to help understand how how to help understand techniques computational is developing Waisman Haim

- Technol of Institute Israel Technion 1999; M.S., Technology, of Institute Israel Technion B.S., 2005 Institute, Polytechnic Rennselaer 2002; Ph.D., ogy, and multiscale modeling to design high-strength, nanocomposite materials that might nanocomposite to design high-strength, and multiscale modeling environments. in corrosive such as pipes and bridges, up aging structures, one day shore an in things such as method of detecting fractures a non-invasive developed also has He sensors. only a few from common stress measurements airplane wing using clamped and wound to- made of thousands of wires main cables are The cables age. to neighboring wires. redistributed the loads it carries are breaks, When a wire gether. cable considers as many the entire of response the fracture predicting and Understanding miles long, and than two bundle more wound into a tightly compressed as 50,000 wires a supercomputer. requires the the cable bundle without compromising transfer the strain throughout effectively the graceful, but who daily cross for the millions of people a relief That’s bridge. entire of Manhattan. aging, bridges that lead into and out As the and Antarctica. in Greenland of ice shelves to a dramatic example—the collapse them to of glaciers, allowing melting ice seeps to the bottom climate warms, water from of cracks in ice shelves. and forming networks bedrock easily over slide more have other shelves then, several lanes. Since sending icebergs into southern shipping things like ice how the world. Understanding around rise sea-level collapsed, threatening is a necessary and fail and bridges break shelves first step to understanding the inevitable us all the time. changes going on all around - gov “Fractures and prevented. be predicted this may apart,and why things fall and how fractures.” is connected by he said. “Everything ern our lives,” getting older everygetting older day. T

Likewise, the atmosphere contains hundreds of chemicals that, in trace that, of chemicals hundreds contains Likewise, atmosphere the these chemicalsWhen or health. our breathing affect do not adversely amounts, he human body naturally emits trace amounts of about 500 chemicals. about 500 of trace amounts emits naturally body he human g Because every molecule has a unique absorption signature, optoelectronic de- every optoelectronic Because signature, has a unique absorption molecule materials, devices, and mo- in optoelectronic is an eminent researcher Wang Wen e.g. in this area, papers and published extensively has contributed some 250 He the Engineers, and Electronics of Electrical of the Institute is a fellow Wang vices hold the promise of providing effective identification of chemicals, by analyzing a identification of chemicals, effective of providing vices hold the promise pass though a semiconductor laser could example, light from absorption. For molecule’s and determination measured the absorption could be breath, person’s the molecules in a By and in what amounts. present what chemicals are made—within minutes—about has application in envi- trace gas detection, this technology fast and effective providing control pollutants), industrial process for sensing (measuring the atmosphere ronmental diagnostics. and medical products) (chemicals and food that can be applied knowledge on creating focuses his research He lecular beam epitaxy. material include nano and heterostructure projects current His problems. to real-world lasers, detectors, and photovoltaics. devices, infrared properties, optoelectronic applications (Quantum superlattices for mid- and long-wavelength InAs/GaSb Type-II Turkey); Istanbul, 2010, Conference, International Photodetectors Infrared Structure up to 2.6 um (J. photodetectors with cutoff wavelength detectivity InGaAsSb High quantum wells and optical properties of InGaAsNSb 2009); Interface Crystal Growth, InGaAsSb 2007); Mid-infrared Tech. Sci. Vac. 1.3 um lasers, J. (very threshold low Sci. (J. barriers AlGaAsSb tensile-strained Vac. lasers with digitally grown quantum well lasers emitting at 2.43 um quantum well InGaAsSb 2007); Strain-compensated Tech. of a new quinternary and glucose sensing, IEEE PTL, 2005); Invention (environmental (JAP devices optoelectronic mid-infrared for 2003 and APLdilute nitride InGaAsSbN 2001). and is an Electron Foundation, Guggenheim Simon John Society, American Physical distinguished lecturer. Society Device 1975; M.E.E., Cornell, Cornell, 1979; Ph.D., 1981 University, Taiwan B.S., National become out of balance—such as from illness, chemical weapons, or hazardous waste— or hazardous weapons, illness, chemical as from of balance—such become out their presence. testing can diagnose complex chemical often only T gineerin

ia En umb l Co Applied Physics and Physics Applied Applied Mathematics Applied for Chemical and and for Chemical ngng Wen Wa Wen Wa Engineering and Professor of and Professor Engineering Optoelectronics Using Environmental Sensing Environmental Thayer Lindsley Professor of Electrical of Electrical Lindsley Professor Thayer

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g gineerin ia En umb l Co Samuel Ruben-Peter G. Viele Professor of Professor Viele G. Ruben-Peter Samuel Electrochemistry Applying Electrochemical Electrochemical Applying for Technologies EnergySustainable . West. West Alan CAlan C EXCELLENTIA

West works on electrochemical application for energy storage (i.e., batteries) and application for energy on electrochemical works West sustainable in will play a key role technologies notes that electrochemical West systems because our studies of electrochemical continue to be fascinated by “We West’s research focuses on a large number of problems that he says are often char- often says are that he of problems a large number focuses on research West’s magine genetically engineering a microbe to produce a biofuel by growing on ambi - on growing biofuel by a produce to a microbe engineering genetically magine wastewater generatedor from ammonia and atmosphere the from dioxide carbon ent - is being devel process bio-electrochemical This carbon-neutral electrochemically.

B.S., Case Western Reserve University, 1985; Ph.D., University of California-Berkeley, 1989 of California-Berkeley, University 1985; Ph.D., Reserve University, Western B.S., Case conversion (fuel cells). Working closely with Scott Banta of the Department Chemi- of closely with Scott Banta Working (fuel cells). conversion USMA, he has also developed the Bozic from and Lt. Col. Robert cal Engineering in a range of applications, including sensors that can be employed bio-electrochemical and assessing the safety of in groundwater monitoring of potential toxins environmental drinking water. turned their attention to studies of increasingly and he and his colleagues have energy, - for use in conjunction with large-scale renew batteries that can be economically scaled and with a smarter storage such as thatable energy production electrical grid. Energy renewables. by in energy production batteries accommodates variations by provided the form of a electrical energy in excess it may be better to store some applications, For a such a technology, In (think of a fuel cell running using electrolysis in reverse). fuel by has also been collaborat- West electricity. the fuel to produce fuel cell is used to oxidize on Engineering ing with Klaus Lackner of the Department of Earth and Environmental systems. conversion these electrochemical developing is very “It West. of disciplines,” said a wide variety collaborate with colleagues from we while addressing applicable to industrial interests, is directly gratifying that our work with indus- working particularly enjoy We and energy needs. long-term environmental job and also to provide trial colleagues, in part in reality to keep our ideas grounded opportunities for our students.” acterized as belonging to “electrochemical engineering.” He and his team have studied have and his team He engineering.” as belonging to “electrochemical acterized For devices. electronic applications of electrochemistry of advanced to the production in logic and memory used to make integrated circuits chips used example, the “wiring” of electroplating. the process is made through in personal computers oped to produce butanol, a biofuel compatible with today’s vehicles, and is just one of and vehicles, today’s compatible with butanol, a biofuel oped to produce on with his colleagues. is working West that Alan many projects I - uantum physics has come a long way, and the advent of nanostructures has of nanostructures the advent and way, a long has come physics uantum to observe Chee textbooks. to relegated once experiments researchers enabled nanostruc with light of the control of examining is at the forefront Wong Wei

g “When it back-and-forth space and bounce light in a confined can trap you for a of nanoscale optics, e.g. opticalfocuses on the physics and engineering Wong fully under- properties the single photon has many not yet notes that even Wong interactions has implications for next-generation photon-material Understanding time equivalent to one million optical cycles, its intensity gets really strong,” said Wong. Wong. said strong,” gets really its intensity optical cycles, to one million time equivalent transitions or mechanical radio- such as atomic when tuned to resonances, This intensity, subset is An exciting the other process. up or cool down vibrations, can speed frequency quantum mechanical ground beams to its fundamental laser cooling of nanomechanical of nanostructures the discovery With state of its eigenmodes,” he said. coolest state, “the structures, mechanics of quantized explore can now lasers, researchers and coherent way.” act in such a coherent that so many atoms can mind-boggling it’s “where for sustainability. and photovoltaics and ultrafast lasers for infrastructures, interconnects light slow to but also use nanostructures light in a small box, team can not only trap His light is compressing Wong its surroundings. interactions with increased forcing down, for next-genera- and generating newpulses at 100-femtosecond timescales frequencies tion optical networks. (vortices, tim- degrees-of-freedom can encode much information in its many stood. It quantum dot for new can interact with a single computational ing, polarization, etc.). It in non-classical distributions. It can interact with, or generate, another photon ways. It in a confined nano-space Trapped purposes. can interact with a phonon for metrology fundamental These have enhanced. many of these effects are for one million cycles, ability to arti- the newly discovered observed, “with Wong security implications because, we day fantasizing that one refraction, people are ficially engineer materials for negative radar.” electromagnetic the enemy’s can cloak objects, hiding objects from “The and in an hour floods our our most abundant energy source sun is photovoltaics. said to collect it efficiently,” how we know if year, planet with sufficient energy for one is (or less), and hence there one electron used to think each photon gives “We Wong. turns out It a glass ceiling on the performance of photovoltaics. and cost effectiveness can we that, with new materials and a better understanding of the dynamical processes, electric- trapping light longer for more better and cheaper, that are photovoltaics develop This is our challenge.” ity. 2001; Technology, of Institute 1999; M.S., Massachusetts of California-Berkeley, B.S., University 2003 MIT, Ph.D., tures, with interestingtures, results. Q gineerin

ia En umb l WongWong Co Associate Professor of Associate Professor Nanostructures Mechanical Engineering Mechanical Wei Wei Chee Chee Controlling Light with Light Controlling

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g gineerin

ia En umb l Co Going to Extremes to Going el el Tunc Tunc YegulalpYegulalp of of Earth and Environmental Professor Engineering

EXCELLENTIA xtreme” is perhaps the last thing that comes to mind when talking to talking when to mind that comes thing the last is perhaps xtreme” Tuncel Yegulalp. “Orderly” and “soft-spoken” seem more appropriate. appropriate. more seem and “soft-spoken” “Orderly” Yegulalp. Tuncel E.J. of Columbia Professor the last student was Yegulalp Nevertheless - expert is a leading and pre to analyze which is used in the field, Yegulalp Today, mining. to continue his studies of uranium at Columbia in 1963 arrived Yegulalp for the data gaps, but it wasn’t devised a new eventually method to allow Yegulalp new group methods to an entirely value is teaching extreme Yegulalp These days, will we of the carbon dioxide he said, is the sheer volume The only problem, M.S., Istanbul Technical University (Turkey), 1961; Eng.Sc.D., Columbia, 1968 1961; Eng.Sc.D., (Turkey), University Technical M.S., Istanbul dict statistical outliers of common events, such as large earthquakes and severe floods, as such as large earthquakes of common events, dict statistical outliers and severe full circle, come has recently addition, his career In of rocks. strength as the failure well trying out figure to this time he’s only mining and geology, him to the fields of returning it. than remove carbon dioxide—rather the ground—namely, to put something into how to the world than just uranium,” was more “there was during that time he discovered It class for statistics—a value course in extreme That world included a graduate he said. tried to use Yegulalp to be interviewedwhich students had Gumbel. and handpicked by a statistical model of large earthquakes, analysis to develop but gaps in the value extreme accurate forecasts. made it impossible to create seismic record he experi- Turkey, in While on vacation his work. until 1999 that he was able to verify into the range of what squarely The quake fit earthquake.enced the magnitude 7.6 Izmit last large event. the region’s its magnitude and the time since might be expected, given that of climate extremes in understanding and predicting interested of students who are he is applying his expertise the same time, At might arise in the wake of global warming. of carbon dioxide. focusing on geologic sequestration in geology and mining to projects contain magnesium will into minerals that The idea is that pumping carbon dioxide gas out of the solid that will keep the greenhouse form magnesium carbonate, a stable permanently. atmosphere that it to sequester and the large amount of magnesium carbonate rock have eventually will have we want to maintain coal as a major contributor of energy, we “If will result. greater and learn to dispose of an even per year to mine at least six billion tons of rock like someone with a Spoken Yegulalp. of magnesium carbonate,” said and volume weight mind for extremes.

Gumbel, who helped found the field of extreme value statistics. of extreme found the field who helped Gumbel, “E

g Sunlight spans a wide range of the electromagnetic spectrum—from nearly 120 range of the electromagnetic spans a wide Sunlight peoples’ changes really something that want to produce we civil engineers, “As base the draw heat from Yin uses in his solar panels helps both The FGM that us- of roads and durability the wear focused on improving earlier research His elements that can take the durable roofing The next step is to fashion his cells into f Huiming Yin has his way, solar panels will one day all but disappear from view on from but disappear day all will one solar panels way, Yin has his f Huiming an for prototype on a Yin is working line. bottom a builder’s from rooftops—and is He hot water. electricity and both cell that produces (pv) photovoltaic inexpensive also attempting to integrate his new design into roofing materials, perhaps one day elimi- perhaps one materials, his new to integrate also attempting into roofing design shingles. panels and roofing need for both solar nating the of this sliver convert but the typical pv cell can only to 20,000 nanometers, a narrow converted is wasted or pv cells. In to heat—the enemy of many The rest to electricity. silicone-based cells virtually a current the most inexpensive stop producing particular, 100 exceeding temperatures solar cells often reach Celsius, but rooftop 85 degrees above all but useless in most parts Celsius, making them of the world. degrees - graded material (FGM), a rela design incorporates a functionally Yin. His said lives,” new of two components that, instead of meeting in antively type of material made up This allows abrupt one to the other. transition, change gradually in composition from of the physical properties of both components without hav- designers to take advantage point in any composite. them—often the weakest a physical bond between ing to create tubes embedded in the thin Water-filled cell and insulate the roof. of the photovoltaic Yin is cooling the cell, carryFGM layer that heat away to be used in the building. By silicone pv cells. the efficiency of existing aiming to improve which is essentially roof, The shingled buckling and heat stress. ing FGMs to prevent attention— Yin’s surface, focus of next obvious seemed like the another asphalt-covered particularly when that surface into double duty as both a shelter and an energy is forced civil he says, is a quintessential panels on an existing roof, solar Installing producer. structural dynamics, wind loading, and heat dis- one that involves engineering problem, sipation. Yin envisions a day when any building will be able to convert sunlight place of shingles. that time, Until roof. to electricity and hot water for less than the cost of a conventional he will continue trying at a time. to change the world, one rooftop (China), 1998; Ph.D., University (China), 1995; M.S., Peking University B.S., Hohai 2004 of Iowa, University I gineerin

ia En umb l Co Raising Roof the and Engineering Mechanics and Engineering inin g Yg Y Huimin Huimin

Assistant Professor of Civil Engineering of Civil Engineering Professor Assistant

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SUSTAINABILITY

Columbia Engineering can claim that the information era began when Herman Hollerith, an 1879 graduate of the Columbia School of Mines, founded the company that was to become IBM. Today, computers, microcomputers, com- puterized machinery, robots, fiber optics, and all manner of digital technologies provide a research area in which many of our faculty are engaged, by advancing digital frontiers and cybersecurity to keep our information safe. INFORMATION INFORMATION

g or Alfred Aho, the question is simple: “How can we get reliable software from from software reliable get can we “How is simple: question Aho, the or Alfred to can point Aho academic. than is more The issue programmers?” unreliable software control for failed flight $1 billion write-off fiascos as a such high-profile In fact, a 2002 National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) study Technology and of Standards Institute National fact, a 2002 In if you’re matter much. But a computer game, that doesn’t developing you’re “If He automatically tags potential problems. a system that goal is to create Aho’s it was built. details about how it captures When a compiler translates a program, has one mil- program source say the complex. “Let’s is more however, Software, plus function A to track errors. difficult Those subtle changes make it incredibly the program how a specification document that itemizes have large programs “All found that software defects cost the economy $60 billion annually and account for 80 the economy $60 billion annually defects cost found that software estimates that most commercial then, Aho Even costs. development of software percent defects per million lines of code. has 1,000 to 10,000 software death,” he said. a matter of life and it’s a pacemaker, programming that translate behind compilers, programs using the technology hopes to do this by languages like C into instructions caneasy-to-use programming a computer processor understand. technical specifica- with the program’s this actual implementation Aho wants to compare operations, associa- allowable naming conventions, tions, which define such things as struc- This is similar to inspecting a building’s of functions. tions, data sets, and order code. wiring, and plumbing against schematics and ture, of addition,” Aho explained. want to look for all examples lion lines of code, and you consulted the specification. may not have people. Some different several written by “It’s they might write of writing ‘add,’ Instead names for variables. They might use their own it as ‘plus.’” a Or results. unequal and produce data types than an add function, might use different plus add functions, but fail to look for involving a problem may discover programmer exists. functions to see if the same problem this document and test forshould be written. I would like to specify a property from tools that do some of this to create how know already We its properties in the software. Aho said. development,” want to extend these tools to software we in compilers. Now development “This can make a small dent in software but if we is a long-term project, billions of dollars.” can save and maintenance costs, we Princeton, 1965; Ph.D., 1963; M.A., Princeton, (Canada), Toronto of B.A.Sc., University 1967 and hundreds of millions of dollars spent fixing an airport’s automated baggage handling automated fixing an airport’s of dollars spent of millions and hundreds system. F gineerin

ia En umb l Co Computer Science Programmers

Creating Reliable Reliable Creating

Lawrence Gussman Professor of Professor Gussman Lawrence

V. Aho Aho V. V. AlfredAlfred

Programs from Unreliable Unreliable from Programs

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g gineerin

ia En yun yun umb l Co Helping to Rapidly to Helping for Materials Transform Systems Engineered Kata BarmakBarmak of Applied Professor Electronics Philips Mathematics and Applied Physics Kata

EXCELLENTIA etallic films are critical to many modern technologies such as integrated such as modern technologies many critical to films are etallic In and coatings. displays, sensors, storage systems, information circuits, that the transistors metallic films interconnect chips, these semiconductor

Katayun Barmak works to discover, characterize, and develop materials for materials and develop characterize, to discover, works Katayun Barmak include thin-film phase transformations and microstruc- interests research Her Engineers; and Electronics of Electrical is a member of the Institute Barmak When a complete understanding is gained about how these metallic materials these understanding is gained about how When a complete

B.A., University of Cambridge (England), 1983; M.A., University of Cambridge, 1987; of Cambridge, 1983; M.A., University (England), of Cambridge B.A., University 1989 MIT, 1985; Ph.D., Technology, of Institute S.M., Massachusetts Materials Research Society; American Physical Society; The Minerals, Metals & Metals The Minerals, Society; American Physical Society; Research Materials of America; and Microbeam Society Microscopy ASM International; Society; Materials Analysis Society. engineered systems; to develop theories and models for phase transitions, structure and structure theories and models for phase transitions, systems; to develop engineered between the relationship in metallic materials; and to understand morphology evolution in understand the differences aim is to quantify and to Her and property. structure the impact and nano-scales and to investigate micro-, at the macro-, materials structure studies of materials the material. Her on the properties exhibited by of these differences microscopy. world of electron immerse her in the exhilarating and powerful structure of nanocrystalline diffraction-based metrology electron materials, high throughput tures, - copper in semiconductor intercon replace metal to identification of a next generation permanent magnets, advanced of rare-earth-free and development nects, the discovery high-density for extremely kinetic experiments and models of alloys and quantitative with colleagues in applied collaboratively is also working media. She magnetic recording and of materials structure of theories for evolution mathematics on the development morphology. form, evolve, and change, new or improved materials for engineered systems like com- materials for engineered new and change, or improved form, evolve, - underlie the operation of genera permanent magnets that and advanced puter hardware motors can be developed. tors, alternators, and amplify and switch electronic signals. As the dimensions of metallic films shrink into of metallic signals. As the dimensions switch electronic amplify and of the boundaries and arrangement morphology, their structure, regime, the nanoscale these changes happen,When of change. the grains that the material is made between of impact on their properties performance and on the is a profound reliability and there made for. systems they are the engineered M

- computer the key to hold species to classify used techniques centuries-old ould recognition Face certainly Belhumeur thinks so. Peter face recognition? ized has many potential uses, from verifying financial transactions to recognizing to financial transactions verifying potential uses, from has many g The process is not very reliable. “Recognition algorithms make mistakes that they algorithms is not very “Recognition The process reliable. on the drew Belhumeur images or matching pixels, of superimposing Instead a new- mobile application avail LeafSnap, has developed this end, Belhumeur To computerized how “is exactly the opposite of The way this technology works faces. “Could if he could use a similar strategy to recognize wondered Belhumeur and nose shape to eye 100 labels, ranging from system uses roughly Belhumeur’s that describe visual with words for pictures it possible to search also makes It should never make, like confusing men with women, or one ethnicity with another,” with women, or one ethnicity with make, like confusing men should never - when Smithso those algorithms improving on was working said. Belhumeur Belhumeur species to classify plant software asked for help developing taxonomists nian Institution photos of their leaves. from a seriesby asking plants They classified dating back centuries. wisdom of taxonomists the choices until they came to the right narrowed answers of questions whose yes-or-no plant. upload it, users to photograph a leaf, app allows The free and iPad. able on the iPhone York New database covers seconds. LeafSnap’s and see a list of possible matches within - Bel Creek. Rock D.C.’s Washington, and the 160 species in trees Central Park City’s of Maryland with colleagues at the University the software who co-developed humeur, and give States the United map species across hopes to eventually and the Smithsonian, images to the database. users the ability to add their own comparing visual are we of pixels, “Instead is done,” said Belhumeur. object recognition attributes.” it a male or decisions about each image? Is that made qualitative software develop we classifiers to could build reliable we or pointy nose? … If or old? Broad Young female? based on their attributes.” for pictures could search these questions, “ he said, “we answer image, like an identity to a known a photo tests that compare In hair color and gender. technologies. it outperforms pixel-based card, description of an database based on a victim’s a through could search attributes. “We seemingly endless collection of digital photos,” he one’s assailant, or use it to search concluded. 1993 Harvard, 1991; Ph.D., 1985; M.S., Harvard, B.S., Brown, criminals. Today’s systems work by superimposing a subject’s face over images in a images face over a subject’s superimposing by work systems Today’s criminals. if theyeach image to see from samples pixels align, the computer they If database. match. C gineerin

ia En umb l Co r N. r N. Pete Pete Face Recognition Face Professor of Computer Science Professor eureur BelhumBelhum Turning a New Leaf on Leaf a New Turning

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g gineerin

ia En umb l Co Protecting Privacy in in Privacy Protecting Systems Complex n n Steve Steve inin BellovBellov of Computer Science Professor EXCELLENTIA

sk Steven Bellovin about computer privacy and he might start and he discussing privacy computer about by Bellovin sk Steven of airplane causes no single “Theaviation. are good, there is so technology interact in complicated complicated systems when But more. crashes any “Computers interact with the world around them,” Bellovin said. “We cannot be said. “We them,” Bellovin with the world around “Computers interact For personal privacy. eroding technologies interconnected Internet’s sees the He mandated that telecommunications switches include technol- Congress 1994, “In actually consist of many Websites because large mechanisms fail privacy Some data that wipes identifying of concern is anonymization, a process area A third people want to see ads “Some detailed profiles. This could enable it to create - can teach people to pro he continued. “We of the solution is educational,” “Part This includes creating looking at better ways to preserve is privacy. group His Bellovin has seen that complexity emerge on the Internet. Thirtyago, he years the Internet. emerge on seen that complexity has Bellovin A B.A., Columbia, 1972; M.S., University of North Carolina (Chapel Hill), 1977; Ph.D., 1977; Ph.D., (Chapel Hill), Carolina of North B.A., Columbia, 1972; M.S., University 1982 Carolina, of North University only scientists or engineers. We have to bring our knowledge to the debate. We have no have We to the debate. our knowledge to bring have We only scientists or engineers. no less right either.” else, but than anyone right to a policy opinion more someWhile about users. collect information websites commercial example, nearly all for-sale databases can cross-check others do not. Anyone keep that information private, to unearth personal information. could tell this would be abused. “We said Bellovin. ogy to make it easier to tap phones,” including the prime minister. enough, someone tapped 100 people in Greece, Sure like this, it is our obligation as specialists to say something.” see proposals When we for example, policies. Facebook, the same privacy all of them share services.different Not on servers rules. could scrape sup- privacy Hackers pictures that did not enforce stored those servers. entering through data by posedly private to build detailed data use anonymized many companies can Yet database records. from queries, offers check-out services for example, captures of individuals. Google, records which tracks clicks for advertisers. Double-Click, and owns purchases, that record repository a of all there’s that somewhere find it creepy about things they like. Others said. information,” Bellovin your also a technology issue.” it’s But tect their privacy. and encrypting of database searches, the privacy advertising unlinkable aliases, improving information. access private cannot clicks so merchants helped create USENET, a precursor of today’s Internet forums. He wrote the first book the first wrote forums. He Internet of today’s a precursor USENET, helped create - re He security. to simplify network software creating and is now security, on Internet mains an important in public discussions about privacy. voice ways, you have unexpected failures,” he said. unexpected failures,” have ways, you

ridlock doesn’t just happen on highways. Interlocking congestion that prevents that prevents congestion Interlocking on highways. just happen doesn’t ridlock more people exchange As more to the Internet. also a threat is movement system traffic management basis, the Internet’s frequent on a more information

g Photonics, the science and technology of generating and controlling photons, and controlling of generating science and technology the Photonics, Laboratory at Columbia University. Research the Lightwave leads Bergman Keren sub- focuses on embedding real-time on large-scale optical networks work Her Bergman’s research in large-scale optical switching fabrics includes cross-layer fabrics includes cross-layer in large-scale optical switching research Bergman’s could ease up electronic traffic jams by providing the solution to Internet gridlock. the solution to by providing traffic jams could ease up electronic man- information traffic advanced to achieve photonics, the potential exists Through agement performance merging theby symbiotically efficiency along with energy would transmit data as routers Optical infrastructure. computation-communications they would use less power addition, unnecessary In light, avoiding processing. electronic of data with complete format manipulating gargantuan amounts consumption while footprint. in a smaller device transparency optical in transparent optical data routing of dynamic the realization investigates She potentially disruptive she is developing this work, Through networks. interconnection access latencies, and low- minimal throughput, technology solutions with ultra-high These solutions will ulti- of data capacity. independent dissipation that remain power dense wavelength enabled by on the enormous bandwidth advantage mately capitalize division multiplexing. the community, communications. As envisioned by for cross-layer strate measurements this suite will support science and engineering experiments a wide range of network a substantial techniques runningsuch as new and data dissemination protocols over rout- high-speed with next-generation optical switches, novel fiber optic infrastructure computational clusters, and high-end networks, ers, city-wide experimental urban radio sensor grids. in opti- work Her measurements. optical substrate and embedded real-time optimized for high-performance networks computing systems includes datacal interconnection and scalable optical interfacevortex network optical packet switching fabric, optical card systems and subsystems network in integrable interconnection work packet buffers. Her and systems and nanophotonic optical broadband includes parametric optical processes networks interconnection in inter- and intra-chip multi-processor work switches. Her systems and includes on- and off-chip photonics communications for multi-processor silicon photonic devices for networks-on-chip. 1991; Ph.D., Technology, of Institute 1988; M.S., Massachusetts University, B.S., Bucknell 1994 MIT, (routers) is forced to use more energy to forward and receive data between computer data between energy to forward and receive to use more is forced (routers) performance traffic demands, against lose ground occur. bottlenecks routers As networks. G gineerin

ia En Engineering umb l en en KerKer Co anan BergmBergm Battling Internet Internet Battling Gridlock with Light Gridlock

Charles Batchelor Professor of Electrical of Electrical Professor Charles Batchelor

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g gineerin ia En umb l Co Understanding How How Understanding Evolve Swans Black het het e Blance Blanc Jos Jos Engineering of Industrial Assistant Professor Research and Operations EXCELLENTIA

“I study black swan events by using probabilistic methods. That doesn’t mean I That doesn’t methods. probabilistic using by swan events “I study black of portfolios. computer models As they building realistic does this by Blanchet try must be truly explained, you random. “If The shocks, Blanchet to model a want to see what happens if lots of this is 2006 and you example, suppose “For and risk in such contexts as queueing networks events look at extreme “We two to run or would take a week it simulations to generate a enough Ordinarily, algorithms that generate black devised Blanchet this problem, get around To and a want to study, we the features a family of models that capture have “We n early 2008, few investors saw the whirlwind coming. The financial crisis was what crisis financial The coming. the whirlwind saw few 2008, n early investors or anticipates no one earthshaking swan, an a black call economists unlikely, so event this situation. like to rectify would Blanchet it. Jose plans for B.S., Instituto Tecnológico Autónomo de México, 2000; Ph.D., Stanford, 2004 Stanford, 2000; Ph.D., de México, Autónomo Tecnológico B.S., Instituto predict them. Instead, I use computers to understand how they evolve,” Blanchet said. Blanchet they evolve,” how computers to understand I use them. Instead, predict they occur, before events signs of extreme see the warning investors goal is to help His time to respond. while they still have such as bond defaults and bankruptcies. random events, he shocks them with evolve, a combination of random very rarely, the portfolio absorbs the hits. Rarely, Ordinarily, portfolios in 2008. real did to events crashing, just as cascading shocks sends values he reality,” and it will not reflect could get it wrong you these events, crisis that simulates said. want to start we people default on their mortgages. Rather than start with a bankruptcy, model cap- let the probability We the bankruptcy. that cascade to create with the events rare.” they are if even that occur naturally, the events ture to understand what happensWe want portfolios. management of financial and insurance the are What losses. huge backlogs or when companies post enormous are when there What is the likelihood?” consequences of that? database to study these to build a large enough That is far too slow single black swan. for similarities and differences. events of portfolio of simulations using a variety models then runs hundreds He swans rapidly. they behave. to see how “It’s computational tool that lets us observe as they unfold,” said Blanchet. these events sometimes it of the time, nothing happens. But like watching a crack in a dam. Most dam goes.” and then the propagates I

s microprocessors grow more powerful and complex, engineers dream of put- of dream engineers complex, and powerful more grow s microprocessors smaller, be chips would Such chip. a single on system computer an entire ting we though, To get there, designs. today’s efficient than energy and more faster,

g Today, engineers create microprocessors using tools that help them build circuits build circuits tools that help them using microprocessors create engineers Today, or cores, multiple processors, chips have New problems. Carloni ticks off other also offer newThose same emerging technologies of trying opportunities. Instead an on-chip commu- vision is to create “Our on a chip. solution is a network His switch- communications elements—nanoscale wires, envisions a collection of He into would plug components you each circuit, of designing links between “Instead clock running chips would also support at different multiple cores Networked A - for tradition new problems pose many technologies Yet designs. of proven libraries from with a single clock. all operations chips synchronized the past, for example, al tools. In was basically for computation, on-chip communication to the times needed “Compared calculations run local so fast, it takes several explained. “Today, instantaneous,” Carloni need to address.” This is a physical issue we signals to arrive. for remote clock cycles of transis- Billions new in programmability. challenges create whose parallel operations to remove. is hard and generate lots of heat that new of complexity levels tors create needed to these issues has extended the amount of time and design iterations Resolving new chips. create - chip architec reinventing a system-on-chip with old tools, Carloni proposes to develop communication infrastruc- need to create and the tools used to design them. “We tures that make it easier to integrate new components into our designs,” he said. tures he added. “When that touches infrastructure,” a network nication and control have we to optimize the processor configure can dynamically we every component on a chip, on it.” working we’re yet, but the solution have We don’t speed or efficiency. interfaces standard would have The cores the chip. data around move es, and routers—to A new of tools would supportto plug into the network. generation component selection optimization. and network backbone,” Carloni said. “This to design processors. makes it much easier a standardized upgrade and test new could continuously plug them in andEngineers components, then on the chip.” they would work know energy use. speed or reduce to optimize cores rates. Chips could assign tasks to different efficient communication computing systems starts with more green “The path towards Carloni said. infrastructures,” 1997; of California-Berkeley, University 1995; M.S., of Bologna (Italy), B.S., University 2004 UC Berkeley, Ph.D., will need to reinvent how we design chips, Luca Carloni argues. Carloni chips, Luca design we how to reinvent will need gineerin ia En umb l Co Networking Chips Networking oni loni loni a Cara Car Luc Luc

Associate Professor of Computer Science of Computer Professor Associate

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g gineerin ia En umb l Co Scaling Up the the Up Scaling Social Internet Mobile ustin ustin AugAug reaureau ChaintChaint of Computer Science Assistant Professor EXCELLENTIA onsider the power of global interconnectedness: One person’s tweet about a about tweet person’s One interconnectedness: of global the power onsider to email a person’s another away, a world half purchase a can influence product rules dissatisfaction with about someone and group a public protest, can lead to

“In real life, we collect and communicate useful data sparingly, and we interact and we useful data sparingly, collect and communicate life, we real “In networkers on building algorithms that connect online social works Chaintreau people us to interact socially with many more These techniques could also allow Although social networking is flourishing on today’s Internet, it does not make it does not Internet, flourishing on today’s is social networking Although

Ancien élève, École Normale Supérieure (Paris), 2002; Ph.D., École Normale Supérieure, Supérieure, École Normale 2002; Ph.D., (Paris), Supérieure École Normale élève, Ancien 2006 much more with our immediate environment,” he said. “Why can’t we do that to use we he said. “Why with our immediate environment,” much more can’t status, email a friend, collaborate on plans?” socially—to update a Facebook the Internet By better efficient at social interaction. incredibly challenge is that humans are One its online counterpart, can we which predates understanding natural social networking, performanceenhance computer networking then mathematically model that to and outcomes. these algorithms unique is that they What makes intuitively. efficiently and more more behaviors mathematical models describing users’ use only local information and exploit in particular that users should not shows and organizations. It and interactions in groups data is necessary that handing out your believe to connect “Many their privacy. surrender the users a choice,” he said. We want to give your friends. efficiently with new applications. “Whenand objects, reaching at most urgent environmental look you many of sources, renewable electricity distribution from organize water or issues, to save Internet,” social a fast, mobile, people through involving benefit from them could greatly he concluded. the most of our everyday interaction, Augustin Chaintreau argues. “This Chaintreau the is because the most of our everyday Augustin interaction, make and you how need does not mirror to your the web technology that personalizes “When said Chaintreau. keep social connections,” a friend their opinion about ask you places recent purchases, your most to tell her about do not first have you a good movie, or less what today’s more that’s visited. But have you been and the websites have you that you also requires software social networking Today’s do.” to you computers require people to interact with nearby server even connected at all times to a are on the Internet, (or objects). else’s real-time video during a natural disaster can result in an outpouring of aid. All are are of aid. All in an outpouring can result during a natural disaster video real-time else’s networking. social outcomes from astounding C

- im today—digital available visual data glut of the through searching ccurately closely how upon or millions—depends thousands in the daily produced ages is a It the image. used to classify words matches the description verbal your

g In order for a search engine to visually classify and find images, or determine if engine to visually classify for a search order In lab at (DVMM) and Multimedia Video Digital of the Chang, director Shih-Fu in the researcher as the most influential Search Academic Microsoft Ranked by whichVideoQ, systems, of the first video object search one he developed 1998, In and Engineers and Electronics of Electrical of the Institute Chang is a fellow A images have been tampered with, computers would need to perceive the abundant visual need to perceive with, computers would been tampered images have data is much like DNA: thou- each individual image. All that by information provided syntax and domain-related of objects, people, scenes, events, sands of genetic concepts that make up the individual image. engines for digital on next-generation search targets his research Columbia Engineering, in shaping the vibrant field of content-basedimages and videos, and has been influential University-Industry leads the Columbia ADVENT group His multimedia retrieval. research Consortium, University’s industrial collaborations with the promoting Research participated has actively in addition, his group In teams in the media technology area. international standards. and MPEG-21 of MPEG-7 the development recognition, pattern includes multimedia search, research field of multimedia, Chang’s - include a groundbreak Results media forensics. media analytics, video adaptation, and users to find content of similar visual tools that allow paradigm and prototype ing search a very videos by pool of visual concept classifiers, and summarize attributes, search large of video content. patterns and anomalies found in a large collection the event has work His level. supported region automated spatio-temporal indexing at the object and industry and many video indexing technologies government by funded been broadly been licensed to companies. have his group by developed in 2009. technical field award Tomiyasu the IEEE Kiyo received 1991; of California-Berkeley, 1985; M.S., University University, Taiwan B.S., National 1993 UC Berkeley, Ph.D., frustrating, time-consuming exercise that affects the general user as well as news, media, user as well affects the general that frustrating, exercise time-consuming experi- browsing and a richer search crave specialists who and biomedicine government, not only enhance technology would matching and search automated visual ence. An to helping but could also facilitate media forensics, activities, searching classification and natural photograph or computer has been manipulated, or if it is a explain if an image graphic. gineerin

ia En umb l Co ChangChang u u Shih-FShih-F Search Engines Search and of Computer Science and of Computer Next- Developing Generation Visual Visual Generation Professor of Electrical Engineering Engineering of Electrical Professor

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g gineerin ia En umb l Co Using Game Theory to Game Using Internet the Study and E-Commerce nn Xi CheXi Che of Assistant Professor Computer Science EXCELLENTIA

he underlying impetus to every impetus he underlying which,is competition, interaction human fast we how decide we individuals, As making. our decision affects in turn, to get to in order alongside other drivers, lane of a highway, in a specific drive Game theorists have traditionally applied mathematics to help understand the applied mathematics to help traditionally theorists have Game applications of witnessed numerous past decade, computer scientists have the In Xi Chen studies algorithmic game theory computer science with theoretical and equilibria and on on the computation of Nash for his work Chen has won awards B.S., Tsinghua University (P.R. China), 2003; Ph.D., Tsinghua University, 2007 University, Tsinghua China), 2003; Ph.D., (P.R. University Tsinghua B.S., a desired destination at a particular time. In business, a board of directors undertakes of directors a board business, at a particular destination In time. a desired an outcome that to achieve in order corporate entity with another merger negotiations to in order negotiate diplomatically Governments for their shareholders. is profitable good these interactions, the need to make In all economic and political benefits. achieve outside how need to understand we make good decisions, To decisions is important. the process. influences impact in the context and the decision-making process behavior of rational agents competitive theorists have eight game valued: of study that is highly an area It’s of economic systems. in economics. Prizes won Nobel and e-commerce, and concepts in the study of the Internet approaches game theoretic in understanding decision an absence of central authority opens a new frontier where field called the new and rapidly growing around has centered interest making. Much This theory of computer science, math- lies at the intersection algorithmic game theory. and examines new classic and and operations research, ematical economics, game theory, The goals of algorithmic game the lens of computation. models through game theoretic to make the behavior of selfish agents in order theory predict to understand and even are successful. applications more Internet-based the that arise from computational problems an emphasis on natural and fundamental cur- systems. His and other decentralized e-commerce, study of Internet, game-theoretic to some of the most classic and funda- examines algorithmic issues related research rent mental models in game theory and seeks to understand and characterize and economics, of classical solution concepts in game theorythe intrinsic difficulties in the computation com- social influence can change the in how interested is especially and economics. He equilibrium problems. putational landscape of market equilibria. the computation of market T

g “A graph is a good model for many practical problems,” she said. “You can think said. “You she problems,” for many practical is a good model graph “A Graph theory does not involve what we normally think of as graphs. Instead, as graphs. Instead, normally think of theory we what does not involve Graph the properties of their vertices and the lines, or edges, by characterized are Graphs a 2002, her team proved these attributes. In at understanding works Chudnovsky makes it possible to determine if a graph is perfect proof without Chudnovsky’s to locate could use her proof Engineers well. in other fields as is relevant work Her looked work recent of graphs. Her the structure continues to explore Chudnovsky she said. “Now explicitly described all graphs that do not contain a claw,” “We’ve most some of the to solve promise abstract, her results is highly While her work n many ways, a good theory behaves like a rock thrown in a pond: It makes a splash makes a It in a pond: a good theory ways, n many thrown rock like a behaves theory in graph work that. is like Chudnovsky’s Maria spread. its ripples and then it involves groups of points, or vertices. Sometimes they form geometric objects like they of points, or vertices. Sometimes groups it involves as cities or cell distributed as randomly times, they are and pentagons. Other squares on a map. phone towers route for a finding the best from problems, can be used to answer They them. between delivery shortest traffic to calculating the itinerary truck Internet to routing on a GPS. defined as being easy to color. graphs roughly about perfect graphs, which are conjecture being perfect, types of defects keep a graph from that only two and that all They showed categories.perfect graphs fall into a handful of different perfect exercise, While this may sound like a strictly cerebral coloring all its vertices. in communications theory. a problem to solve in order originally conceived graphs were whether Knowing with one another. do not interfere so their frequencies towers wireless a graph is perfect efficient algorithms to or not also helps computer scientists choose certainsolve problems. lines, or edges, three occurs where This structure at graphs that did not contain a claw. claw. a common vertex to form a three-fingered emanate from can seemed to be out of reach that many problems that our characterization is in place, easily.” relatively be solved practical of problems. of Institute Israel Technion 1996; M.Sc., Technology, of Institute Israel Technion B.A., 2003 Princeton, 2002; Ph.D., M.A., Princeton, 1999; Technology, of the Internet as a graph and the computers on it as vertices; some are connected and as vertices; computers on it as a graph and the some are of the Internet theory its structure.” can tell us about not. Graph some are I gineerin

ia En umb l a a MariMari Co of Abstract Graphs of Abstract Associate Professor of Industrial of Industrial Associate Professor vsky vsky ChudnoChudno Exploring the Structure Structure the Exploring Engineering and Operations Research and Operations Engineering

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gineerin ia En umb l Co Vikram S. Pandit Professor Professor S. Pandit Vikram of Computer Science A Man of Many Words of Many A Man hael hael MicMic CollinsCollins EXCELLENTIA

ith people becoming ever more connected around the globe, statistical statistical the globe, around connected more ever becoming ith people of artificial a sub-field (NLP), processing language natural intelligence, data of electronic the amount of research—as a critical area has become

Collins’ research focuses on algorithms that process text to make sense of the vast text to make sense of the vast on algorithms that process focuses research Collins’ that accuracy levels such unprecedented Collins has built a parser that can obtain of new algorithms has enabled him to make significant development learning His models of language, in statistical search” also focuses on “efficient research Collins’ - mathemati developing really enjoy “I find linguistics fascinating,” said Collins. “I W B.A., University of Cambridge (England), 1992; M.Phil., University of Cambridge, 1993; of Cambridge, University 1992; M.Phil., (England), of Cambridge B.A., University 1999 of Pennsylvania, University Ph.D., amount of text available in electronic form on the web. The overarching thrust his of overarching The form on the web. in electronic amount of text available handle dif- along with linguistic methods to has been the use of machine learning work parsing, main areas: falls into three research His in language processing. ficult problems machine learning methods, and applications. the field of NLP: for the first time, a system was able to accurately it has revolutionized one of the most parser is now form. His in electronic handle enormous quantities of text tools in the NLP field. widely used software - impacting speech recogni applications, greatly language-processing in several advances is on of my work major focus translation. “A tion, information extraction, and machine said Collins. “The structures,” statistical models of complex linguistic is to challenge methods with these complex structures.”combine sophisticated machine learning have example, in parsing, you an important challenge in many NLP applications. For to find sentence, in order for a given structures of “possible” set a vast through to search number a vast through need to search translation, you In structure. the most probable must you in speech recognition, plausible structure; of possible translations for the most likely sentence that was number of possible sentences for the most a vast through search spoken. text in intel- to process developing cal models for languages. And the algorithms we’re of intriguing applications.” all kinds ligent ways have increases exponentially, so does the need for translating, analyzing, and managing the and managing analyzing, the need for translating, so does exponentially, increases com- between with the interactions NLP deals web. the and text on words flood of in problems approach learning to often using machine human languages, puters and to has just come NLP researchers leading of the world’s text or speech. One processing S. Vikram named the recently J. Collins, Michael MIT: from Columbia Engineering learning and computa- in machine work of Computer Science, whose Professor Pandit influential. been extraordinarily tional linguistics has

g “When an epidemic spreads by contact and you cannot vaccinate the whole cannot vaccinate “When contact and you by an epidemic spreads cannot understand why view Cont takes a system-wide financial markets. of “We behavior the rules promulgated that restricted past, Cont said, regulators the In acting as intermediaries the system by clearinghouses can strengthen Cont believes The amounts would deposits on all trades. Clearinghouses would also require to the design of new to risk management Cont is applying his systemic approach was crash, financial engineering people thought that after the market “Some n 1987, automated trading programs shoved the market off a precipice. In 2008, a 2008, In off a precipice. the market shoved programs trading automated n 1987, usesCont, who Rama its knees. system to global financial the brought crisis liquidity dis- has studied such system-wide financial markets, methods to model probabilistic continuities for more than a decade. His research on market discontinuities and systemic discontinuities on market research than a decade. His for more continuities reduce the to markets financial in redesigning contributor him a valued risk has made major shocks. impact of said further spread,” to prevent resources vaccination prioritize to have population, you lead to a financial mechanisms that could similar questions about market ask Cont. “We meltdown.” bank portfolios,” looking at individual by banks failed simultaneously in 2008 heseveral of interlinked assets in a network of funds and must look at the flow we said. “Instead, - training, he uses the mathematical language of sci physicist by portfolios.” A theoretical to breakdowns. prone they are and identify where financial networks ence to analyze trying they are as a whole and to look at the market of individual institutions. “Now, needs. traders’ spontaneously from evolved markets system. Most assess risks in the entire less links can make them of intervention their weakest degree that strengthens Some vulnerable to disruption,” he said. This would their transactions. parties trading to register would require They for trades. and other instru- about the price—and risk—of derivatives transparency market increase ments that traded at wildly varying prices in the past. The deposits would act as brakes on risk and help risk. rise as institutions take on more compensate for losses if a party defaulted. with the Market is one of the two academics collaborating clearinghouses. He derivatives a panel of industryregulators charged with officials and Group, Working Transparency markets. derivatives over-the-counter redesigning for managing methods about the need for rigorous Instead, it raised awareness finished. now.” modeling is in demand quantitative before, ever than risk,” Cont said. “More (France), Supérieure 1994; D.E.A., École Normale (France), Diplôme, École Polytechnique XI, 1998 de Paris Université 1995; Doctorat, I gineerin

ia En umb l Co and Operations Research and Operations tt a Cona Con RamRam in Financial Networks in Financial Modeling Systemic Risk Risk Systemic Modeling

EXCELLENTIA Associate Professor of Industrial Engineering of Industrial Associate Professor

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gineerin ia En umb l Co Understanding When When Understanding Badly Behave Models nuel nuel EmaEma nn DermaDerma Practice of Professional Professor Engineering in the Department of Industrial Research and Operations EXCELLENTIA

manuel Derman knows something about models. He practiced physics after physics practiced He models. about something knows Derman manuel he Sachs, Goldman At in 1985. Street Wall to but moved his Ph.D., receiving - headed their quan models, and later rate interest one of the earliest co-developed

“Theories,” Derman explained, “are attempts to grasp the way the world actually attempts to grasp “Theories,” explained, “are Derman con- Derman metaphors or analogies,” they are my view, “In different. are Models “When principles of physics to I first came to finance, I used the try to build dis- They were reality. their models represented believed Street Wall on Many one day be a theory may there physics of everything,” finance and“In he said. “In added. “I Derman a bit of a Platonist,” “I’m to play. a role models still have Yet his led to not have experiments could that Ampere’s once remarked “Maxwell comes just wake up with it. It don’t but you knowledge, in intuitive “I believe is Derman’s tentative title for his next book. “It’s about the “It’s for his next book. title tentative is Derman’s Badly Behaving Models

B.Sc., University of Cape Town, 1965; M.A., Columbia, 1968; Ph.D., Columbia, 1973 1965; M.A., Columbia, 1968; Ph.D., Town, of Cape B.Sc., University is, even if we don’t know why. Take Newton’s laws. You can’t ask why they are correct. correct. ask why they are can’t You laws. Newton’s Take why. know don’t if we is, even always true.” that are regularities These are the way the world is. That’s prices change the way smoke or ‘Stock ‘The brain is like a computer,’ say, tinued. “We using theories attempts to describe something by are Models a room.’ diffuses through field. in a different work that already the the techniques appear similar, that although something just as truthful. I discovered simplify things,” he said. make analogies, we When we is deceptive. resemblance abused of that notion in 2008. is a usable theory lucky if there of anything.” the social sciences, you’re trying finding the truth, to distinguish between I’m is some truth out there. think there limitations. their inherent and building models while understanding which is rare, his intuition rather than point experiments seemed to confirm His results. he concluded. road,” a step on that are Models work. after a lot of hard to it. different approaches people use to understand the behavior of the world,” he said. In it, behavior of the world,” he said. In people use to understand the approaches different - the unwarranted as and explains how models, differ from theories he distinguishes how conclusions. can lead to incorrect sumptions of models My Life as a Quant: Reflections Reflections a Quant: as Life My memoir, chose his Week Business group. strategies titative of 2004. the top 10 books , as one of Finance and on Physics E car kicks system control stability out, its it spins a curve takes Before too fast. to of force amount the right and recalculate calculate microprocessors in. Its until the times per second the brakes many wheel, adjusting apply to each

g Unfortunately, its embedded processors can only perform one task at a time. To To can only perform its embedded processors one task at a time. Unfortunately, use the programmers at a cost. Most concurrency—comes This illusion—called must be translated, programs to test. C hard are C programs concurrent Second, - a language, Soft he has developed has solutions for both issues. First, Edwards C-like takes code. It compiler that generates testable a customized also created He and a model to check its speed and reliability “This in program test your lets you plummeted in As hardware hide in the environment. processors “Embedded A car comes under control. Such critical systems often juggle several events at once. A car’s car’s at once. A events often juggle several critical systems Such under control. car comes of other variables spin, and dozens speed, momentum, must calculate stability system of the brakes. each application before little slice tasks into many said, programmers Edwards Stephen the problem, get around - pres at such blindingly fast speeds, it slices hop between the processor pieces and have simultaneity. ents the illusion of programming, repetitive lots of This involves embedded processors. C language to code could do it, but People hand. a phone book by like writing in. “It’s can creep and errors said. would be lots of mistakes,” Edwards there Their sliced-up nature language of processors. or compiled, into the ones-and-zeros and test. “The to translate, model, makes them hard only way to tell if they will run fast until they appear to programs is to test and re-test enough to handle critical calculations he said. work,” concurrent programming (SHIM), which simplifies Medium Integration ware-Hardware developed “We programs. into repetitive that creep the errors SHIM reduces events. necessaryalgorithms that automate all the bookkeeping to manage simultaneous events,” he explained. parts into a (very of the programs and translates the concurrent long) series ofprograms them back into C. then re-compiles sequential commands. It behavior and maybe said. “This reliable will lead to more Edwards make improvements,” fail. when embedded processors fewer huge recalls many processors price, it became possible to put them everywhere. I ask students how their computers or smartThey may count phones, but miss their coffee mak- they own. in 2008.” made 10 billion embedded processors We ers, air conditioners, and cars. of California-Berkeley, 1992; M.S., University Technology, of B.S., California Institute 1997 UC Berkeley, 1994; Ph.D., gineerin

ia En umb ardsards l Co EdwEdw n A. n A.n A. Stephe Stephe Embedded Processors Embedded Testing and Correcting Correcting and Testing

Associate Professor of Computer Science Associate Professor

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g gineerin ia En umb l Co Delving into the Science Science the into Delving of Listening Ellis Ellis el P. el P. DaniDani Engineering of Electrical Associate Professor EXCELLENTIA

here is a big difference between hearing and listening. Listening requires requires Listening and listening. hearing between a big difference is here use a skill humans auditorycomplex It’s learning. facilitates which processing, someone’s noise to understand out background to filter in order automatically

Human listeners are able to handle such mixed signals, but machines—such as signals, but machines—such handle such mixed able to are listeners Human perceptual it is important possible, advances make these how to understand To founder and principal is the He on such advances. is working Ellis P. Daniel learning and machine and apply signal processing chief focus is to develop His the idea of using statistical clas- in soundtrack classification pioneered work Ellis’ Commu- Speech International Society, Engineering is a member of the Audio He

B.A., University of Cambridge, 1987; M.S., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1992; Technology, of Institute 1987; M.S., Massachusetts of Cambridge, B.A., University 1996 MIT, Ph.D., speech; remember a previously heard tune and hum along; or recognize the difference the difference along; or recognize tune and hum heard previously a speech; remember - re an appropriate understand what alarm and phone and ringing a ringing between be. those sounds would sponse to that at levels even vulnerable to added interference, recognizers—are automatic speech when could respond the implications of machines that notice. Consider listeners barely tracks, or appli- their sound by videos that could classify and retrieve called, technology for text do now for audio data the same way we automatically search cations that could data. This and uncertain judgments in noisy circumstances. systems manage to make precise sound commonly extracting information from understanding can then be applied to of the sounds, classifying them, and in daily life, identifying characteristics encountered responses. matching the sounds to appropriate and Audio of Speech at the Laboratory and Organization investigator for Recognition This lab is the only one in the nation to combine Engineering. at Columbia (LabROSA) signal separation, and content-based music processing, in speech recognition, research in machines. to implement sound processing in order retrieval sound. His information from relevant perceptually techniques to extract high-level, human auditory and enable the works intention is to test theories about how perception information in the same way humans of machines that can make use of sound creation do. Current by their soundtracks. classification of videos sification of audio data for general separa- source and recognition; include speech processing group in the research projects organization;tion and organization; music audio information extraction; personal audio and marine mammal sound recognition. - and the Acousti Engineers, and Electronics of Electrical nications Association, Institute of America. cal Society T

he assurance of confidentiality is required in all aspects of transmitting informa - of transmitting all aspects in required is confidentiality of he assurance to military records health and information of banking the exchange from tion, ensure method to foolproof is no there is The problem trade secrets. tactics and g The solution may lie in quantum photonics, the sending and receiving of data in and receiving lie in quantum photonics, the sending The solution may could decrypt photonic networks Quantum in a classically-encoded messages an requires day problems, present in the quantum world, addressing Working exponential that promise includes chip-based quantum networks work Englund’s on phenomena from spin-off applications that rely also developing is group His that confidentiality. No matter how encryptedhow No matter as that is transmitted, the information is that confidentiality. to decrypt is a key - in the chain of communi security link is a weak long as there it, there cation. sending data encoded tiniest particlesthe form of photons—the that make up light. By the message is If a single-use, self-destructing becomes key. stream in photons, the data to the breach. alerting would change, immediately the receivers the stream intercepted, scramble disturbance would automatically the stream, the intercepting addition, by In it indecipherable.the message, making networks Such networks. as per today’s or years matter of minutes, rather than months another quantum computer would not be able to for absolute security; even would allow network. crack a coded message sent via a quantum secretly and energy on the atomic and and behavior of matter curiosity about the nature in-bred the talents Those are revolutionary applications. to develop and a desire subatomic level, at Columbia Engineering. Group Photonics who leads the Quantum Englund, of Dirk with primary optics in photonic nanostructures, concentrates on quantum applica- He focuses on research His sensing, and energy. tions in communications, computation, encoded in photons and in bits (qubits) that are implementations consisting of quantum and nuclei in semiconductors. spins of electrons cryptography and unconditionally secure speedups in computational algorithms as well las- include time-resolved works quantum-limited sensors. Recent as highly sensitive single and coupled photonic crystaling action from lasers, and optical nanocavity array dot. quantum modulation based on a single strongly-coupled consump- the power (QED) to substantially lower cavity quantum electrodynamics These applications devices. systems for high-speed, low-power tion of optoelectronic include projects in high-performance potential for adaptation have computing. Related and radiation detectors and thin-film solar cells. electronics radiation-hard 2008 Stanford, Ph.D., 2008; 2002; M.S., Stanford, Technology, of B.S., California Institute T gineerin

ia En umb l Co Transmitting Transmitting and Applied Mathematics and Applied Assistant Professor of Electrical of Electrical Assistant Professor Information Securely Information Physics and of Applied Engineering undund k Englk Engl Dir Dir

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gineerin

ia En umb l Co Professor of Computer Science Professor Augmenting Reality Augmenting n K.n K. Steve Steve FeinerFeiner EXCELLENTIA

- of equip piece an unfamiliar on work must a mechanic when hat happens mak- it while to referring keep manual and out a will pull or she He ment? we how one that changes alternative, has a better Feiner Steven ing repairs.

AR can guide people through complex tasks. “Instead of looking at a separate tasks. “Instead complex through AR can guide people applications for 20 experimental AR maintenance has been developing Feiner lab Feiner’s Ground, Proving at Aberdeen U.S. Marines studies with recent In display AR information for people inter- on better ways to is also working Feiner the names and websites campus, overlaying That system let users tour Columbia’s early AR than those powerful far smaller and more smartphones are Today’s wants to That is why Feiner a compelling experience. AR displays can create His approach to this problem involves augmented reality (AR). Unlike virtual Unlike (AR). reality augmented involves to this problem approach His W B.A., Brown, 1973; Ph.D., Brown, 1985 Brown, 1973; Ph.D., B.A., Brown, manual while disassembling a PC, imagine putting on lightweight eyewear containing eyewear lightweight a PC, imagine putting on manual while disassembling need to you order in the the screws display that graphically highlights a see-through said. Feiner them,” remove as a system, quickly and naturally, information about delivering This involves years. orientation tracking the position and does this by He a workpiece. around move workers perspective. then aligning information with their of their eyewear, of parts mechanics find the location found that AR helped professional needed to they faster than using manuals. “With the is separate from manuals, the documentation repair always going back and forth. by AR keeps them focused on the work are Workers task. explained. the task,” Feiner integrating the documentation with way since 1996, when his lab created has come a long He acting with their surroundings. of smartphones, the era ubiquitous Before mobile AR system. first outdoor the world’s it consisted of head-worn and hand-held displays—plus a 45-pound Wi-Fi, GPS, and backpack stuffed with electronics. lab had added a few Feiner’s years, Within of academic departments on their buildings. guides. AR restaurant multimedia news stories and created both alone and with other harnessing their power, his students are and systems. Feiner to wall-sized. wearable computers and displays ranging from relationship and the user’s that every the physical environment ensure AR system respects them while trying of the world around losing awareness want users to don’t to it. “We he said. a busy street,” cross reality, which creates an artificial real world.AR adds virtual world, creates which to the information reality, see the world around us. around see the world

g Considered by many to be a pioneer in multiscale computational science and many to be a pioneer in multiscale by Considered of systems that encom- in nature the abundance emphasizes whose research Fish, “because I “I am passionate about multiscale science and engineering,” said Fish, earned his B.S in structural his M.S in structural engineering, mechanics, Fish - chemis physics, between barriers scale-related of traditional free a world magine - and pro products where a world disciplines; engineering and various biology, try, multiscale a world in which building blocks, on nature’s designed based cesses are I engineering, Fish has spent much of his career, first at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Polytechnic Rensselaer at first has spent much of his career, engineering, Fish this emerging discipline of at the forefront working at Columbia Engineering, and now based on simulation, and design of products modeling, between that bridges the gap science and engineering of a wide variety encompasses research His multiscale principles. the structural and civil investigating integrity of mechanical, aerospace, disciplines, from systems, material systems, biological packaging, nanostructured systems, to electronic of technology has an accomplished track record and energy absorption systems. He Lockheed transfer to industry Rolls-Royce, with such companies as GE, and has worked Grumman. Boeing, and Northrop Chrysler, Motors, General Ford, Sikorsky, Martin, and temporal scales, believes a range of spatial across pass interacting behaviors occurring in science and engineering, including technological advances that “tomorrow’s strongly cannot and homeland security, energy, electronics, materials, nanosciences, biosciences, colleagues, and in with his University Together tolerate a partitioned view of nature.” he is form- University, York and New York of New collaboration with the City College Center (MSEC). Science and Engineering Multiscale ing a new interdisciplinary center, engineer- to revolutionize the basic science needed MSEC, whose mission is to develop based on multiscale principles, will bring togethering practice and scientific discovery in modeling, simulation, drawing upon their strengths City, York in New universities of MSEC, scales. As director multiple spatial and temporal and experimentation across in multiscale science and engineering, de- an ongoing research hopes to promote Fish newvelop synergies, and pursue new funding opportunities. that will transform scientific discovery this field is the next frontier that honestly believe - very to be able to do this at Columbia Engi excited and engineering design. And I’m neering.” applied mechanics. and in theoretical and his Ph.D. 1989 University, Northwestern 1985; Ph.D., Technion, 1982; M.S., (Israel), Technion B.S., science and engineering will revolutionize the way engineering design and scientific design and scientific way engineering the revolutionize engineering will science and as the appointed recently Fish, said Jacob 21st century,” conducted in the are discovery of Civil Engineering. Carleton Professor and Christine S. A.W. Robert “ gineerin

ia En FISHFISH umb l JACOB JACOB Co Engineering Professor of Civil Engineering Professor Pushing the Limits of Limits the Pushing Multiscale Science and and Science Multiscale

Robert A. W. and Christine S. Carleton and Christine W. A. Robert

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g gineerin ia En umb l Co Engineering Services Engineering They (Before Perish) M. M. lle rmo lle rmo Gui Gui oo GallegGalleg of Industrial Professor Research and Operations Engineering

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ruits and vegetables are perishable inventory perishable cannotruits are if grocers they spoil because vegetables and Unless seats. and airplane cars, is true same The rental rooms, of hotel sell them. by a certain filled time, these services revenue. they are produce cannot Corporations have become adept at selling perishable inventory at selling perishable become adept varying have Corporations by prices financial engineering,” a concept similar to on “service is working Gallego Today, buy seats on airline customers Ordinarily, option. An example is a fulfillment the seller discounts a service in Here, another possibility. are Callable products fee that gives consumers pay an up-front is also assessing options where Gallego an art and science to engineering and pricing services, it is always but “There’s

and running sales. These adjustments are called dynamic pricing, and Guillermo Gallego Gallego pricing, and Guillermo called dynamic are These adjustments and running sales. value such attributes customers how He originally explored pioneers. the field’s is one of is embedded work His and luggage policies. seats, stopovers, time, departure as a flight’s used to price perishable services.in many of the models take a basic “We options on a stock,” he explained. is similar to selling engineering. “It and sellers, be a win-win for buyers This can servicesservice it. derivative from and create certainservices change how and could dramatically sold.” are willing to proposes that airlines offer a discount to customers fly Gallego specific flights. the airline to pick the and allow within a certain time period, say 9:00 a.m. to 3:00 p.m., they can accommo- so buys flexibility, The company flight. gets a discount. “The buyer price for a ticket,” late and must pay a premium date business customers who often book he said. for example, might A concert promoter, for the right to buy it back at a premium. return for a discount, the exchange “In during a tour. do that if a band becomes wildly popular said. prices,” Gallego of a rise in advantage can take provider them the right to buy a service, in the future. at a discount room, such as a hotel using service said. “I’m and sellers,” Gallego win-win for buyers easier when they are 1980; M.S., Cornell, Cornell, 1987; Ph.D., 1988 Diego, of California-San B.S., University “Companies can afford to do this because not all consumers will exercise their options,” not all consumers will exercise to do this because “Companies can afford he said. can offer We its warranties. redesign engineering concepts to help Hewlett-Packard at any time. annual warranties or month-to-month warranties that customers can drop - frequent products who replace to customers right, monthly warranties offer value Priced time.” at the same profitable ly and are F Photo: Bruce Hemingway Bruce Photo:

odern technology is both a blessing and a curse. While mobile devicesWhile mobile a curse. and a blessing is both technology odern services quickerand web and even to information quick access can deliver over the loss of control downside: is a there to other people, connection

g Consider the trouble likely to occur if your laptop is stolen: you have no way to no way have is stolen: you laptop occur if your likely to the trouble Consider of personal data, new and security technol- the privacy confidence in regain To mobile in today’s to identify the security risks inherent works Geambasu Roxana including cloud and mobile of systems research, areas span broad interests Her Cloud Comput- in Fellowship Google of the first she was the recipient 2009, In erase the sensitive data stored on it, you cannot prevent a thief from accessing that data, accessing that from a thief prevent cannot on it, you data stored sensitive erase the cannot consider that you data. Or, cannot identify potentially compromised and you be totally certain try documents you that photos, email, or online services from to erase these web by not maintained documents—are or Google Hotmail, —like Facebook, deleted. they be services requested have long after you strong users with provide and data rigorously to manage sensitive ogy applications need distribution, and properties. its ownership, over controls technology and designs, and she constructs systems that address and web and evaluates and control that guarantees remote a system Keypad, designed She those problems. a self-destructing that data system Vanish, on a stolen device; auditability for data stored in untrusted services; web the lifetime of data stored a sys- Comet, over control provides a storage cloud; and Menagerie, the way data is managed in tem that lets users customize data. web scattered a system that offers a uniform view of a user’s databases, all with a focus on security and privacy. computing, operating systems, and systems, database principles, and operating distributed cryptography, integrates She ideas cross-field to developing approach a collaborative systems techniques and advocates issues. data privacy today’s to solve in order for mobile devices. focuses on an operating system redesign research current ing. Her identified that the principle mechanisms, assumptions, and interfaces has of mobileShe - to match the unique characteristics and work not evolved device operating systems have meant to handle. loads they are Washington, of 2005; M.S., University (Romania), of Bucharest University B.S., Polytechnic 2011 Washington, of University 2007; Ph.D., our data. M gineerin

ia En umb l Co Assistant Professor Assistant Professor na na RoxaRoxa of Computer Science susu GeambaGeamba Increasing Control over over Control Increasing Cloud and Mobile Data and Mobile Cloud

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gineerin

arbarb ia En umb l Co Finding a Way Around Around Way a Finding Data Much Too ald ald Don Don GoldfGoldf Avanessians Alexander and Hermine Engineering of Industrial Professor Research and Operations EXCELLENTIA omputing power has grown rapidly, but not as fast as the problems researchers researchers problems as the not as fast but rapidly, has grown power omputing so large we problems problems, enormous with dealing “We’re solve. to aspire can- computer memoryall the numbers in We store even same time. at the can’t

“To extract moving images from a couple of minutes of video, we need to process need to process of minutes of video, we a couple images from extract moving “To has a long history optimization algorithms.Goldfarb powerful of developing problems. “I difficult finding fast ways to solve just goes beyond work Goldfarb’s Recently, classes of algorithms. properties about different also tries to discover He you can see every If on the side, you sitting the bowl. other point inside you’re “If MRI to produce a method functions to optimize used convex Goldfarb Recently, His work on extracting movement from surveillance videos provides an example. an surveillance from provides videos movement on extracting work His

B.Ch.E., Cornell, 1963; M.A., Princeton, 1965; Ph.D., Princeton, 1966 Princeton, 1965; Ph.D., B.Ch.E., Cornell, 1963; M.A., Princeton, 50 million variables and 25 million linear equations,” Goldfarb said. Doing it by brute it by said. Doing equations,” Goldfarb and 25 million linear 50 million variables - computers. In take days on powerful computation after the other—would force—one that lets a simple or algorithm, procedure, a systematic optimization stead, he developed in under an hour. the background remove workstation complex sys- to optimize software used in commercial his early algorithms are of Some it possible, for example, to adjust refineryThey make operations on the fly instead tems. schedule. plotting a production of spending weeks but will not just fast for a specific problem, are that the algorithms I develop try to prove a certificate guaranteeing providing like he said. “It’s for any similar problem,” well work performance.” the algorithm’s - algebraic prob they recast functions. Like many algorithms, he has focused on convex likens a Goldfarb rapidly. more answers to estimate lems in geometric terms in order at the bottom. Con- the minimum, or optimal, value with function to a bowl convex along the sides of the somewhere problem to any given straints usually push the answers bowls. - at the optimal point,” Gold are you then and everylook around other point is higher, farb explained. and CT scan images using only one-fifth the radiation. us to get“The algorithm enables to spend one-fifth so patients only have with fewer measurements, image an appropriate said. as much time in these machines,” Goldfarb On surveillance videos, the background never changes. One frame looks very changes. One surveillance much never On videos, the background roughly the space. Each frame has through the people moving for like the next, except 20,000 pixels. not rely on the same methods we used for smaller problems and expect to solve them,” expect to solve and smaller problems used for methods we on the same not rely Goldfarb. said Donald C

g Uncertainty in a decision-making problem is usually modeled in one of two ways: is usually modeled in one of two problem in a decision-making Uncertainty a fundamental question about the relationship to address works Goyal Vineet focuses on analyzing the performance tractable work of various current Goyal’s dynamic where in applications in electricity markets is especially interested Goyal n almost every field, decision makers are often required to make important to choices required everyn almost often are makers decision field, portfoliofinancial a instance, must make manager For uncertainty. face of in the must A medical doctor being certain without decisions investment returns. of asset prescribe a treatment without being totally certain about a patient’s response to that response totally certain without being about a patient’s a treatment prescribe generators must select a set of system operator electricity grid An particulartreatment. will be and what consumer demand what the fully knowing on without to be switched scheduling decisions An airline makes pricing and lines are. the state of the transmission fast communica- markets, world of free Today’s while facing an uncertain demand. study of decision making amounts of data makes the of vast tion links, and availability important.under uncertainty extremely or dynamic optimization an uncertainty- by in a stochastic model or distribution set in a ro a probability either by outcomes distributions of potential model estimates probability bust model. A stochastic While a stochastic time. inputs over in one or more for random variation allowing by is optimization problem the resulting of reality, model might be a good approximation model canrobust the other hand, a On often very approximately. even difficult to solve too conservative to be useful in prac- efficiently in most cases but is considered be solved the worst case. over tice as it optimizes focuses on providing research these two diametrically opposite paradigms. His between dy- solve as a practical method to robust and other tractable approaches justification for that under fairly general assumptions, the shows work His namic optimization problems. of the stochastic problem a good approximation provides optimization approach robust in many cases. to as linear decision rules) and piecewisereferred such as affine policies (also approaches His goal is to better understand the problems. affine policies for dynamic optimization This is a funda- tractability and performance approaches. trade-off between of various the wide applicability of significant impact given mental question and has potential for dynamic optimization. of sources optimization is very concentration of renewable with an increasing applicable also applies this research He a highly uncertain generation that have capacity. generation management and inventory management. with revenue associated to problems University, M.S., Carnegie 2003; Mellon (India), Technology of Institute Indian B.Tech., 2008 University, Carnegie Mellon 2005; Ph.D., I gineerin

alal ia En umb l GoyGoy Co eet eet Vin Vin

Assistant Professor of Industrial of Industrial Assistant Professor

Engineering and Operations Research and Operations Engineering

in the Face of Uncertainty Face in the

Studying Decision Making Making Decision Studying EXCELLENTIA

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g gineerin ia En umb l Co Supercharging Supercharging Engines Search nono Grava Grava Luis Luis of Associate Professor Computer Science EXCELLENTIA

For example, many online photos are tagged to refer to specific events. Others events. to specific tagged to refer example, many online photos are For them toand links, and automatically cluster these tags, comments, analyze “We and tweet, is a concert or political demonstration, people take pictures, there “If information, our ability to extract structured also wants to improve Gravano likely to contain the for pages that are extraction technology searches Gravano’s doc- using such trusted as government by sources errors hopes to reduce Gravano “Popularity of popular sources. wisdom to assess the reliability also taps crowd He Luis Gravano is supercharging search engines to conduct exactly those types of exactly those engines to conduct search is supercharging Gravano Luis magine searching for a concert plus untagged pages, searching magine web the usual up and pulling Or, comments. Facebook and videos, YouTube remarks, Twitter photographs, Flickr perform the band will asking when - of dates and loca getting back a table again and

B.S., Escuela Superior Latinoamericana de Informática (Argentina), 1991; M.S., Stanford, 1991; M.S., Stanford, (Argentina), Latinoamericana de Informática Superior B.S., Escuela 1997 Stanford, 1994; Ph.D., have time and GPS data that coincide with the time and location of an event. Sometimes Sometimes the time and location of an event. time and GPS data that coincide with have about an event. commented forwarded people who have or linked to other photos are that it can shown team has already said. His Gravano events,” to real-world correspond to fit the data together to develop how probing is now such information. It aggregate searches. powerful more and associate this want to capture these activities,” he said. “We around form groups to a that correspond results return We’ll automatically. events content with real-world City.” York New at a certain in specific event time on a particular street the who wants to analyze he explained, anyone Today, the Internet. such as tables from hundreds through to sift would have outbreaks characteristics of past infectious disease engine results. or thousands of search text. It information, which is often embedded in natural language structured desired - Unfortunate automatically. and puts the information into a table then extracts, analyzes, Writing is sometimes out of date or wrong. Information to errors. is prone the process ly, is often ambiguous. analyzing as by as well newspapers, websites, and specialized archives, uments, university and context of the extracted information. the frequency - trust you go to trustworthy people to is a step in the right direction—if Gra sources,” said. vano searches. Often, that means tapping the chaos of social media. “It’s not so much about not so much media. “It’s the chaos of social that means tapping Often, searches. of about combining and making sense pages as it is web a list of individual just returning he said. of a search,” the effectiveness to increase the web all information on tions. I hat do dresses, medical instruments, medical a paintbrush bristles on and the dresses, hat do have in common? Their motion can all be predicted with unparalleled accuracy unparalleled with predicted all be can Their motion in common? Grinspun. Eitan by developed techniques by

g Grinspun’s techniques have broad application. In the movies, they produce stun- they produce the movies, In application. broad have techniques Grinspun’s whento physics. “Think is equally applicable honey behaves work about how His which reduces entrains air, Shampoo is not a trivial problem. Bottling shampoo to steer surgical needles how techniques to test used Grinspun’s have Physicians unique is his deep understanding of the geom- work What makes Grinspun’s America on thinking of the boundary by the problem of North can visualize “We - the geometry fast and accurate predic produces of those forces Understanding W ningly realistic animations of gowns swirling on dancers and animal manes billowing in manes billowing on dancers and animal swirling of gowns animations ningly realistic make artistic can physical laws, you that obey can compute motions you “If the wind. see in would never you things and produce want to disobey laws you choices about what life,” he said. real we If rope. like a loops around is a liquid, but it pour it on a scone,” he said. “It you or the best way to flows lava can understand how we moves, honey can understand how bottle shampoo.” you shampoos move, can understand how you “If its volume. its density and increases costs,” Grinspun containers to reduce entrainment and pack them in smaller can reduce said. to simulate each individual paintbrush them has leveraged human tissue. Adobe through bend- “Those programs. really and Illustrator bristles are bristle in its popular Photoshop said. paintbrush,” Grinspun would get with a real get all the effects you ing, and you example, when he looks at a long, thin surgical needle, he etry underlying physics. For my and physics are sees a flexible curve that bends and twists. “Computers, geometry, the ability to predict and what I get is a computer’s I mix them up in a bowl ingredients. motion of materials. explained. “The in bending is like the continent’s planet Earth,” energy stored Grinspun a competition between have We is its area. in twisting while the energy stored perimeter, as shortbending, which wants to keep length and twisting, which wants to as possible, area.” deform the length to enclose more special effects and in basic visible in movie readily are The results tions of movement. science as well. Technology, of 1997; M.S., California Institute (Canada), Toronto of B.A.Sc., University 2003 Technology, of California Institute 2000; Ph.D., gineerin

ia En umb l n n Eita Eita Materials Co unun GrinspGrinsp Predicting the Motion of the Motion Predicting

Associate Professor of Computer Science Associate Professor

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gineerin ia En umb l Co Professor of Computer Science and Professor of Statistics Untying Knots Knots Untying Mathematics with n n atha atha Jon Jon Gross Gross

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Gross uses computers to explore algebraic topology, the mathematics of trans- the mathematics topology, algebraic explore computers to uses Gross a knot make new in crossings that if you proved example, Reidemeister “For insights some of his Yet is theoretical. point out that his research is quick to Gross a to develop Texas in for example, he collaborated with two colleagues Last year, - Anthro has also applied mathematical modeling to social anthropology. Gross of randomness in theThey started differing levels with food systems. “There are mathematics. it was just another knot untangled by Gross, To onathan Gross knew little about Celtic knots before he started he knew “I them. studying before knots about Celtic little Gross onathan patterns artistically repetitive characterized by are They knew it. when I saw one a graphic I found the Internet, he said. “Then,and symmetries,” browsing while J Dartmouth, 1968 lating geometric forms into algebraic expressions. “We calculate a polynomial from a from calculate a polynomial “We algebraic expressions. forms into lating geometric the can manipulate we the shapes with algebra, represent we of the knot. Once picture truthsmath to learn fundamental the shapes,” he explained. about as before. has the exact same polynomial figure string, the resulting without cutting the can either fumble for hours trying hand me a knot, I you If it or I can calculate to untie said. knotted,” Gross the string is really that a certain polynomial and quickly know practi- to is related of my work their way into practical applications. “Some worked have that involve problems mathematical me are motivates what he said. “But cal technology,” formulas to count mathematical objects farspatial visualization and deriving algebraic any elementary and/or too intricate to count by too numerous methods.” designed software textiles. “We designs in woven to create computer graphics program “A said Gross. key principles of algebraic topology,” whose mathematical models embody a complicated to create any of this to use the software to know have graphic artist doesn’t pattern very quickly.” woven Their descriptions were saw. with a people and describe what they pologists used to live way to an objective with a team that developed worked Gross typically highly subjective. behavior. and compare measure it’s for sure way people eat,” he said. “When know eat scrambled eggs, you some people the time of meal content reflects differing extents, To quite so for others. Not breakfast. measuring the information content in these patterns, and festivities. By time of year, day, peoples.” different between could make comparisons we 1964; M.A., Dartmouth, 1966; Ph.D., Technology, of Institute B.S., Massachusetts artist’s description of them so precise, I could turn it into math.” I could turn them so precise, description of artist’s

g ill a glass half way and some people will call it half filled and others half empty. half empty. others filled and call it half will some people way and half ill a glass mind— frame of same. Our is the in the glass of liquid amount the way, Either see. on what we meaning or pessimistic—imposes optimistic Investors in financial markets are not any different, said Xuedong He. They all He. Xuedong said not any different, are markets in financial Investors theory“Classical economic correctly information evaluate assumes that investors because they put often miscalculate the odds of an event example, investors For but hidden biases guide their ac- may assess the odds correctly, investors Other these twin engines—hope and how that show builds mathematical models He We has been done on irrational biases. engineering, not much work financial “In By irrational motivations. researching is one of the few financial engineers He - Ir they see. what from conclusions different yet they draw view data, same financial the role. often play a rational biases They may biases. though, they have reality, he said. “In rationally,” and make decisions they man- certain how types of information, and this affects or overlook overemphasize age their portfolio.” on a win- common bias is to go with someone data. One on recent too much weight a hot hand think they have times in a row who win two or three “Gamblers ning streak. still against them, but they over The odds are likely to win the next time. more and are said. success,” He their recent emphasize lottery ticket tions. “Look at people who buy lottery and insurance,” he said. “A tickets the probability know price. Buyers than the selling lower usually has an expected value other hand, people know the On but take the risk for the reward. of winning is very low, they but they buy insurance because is low, of their house burning down the probability risk averse.” are When minds. and fear coexist in investors’ strategies. “Hope investment fear—drive in stocks and likely to invest more are so investors stock prices surge, hope takes control, liqui- quickly and investors fear dominates turns down, When the market gamble more. date their portfolios,” he said. We research. model of these irrationalities based on extensive a concrete developed have behavior and strategies,” he said. these biases affect investor want to understand how behavior market models that better predict taking biases into account, he hopes to create exuberance. irrational being carried away by are when investors warn and perhaps even 2009 (England), of Oxford University (China), 2005; D.Phil., University B.S., Peking F gineerin

ia En umb l Co of Industrial Professor Assistant ee ong Hong H XuedXued Modeling the Irrational the Modeling Engineering and Operations Research and Operations Engineering

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ia En umb l Co Recognizing the the Recognizing of Speech Melody ia B. ia B. JulJul rgrg HirschbeHirschbe of Computer Science Professor EXCELLENTIA

nyone who has ever navigated an interactive voice-recognition system to make to system voice-recognition an interactive navigated has ever who nyone change nothing. sarcasm anger and that knows a charge a reservation or review Hirschberg. Julia by research might, thanks to one day they But

Hirschberg studies prosody, the intonation and melody of speech. Often, it con- Often, melody of speech. intonation and the prosody, studies Hirschberg be think you’ll experience emotions like fear if you speech, you deceptive “During and subtle variations teach computers to understand such goal is to Hirschberg’s “When did lots of experiments that looked at people’s Labs, we I was at Bell speech. of charismatic and deceptive the prosody Columbia, she has analyzed At experiments in which people either lied or told also conducted extensive has She systems a technique voice-response interactive on teaching also working is She at least the computer will mollify the next generation of callers, that doesn’t If A B.A., Eckert College, 1968; Ph.D., University of Michigan, 1976; MSEE, University of 1976; MSEE, University of Michigan, University College, 1968; Ph.D., B.A., Eckert 1985 of Pennsylvania, University 1982; Ph.D., Pennsylvania, veys subtle differences in meaning. For example, “I like cats” may sound like a statement, may sound “I like cats” example, meaning. For in subtle differences veys a question. end turns it into the pitch at the but raising of your the prosody up in This shows it. getting away with if you’re detected or elation worse than average, were Police criminals. liars are The best people at judging speech. always lying,” she they assume people are officers the worst of all, because and parole said. prosody how understanding This involves in natural sounding speech. them reproduce circumstances. changes under different related. Hirschberg would emphasize,” he or she what words speech, and tried to predict infor- use whatever part looked at syntax, context, the uttered—you of speech being “We not a whole lot.” and usually that’s have, mation you they say but how about what people say, of charisma is not of the perception “Much vary very their pitch charismatic speakers are expressive, English, it,” she explained. “In rapidly.” contour a lot, and speak more the speakers told the truth these experiments, of thethe truth. about 61 percent In system labeled identified truth automated computer tellers and liars about 70 time. Her of the time, worse than if they got it right about 58 percent of the time. Humans percent said. every time, Hirschberg had just guessed “truth” back the same vocabulary, This occurs when one speaker mirrors called entrainment. than those like people who entrain to them more “People pitch, and speed as another. want to teach computers to change their pitch, said. “We who do not,” Hirschberg like the user.” other factors to sound more speaking rate, and intensity, it. express their anger when they recognize Photo: Alan S. Orling S. Alan Photo:

g While it’s easy to obtain amorphous silicon films, they are not well-suited for mak- not silicon films, they are easy to obtain amorphous While it’s films and silicon, solid thin how that investigates research has done extensive Im crystallizationThese laser-induced and melt-mediated which convert processes, melts and solidifies makes it a rather Si the fundamental details of how “Knowing at Columbia are generated approaches The fundamental findings and technical already have and Samsung, Sharp, Display, display makers, including LG Top other beam-induced is also investigating Im addition to laser-based approaches, In ilicon, the second most abundant element in the Earth’s crust, material is the key Earth’s in the element abundant most the second ilicon, to bulk-silicon wafers chips use age. Microelectronic information of the modern important applica- electronic for increasingly and silicon is used computers, power ing these electronic devices. Developing efficient ways to generate high-quality silicon efficient devices. Developing ing these electronic James applications. and macro-electronic micro- of these proliferation films is a key to the a crucial high-quality silicon film is playing role in developing for developing process Im’s devices. for a wide array of electronic of flat-screens the latest generation laser irradiation, rapidly heated by these materials are when behave nanoscale structures scientificWhile his studies look primarily at the melted, and then subsequently solidify. various technical ap- led to the findings also have and fundamental issues involved, various technologically important high-quality silicon films on for realizing proaches substrate materials such as glass or plastics. silicon films, take silicon films into low-defect-density initially amorphous or defective sili- understanding how to Im, C. According degrees 1400 above place at temperatures is critical for understanding how conditions extreme con melts and solidifies under these subsequently packed and positioned. the atoms are ways to generate use- up with efficient and effective for us to come straight-forward exercise devices,” said Im. atoms that make good electronic ful materials with periodically arranged One method, called Si-film based electronics. of the field of thin the evolution powering LCDs, high-resolution manufacture (SLS), is used to Lateral Solidification Sequential emerged as the leading method for the next generation of flat-panel and has recently TVs, which use organic LEDs. image RFIDs, is also applicable to smart cards, The innovation licensed this technology. devices. sensors, and 3-D integrated circuit solutions for effective yet unconventional, crystallization techniques that could provide devices and applications. electronic various 1989 Technology, of Institute B.S., Cornell, Massachusetts 1984; Ph.D., tions, such as inexpensive solar cells, high-resolution flat-panel displays, radio-frequency displays, radio-frequency flat-panel cells, high-resolution solar as inexpensive tions, such crys need high-quality manufacturers But - integrated chips. tags, and 3-D identification nicely and periodically arranged. in which atoms are talline silicon films S gineerin

ia En umb l Co Finding the the Finding ImIm James James Physics and Applied Mathematics and Applied Physics Fundamentals of Silicon of Silicon Fundamentals for Advanced Electronics for Advanced

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Professor of Materials Science and of Applied Science and of Applied of Materials Professor

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gineerin

ia En umb l Co Professor of Industrial of Industrial Professor Research and Operations Engineering the Deciphering of Microbial Mysteries Communications N. N. GarudGarud rr IyengaIyenga EXCELLENTIA

arud Iyengar is helping to unlock the secrets of how colonies of bacteria work work of bacteria colonies how of the secrets unlock to is helping arud Iyengar - than some rather solver, problem a “I’m biologist. is not a he though together, particular “My Iyengar. said area,” focuses on one particularone who research Iyengar’s varied background in mathematical modeling and optimization enables and optimization modeling in mathematical background varied Iyengar’s trained in statistics im- a set of pet mathematical tools. Someone scientists have “Most colonies of unicellular organisms how has been trying Iyengar to discover Lately, understood that bacteria use certain is well signaling molecules to sense density. It tempera- average determine the colony’s bacteria is how complex problem A more - belief propaga speculates that bacterial colonies use a technique called Iyengar measurable consequences that logically follow,” are bacteria, there it is used by “If B. Tech., Indian Institute of Technology, 1993; M.S., Stanford, 1995; Ph.D., Stanford, 1998 Stanford, Ph.D., 1995; 1993; M.S., Stanford, Technology, of Institute Indian Tech., B. interest is in understanding how simple components can produce complex behavior can produce simple components how is in understanding interest together.” when networked particular might miss. “My that classically-trained biologists him to tease out insights blending by models to guide experimentation is in building mathematical strength single tool better than any work disciplines, that together different tools, often from he said. used independently,” builds a experimental data. A computer scientist to model regression mediately thinks about theory. engineer wants to use information electrical he explained. “An combinatorial model,” so my bag of tricks is bigger.” been exposed to many of these disciplines, and I’ve sensing in Pseudomonas Density environment. to exploit their communicate in order aeruginosa, is an exam- with cystic fibrosis, a bacteria that inhabits the lungs of patients ple. “These- bacteria only turn virulent a certain crosses when their local density thresh it,” he explained. immune system would overwhelm densities, the host’s lower old. At triggers a switch when the signal concentration biochemical network A positive-feedback many possible networks are there theory, to classical control is high enough. According has se- however, Evolution, switching behavior. that yield the same density dependent in is interested bacterial species. Iyengar lected one particular in many different network underlying this selection. understanding the reasons than it sounds. Each difficult more This is their metabolism. to optimize in order ture water or factors, such as nearby it. Many around only the temperature cell perceives that vary the average. microclimates significantly from create chemical reactions, paradigm from is a well-known propagation Belief spatial averages. tion to measure a particle adjusts its behavior based on the behav- statistical physics that describes how ior of its neighbors. need to do to using our models to guide the type of experiments we are he said. “We quantify these consequences.” G ost of the data created in human history in created the data ost of past in the generated actually was andgenerates on average world in the person “Every of years. handful and music every media, images, Internet of text, video, gigabytes consumes

g Jebara’s specialty is developing machine learning programs that sift through mas- sift through that learning programs machine developing specialty is Jebara’s their Yet to analyze. take humans years data that would Computers slice through - made his start the top face rec building one of by Jebara where This is an area two on matching and graph algorithms, has been working Jebara recently, Most algorithms to be implemented veryby such tech- efficiently Also, graphs allow founded in 2006 a startup Jebara Networks, Sense algorithms also power Similar machine learning finding patterns in a world awash example of is one more It sive amounts of data to discover underlying patterns and make accurate predictions. predictions. and make accurate underlying patterns of data to discover amounts sive science, applying machine statistics and computer at the intersection between “I work is often not variables between the relationship data sets where learning tools to massive as not growing fast, because computer speeds are algorithms must be deterministic. Our of data they must handle,” he said. rapidly as the amount of rules the underlying algorithms—the set only as good as - used to clas capabilities are a task babies to identify faces, find it hard data. Computers, for example, sify and analyze master within months. to distributions probability used to face recognition approach ognition algorithms. His also worked Jebara of the same individual. were calculate the likelihood that two images than maximize rather error algorithms to minimize Bayesian on extending the standard likelihood. social net- datasets, such as those generated by massive ways of learning from promising a faster and data as a graph often provides large amounts of Viewing and the web. works such as data labeling and partitioning. problems way to solve powerful - has built pro He on extensively. has worked niques as message passing, which Jebara label, partition,grams that automatically visualize, sets, and match data in large data images to social networks. ranging from tapping smartphone calls and telecommunications companies. By data from to analyze can then behavior patterns. Users algorithms can classify people by GPS data, Jebara’s The query similar tastes go to eat, drink, or shop. people with to see where the network - targeted adver recommendations and provide phone company can use the data to filter tising. with data. 1998; Ph.D., Technology, of Massachusetts 1996; M.S., (Canada), University B.S., McGill 2002 MIT, year,” Tony Jebara said. Jebara Tony year,” M gineerin

ia En umb l Co a World Complex Finding Patterns in Patterns Finding rara Jeba Jeba Tony Tony

Associate Professor of Computer Science Associate Professor

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gineerin ia En umb l Co Unwinding Tails Unwinding Heavy rag rag PredPred ovicovic JelenkJelenk Engineering of Electrical Professor

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- infor man-made of large-scale variety of a an emergence witnessing e are Wide World Internet, or wired the wireless including networks, mation scale, on a microscopic Similarly, and economic networks. social, Web,

His recent research resulted in a discovery of an entirely new in phenomenon of an entirely in a discovery resulted research recent His the statistical ranking mechanisms for he focuses on developing addition, In - Biol and System is a member of the Communication & Networking Jelenkovic

While these networks operate on entirely different temporal and spatial scales, and spatial temporal different on entirely operate networks While these law the mathematical theory uses power of heavy-tailed and Jelenkovic Predrag W B.S., University of Belgrade (Serbia), 1991; M.S., Columbia, 1993; M.Phil., Columbia, 1991; M.S., Columbia, 1993; M.Phil., (Serbia), of Belgrade B.S., University 1996 Columbia, 1995; Ph.D., communication networks that shows that retransmissions can cause long (heavy-tailed) that retransmissions that shows communication networks shortrelatively are network if all messages and files in the delays and instabilities even retransmission-based failure finding is importantThis in general since the (light-tailed). and espe- architecture, network of the existing communication is at the core recovery frequent. are communication link failures where networks cially in wireless scientific data, bio- Web, Wide World (e.g., the webs information rapidly growing that the news, Given e-commerce). social networks, and molecular and neural networks, a in the future, sets will continue to increase scale and complexity of these information and understanding is needed in the same waynew for their ranking approach statistical - molecules. Interest needed for understanding large sets of that statistical mechanics were to according Web, Wide World that the ranks of pages on the reveals this research ingly, law distributions as well. heavy-tailed power page ranking, follow Google’s the mathe- to advance he works these groups, Within in the department.ogy groups and biologicalmatical foundation of the underlying design principles of both man-made on heavy-tailed distributions applies more his work Furthermore, information networks. heavy tails where financial mathematics and economy, risk theory, to insurance broadly widely used. are networks with heavy-tailed characteristics. networks address unrelated applications, and use diverse mediums to represent information, many mediums to represent applications, and use diverse unrelated address commonly, Most underlying mathematical principles. the same by governed of them are exhibit very either in their connectiv- of their parameters, these networks variability high and or the delays for processing statistical properties the carry, of information they ity, transferring the information. research His of these networks. characteristics variable the highly distributions to capture of large-scale information analysis, and control focus is on mathematical modeling, large biological protein networks inside the cell and inter-cellular neuronal networks are are networks inter-cellular neuronal inside the cell and networks protein large biological uncovered. just being

g “We are applying traffic flow theory traffic flow applying used in transportationto blood rhe- are networks “We generations of technol- for different pricing assessed lifecycle project recent One “These with their customers,” Kachani explained. repeatedly companies interact dynamic pricing. more on the other hand, could benefit from estate, Real upper floors, good views, want to sell out all the units with or two don’t “You at both unit sales and also what units Kachani looks find the right premiums, To who emphasize retailers also extends to fashion. Kachani compared work His to consider dynamic pricing. “They would do Kachani urged the innovators Yet ome prices never sit still. Retailers discount clothing and technology products products and technology clothing discount sit still. Retailers prices never ome fluctuate prices and hotel Airline daily. and down up bid stocks Traders seasonally. price goods companies pricing, where examples of dynamic These are the hour. by ology to prevent blood clots,” he said. “Existing models are hard to calibrate for elderly hard models are blood clots,” he said. “Existing ology to prevent and simpler, models are data. Our too much ultrasound require patients because they is to conduct clinical trials.” next step form. Our clots will where appear to better predict should not companies profits, long-term maximize found that to He ogy products. too deeply. discount old technology the if they start down driving price. So they set a price, it affects the reference “Once back and ask for a dramatically higher price for theirprice of older goods, they cannot go better off discon- fact, long term, many tech companies are In next-generation product. than discounting to sell off inventory.” tinuing old products said. “What condominiums,” Kachani developing price do you you’re “Imagine on the more not put the right premium you did it means you do that, If first. bedrooms sell at units should different all your set correctly, are the premiums desirable units. If the same pace,” Kachani explained. roughly their actions as input for a computer model that modifies prices uses He visitors view. way to set prices to maxi- a realistic developers This gives input. market based on real returns. mize with short The innovators, and design with those who focus on pricing. innovation retailers with larger product than had higher profits runsproduct and high turnover, on periodic discounts to clear the shelves. runs who relied he said. their pricing strategy better,” better if they managed even 1998; (France), de Paris École Centrale Mathematics, in Applied Diplôme d’ingénieur 2002 MIT, 1999; Ph.D., Technology, of Institute M.S., Massachusetts based on cost, customer behavior, and competitive dynamics. Soulaymane Kachani’s Kachani’s dynamics. Soulaymane and competitive cost, customer behavior, based on directions. interesting taken him in some in the field has research assign each unit? S gineerin

ia En umb l Co ne ne ymayma nini KachaKacha

Understanding the Understanding

Associate Professor of Professional of Professional Associate Professor la Sou la Sou Engineering and Operations Research and Operations Engineering

Practice in the Department of Industrial in the Department of Industrial Practice Dynamics Pricing Behind

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gineerin ia En umb l Co Be Tested Be Testing What What Cannot Testing iseriser l E. Kal E. Ka GaiGai of Computer Science Professor EXCELLENTIA

For example, she is working on three “recommender” systems. One system moni- One systems. “recommender” three on she is working example, For that they all used essen- then noticed independently, systems built all three “We These in- programs. so-called “non-testable” in testing Kaiser is also interested But input and see if the output is correct. can look at a program’s you “Ordinarily, to test machine learning programs. a number of approaches Kaiser has developed found a lot of bugs in certainused in the machine learning packages widely “We in the on computers deployed to test for errors methods also developed has She bugs you get all the bugs out of them,” she said, “but the more can never “You oftware systems have a complex lifecycle, and Gail Kaiser likes to work on all as- on all work likes to Kaiser Gail and lifecycle, a complex have systems oftware recommendations that make systems creating from ranges research of it. Her pects domain solutions in one “I like to find programs. “non-testable” flaws in to finding

- Carnegie Mel 1980; Ph.D., 1979; M.S., MIT, Technology, of Institute B.S., Massachusetts 1985 lon University, and then generalize them,” she said. them,” she generalize and then - recommenda novices and then gives analysis, use tools for genomic biologists tors how A second mines past experience experienced users. of more workflow tions based on the The processors. for multicore to parallel code convert software to help programmers certain in the code they write. science students solve helps computer errors third - architec Kaiser said. “This a general reference tially the same architecture,” let us derive systems.” recommender future that might be useful in building ture data mining, optimization, and scientific computingclude machine learning, simulation, of at the borders but work engineering background, a software systems. “I come from con- “I’m said Kaiser. databases, and security,” my discipline and operating systems, to design and test but how to build systems—not just coding software, cerned with how full lifecycle. their systems over questions written to answer are tell? After all, non-testable programs can’t what if you - in some cases, but not oth wrong are if the answers What unknown. whose solutions are all sorts know?” could have of arbitrary would we These programs but how errors, ers? then a problem, provides She is a technique many math students will remember. One the same answer. still generates program of inputs to see if the changes the order Kaiser said. using these approaches,” community by With conditions. operating Field tests look at the widest possible range of software field. most comprehensive the that elude even can find subtle errors she so many variations, lab testing programs. the better.” remove, S - notes, equa lectures, can review students classes so videotape any colleges stu- Yet and simulations. screens, computer presentations, pictures, tions, too long it takes Because Why? for exams. to review use videos dents rarely

g John Kender hopes to solve that problem with software that automatically indexes indexes that automatically with software problem that hopes to solve Kender John have “We at Columbia. on videotaped lectures has tested the software Kender with a slide, may start professor a lecture videos is no simple task. “A Indexing One discourse. this convoluted ways to keep track of team found several Kender’s white handwriting from presentations, from words reads Another program gestures typically use different Instructors gestures. involves project A current a table of like providing people use videos. “It’s indexing could change how Visual videos. Just like in a book, his index enables people to find exactly what they want in what they want to find exactly index enables people like in a book, his videos. Just and around move presenters “Most video,” said Kender. to index a is hard “It a video. of the classical none are There them often lack training. Those taping change the subject. developing are We in topic. establishing shots, to indicate a change clues, like fades or index.” an create to find those clues and software wanted they locate the parts students effectively that our tools helped of lectures shown mid- between their grades improved them the tools, gave we he said. “After to study,” reviewing educational videos, it pays off a good way of you have If term and final exams. grades.” in your That may trigger something he or a question. then stop to answer to a website, move They may start ones,” four new ideas without finishing previous she forgot to say earlier. related. Kender languages when programming and indexed that recognized software student developed code and can ask for all examples of software “Students the screen. they flashed across Kender said. them to find what they want,” quickly page through Although handwrit- software. using speech-to-text spoken words and captures boards, repeat key concepts is not highly accurate, speakers ing and speech-to-text identification index matches the resulting Another program video. often enough to locate them in the the same material. with textbook chapters and articles that cover - difficult prob through concepts, or working old material, introducing when reviewing to decode their mean- hopes Kender vary teacher. teacher to These gestures from lems. or new slides, writing on a board, actions as showing them with such correlating ing by newintroducing words. concluded. Kender before,” them have contents and index for a book that didn’t Carnegie 1972; Ph.D., of Michigan, 1970; M.S., University of Detroit, B.S., University 1980 University, Mellon to find the topics and references they need. references topics and to find the M gineerin

ia En umb l Co Automatically Indexing Videos Videos Indexing Professor of Computer Science Professor r r n Kenden Kende JohJoh

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gineerin ia En umb l Co Associate Professor of Computer Science Associate Professor Protecting Computers Computers Protecting are the Barbarians After Gate the Inside os os AngelAngel tistis KeromyKeromy EXCELLENTIA he barbarians are no longer at the gates,” Angelos Keromytis said about Keromytis gates,” Angelos at the no longer are he barbarians enough not are “They there doors and the inside are security. computer them.” to repel guards Keromytis’ approach is to teach computers to act like the best human experts, is to teach computers to act like the approach if Keromytis’ all computers on a network of the fact that nearly attackers take advantage Most Then system isolates the infected computer. When the alarm sounds, his security around The newly computer also passes information about the threat inoculated trying and the individual computers to do is build systems where “What we’re and plans to scale up to larger systems testing the software is currently Keromytis they will find the gates, but in the future gotten through The barbarians may have Most security systems are designed to keep bad guys out, and can do little once out, and can do to keep bad guys designed are security systems Most B.S., University of Crete-Heraklion (Greece), 1996; M.S., University of Pennsylvania, 1997; of Pennsylvania, 1996; M.S., University (Greece), of Crete-Heraklion B.S., University 2001 of Pennsylvania, University Ph.D., - the computer to recog want to an attack. “We in the world to react they had all the time so that up with a way to modify the system an attack, see what happens, and come nize he said. it blocks the attack,” it can attack finds a vulnerability in one computer, an attacker If run the same software. system, monitors each software turns this into an asset. His all the computers. Keromytis and looking for unusual behavior. noting when attacks fail or succeed to find the trigger—an e-mail virus,a events a malicious download, recent it analyzes attempts to write software The system automatically tainted document—that set it off. It then until it finds one that works. approaches testing different code to fix the problem, process The entire the attack and inserts the fix. back the computer to a time before rolls takes only fractions of a second. approach This build-your-own fix. Each computer then builds its own the network. attaching viruses to fake fixes. somehow hackers from prevents attacks, fix attacks that succeed, and then send informationservers collaborate to prevent to other parts he said. about the vulnerability so they can fix it too,” of the network to find viruses is also looking at ways months until erupting.weeks or that wait soon. He a new by generation of persistent guards. the doors barred

they are inside, Keromytis explained. “We start will that attackers with the proposition explained. “We inside, Keromytis they are only solutionThe best efforts your system, despite them out. to keep your compromise he said. and self-protecting,” self-healing that are is to make systems “T

ccording to Martha Kim, the typical computer processor is like the family is like processor computer the typical Kim, to Martha ccording by sacrificing flexibility its it achieves but machine, all-around is a good It van. for off-road not made it’s but there, you will get and performance. It power

g Modern computers have the potential to act as vans, sport cars, and motorcycles sport as vans, the potential to act motorcycles cars, and computers have Modern several contain so large. Many chips are possible because today’s are Accelerators possible because everything information wouldThose gains are needed to process of transistors,” she added. offer an embarrassment integrated circuits “Today’s very be but can difficult to simple to define in hardware relatively are Accelerators - common interfaces the program and tool chains to protect goal is to create Kim’s 1 race car. into a Formula her van Kim does not want to make other words, In A —all on the same chip, Kim said. It is just a matter of getting under the hood and add- getting under the is just a matter of Kim said. It the same chip, —all on certain process chips-within-a-chip designed to ing accelerators, small types of data very efficiently. to burn,” transistors have of two billion transistors. “We and upwards separate processors into a spe- thousand of these transistors a few hundred could organize we she said. “If could handle certain we with 100 types of data 100 times faster and accelerator, cialized times less power.” instructions speci- and decoding software of reading “Instead in the accelerator. reside to manipulate the data, the accelerator could start immediately processing fying how instruction,” said Kim. without waiting for software into easy-to-use, high resources “The to translate efficiently these raw challenge is how transistors on special purpose data some Spending processors. performance, low-power data types, could simultaneously and manipulate structured which store processors, ” boost performance and conserve power. “With not only has to write the code, but accelerators, the programmer use in software. what parts should run of the program on which accelerators, and thenhas to coordinate chip to differs from Also, if the number and type of accelerators the results. reassemble Kim explained. complex,” more becomes even programming chip, A compiler “The would write code normally. programmer this complexity. mer from as the ac- the application as well used by would track the libraries and data structures would do the job of matching parts of the she said. “It the chip” on celerators available accelerators.” computation with the available flexibility and still take those turns at ridiculously high wants to keep all of the van’s She speeds. of University 2003; Ph.D., (Switzerland), of Lugano 2002; M.E., University B.A., Harvard, 2008 Washington, adventure or hugging the curves or hugging the Le Mans. at adventure gineerin ia En umb l Co Family Van Family tha Kim tha Kim MarMar Accelerating Processing’s Processing’s Accelerating

Assistant Professor of Computer Science Assistant Professor

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g gineerin

ia En umb l Co Connecting Bits to Life Bits Connecting r r Pete Pete KingetKinget Engineering of Electrical Professor

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e live and work in a digital society, surrounded by cell phones, laptops, phones, cell by surrounded digital society, in a work and e live the in use. And constantly devices electronic other and iPods, cameras, ac- broadband and more information, automation, more for more desire

The challenge is how to keep all our digital devices connected to the real world to the real keep all our digital devices connected to The challenge is how that (“chips”) is focused on designing efficient integrated circuits research Kinget’s important in of applications variety enablers to a large are These innovations instance, communications. For far beyond reach integrated circuits novel But W Leuven, 1996 Leuven, M.S., Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (Belgium), 1990; Ph.D., Katholieke Universiteit Katholieke Universiteit 1990; Ph.D., (Belgium), Leuven M.S., Katholieke Universiteit with better quality, more pixels, more bits, while needing less—less space, less energy, less—less space, less energy, bits, while needing more pixels, more with better quality, - leading the way in, as he puts it, “con Kinget is one of the researchers and less cost. Peter necting bits to life.” - scaling of semicon The relentless world. to the real circuits connect digital electronic a tremendous has brought law, a.k.a. Moore’s ductor devices to nanoscale dimensions, the design of But to digital electronics. and cost reduction performance improvement while the per- harder interface using nanoscale devices is becoming progressively circuits new techniques is key to keeping circuit Inventing formance demands keep increasing. on them, progressing. along with all the systems that rely electronics, links using very wireless short pulses to com- Novel is involved. group which Kinget’s perpetually on energy harvested that they can operate so little power municate require highly energy-efficient rather than needing batteries. Such the environment, from Harvesting (Energy of EnHANTs key to the realization communication capabilities are every a newtags that will enable us to connect and network type of - Tags), Networked and clothing, produce, part keys, toys, like wallets, of our daily lives, day objects that are furniture. even with new used in combination circuits materials and fabrication techniques smart power to make high quality printed capacitors can also be used to convert electrical wall AC re- LEDs to types of lighting, employing “greener” for efficiently to DC power power place wasteful incandescent bulbs. cess with better, faster, cheaper mobile infrastructure continues to increase exponentially continues to increase infrastructure cheaper mobile faster, better, cess with images, speech, Music, us is analog. around the physical world But the globe. across in time and in value. is continuous any physical signal waves, signals, radio physiological - digital media and communica and more society transitions to more As our information signals (bits) analog signals and digital interfacestions, the need for real-world between pulses need to be converted to digitized instance, voices For drastically. keeps growing and con- to be translated into bits for storage on cell phones, music has and vice versa be changed to images on digital cameras need to and can enjoy, verted back to sounds we and then reversed. pixels digitized

any blame structured financial instruments, such as credit default swaps default instruments, financial structured any blame as credit such similar Yet recession. for the 2008 debt obligations, and collateralized billions of now, Even problems. for decades without traded products

g “As an engineer, I’m interested in linking economic theory in linking of pricing interested to real-world I’m engineer, an “As to instruments points that pool risk, he said. He instruments reduce Structured of bonds into risk categories, or firms typically divide this basket Financial funds, for example, cannot explained. “Pension to this,” Kou a value “There’s risk. and lower that combination of higher returns by lured were investors Many though, that assumption was upended. “The 2008, had been usingIn model we he it affects risk and value, understand how To clustering.” calls this “default Kou financial prices for structured realistic said the models will help set more Kou he said. happened in the market,” consistent with what more “That’s structured financial products,” said Kou. “Economists understand the structure of eco- understand the structure Kou. “Economists said products,” financial structured like the after- triggers another, one event how and statisticians understand nomic forces, trying products.” to apply both to the details of financial We’re shocks of an earthquake. can buy a di- investors one company, of buying a bond from corporate bonds. Instead industries. portfoliodifferent companies in verse from of bonds loses money only It returns. risk but the lowest tranche has the lowest The top tranches. it trades like a highly and is highly unlikely, This of the bonds default. if 30 percent but loses money if only a smaller bottom tranche has the highest return The rated bond. of bonds default. percentage ratings. If credit lower companies have strong in bonds rated less than AAA. Many invest fund can buy them without great included in the top tranche, a pension their bonds are a higher return.” risk and still receive if conditions in one industry- that even a company to default, diver They believed forced safe. sification would keep their investments company defaults, others found that when one crisis, we a severe was no good. During said. likely to default,” Kou outside its industry more are and financial engineering.builds models that draw on both economics bankrupt, went Lehman Brothers before Just promising. are results instruments. Initial set the cost of insuring the top tranche of corporate bonds at about models conventional $52,000. model priced it at around $7,000. His Columbia, 1995 M.A., Columbia, 1992; Ph.D., dollars in structured debt trade daily. Steven Kou has made it his mission to make these it his mission has made Kou Steven trade daily. debt structured dollars in safer. products M gineerin

ia En umb l Co

and Operations Research and Operations

to Real-World Pricing to Real-World Professor of Industrial Engineering Engineering of Industrial Professor

Linking Linking Theories Domino

EXCELLENTIA .G. Kou Kou n S.G. n S.G. Steve Steve 270

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g amyamy gineerin

ia En umb l Co Pushing the Performance of Performance the Pushing Systems Silicon-Based h h Haris Haris aswasw KrishnKrishn Engineering of Electrical Assistant Professor EXCELLENTIA

utomobile collisions account for tens of thousands of fatalities in the United United in the of fatalities thousands tens of for account collisions utomobile colli- on-board have automobiles most expensive While the annually. States most for out of the market is priced systems, such technology sion avoidance

- make automobile collision avoid technology could wave millimeter Silicon-based and systems into silicon- circuits electronic high frequency extremely Integrating designs, and ex- analyzes, at Columbia University The Krishnaswamy Group A B.Tech, Indian Institute of Technology (Madras), 2001; M.S., University of Southern- Cali 2001; M.S., University (Madras), Technology of Institute Indian B.Tech, of Southern California, 2009 fornia, University 2003; Ph.D., - used to imple currently that are to do with the technologies cost has much The drivers. on chips based multiple integrated-circuit on rely sensors systems. Current ment these power- large, bulky, that are in systems technologies, resulting compound-semiconductor inefficient, and expensive. deliver waves Millimeter future. as seatbelts in the cars of the ance systems as common being bandwidth not currently and offer a large amount of available good directionality, optics without the financial and lo- functionally comparable to fiber used, making them technologies offer the opportunity complex to integrate Silicon-based gistical challenges. utility This technology’s cost, and size. power, reducing greatly chip, sensors onto a single warning systems, blind spot analysis, and pedes- is wide ranging and includes collision for networks area for high-data-rate personal also is being explored trian detection. It sensing, and medical imaging, airborne chemical homes,” non-invasive “wireless future detection for security systems. concealed-weapon Krishnas- Harish and where challenges of electronics, based technologies is one of the grand multifunctional silicon-based, nonlinear, pioneered efforts. He wamy is applying his research multiple allow technology, wave and systems which, when coupled with millimeter circuits, chip. A simultaneous functions to be performed power-efficient on a single, compact, Winner Lewis won the prestigious chip transceiver multifunctional phased-array nonlinear, Confer- Circuits Solid-State at the 2007 IEEE International Paper for Outstanding Award (MIMO) Multiple-Output on new Multiple-Input, ence. Krishnaswamy is also working a more antennas to capture and receiving radar concepts that use multiple transmitting the vehicle. around detailed and accurate image of the scene of radiovariety systems for a and devices, circuits, integrated novel perimentally verifies efforts blur the boundaries research His applications. and millimeter-wave frequency processing device physics, and communication/signal electromagnetics, circuits, between - for radio-fre ring-oscillator based architecture include a variable-phase Results theory. for single-chip and circuits phased arrays, architectures quency (RF) and millimeter-wave timed arrays for ultra-wideband beamforming, and high-performance RF MIMO radar, transceivers. building blocks for wireless and millimeter wave

g But what’s the true value of these ESOs? It’s difficult to determine because value isvalue because difficult to determine It’s the true ESOs? of these value what’s But for compensation vehicles practice of valuation the gaps in accepted Tightening engineering is both the art structuring, and science of evaluating, and Financial and math- engineering methodology, theory, Leung uses financial Siu-Tang Tim valuation revised ESO to the field with a has made significant contributions He n order to attract and retain top executive talent, many firms develop sophisticated sophisticated develop firms many talent, top executive and retain to attract n order - and se (ESOs) stock options employee include that arrangements compensation in the is usually CEOs for corporate almost half the compensation fact, curities. In form of stock options. form of stock the exercises owner and when an ESO in the stock market upon fluctuations dependent of valuation is variable, timing Because compensation vehicles. option to cash in those the actual model for ESO valuation, a viable Without can be somewhat random. ESOs in any compa- reflected be correctly cannot and true these compensation vehicles costs of and the company, shareholders, on other This puts a burden financial bottom line. ny’s the economy. the stabilization of the econo- as businesses as well impact on direct can have like ESOs accomplishing that is the application of mathematical acumen and practical to Key my. of financial engineering. financial knowledge—components op- and maximize reduce risk pricing financial instruments and designing strategies to financial engineers help individu- analytical procedures, innovative, Through portunities. understand and manage financial risk. as regulators as well al and institutional investors research His financial risks. foreseeable models that account for ematics to build reliable and credit valuation of ESOs in financial engineering, especially in the are interests is underwriting in stochastic his research Science Foundation The National derivatives. pricing and risk manage- and its implications for derivative modeling of risk aversion ment. behav- and the realistic contractual features model that takes into account the complex crash of market heightened risk perceptions—fear iors of ESO holders (i.e., due to their has also options to cash in early). He exercise or job termination—ESO holders usually with owning hedge some of the risk involved help employees strategies to developed mathematics including analytical and numeri- has led to interesting research His ESOs. The and optimal stopping problems. stochastic control combined cal studies of several also being applied to tackle other financial are his research mathematical tools from engineering challenges. 2008 B.S., Cornell, Princeton, 2003; Ph.D., I gineerin

ia En ang ang umb l LeungLeung Co Financial Risk Financial Designing Ways to Ways Designing Assistant Professor of Industrial of Industrial Assistant Professor Tim Siu-TTim Siu-T Account for Foreseeable for Foreseeable Account Engineering and Operations Research and Operations Engineering

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g . . gineerin ia En umb l Co Making Robots Learn Robots Making WW hard hard RicRic an an LongmLongm Engineering of Mechanical Professor of Civil Engineering and Professor Mechanics and Engineering EXCELLENTIA

uring Richard Longman’s sabbatical in 1984 he initiated research in three newin three research he initiated in 1984 sabbatical Longman’s Richard uring With supportvery of of the one becoming fields, to each. early contributors an Laboratory, Research at the Naval Lindberg student Robert ex-doctoral

- of ro on time optimal control collaborators, he started German research With a follow it will repeatedly a trajectory, is commanded to follow When a robot for and is known some 250 publications in this area, Longman has produced disk in computer error the repeatable reduced experiments Technology, Seagate At aims for fast motion and optimal control aim for high precision and RC ILC

B.A., University of California-Riverside, 1965; M.S., University of California-San Diego, Diego, of California-San 1965; M.S., University of California-Riverside, B.A., University 1969 Diego, UC San 1969; Ph.D., Diego, 1967; M.A., UC San Egleston Medal recipient, he started research on robotics in space. The shuttle arm canThe in space. on robotics he started research recipient, Medal Egleston end ofWhich a question: this creates to the shuttle, and load of mass similar handle a the first in appeared his early papers of Two is the load? the base and which the arm is Institute. Robotics Mellon the Carnegie by produced book on space robotics focus was a research One challenges numerical solution methods. bots, something that increase was to objective The Stuttgart. line near production chain on the Mercedes press of publications A series get its job done faster. robot the slowest making by productivity constraints. ones including detailed hardware to investigations idealized from progressed of semiconductor chips. appear in the production problems productivity Similar a day, of times often do the same operation hundreds path. Robots somewhat different make we this a bit stupid—can’t each time. Longman considered making the same errors started on work ask? He its experience to do what we system that learns from a control has developed then, this problem Since in Australia. of Newcastle this at the University (RC). control repetitive and (ILC) learning control into the fields of iterative performance.- Experi real-world the theoryadvancing improved in a way that produces 12 a factor of 1000 in just tracking accuracy by at NASA improved ments on a robot The methods can apply to a very large number of feedback con- iterations for learning. algorithms instead of higher improved motion by high precision systems, creating trol hardware. precision machines at paper handling in copy experiments improved Similar 98 percent. by drives (one thou- focus at the 8 GeV beam also demonstrated improved Experiments Xerox. Long- Facility. Accelerator National accelerator at Jefferson volts) sand million electron School on Postgraduates experiments at the Naval on similar working man is currently optics on spacecraft. in laser jitter control to areas research these a marriage between to develop motion. Longman is working with created simultaneously get the benefits of both—aiming for higher quality products productivity. improved D

g rom online transactions and ATM machines to databases and voting, cryptog voting, and to databases machines - ATM and transactions online rom cryptographic Yet it safe. keeping while information critical lets us share raphy messages, and to code and decode on keys rely They a weakness. systems have “Traditional cryptography has no ac- that an attacker on the assumption depends “Traditional where can build systems when attacked. “We respond envisions systems that She underlying cryptographicAnother assumption hard is some there systems is that as- “We said Malkin. to solve,” is hard the factoring problem one can prove “No foundations of also studies the mathematical Malkin As part of her research, computation among two or has also focused on general systems for secure Malkin secure on provably work world, Malkin’s interconnected increasingly today’s In - hack into a comput an attacker can sometimes said. “Yet Malkin Tal keys,” cess to secret against security even is to maintain my work of Part hardware. your er or tamper with such adversaries.” Even against an adversary or changes part to protect of the key. who reads the key evolves transactions,” she said. future can protect we key, if an adversary entire the reads used for secure the public key software example, For that no attacker can solve. problem to factor the product on the assumption that it is hard transactions often relies Internet of two very large prime numbers. developed They have for decades. on this problem worked sume it is because people have but approaches, obvious the more much better than sophisticated techniques that are as the number of atoms in the uni- as many operations require those procedures even break all encryption an efficient solution, it would if someone does find on the But verse. Internet.” This for the minimal assumptions needed to guarantee security. searching cryptography, starts such as one-way functions, that act as cryptographic with studying primitives, to small, simple to describe, easy to compute, and hard are building blocks. “Primitives said. “Cryptographers to form complex, can combine small primitives crack,” Malkin security systems.” multilayered parties, as optimizing their performanceOne example as well for specific purposes. more while airlines want to protect wants to keep it secret, The government is the no-fly list. critical information a fast way to exchange has developed Malkin passenger privacy. computation include applications of secure data. Other compromising without showing national intelligence, and bidding on projects. sharing online voting, cryptographic some very help protect could protocols important secrets. 1995; (Israel), of Science Institute Weizmann 1993; M.S., (Israel), University B.S., Bar-Ilan 2000 Technology, of Institute Massachusetts Ph.D., keys can be cracked or stolen. keys can F gineerin

ia En umb l Co the Key is Stolen is the Key inin al Malk al Malk TT Securing the Lock after after Lock the Securing

Associate Professor of Computer Science Associate Professor

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gineerin ia En umb l Co Summarizing the News News the Summarizing (Automatically) nn Kathlee Kathlee McKeownMcKeown Henry and Gertrude Rothschild of Computer Science Professor EXCELLENTIA

t first glance, the nine-year-old Columbia Newsblaster website (newsblaster. website Newsblaster Columbia the nine-year-old glance, t first stories top day’s the feature Both News. like Google looks cs.columbia.edu) news. science/technology financial, and on national, world, plus sections

The difference is their technologies. Google lists the first few one sentences of technologies. Google is their The difference using “We’re multiple news articles,” summarizes said McKeown. “Newsblaster news for websites every starts 25 different scraping night. by software McKeown’s First, to generate summaries. approaches uses several classified, the software Once their analyzes It also pairs each sentence with every other sentence in the cluster. It that this “The so it knows parses the sentences for grammatical structure, software company is using it to power technology has found other uses. A small The core like newspaper choppier. articles, stories read others are While some Newsblaster A - of Pennsyl University 1979; Ph.D., of Pennsylvania, 1976; M.S., University B.A., Brown, 1982 vania, news article and links to similar stories. Newsblaster publishes summaries of a dozen or of a dozen summaries publishes news articlesimilar stories. Newsblaster and links to Kathleen McKeown. by developed articles—all software and edited by written more users read Today, the web. information on from questions to answer similar technology takes the next software Our relevant. to see if they are returns search the documents their it and summarizes information, pulls out the relevant looks into the documents, It step. in a paragraph.” to cluster articles of articles topics, counting the number and categorize uses key words It in each cluster to determine its importance. newspapers prominent important such as stories from it extracts sentences from sources, services.and wire “Thein lines up the sentences software themes together. related similarity and groups ex- or intersect,” McKeown they overlap side and looks at where side by each group or there overlap words thing, where is looking for phrases that say the same plained. “It is paraphrasing. This helps it align simi- phrase acts as an adjective. phrase functioned as a noun and that the summa- then generates summarylar sentences and fuse phrases to create It sentences. of the events. order the sentences, using information about chronological ry ordering by and adds or removes nouns for pronouns, substitutes proper also edits for coherence, It or not,” she said. known depending on whether a person or place is well references, news on specific timelines for breaking smartphone applications that track and create of to open-ended questions, generating summaries topics. Another application responds creates information about, for example, a particular or a particular event person. A third news in other languages. sources summaries from English could become an important the technology tool for making sense of all the infor- Still, mation on the web.

g eer-to-peer (P2P) networks exploded onto the scene around 2000. That is whenThat 2000. around scene onto the exploded networks (P2P) eer-to-peer services similar and for anyone possible made it BitTorrent, LimeWire, Napster, The new Internet. the over for free movies of music and libraries to download Yet peer-to-peer networks are not inherently bad for profits, Vishal Misra argued. Vishal for profits, bad not inherently are networks peer-to-peer Yet - of warehous Instead something new. were networks 2000, large peer-to-peer In want us providers “Wireless need lots of bandwidth,” said Misra. “Smartphones the more users, The more technical solution. P2P is a great agrees “Everyone and music P2P users and people who own be this war between “There shouldn’t used game theory the that might be possible, Misra to analyze understand how To TV and vid- of such content as live estimates that providers example, Misra For are structure costs, as long as incentive reduce or users, can help providers “Peers, technology gutted music industry profits and led to massive layoffs and downsizing. and downsizing. gutted music industrytechnology layoffs and led to massive profits over media way to share and least expensive the most efficient prove fact, they may In the Internet. on PCs of files distributed they took advantage a central computer, ing information on send files to other users. and to store the network throughout performance in our homes and to improve towers small broadcast to buy femtocells, from offload traffic Then they could us femtocells. give Instead, they should offices. they need to build to support of new the number towers and reduce their cell towers their smartphones. This said. Misra to requests,” and the faster it responds provides the network resources client-server centralized in keep investing model, which must is the opposite of today’s larger. servers grows demand more as network so that the reboot need an economic he continued. “We copyrights on the other,” movie for both camps.” system works to hard extremely interactions are cooperative models that involve Ordinarily, problem. by applying simplified those calculations Misra calculate, especially for millions of users. like analyzing a glass “It’s to the continuum of users and peers. theories based on fluid flow millions of peers asrepresenting By of water molecules. of water as a fluid instead of trillions behavior and compute the right incentives.” a fluid,” he said, “it is easier to see their costs through distribution of their Internet 90 percent over eo-on-demand could save and people who own “The lots of money, user-based P2P networks. save could stores part of those sav- them if they receive legal copies of media might be willing to share ings,” said Misra. them,” he concluded. in place to reward of Massachusetts-Amherst, 1992; M.S., University Technology, of Institute B.S., Indian 2000 of Massachusetts-Amherst, University 1996; Ph.D., P gineerin

ia En umb l Co Boosting Profits with with Profits Boosting Peer-to-Peer Networks Peer-to-Peer aa hal Misr hal Misr Vis Vis

Associate Professor of Computer Science Associate Professor

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g

gineerin ia En rr umb l Co Picturing the World Picturing the World in Ways New ee K. ee K. ShrShr NaNayaya of C. Chang Professor T. Computer Science EXCELLENTIA

One of Nayar’s first inventions was the Omnicam. Its combination of lenses andIts combination Omnicam. was the first inventions of Nayar’s One of multiple cam- the illusion it gives in the middle of a table of people, “Placed photographs of a high dynamic range camera, takes better next invention, Nayar’s The with a patterned optical mask on it. solution is to use an image sensor Nayar’s to focus on close-up details without blur- camera enables photographers A third the world learn science, around to help children has also launched a project Nayar can learn about and youngsters on another culture, is a window “Each picture hree K. Nayar’s work is all about seeing things differently. “The of basic principles differently. seeing things about is all work Nayar’s K. hree Nayar obscura,” camera the earliest since unchanged remained have photography it, and some a lens to focus light, capture to aperture “Cameras use an explained.

B.S., Birla Institute of Technology (India), 1984; M.S., North Carolina State University, University, State Carolina M.S., North 1984; (India), Technology of Institute B.S., Birla 1990 University, Carnegie Mellon 1986; Ph.D., medium to capture the familiar linear perspective image. In the 1990s, I started the 1990s, asking image. In perspective familiar linear the to capture medium new to produce typescould use new processing optics and a computational whether we of images.” “The images in a single click. panoramic 360 degree image is distorted, captures mirrors that to a flat surface without distortion,we corrected map a sphere but can’t since you to image could be used fact, a single 360 degree “In he said. with mapping software,” of traditional viewsgenerate any number of the scene. is one camera with no although it during a video conference, eras pointed at individuals camera is also used for surveillance.The said. parts,” Nayar moving try say you of a scene with to take a picture “Let’s and light areas. scenes that mix dark details within the shad- digital cameras cannot reveal Today’s and a bright sky. shadows Nayar do not, and vice versa,” the shadows the sky comes out well, If the sky. and ows said. sensitivities to light. different on the sensor have that neighboring pixels mask ensures clouds the shaded one that captures photo to produce decodes the captured software His for use in the technology prototyped has Sony in the sky and the objects in the shadows. its digital cameras. sensor of the image sweeping physically does this by Nayar features. ring background The of a single photo. focal range, during the exposure an entire the camera through everything to obtain one where appears in software by photo is again processed captured focus. - Camera has pan Bigshot His assembling and using a digital camera. by art, and culture imaging capabilities, and makes it easy to post photos on the web. oramic and stereo it is just another way of seeing things Nayar, To he said. their peers,” from those cultures differently. S

loud computing—delivering software and services software to central computer a computing—delivering loud from - rea The today. in computing topic the hottest arguably terminals—is desktop costs fall, but maintenance prices continue to hardware economic. PC sons are

g - fixing bro you’re or 100,000 desktops, with 50,000 a large corporation you’re “If analysts it? “Most what will replace PC-on-a-desktop paradigm is broken, the If run applications Centralized speed. slower a weakness: cloud computing has But has 32 bits of data,” and each pixel modest display has 1024 x 768 pixels, “A This helps, the load. data to reduce tried to compress Computer scientists have the response times from and data flows to reduce uses intelligent software Nieh centers almost Data when connecting to the Internet. comes The big payoff performance feel that makes you functionality and improved get improved “You ken hardware, guarding against viruses, and patching and upgrading software for each against viruses, software patching and upgrading and guarding ken hardware, Nieh. explained Jason astronomical,” The costs are one of them. corporate computers run only in se- where to cloud computing, moving are we believe and easier to manage and service. secure, a protected, If they are data centers where cure memory matter because all the reside in the data and files actually desktop fails, it doesn’t said Nieh. center,” This is especially true graphical with for programs on a local PC. than the same program displays. potentially so you’re update 30 to 60 times per second or more, “Displays added Nieh. and that can of data per second to each PC on the network, or more sending a gigabyte times.” response slow complex to handle gracefully today’s and fails additional computing power but it requires graphical interfaces. hisThen a virtual on display. screen scheme, the application draws the Nieh’s cloud. In and sends commands to the desktop terminal, what is on the display, analyzes program of the most common commands are Many the screen. to redraw instructing it on how The system updates so they operate very fast. hardware, embedded in the graphics card’s sending only those portionsthe terminal by very of the display that change, enabling fast times. response connections. “They Internet pages much faster than the fastest always have update web a carrier uses this technique, you said. “If local desktops, laptops, or smartphones,” Nieh smartphones to settle for the limited functionality of have run that some software don’t but not others. smartphones, get it on your desktops, and laptops.” and you right there, like you’re Stanford, 1990; Ph.D., 1989; M.S., Stanford, Technology, of Institute B.S., Massachusetts 1999 continue to rise. continue C gineerin

ia En umb l Co son Nieh Nieh Jason Jason Delivering Desktop Desktop Delivering

Associate Professor of Computer Science Associate Professor

EXCELLENTIA Computing from the Cloud the from Computing

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g gineerin ia En umb l Co Marching Without a Beat Without Marching kk n Nowic n Nowic Steve Steve and of Computer Science of Professor Engineering Electrical EXCELLENTIA

or decades, computer processors were typically organized like marching bands: marching like organized typically were processors computer or decades, a processors, beat. In to the stepped members and band time kept a conductor occurred. movement and data when all computations pulse determined clock’s Today’s transistors also pose problems. As they shrink to a few As they shrink of nanometers, tens transistors also pose problems. Today’s been pursuing an alternative at other institutions have and colleagues Nowick - per second. Ev clocks running digital systems have at billions of cycles “Most “People said. Nowick the same way, works sounds chaotic, but the Internet It digital systems could provide to solving timing issues, asynchronous addition In potentially easier to design, since new do circuits are processors Asynchronous to design a on both challenges, including projects working is currently Nowick Modern processors consist of a handful of smaller processors, or cores. “When cores. or smaller processors, of a handful of consist processors Modern

B.A., Yale, 1976; M.A., Columbia, 1979; Ph.D. Stanford, 1993 Stanford, 1976; M.A., Columbia, 1979; Ph.D. Yale, B.A., they become much more variable. “Their variable. - more they become much speeds vary volt depending on temperature, challenge,” is a major design Their unpredictability manufactured. they are age, and how said. Nowick speeds. components operate at their own eliminate the clock and let digital approach: decisions with their own and make their require, “Let them communicate as conditions he stated.neighbors about when they need new data and when they will output results,” get larger and circuits erything he continued. “As operates in lockstep with that clock,” timing on billions of transistors and millions of compo- complex, imposing fixed more with asynchronous, these problems can solve think we We nents is a huge design effort. or clockless, circuits.” without any central- pages individually, web the world add, update, and remove around mechanism.” control ized every activated clock idle components are chips, even synchronous In other advantages. components contrast, the on-demand in place. In band members marching like cycle, This conserves energy and can only when necessary. systems respond in asynchronous batteryprolong life in laptops, smartphones, and other portable devices. system, which can be a Lego-like “It’s chip. with the entire to be synchronized not have tools to need new Engineers software remain. said. Hurdles Nowick snapped together,” correctly. and face subtle issues in designing these circuits circuits, design asynchronous computers, desktop parallel for future network interconnection flexible asynchronous implants. for hearing-aids and medical energy signal processors and ultra-low - Now them in lockstep,” one clock to keep it is difficult for cores, four separate have you of cores. dozens have processors will only worsen when future The problem ick said. Today, that paradigm is breaking down, Steven Nowick explained. Nowick Steven down, paradigm is breaking that Today, F

g The principles behind Google’s page-ranking system are well known. It weighs weighs It known. well are page-ranking system behind Google’s The principles theory of probabilistic on a form relies those questions, Olvera-Cravioto probe To of their curves outliers at the ends far more distribu- than normal have tails Heavy video transmission is an example of a heavy tail distribution,” she said. “Internet “The completely different heavy tails are mathematical techniques needed to solve started the relative what determined we not obvious our analysis, it was “Before algorithms for spe- can engineer search you it works, understand how you “Once earch Google and within a fraction of a second it will return a list of the most a list it will return a second of a fraction and within Google earch has been Olvera-Cravioto it? Mariana will Or on the subject. websites popular on popular trying a website what makes understanding question by that to answer links to and from a page, as well as links of other pages on the same website. Yet the Yet website. on the same links of other pages as a page, as well from links to and few such important a links from more, example, what counts For unclear. details remain pages? And what less significant links from or many Technorati, or Wikipedia as websites so slightly? ever algorithm search change Google’s if you happens to the rankings samples are bell curve. understand it, consider a normal Most To called heavy tail theory. curve. the ends of the and decline rapidly towards or mean, close to the center, grouped (few up in the distribution of wealth They show common. surprisingly They are tions. and insurance payouts, assets), oil reserves value), (a few the most have more people own spend completing tasks. the time supercomputers few relatively of the time, that’s that change. Most video only transmits pixels “Streaming happens It is refreshed. whole screen then the camera changes angles and the But pixels. also have results search the transmitted data.” Google less often, but accounts for most of a heavy tail distribution. Those tech- said. Olvera-Cravioto distributions,” use with well-behaved what we from page rankings. deep insights into Google’s some niques provided how for example, shows tail analysis, said. Heavy Olvera-Cravioto rankings of websites,” importantlarge numbers of links outweigh links in popularity rankings. number of sales rather thanby you want to rank stores cific purposes,” she said. “Maybe reliable many times it is cited by the importance how of a paper by links, or measure algorithm could make it easier to find the page these things to a search Adding websites. after.” you’re 2004; Ph.D., 2000; M.S., Stanford, de México, Autónomo Technológico B.S., Instituto 2006 Stanford, Google. Google. S gineerin

ia En umb l Co a Tail Heavy Searching for for Searching ra-ra- Olve Olve ana ana MariMari iotoioto Crav Crav Assistant Professor of Industrial of Industrial Assistant Professor Engineering and Operations Research and Operations Engineering

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gineerin ia En umb l Co Improving Large-Scale Large-Scale Improving Response Disaster ky ky Fenios Fenios oraora Peña-MPeña-M and Professor A. and Alma Schapiro Morris and of Civil Engineering Professor of Earth and Mechanics, Engineering and of Engineering, Environmental Computer Science EXCELLENTIA

hen disaster strikes, the interdependent complexity of the environment of the environment complexity interdependent the strikes, hen disaster transportation,(utilities, and of- homes, infrastructures, communication exacerbates the effect that quickly in a cascading result can fice buildings)

By deploying these modified chariots manned by civil engineers, real-time data by civil engineers, these modified chariots manned deploying By potential for its success in the the testing of the mobile chariot has shown Recent of civil engineering, computer sci- holds appointments as professor Peña-Mora Feniosky Peña-Mora, dean of The Fu Foundation School of Engineering and School of Engineering Foundation The Fu of dean Peña-Mora, Feniosky W W B.S., Universidad Nacional Pedro Henríquez Ureña, 1987; Post-Graduate, Universidad Universidad 1987; Post-Graduate, Ureña, Henríquez Pedro Nacional B.S., Universidad 1991; Technology, of Institute 1988; S.M., Massachusetts Ureña, Henríquez Pedro Nacional 1994 Sc.D., MIT, from first responders can be transmitted to coordination centers by wireless voice and by wireless centers responders can be transmitted to coordination first from “Thisdata communication infrastructures. newresponders will provide cohort of first information to support processes technically sound decision-making accurate, real-time phases,” said Peña-Mora. recovery and the during both the initial disaster response will be able to mitigate the dynamics“With chariots, we a legion of mobile workstation of the disaster response.” the dynamics improving of the disaster by retained its stability mounted instruments, weight from the unit Despite additional field. digital images collected surfaces conditions. Using on uneven and in differing weather infrastructure centers can evaluate in coordination at the disaster site, decision-makers situations, and collectreacting to changing responders are the first study how stability, analysis. data for future ence, and earth is the author or co-author of more engineering, and environmental and one patent, patents, one provisional than 150 scholarly publications, and holds five technology disclosure. - framework—Col a new response has developed disaster Science at Columbia, Applied makes a significant dif- (CP2R)—that and Recovery Response, Preparedness, laborative disasters. As part in the outcome of such of this framework, he and his research ference personal Segway using an all-terrain, heavy-duty a mobile workstation created team have and thermal Tablet PC, infrared transporterthat can include a outfitted with a payload data and other advanced receivers, System Positioning still and video cameras, Global large and report analyze, These instruments can collect, archive, collection technology. of an emerging disaster response better situation awareness quantities of data to provide digital models that can be used for disaster response. scenario, and automatically generate crisis. Large-scale disasters, such as Hurricane Katrina and the earthquake Katrina and the have in Haiti, such as Hurricane disasters, crisis. Large-scale and response, preparedness, initial disaster need for reliable demonstrated the graphically is crucial data to of critical real-time immediate availability such cases, the In recovery. saving lives.

reating the next generation of electronic devices—be they computers, smart- computers, they devices—be of electronic generation the next reating the properties on understanding depend or displays—will phones of materials of a meter. on the nanoscale—one-billionth g Aron Pinczuk’s research projects employ advanced optics methods in condensed- optics advanced employ projects research Pinczuk’s Aron at Center and Engineering Science at the Nanoscale conducts his research Pinczuk the propertiesof gallium arsenide, a semiconductor, has explored research His science needed to with gallium arsenide also has added to the basic research His complex ways to use develop assisted those looking to findings also have His with the carbon material, graphene, is part of the effort research to Pinczuk’s put all new when you properties that develop are the case of graphene, there “In matter science, with a focus on understanding the properties of novel materials and the the properties on understanding with a focus matter science, of novel - tem low extremely semiconductors at that emerge in states of matter exotic physics of by scientists seeking the development issues used findings address research His peratures. a single atomic layer on graphene, The research and cryptology. of quantum computing of electronic to the quest to initiate a newof graphite, contributes era in the creation components. and in the Mathematics, and Applied Physics DepartmentColumbia, in the of Applied and his laboratory Foundation support His had the Keck Department of Physics. from the Department of Energy, Science Foundation, the National is funded through research which support disciplines in that span Research, projects Naval of and the U.S. Office science and engineering. To and solar cells. circuits, lasers, microwave optoelectronics, which is used in advanced determine material properties arsenide in condensed matter systems, he subjects gallium which almost everything At at a temperature freezes. 0.1 Kelvin, below to temperatures to make a liquid, emit light, and exhibit cool down the electrons these temperatures, unexpected behaviors. new, in quan- executed operations are in which computational a quantum computer, develop certain that quantum computers can solve problems show studies Theoretical tum bits. systems.quicker than classic, digital computer encryptedto encryptquantum states to build a key used computer information. Such of computer systems. the security keys could be used to improve studies the that use carbon components. He a newdevelop generation of electronics of graphene, a single layer through properties as it travels of carriers of an electric charge on larger scale integration of these lay- working which is two-dimensional. Scientists are with new structures properties. multi-layer ers, which will create a field that is rapidly evolving.” “It’s said Pinczuk. together,” the layers 1969 of Pennsylvania, University 1962; Ph.D., (Argentina), Aires of Buenes University Licenciado, C gineerin

ia En of Physics Devices umb l ron aron aron Co kk Pinczu Pinczu Creating Nanoscale Nanoscale Creating Professor of Applied Physics and Physics of Applied Professor and Professor Mathematics Applied

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g gineerin ia En umb l Co Professor of Computer Science Professor Parallel Processing Insights Ross Ross eth eth KennKenn EXCELLENTIA

he volume of data we want to analyze is growing even faster than computing faster than even is growing analyze want to we of data he volume coming are “People the gap. to close for ways is looking Ross Kenneth power. the differences like analyzing database projects, challenging up with ever-more Until now, computer scientists have relied on raw increases in computer power to in computer power raw increases on relied have scientists computer now, Until do not depend on the best when the answers works tasks among cores Dividing such as cache misses and set of problems, comes with its own parallelism Yet memory. fast and slow have processors Cache misses occur because computer part, he The hard less space in memory. data to take up to reorganize wants Ross changes in computer architecture recent trying of relatively to take advantage “I’m a single item. parallel jobs all need to update Contention occurs when several sev- to automatically detect contention and then create seeks research recent Ross’ accumulating data at a faster rate than genomics to climate, the sciences are From B.Sc., University of Melbourne, 1986; Ph.D., Stanford, 1991 Stanford, 1986; Ph.D., of Melbourne, B.Sc., University in genomes, which have billions of base pairs, among thousands of patients,” Ross said. patients,” Ross thousands of of base pairs, among billions which have in genomes, moving keep To to achieve. been harder have those advances Today, data. crunch more smaller two or more dividing it into the microprocessor, forward, engineers reinvented or cores. processors, much is pretty like that. “The do on one record are you Databases work step. previous said. in parallel,” Ross them can process you do on another, what you contention. Those memory. slower data from retrieving cycles of processing They waste hundreds misses—waste half the time needed to perform some tasks. lost cycles—cache too much time or resources. said, is doing this without spending now are Ross. “Computer processors efficient,” said more to make database software of those to take advantage have We or cores. made up of four to eight smaller processors, code that runs developing parallel.” in by cores access to the item for a short time to keep them “Each of those jobs needs exclusive those jobs get stuck the item is sufficiently popular, If interferingfrom with one another. in parallel,” Ross the data rather than working in line waiting for their turn to access explained. among the clones want to distribute processes “We eral clones of the busiest data items. computer Again, the key is to do this without using more and then combine results. eliminating contention,” he said. saving by are than we resources that data and see what they will help make it possible to analyze work Ross’ before. ever mean. really T

g He imagines a room with 10 tagged possessions. The devices sleep to conserve en- with 10 tagged possessions. imagines a room He or smartphone, network would device, such as a home wireless powerful A more be with your it should wallet knows house and your start your you to leave “If to on shrinking prototypes continues to work group Rubenstein’s Meanwhile, This world is under construction in Dan Rubenstein’s laboratories. His team is team His laboratories. is under constructionThis world Rubenstein’s in Dan which stands for energy-harvesting net- active called EnHANTs, The devices are all the time, communi- to stay turned on this is not enough power Unfortunately, with devices of to work waste too much power protocols network “Existing magine a world where library books tell you they are on the wrong shelf and fruit and shelf librarythe wrong on where a world magine are they tell you books your find can always you where is a universe It bad to grocers. has gone it reports control. keys or remote Angeles, 1994; Ph.D., University of Massachusetts-Amherst, 2000 of Massachusetts-Amherst, University 1994; Ph.D., Angeles, ergy, but turn on periodically to see what devices are nearby. Over time, the EnHANTs the EnHANTs time, Over nearby. but turn on periodically to see what devices are ergy, identify the other devices in the room. a period of time, the network what they see. Over and ask them query the EnHANTs had to contents and any sensor data the EnHANTs would build a map of the room’s communicate. cell phone,” to your to text a reminder network belt, coat, and keys, it could tell the said. Rubenstein scaling back the components that go into a tag to see really are “We postage-stamp size. forget our wallet, keys, may never he succeeds, we can make it,” he said. If small we how again. or bank cards of California-Los 1992; M.A., University Technology, of Institute B.S., Massachusetts EnHANTs’ size. We have to be more efficient,” Rubenstein said. efficient,” to be more have We size. EnHANTs’ working with small tag-like devices that attach securely to everything books to that attach securely small tag-like devices with from working “Theybaseball bats. being to track without want all the things you track will let you said. Rubenstein want to track you,” don’t entities you tracked by to form a network the environment to soak up energy from designed tags. “They’re work said tags then keep track of one another,” The networked them. with the tags around (RFID) tags, which turn on identification similar radio frequency “Unlike Rubenstein. would generate their transmitters, EnHANTs radio powerful by only when activated harvesting tiny vibrations, or temperature ambient light, by from energy power own changes. those limita- get around To at a time. than 10 feet, or send lots of information cate more and devices. EnHANTs with other nearby must network tions, EnHANTs I gineerin

ia En Dan Dan umb l and Keys Co Networking Your Your Networking teintein RubensRubens Wallet, Credit Cards, Cards, Credit Wallet,

Associate Professor of Computer Science of Computer Science Associate Professor

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g gineerin ia En umb l Co Our Sensing World Connected g G. g G. Hennin Hennin zrinnezrinne SchulSchul of Levi Professor Clarence Julian and Computer Methods Mathematical of Electrical Science and Professor Engineering EXCELLENTIA

he latest smartphoneshe latest and traffic and update location plot your automatically his orand display find they automatically calls, friend a Facebook If weather. virtual strands of the the different together weaving are we Slowly, her picture.

Sensors let computers measure and interact with the physical world. “Imagine world. “Imagine with the physical and interact measure let computers Sensors could use sensor data automation behind the scenes, Internet-enabled Working services applications,” Schulz- to other many of these web available are “Today, sys- and comprehensive these services want to leverage interesting into more “We One is to de- is focusing on two first steps. make that happen, Schulzrinne To interfaces sensors that make it easy to plug is also pushing for standardized He as the virtual it could lead to a physical world as interactive world that Ultimately,

B.S., Technical University of Darmstadt (Germany), 1984; M.S., University of Cincinnati, of Cincinnati, 1984; M.S., University of Darmstadt (Germany), University Technical B.S., 1992 of Massachusetts-Amherst, University 1987; Ph.D., world. Henning Schulzrinne wants to make that fabric richer by making it easier to con- making it richer by make that fabric wants to Schulzrinne world. Henning servicesnect those to the mix. and adding sensors F, 80 degrees is above the temperature “If home,” Schulzrinne suggested. driving you’re then turn it would It air conditioner. on your GPS-enabled cellphone could turn your home.” member leaves off when the last family could warn when household sensors Interconnected to the situation. to tailor its response you leave traffic so analyze the lawn only when it is dry, water appliances need repairs, check for signs ofdinner reservation, and even time to make your home with enough disease. appoint- could queryrinne continued. A savvy developer for today’s a calendar program for a forecast. program ments or a weather through that can be controlled anything to program want tems,” Schulzrinne said. “We want We e-mail and smartphone. lighting and heating to your your from the Internet, yourto make it easier to build smart with your calendar to link offices and homes, and phone.” have you services, simple ways to interconnect velop sensors, and applications. “Today, companies. Internet on tools from or rely languages, programming or other to learn Java for the nontechnical to moderately technical users to link things want to make it easy We ways,” he said. together in interesting why every “There is no reason same for- sensor maker should not use the into the web. inter- a standardized want to develop Schulzrinne said. “We information,” mat to convey data to modules that use sensor and Internet face, a platform that other people can create example, a module might trigger a stock sale depending like services.trigger events For watering the lawn.” on its performance. Another might see if it is going to rain before ties it together. T Photo: Mingoo Seok Mingoo Photo: ) computer that 3

- manage better data means front health care on the innovation echnological on an patient signs of a vital multiple to monitor able being ment—like use of such as the patient outcomes, as enhanced table—as well operating g His research interests are in low-power digital and mixed-signal design and meth- and mixed-signal digital in low-power are interests research His The development and use of cyber physical systems that interconnect the human systems that interconnect and use of cyber physical The development to combine new works circuitry design elements Seok and architectural Mingoo consumes pico- to nano-watts of power—consumption that is more than 1,000 times that is more consumes pico- to nano-watts of power—consumption state-of-the-art technology. smaller than previous energy efficiency in record-setting that deliver and he has devised approaches odology, and DSP accelerators. circuits, conversion embedded memories, power microcontrollers, - Instru Texas centers of and development As part of the technical staff at the research techniques. security-enhancing circuit ultra-low-power ments, he focused on developing 2007; Ph.D., of Michigan, 2005; M.S., University (South Korea), National B.S., Seoul 2011 of Michigan, University body and external computers (and thus medical professionals) will be dependent upon will be dependent computers (and thus medical professionals) body and external long-term operability, source, system and power things: minute scalability of the several factors, and security of the transmit- of environmental regardless functional robustness is challenged by nearly invisible implantable medical devices ted information. Creating circuitry energy efficiencyconventional and system-design techniques that fail to deliver to satisfy a lifetime of service. to make the possibility of millimeter scale implantable systems with ultra-low-voltage has demonstrated a very (1 mm small medical devices possible. He implanted pacemakers that use electrical impulses to prompt a heart to prompt use electrical impulses pacemakers that implanted to beat at a normal to fur- order in to the next level to take technology how science is exploring rate. Now, interoperable the design of complex, That step will require human health. ther improve would be able to varymedical devices that condi- operation to suit changing body their disease, and transmit such data to physiological changes that signal tions, detect minute the disease is significantly before action remedial who could take medical professionals, developed. T gineerin

ia En umb SeokSeok l

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Assistant Professor of Assistant Professor Mingoo Mingoo Electrical Engineering Electrical with Low-Power Low-Power with Cyber Physical Systems Physical Cyber

Improving Human Health Health Human Improving

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g gineerin ia En umb l Co Playing “20 Questions” Questions” “20 Playing Geometry with A. A. Rocco Rocco ioio ServedServed of Associate Professor Computer Science

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“If you think of this logical representation geometrically, you can sometimes see can sometimes you geometrically, think of this logical representation you “If Servedio also uses geometry that it takes for missing data. Imagine to compensate amounts of missing data,” Servedio ways to compensate for massive “There are That is the type of problem researchers face when false signals, or noise, corrupt false signals, face when researchers type of problem That is the “When cast a learning you tools is geometry. most powerful of Servedio’s One minus signs plus signs and green piece of paper with red for example, a Imagine, - usually work “The I’m drawing pictures. by way people understand something is to studying rulesServedio also takes a geometric approach used to classify n “20 Questions,” one player thinks of an object and the others get 20 yes-no ques - get 20 yes-no others and the an object thinks of one player Questions,” n “20 three lie answerer let the if you what but easy, “That’s its identity. to guess tions Servedio said. Rocco difficult,” more That makes it much times? A.B., Harvard, 1993; M.S., Harvard, 1997; Ph.D., Harvard, 2001 Harvard, 1997; Ph.D., 1993; M.S., Harvard, A.B., Harvard, properties that would have otherwise remained hidden. These insights can lead to better otherwiseproperties that would have hidden. remained learning algorithms,” Servedio said. possibleWhat kind of learning is completely. to describe a data point 1,000 coordinates is available? if only one of those coordinates They something like this all the time. might sound impossible, but doctors do said. “It could potentially run thousands of clinical tests on a patient to fully describe his or her just one or two tests.” condition, but a good doctor can make a useful diagnosis from information. One popular approach is the decision tree. Like “20 Questions,” it uses a Like “20 Questions,” is the decision tree. popular approach information. One to label data points. questions to decide how sequence of yes-no

data. Servedio’s goal is to develop robust algorithms that learn complicated rules learn complicated algorithms that robust even goal is to develop data. Servedio’s sensor improve learn patterns that algorithms could data. Such of noisy in the presence financial markets. earthquakes,performance, or forecast predict it,” he said. solving often on the way towards in a geometric framework, you’re problem with the minuses mixed dividing line. A few pluses are of an unknown on opposite sides the data and see can eyeball you this two-dimensional example, “In and vice versa. - has many coordi each point higher dimensions, where belong. In which points don’t off with tools from we can sometimes pull it difficult, though nates, this is much more he said. high-dimensional geometry,” he tough to draw accurate pictures,” it’s spaces where ing in high-dimensional Euclidean useful insights.” provides said, “but thinking geometrically still I

ll computer software has one thing in common: it runs on computer hardware. it runs in common: one thing has hardware. on computer software ll computer That’s run software? securely to trust could not you what if hardware the But is hacked, then the hardware “If Sethumadhavan. Simha posed by the question

g Until recently, computer scientists never suspected that someone could tamper that someone could suspected never computer scientists recently, Until it but has to send charity, $100 to Alice’s say Charlie wants to contribute “Let’s within a com- similar triangle-like structures creating proposes Sethumadhavan systems,” he to designing secure approach taking a clean slate, ground-up are “We “All for securing processors. on other techniques is also working Sethumadhavan might example, we he said. “For on ways to silence the trigger,” working are “We making it a priority security, on rethinking is leading a project Sethumadhavan A with hardware. Yet investigators have found unusual additions in military found unusual have investigators chips. One Yet with hardware. within tokens every passing is by hijackings time data moves hardware way to prevent after a gift. card likens this to sending a thank you Sethumadhavan hardware. toOne way to Alice. rest pays the “Bob takes $10 for himself and to Bob first,” he said. note for the $90you Charlie a thank is for Alice to write is a problem find out if there the missing he asks accountants to trace When Charlie sees the discrepancy, donation. money.” a chain of want to create We “They would monitor any irregularities. puter processor. moni- These lightweight links break. data and sound the alarm if any of the monitored he said. toring additions incur very overhead,” little processing the core processors, designed methods to protect have we a foundational step, added. “As build out can securely we secure, are processors Once of all computing infrastructure. and software.” support other hardware for protecting usually time or data triggers are The triggers and payloads. back doors have hardware the payload,” he said. that activate input values needed to value the threshold reaches it never counter so the processor’s be able to reset encryption Only use lightweight could data values.” we to obscure Or trigger an event. - Sethu fully trust fully trust can we procedures, other security when we our processor concluded. madhavan and a team professors other Columbia Engineering instead of an afterthought, with three Polymorphic, Symbiotic, titled “SPARCHS: The project, University. Princeton from a federal grant for more is funded by Security,” Clean-slate, Host Resilient, Autotomic, than $6 million. of University 2005; Ph.D., Texas, of University 2000; M.S., of Madras, B.S.E., University 2007 Texas, it can subvert all software and software security countermeasures,”said Sethumadhavan. Sethumadhavan. countermeasures,”said security software and software all it can subvert potentially very are dangerous.” of trust, is the root attacks on hardware hardware “Since gineerin

ia En umb l ha ha SimSim Co

Assistant Professor of Computer Science Assistant Professor

EXCELLENTIA Designing Secure Hardware Secure Designing

nn adhava adhava SethumSethum

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g gineerin ia En umb l amanaman urur y Seth y Seth Co Finding a Fairer Way to Way Fairer a Finding Students Admit JaJa of Industrial Associate Professor Research and Operations Engineering EXCELLENTIA

To Sethuraman, the two problems are similar, with one major exception: “In a “In exception: with one major similar, are the two problems Sethuraman, To admissions test scores. schools choose students based on selective City’s York New gaming the from and efficiently discourages students appeals fairly Resolving to list their true students an incentive preferences better system would give “A starts each student approach, in a school that he with a seat Sethuraman’s Under A, one- one-half a seat in school a student may have procedure, the end of this “At chances of stay- your willing to attend increases are “Listing all the schools you ay Sethuraman began his career by matching sets of jobs with machines to improve to improve machines jobs with sets of matching by his career began ay Sethuraman to find research used operations he has though, recently factory performance. More public high schools. students to top way to admit the fairest J B.E., Birla Institute of Technology and Science (India), 1991; M.S., Indian Institute of Sci- Institute 1991; M.S., Indian and Science (India), Technology of Institute B.E., Birla 1999 Technology, of Institute Massachusetts ence, 1994; Ph.D., factory, the machines don’t care what job they do. But schools do care about which stu- about which schools do care But do. what job they care the machines don’t factory, admit,” he said. dents they may set aside fact, schools top choice can appeal. In who do not get into their Students a certain students theyin addition to those seats lost when number of seats for appeals, for another school. admitted leave schools, but list only one willing to go to several They may be said. system, Sethuraman un- they may list schools that are of placement. Or their chance school if that increases odds of getting into the school they want. their likely to admit them if it improves the want to maximize said. “We Sethuraman without penalizing them for doing it,” system- all students in a fair, top choice, but treat number of students who get into their atic way.” seat for their individual seats, students exchange or she wants to trade. Rather than trade Those fractions, which add up to want to attend. a fraction of a seat in the schools they of the student’s plus the desirability computed based on seat availability a full seat, are existing seat. - This determines their prob a seat in school C. a seat in school B, and one-sixth third who do not complete a said. Students Sethuraman ability of getting a seat in the lottery,” account for the to reset their odds are where of lotteries, next round onto the trade move seats. available remaining “We want,” said Sethurman. really ing in the game longer and getting into a school you to list all their acceptable schools without trying students an incentive give to game the system.” hen people refer to the World Wide Web as an information superhighway, superhighway, information as an Web Wide World to the refer hen people of the movement slows congestion Yet jams. traffic consider rarely they as diverse in systems as appears naturally and the web, around information

g Karl Sigman uses probability tools to build and analyze mathematical models of models mathematical build and analyze tools to probability uses Karl Sigman to a set requests models can help optimally route analyzing queueing Successfully - evolu model’s many insights into a Sigman gives of probability The mathematics breaks, or when something arrives request “Randomness, such as when the next what system users see and what the between in the relationship interested “I’m server or she looks at the web over “He viewpoint is different. A system observer’s “This of congestion and system performance, different but from is also a measure model the out those connections. “Sometimes teasing has spent years Sigman of the the recipient was in 1987. He joined Columbia Engineering Sigman W highways and hospitals. highways peo- where machine, is an ATM A simple example as queueing. also known congestion, in line to use the machine. waiting themselves randomly and sometimes find ple arrive plant, and schedule jobs in a manufacturing process servers,of web staff a call center, surgeries in a hospital. randomness due to the inherent complex breathtakingly many models remain tion. Still, world. in the real involved “The the more affects all these systems,” said Sigman. further look into the future, you is likely to be similar to price Tomorrow’s like stock prices. random it can become. It’s is less certain. next week but the price today’s, long he How website. user might click a link on a “A system actually does,” he explained. perspective.” the user’s from of congestion or she waits to see the page is a measure does not look at the trying many users are page?’ It to access a given time and asks, ‘How said. Sigman user,” experience of any given fact, the solution to In interrelated. the two views are Yet added. Sigman perspectives,” solution can sometimes be transformed into the desired one perspective from a problem the other perspective. from from easier to solve but it proves of a user, looks very the perspective complicated from he said. observer,” of an the perspective teaches courses in and in 2002. He both in 1998 Award Teaching Faculty Distinguished joining Columbia, Before stochastic models, financial engineering, and queueing theory. at Cornell Sciences Institute was a postdoctoral associate at the Mathematical Sigman University. of California-Berkeley, 1980; M.A., University Cruz, of California-Santa B.A., University 1986 UC Berkeley, 1984; Ph.D., 1983; M.S., UC Berkeley, gineerin

ia En umb l Co Predicting the Predicting

and Operations Research and Operations

Engineering of Industrial Professor an an l Sigml Sigm KarKar

Probability of Congestion Probability

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g . . gineerin ia En umb l Co Monitoring Structural Structural Monitoring Data Sensor with Health Fusion w Ww W AndreAndre SmythSmyth and of Civil Engineering Professor Mechanics Engineering EXCELLENTIA

ging infrastructure is a major problem around the world and monitoringworld and the around problem is a major infrastructure ging to our is critical buildings, dams to bridges to from structures, of the health in structural specializes monitoring, health Smyth Andrew modern society.

One of Smyth’s recent projects has focused on monitoring vibrations on New on monitoring vibrations on New has focused projects recent of Smyth’s One GPS technology in conjunction the use of differential has also pioneered Smyth performance us to better understand the condition and allows our work “Basically Civil Engineering L. Huber Walter the prestigious awarded was Smyth 2008, In A B.A./B.Sc., Brown, 1992; M.S., Rice, 1994; Ph.D., University of Southern California, 1998 University 1992; M.S., Rice, 1994; Ph.D., B.A./B.Sc., Brown, using the dynamic signature of a structure to determine its condition. This can include its condition. to determine of a structure dynamic signature using the performance, day-to-day areas quantifying potential locating and a structure’s assessing for a a computer simulation in stressed model that can be or calibrating a of damage, loading event. heretofore-unseen performance to a major subsequent assess the bridge’s To Bridge. Manhattan City’s York the calibrate a mathematical model of and to program, strengthening and retrofitting and his Smyth its performance of a potential seismic event, in the event bridge to predict dynamic motions on the bridge sensors that detected of different team placed a variety data fusion data and their newly developed the recorded With a two-month period. over the team was multiple sources— algorithms—a new technique that combines data from Bridge. of Manhattan able to identify the dynamic characteristics of low-frequency highly accurate measures with the data fusion technique to obtain fusion algorithms for other civil and data to develop continues bridge deformations. He kinds of sen- of different a network from mechanical systems that combine information taking advantage says that, by of a system. He the dynamic response sors used to measure can get high-fidelity virtual-sensing one infor- of data redundancy, levels of the various types of sensors. of different strengths mation that plays to the respective physical valuable most “This is our society’s really said Smyth. of the built environment,” us to bet- allows health monitoring life. Structural asset and the backbone of our way of and keep us safe.” our infrastructure, to maintain and improve ter allocate our resources notable recognizes The award of Civil Engineers. of the American Society Prize Research Smyth to civil engineering. related members in research faculty younger by achievements and fundamental contributions in the highly efficient identification “for was recognized The selection committee modeling of nonlinear deteriorating structural dynamics.” and relevance, novelty, “thoroughness, by is characterized commented that his research intelligent breakthroughs.”

liff Stein has built a career on finding algorithms to solve difficult problems— difficult to solve algorithms finding on a career has built liff Stein to answer the that estimate in algorithms specializes Stein precisely. but not sci- and computer research In operations to solve. difficult are that problems g This contrasts with simple problems, like alphabetizing words. Double the num- the Double words. like alphabetizing problems, with simple This contrasts route for a sales- is calculating the most efficient difficult problem A well-known - that prob enable us to solve would in computing power advance conceivable “No sales- exist for estimating the solution for the traveling algorithms already Many many commonly used to solve that are a collection of algorithmic tools “There’s everything deals with scheduling computer systems of his work from Much to order in processors is looking at ways to apply scheduling to computer Stein believes constraints, and performance workload, goals, Stein estimating a chip’s By ber of inputs—words—and it takes only about twice as long to accomplish the task. it takes only about twice as ber of inputs—words—and a computer must calculate route, most efficient find the To cities. man to visit different For 10 cities, 3.6 120 potential paths. are cities, there five For all possible outcomes. atoms in are as there possible answers as many roughly are 80 cities, there million. “For said. Stein the universe,” can do so you it approximately, willing to solve if you’re noted. “But Stein lem precisely,” easily and efficiently.” more new studying the ground, to break Stein prefers man and other difficult problems. new to develop algorithms. of problems fundamental structure is worth important It to solve. that are problems are there often he said. “But problems,” to come up structure the time to study their mathematical or combinatorial investing with a solution specific to that problem.” to factories. Scheduling starts needed to complete them. with jobs and the machines important than others, more some are amounts of time, Constraints—jobs take different like fast objectives, So do different to the difficulty. some tasks depend on others—add and rapid response. completion, minimal resources, you run at“If speeds,” he said. can run chips different five at four or “Most energy. save no one has figured But a factor of four. roughly by energy use decrease half speed, you so they typically run down, when to slow chips the intelligence to know to give out how at top speed all the time.” not precise. if his estimates are Even energy savings. significant he can achieve MIT, 1989; Ph.D., Technology, of Institute 1987; M.S., Massachusetts B.S.E., Princeton, 1992 ence, these are problems that grow exponentially more complex as the number of inputs as the number complex exponentially more that grow problems are ence, these grows. C gineerin

ia En umb l SteinStein Co Computer Science Difficult Problems Difficult and Operations Research and of and Research and Operations S. S. dd Cliffor Cliffor Professor of Industrial Engineering Engineering of Industrial Professor Estimating Solutions to Solutions Estimating

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g gineerin ia En umb l Co Using Anomalies to to Anomalies Using Insiders Against Defend e J. e J. oror Salvat Salvat StolfoStolfo of Computer Science Professor

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Stolfo entered the field after inventing an algorithm that let marketers merge lists merge let marketers an algorithm that field after inventing the entered Stolfo study of insider to the and eventually led to cybersecurity in privacy interest His - Univer which aims to keep out hackers. most security research, This differs from types of insiders, and they all do things in different many different “There are They may dis- users. is unintentional The most common type of insider threats “The with stolen credentials. thieves credentials card include credit Masqueraders government secret to copy credentials intentful insiders use their own Maliciously their behaviors vary company looks at how from foil these intruders, Stolfo To he said. want to define metrics for what it means to be secure,” we “Ultimately, Salvatore Stolfo’s world. Stolfo specializes in detecting anomalies, events that stray events anomalies, detecting in specializes world. Stolfo Stolfo’s Salvatore can be used detection to fraud, anomaly addition In expected patterns. too far from f your credit card company ever called to confirm a purchase, you have entered entered have you a purchase, confirm to called ever company card credit f your

B.S., Brooklyn College, 1974; M.S., New York University, 1976; Ph.D., NYU, 1979 1976; Ph.D., University, York College, 1974; M.S., New B.S., Brooklyn of consumers and purge bad records. “I realized I was aiding and abetting people whoaiding and abetting I was realized “I records. and purge bad of consumers was an ethical dilemma,” he recalled. It personal privacy. pierced implement didn’t Someone the fault of the humans. are security breaches attacks. “Most said. or had a grudge Stolfo against an organization,” an identity, something, or stole lan- programming secure inherently ambitious, developing more are sity researchers but they don’t “These systems. importantguages and self-repairing aspects of security, are said. adversary inside,” Stolfo matter if your is already system What if insiders can control as a chess game. think of it ways,” he added. “We We can get away with anything. they can blind the system to their actions, they access? If want to stop them.” or inadvertently push two buttons and easily, to do their job more able security measures insiders,” Stolfo and least dangerous “These work. the most prevalent are erase a day’s said. consumer transactions. with banks to model works said. He make them insiders,” Stolfo he said. sooner,” data to find problems for ways to use more always looking “We’re privileged sabotage the system. Highly and even or corporate documents, steal money, for detecting other the ones responsible a similar agenda, but they are insiders have intruders. and documents, he hopes to find users interact with software plotting how norms. By bad guys. to ensnare decoys has also developed patterns that suggest malicious intent. He “Then can start we to build a science of security.” to monitor engineered systems, sensor networks, ecosystems, and computer security. ecosystems, networks, systems, sensor engineered to monitor I

g “My strategy is to start a new area of research or get into something fairly early,” fairly early,” into something or get is to start strategy of research a new area “My into the potential any for his investigations as good a background as is probably It example, head. For computing on its computing stands conventional Quantum a property called super- qubits, which have built around computers are Quantum understood, not yet reasons a property For called entanglement. also have Qubits calculate not limited to on-off states, they can quantum computers are Because what kind trying particular, the big wins?’ In to do is ask, ‘Where are “What I’m state en- energy state, or ground is calculating the lowest of those problems One difficult state energy calculations are he explained, is that ground The problem, trying theoreticians, quantum com- to understand the type of problems “We’re oseph Traub is best known as a pioneer in the computational complexity of contin - of complexity the computational pioneer in as a known is best Traub oseph amount of resources—time, the least understanding This involves uous problems. a computing problem. to solve communications—needed memory, J he said. “Then insight. I and of knowledge and pick up diamonds can just walk along I for them.” to strip mine have never mathematics, andquest at the intersection of physics, is a It of quantum computing. computer science. one of two can have They computers. in today’s the basic unit of information bits are or off. as on represent transistors or one, which microprocessor either zero values, all at and one, zero they can be in many quantum states between This means position. states it allows. potential the more has, a processor qubits more The the same time. of two entangled particleschanging the quantum state in one instantaneously changes it said. Traub “That together without wires,” enables qubits to work in the other. could make it possible to calculate veryThis complex at once. many possible answers rapidly. problems really that physicists and chemists are could a quantum computer solve of problems said. Traub in solving,” interested of a large number of particles. “This in computational chemis- is a central problem ergy, explained. Traub better,” chemical reactions us to predict and it would allow try, ability to make multiple calcu- A quantum computer’s and soak up computer resources. particle interac- chemists the tool they need to predict lations simultaneously could give tions in large systems. one, but if they succeed in building may never Physicists puters might be able to solve. concluded. Traub want to be ready,” do, we Columbia, M.S., Columbia, 1955; Ph.D., 1954; York, of New B.S., College of the City 1959 gineerin

. . ia En umb l TraubTraub Co Computing Computing Computer Science eph F Jos eph F Jos Quantum Potential Quantum Edwin Howard Armstrong Professor of Professor Armstrong Howard Edwin

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g gineerin

ia En umb l Co Creating New Circuits for Circuits New Creating the Computer Interfacing World Physical to the nnis nnis Ya Ya isis TsividTsivid of Professor Charles Batchelor Engineering Electrical EXCELLENTIA

hile the transistor revolutionized the field of electronics and paved the paved and of electronics the field revolutionized transistor hile the challenges:perpetual for several made way it computers, for personal way the interaction with enable real-time in smaller sizes, power more deliver

Yannis P. Tsividis has been an important has been to the field of silicon chips contributor Tsividis P. Yannis built the first fully integrated MOS operational designed and Tsividis 1976, In important for several con- since been responsible and his students have Tsividis Engineers. and Electronics of Electrical of the Institute is a fellow Tsividis One of the challenges in making this new era a reality lies in advancing the de- lies in advancing of the challenges in making this new era a reality One W that mix analog and digital circuits. He and his students have done extensive research in research done extensive have and his students He that mix analog and digital circuits. level. system, and computer simulation this field at the device, circuit, results These in a coder-decoder for digital telephony. amplifier and demonstrated its use MOS the industry mixed-signal widely adopted by produced in the first massively were functions on the same which incorporate both analog and digital integrated circuits, silicon chip. blocks to building circuit device modeling and novel precision tributions, ranging from chips, switched- self-correcting processing, new for analog and mixed-signal techniques Scale Large Very analog-digital mixed RF integrated circuits, theory, capacitor network This (VLSI) of computer simulation programs. the creation Integrated computation and countries, and has been incorporated by patents in several in several has resulted work the industry use every we into products day. 1973; Ph.D., of California-Berkeley, 1972; M.S., University of Minnesota, B.E., University 1976 UC Berkeley, velopment of single silicon chips that performvelopment and digital signal processing. both analog yet new tech- significant technical differences, signal domains have Analog and digital pace The development design. mixed-signal complex and more nology demands more to be techniques need performance. New increased demands for by driven is relentless, to make such analog/ and fundamental limitations must be better understood, invented, performance possible. with improved digital circuits real world, and constantly adapt to technological change. Solutions to those challenges Solutions change. adapt to technological world, and constantly real aid, or chips that pills, containing biomedical ingestible possible, for example, can make about the information that provide sensor networks about, the body; information give uses communication technology that or wireless or physical infrastructure; environment range. more but provides less battery power hen the solution is simple, God is answering,” Albert onceanswering,” is Einstein God is simple, solution hen the when laws only nature’s discover could we believed He commented. tempera- between like the relationship a fewthey connected variables,

g Vapnik works in machine learning, a discipline that uses algorithms to detect au- that uses algorithms to detect in machine learning, a discipline works Vapnik examples to generate accurate many requires machine learning technology Today’s an example. “The students classes for musicians are teachers cannot show Master mathematically that privileged information could slash the has shown Vapnik privileged information to help a computer identify demonstrated this using He to “wide “quiet” descriptions of biopsy pictures—from also used surgeons’ Vapnik use such holistic privileged information to make sense of frequently Humans instrument logic was the only believed intellec- for solving we 2,000 years, “For tomatically those laws of nature that depend on hundreds or even thousands of param- or even that depend on hundreds of nature tomatically those laws insights into and also provides better predictions, This enables computers to make eters. of human learning. nature the elusive far fewer exam- complex world from clearly learn to understand their humans Yet rules. - he calls “privi students with what teachers provide to consider how Vapnik This led ples. as metaphors and comparisons. often delivered leged information,” holistic knowledge play an instrument to because their technique is not as good,” he said. “Instead, how to understand a piece. students how to show teachers may use metaphors or comparisons of musical technique, but it helps them play bet- This may sound like nonsense in terms ter.” “Instead of the original number. root the square by samples needed for machine learning would need only 100,” he said. of 10,000 examples, we to write Pavlovitch Natalia Poetry of Russian Professor asked handwritten numbers. He The information was a short describing her feelings about each number sample. verse it during training analyzing only the numbers. Including by and not available subjective alone. than training with the numbers accurate results yielded more im- were The notes the classification of tumors. improve proliferation”—to aggressive cells. cancerous ability to identify the computer’s but improved pressionistic, it to machines could open a newdoor onto a complex complex phenomena. Providing universe. truly us that to address learning is showing our analysis of machine Now, tual problems. concluded. Vapnik and metaphors as well,” need images, poetry, we complex problems, Sciences, of Control Institute 1958; Ph.D., Samarkand, University, State M.S., Uzbek 1964 Moscow, ture and pressure or energy and mass. “When or energy coming into play of factors the number and pressure ture Einstein did course, Of Einstein said. fail,” in most cases scientific methods is too large, does. Vapnik Vladimir computers. not have “W gineerin

ia En umb l apnikapnik Co VV imir imir imir Vlad Vlad Professor of Computer Science Professor Unlocking a Complex a Complex Unlocking World Mathematically World

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gineerin ia En umb l Co Devising a Design Design a Devising for Framework Next-Generation Technology Wireless g g XiaodonXiaodon ngng Wa Wa Engineering of Electrical Professor EXCELLENTIA

dvancing wireless communication technology to a new technology communication appli - of generation wireless dvancing for Demands disciplines. research prime and servicecation of today’s is one techniques signal transmission novel to create the need drive higher capacity

To develop effective next-generation wireless technology under the constraint technology under the next-generation wireless effective develop To computing, and com- in signal processing, is a leading researcher Wang Xiaodong signal processing in the emerging field of genomic also has become active Wang (IEEE). Engineers and Electronics of Electrical of the Institute is a fellow Wang A B.S., Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1992; M.S., Purdue, 1995; Ph.D., Princeton, 1998 Princeton, 1995; Ph.D., 1992; M.S., Purdue, University, Tong Jiao B.S., Shanghai of thousands of variables, it is importantof thousands of variables, modeling and analysis, to use mathematical account for to thoroughly fast calculations, and data summaries computer simulations, - produc to analyze these tools build-out. Using before variations manufacturing process frame- design and verification statistical transistor-level a comprehensive tion provides the design enhancements to solve and devise it, designers can troubleshoot With work. in the concept phase. noise, and co-channel interference issues of fading, impulsive algebraic coding include information theory, interests research broader munications. His communications, optical communications, communication networks, wireless theory, have of his research Results and genomic signal processing. statistical signal processing, of chip-level in the areas most recently publication in these areas, included extensive system for overlay (CDMA)-based Access Multiple on a Code Division asynchronism test; Kolmogorov-Smirnov via management; modulation classification optical network spectrum radio sensing for cognitive (GLRT)-based Test Likelihood Ratio Generalized I/Q imbalance compensation with prior information; and blind frequency-dependent receivers. for direct-conversion of GSP is to integrate the theoryThe aim with and methods of signal processing (GSP). genomics, with special emphasis on genomicthe global understanding of functional multidisciplinary Science Foundation-funded took part in a National He regulation. a structural to develop monitoring (SHM) system using a health project collaborative sensor network. piezoelectric wireless and the 2001 IEEE Communications CAREER Award the 1999 NSF received He has served as an associate He Award. Paper Theory Joint Society and Information Society on Commu - Transactions , the IEEE Processing on Signal Transactions editor for the IEEE on Communications, and IEEE Transactions Wireless on Transactions nications, the IEEE researcher. Theory is listed as an ISI-Highly-Cited Information . He and advanced receiver signal processing methods. Challenging design requirements are are requirements Challenging design methods. processing signal receiver and advanced a compli- and receiver: of the transmitter of the nature the complexity by compounded Plus, components. and mixed-signal analog frequency, consisting of radio cated system deliverables. tight time-to-market forces arena in the development heated competition

nderstanding the behavior of waves in complex environments holds the key to the key holds environments in complex of waves the behavior nderstanding and communications optical applications—from range of in a wide advances seismic, atmospheric, and detection of prediction technology to the computer

g But significant challenges arise because phenomena are both multiscale—they de- multiscale—they both are phenomena challenges arise because significant But which approaches, hybrid analytical/computational develops Weinstein Michael Weinstein of optics, equations the partial to these approaches differential Applying stop light pulses or even optical media to slow designs of novel has proposed He concerns metamaterials: specially engineered he is addressing work recent Other Mathematics and Applied for Industrial of the Society is a fellow Weinstein and oceanic phenomena. Wave phenomena are described using partial differential equa- partial described using differential phenomena are Wave phenomena. and oceanic of physical laws. encoding a mathematical are tions, which among very activity and interactions from spatial scales all the way up to very small rive that distort which leads to waves dramatically and “scatter” nonlinear, large scales—and - of prob limit the solvability These general features is changed. as their size differently the fastest computers. lems on even simulation. Asymptotic analy- mathematical analysis with computer combine asymptotic on the very fairly explicit and detailed information, but small- sis yields approximate, the computer can then for,” “solved of freedom these degrees With scale phenomena. veryyet predictions. accurate approximate, give focus on the larger scales and efficiently and interact within communications lines. light-pulses travel “soliton’’ has discerned how of determining the stability has a wide range of practical applications: from This work of optical pulses. encode information in streams to robustly optical pulses to ideas on how to optical buffering their application has proposed and waveguides, in micro-structured - the equations of electromag exploits parallels between project of information. A recent netics with those arising in the theory flight, to understand in supersonic waves of shock - Broad laser light of a single color. light from multi-colored the generation of broadband, communications to imaging science. applications ranging from have band light sources properties not possible device, and achieve which act as a macroscopic microstructures, - is the attain Weinstein by application studied One using naturally occurring materials. an of space by a region surrounding involves ability of the cloaking effect. Cloaking exterior is undetectable by region Anything in the surrounded metamaterial. appropriate the exterior world. is isolated from sensors, and anything within the shielded region solar energy cells, envisioned include improved of metamaterials application areas Other communications and sensors. secure to the analysis and applications of nonlinear (SIAM), elected for his “contributions waves”. York Sciences at New of Mathematical Institute College, 1977; M.S., Courant B.S., Union 1982 Institute, Courant 1979; Ph.D., University, U gineerin

ia En umb l Co Applied Mathematics Mathematics Applied hael hael MicMic Mathematically Predicting Waves Waves Predicting teintein WeinsWeins Professor of Applied Physics and Physics of Applied Professor

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gineerin ia En umb l Co Wai T. Chang Professor of Industrial of Industrial Chang Professor T. Wai Research and Operations Engineering Unraveling the the Unraveling of Congestion Mysteries ittitt rd Wh rd Wh Wa Wa EXCELLENTIA

- affect con events that random understands on highways has driven who nyone or obstructions, accidents with no traffic, light cars relatively in Even gestion. up again. and then speed slow, bunch up, will suddenly

Ward Whitt studies the enigma at the heart of this process. His discipline— at the heart studies the enigma Whitt His process. of this Ward waiting on lines, from all spend too much time everywhere. “We are Examples - conges major goal of queueing theoryOne waiting. Understanding is to reduce weakness. a significant their wide use, queuing models have “The stan- Despite rate together with the in the flow that systematic variation Whitt tries to capture do not appear “Queues to complex networks. Whitt is also applying these insights they would behave systems is to see how way to tackle complex, networked One congested systems how mathematical techniques that show has developed He “When can end up with a fairly simple story do this, you you a lot that tells you A A.B., Dartmouth, 1964; Ph.D., Cornell,A.B., Dartmouth, 1964; Ph.D., 1969 queueing theory—examines how random fluctuations in flow, waiting, and processing waiting, and theory—examinesqueueing flow, fluctuations in random how systems. in complex cause congestion or wait- to invisible lines on hold for a call center or bank supermarket physical lines in a in the waiting times present equally are Whitt said. Queues page to load,” ing for a web of partsfactory. a through or the movement of a computer processor servers, switches, Internet and specify the right number of telephone tion helps engineers call center personnel. even is assumed but the rate of that random flow flow, queueing models assume random dard but the rate of that random to a system occur randomly, the arrivals reality, constant. In Whitt said. not constant,” is flow reflect both these models that He builds and analyzes rate. uncertainty about that flow of everyday phenomena. “This queueing features high fidelity descriptions of produces models,” he said. textbook queueing standard congestion that go far beyond paths and queues,” he flow systems with multiple in isolation, but appear in networked said. a coin Toss story. tells a clearer larger model Whitt said, “a “Sometimes,” as they scale up. seven may see from 10 heads and 10 tails, but you expect to average 20 times and you likely to get closer to a 50-50 are toss the coin one million times, you to 13 heads. But split.” the model with computer simulations of the then compares He at larger scales. behave system. that system or data from Whitt said. system,” about your

g Much of the data collected today is in digital imagery, each made up of several up of several each made imagery, is in digital data collected today of the Much a gold mine for of high-dimensional data analysis considers the area Wright John new several has developed theory research and algorithms for uncovering His of representations on new for finding good working techniques is currently He the Institute of the Association for Computing Machinery, is a member Wright t’s a data-driven world out there. Every day, streams of data in the form of images, in the form of data streams day, Every out there. world a data-driven t’s or- to scientific fed are more links, and observations, biomedical videos, Internet management and And while worldwide. governments businesses, and ganizations, warehousing of these prodigious amounts of data are important, important equally of data are amounts is prodigious of these warehousing the structure to understand technological capability the developing datasets. of the in any given residing of pixels millions upon millions upon millions With million pixels. being able to efficiently search within those datasets is critical to dataset, finding order (e.g., in any set is unreliable Add to that the challenge when data data. and find specific the classical algorithms or occlusions), and disguised face, shadows, a pixel(s), “dead” down. break and find specific data used to search impact the potential for profound with problems, mathematical and algorithmic great with imageryon applications that can deal intelligently data. in the datasets, even in high-dimensional structure important types of low-dimensional This combination of efficient algorithm and good observation of gross errors. presence hu- highly accurate algorithms for recognizing understanding has led to new, theoretical the shape of three-dimensional with occlusion or disguise; for recovering man faces, even models of two-dimensional images; and for building three-dimensional objects from urban environments. set of data a given that can most compactly represent for a “dictionary” data—searching - representa that if it is possible to find efficient data shown have results samples. Recent accurately, more signals and images can be used to acquire tions, those representations - he is inves Research, collaborations at Microsoft Through and using fewer resources. images for cultural heritage to efficiently acquire tigating the use of these techniques preservation. - Math and Applied for Industrial and the Society Engineers, and Electronic for Electrical ematics. 2007; of Illinois, 2004; M.S., University at Urbana-Champaign, of Illinois B.S., University 2009 Ph.D., of Illinois, University I gineerin

ia En umb l Co Assistant Professor of Assistant Professor Electrical Engineering Electrical

Bringing Order to Order Bringing

ght ght n Wrin Wri JohJoh

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g gineerin ia En umb l Co Weaving More Reliable Reliable More Weaving Software ng ng eng Ya eng Ya Junf Junf of Computer Science Assistant Professor EXCELLENTIA ven the best written software contains errors. Junfeng Yang wants to unmask and to unmask wants Yang Junfeng errors. contains software best written the ven - the Na 2002, In costly. are bugs The software defects. subtle those often correct billion annually. put their cost at $60 Technology of Science and tional Institute

After joining Microsoft, he extended his work to distributed storage systems on to distributed storage he extended his work After joining Microsoft, - pro Unlike programs. of multithreaded is focusing on the reliability Yang Now difficult to write, test, and debug. also more they are “This is because They are much less fix them. errors, reproduce to Lack of determinism makes it difficult a four-lane to cars driving down likens threads Yang his approach, Explaining the placed barriers between we’ve deterministically, execute make threads “To - it. “Be this path and makes every of cars follow subsequent group records Yang “My research involves finding ways to make software more reliable,” Yang said.Yang reliable,” more ways to make software finding involves research “My

B.S., Tsinghua University (Beijing), 2000; M.S., Stanford, 2002; Ph.D., Stanford, 2008 Stanford, 2002; Ph.D., 2000; M.S., Stanford, (Beijing), University Tsinghua B.S., large networks. “People knew they were losing data, but not why. Our tool helped them tool Our losing data, but not why. knew they were “People large networks. - produc Microsoft’s patches for led to numerous His work Yang said. find those bugs,” System. Linux Operating tion systems and the consist of seg- programs multithreaded grams that run all their instructions sequentially, significantly faster are programs Multithreaded that run concurrently. ments, or threads, than sequential code. may behave program a multithreaded other words, not deterministic,” he explained. In depending on or buggy, may act correctly time it runs. each somewhat “It differently arrives speed, operating system scheduling, and what data as processor such variables said. Yang when during operations,” so programmers deterministically, execute programs makes multithreaded research Yang’s can isolate problems. they can execution, “The nondeterministic in parallel lanes. During cars drive highway. and cause theWhen they do, sometimes they collide they want. change lanes whenever to crash. program order. a fixed locations, following to change lanes at fixed threads only allow We lanes. he said. random car collisions,” This prevents when another should be no collisions the path causes no collisions, there know cause we more hopes to weave Yang attacking multithreading, he said. By of cars use it,” group software. reliable In graduate school, he developed an automated method to detect storage system errors. errors. method to detect storage system an automated graduate school, he developed In developed We darts area. and hoping to hit a problem throwing like tests were “Past test all possible storage states,” he said.systematic ways to Bugs do more than crash computers. They contributed to the northeast power blackout northeast contributed to the They power than crash computers. do more Bugs patients. to hospital doses of radiation lethal and delivered in 2003, E

omputers are solving ever more complex problems, yet some problems have have some problems yet problems, complex more ever solving are omputers problems tell which can we intense efforts How decades. for many resisted most efficientwe find the do How which cannot? efficiently and can be solved g One line of his research seeks to understand the inherent computational com- the inherent seeks to understand line of his research One - can the sense that we in computationally hard, are optimization problems Many trade-offs when making decisions. “We thrust involves research third Yannakakis’ these trade-offs as a curve visualizes on the plane. As Yannakakis two criteria, For is to design algorithms with guaranteed succinctness and approach Yannakakis’ try to character- “We on a task,” he summarized. forever “Computers could work plexity of problems. “It turns out that many computational problems from diverse fields diverse from problems turns out that many computational “It plexity of problems. designs, optimizing network example, he said. For to one another,” intimately related are computa- exhibit essentially the same type of all folding proteins scheduling jobs, and the that characterize underlying features Yannakakis seeks to find the tional difficulties. unifying principles. and identify their problems complexity of different - work Yannakakis has been For these cases, solution. not compute efficiently the optimal goal is to design efficient solutions. His ing on algorithms that compute near-optimal performance guarantees. algorithms with provable approximation benefits and risks. quality and also its cost, or a health treatment’s about a design’s care criteria, but rather many incom- is no one solution that is optimal for all there Typically, he explained. criteria,” different trade-offs between parable solutions that encapsulate the form a surfacethe number of criteria rise, the trade-offs in a higher dimensional math- all the points on the trade-off sur- is generally impossible to generate ematical space. “It he said. infinite number of them,” usually an exponential or even are face because there the whole design space, so decision points to represent wish to generate enough we “But an accurate enough view of the trade-offs to make an informed choice.”makers have of solutions that offer the best possible selected small set accuracy to compute a carefully of that space. representation can actually compute efficiently for a specific task and in general. Like what we ize trying the computa- trying to find the laws that govern to understand the physical world, we’re and limitations of computation.” want to determine the powers We tional world. 1979; 1975; M.S., Princeton, (Greece), of Athens University Technical Dipl., National 1979 Princeton, Ph.D., algorithms? And for intractable problems, how do we find the best solutions possible in the best solutions find do we how problems, And for intractable algorithms? - Yan Mihalis on by the challenges taken some of These are of time? amounts reasonable nakakis. C gineerin

ia En umb l Is Possible Is Co is is Mihal Mihal and Operations Research and Operations Calculating What What Calculating isis nnakaknnakak Ya Ya Percy K. and Vida L. W. Hudson Hudson W. L. Vida K. and Percy Professor of Industrial Engineering Engineering of Industrial Professor Professor of Computer Science and Professor

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g gineerin ia En umb l Co Optimizing Networked Networked Optimizing Resources oo id Ya id Ya Dav Dav Engineering of Industrial Professor Research and Operations EXCELLENTIA

hat do hospitals, airlines, supply chains, and the Internet all have in com- in all have and the Internet chains, supply airlines, hospitals, hat do that must networks all complex are they Yao, to David According mon? They multiple servicesbring together any task. assets to accomplish and

Organizations want to manage their resources efficiently to maximize profits. But profits. efficiently to maximize their resources want to manage Organizations number of seatsThey must divide a limited to airlines as an example. points He by discount- They can do this when they fill every seat. revenue Airlines maximize is that they may “The That leads to problems. price they pay for overbooking data. “That looking at past many seats to sell and reserve by Airlines estimate how information and use it to optimize of real-time that type models capture Yao’s can hedge our bets if we also at how but of events, look at the probability “We W M.A.Sc., University of Toronto (Canada), 1981; Ph.D., University of Toronto, 1983 Toronto, of University 1981; Ph.D., (Canada), Toronto of M.A.Sc., University if they are too efficient—Yao likens it to filling a highway with cars so traffic slows toslows a filling a highway with cars so traffic likens it to too efficient—Yao if they are quality of service.crawl—they sacrifice Balancing efficiency and service complex across giving orga- help by wants to Yao juggling. in extreme is an exercise resources networked time. to do it in real nizations the tools for a different of economy classes. Each class sells types and several among first, business, price. will always be some no-shows. there know flights, since they overbooking ing and by They also reserve some tickets to sell at higher last-minute prices. hold too many last- want to They also don’t to ask people to get off the airplane. have said.Yao unfilled seats,” minute tickets, or they will have a particular stated. “On Yao dynamics of the network,” the real-time does not capture and those passengers will need new connecting flights. a plane might be delayed day, the delayed their planes must carry customers plus passengers from their own Now flight.” servers, like a single flight, a bank of resource, system rather than a specific or the entire they price, the revenue airlines, his models assign all seats a shadow a hospital bed. On - it with the probabil reservedcould potentially earn if they sold a ticket, and compare way to them the most profitable shows It as they evolve. ity of delays and other events passengers and flights. reroute but predictive models that are want to create “We Yao. said is wrong,” that probability money on table.” walk away from won’t you off, so if you’re robust, must also share these same resources among different classes of customers, who pay dif- who pay classes of customers, among different same resources these share must also amounts for service.ferent

ell, Yahoo, Google, and Facebook were founded by college students, Yechiam Yechiam students, college by founded were Facebook and Google, Yahoo, ell, wants He class. and Entrepreneurship of Innovation his Principles tells Yemini them and transform technologies innovative to create how to teach students

g Yemini has combined academia with serial entrepreneurship. His first company, company, first His entrepreneurship. academia with serial has combined Yemini “High- knowledge. another way of disseminating basic are he explained, Startups, to identify op- how The first is understanding legs. on three course rests Yemini’s cellular phones to mobile computing. Now the biggest transition is from “Today, of look at the engines startup mechanics. “We leg involves second The course’s fail because they companies “Many development. leg is product third Yemini’s a disruptive presents is focusing on managing mobile services. “Mobility Yemini of a technology,” the value startup company is a bunch of engines that express “A better box, ways to engineer it to better distill the value of the underlying technology. of the underlying technology. it to better distill the value ways to engineer better box, to engineer a tries to teach how and entrepreneurship course on innovation My constructs.” as one engineers other innovative much technology company, of Jerusalem, University M.Sc., Hebrew 1972; (Israel), of Jerusalem University B.Sc., Hebrew 1978 of California-Los Angeles, University 1974; Ph.D., into successful startups.into successful technologies. messaging voice in 1984, revolutionized co-founded Technology, Comverse to diagnose network the first products Arts created Management System later, years Ten automatically. failures products innovative creating technologies by basic tech startups in raw, distill the value he said. them to the market,” and introducing new ideas disrupt those where established ways of are fertileThe most areas portunities. networks. and wireless the Internet, doing things, such as integrated circuits, a books. It’s video and read phone is a tool to go shopping, access content, play your said. wonderfulYemini opportunity to launch companies that exploit this,” information exchange engines make products, said. “Different Yemini creation,” value how to de- We look at resources. of financial and manipulate the flow with the market, while minimizing risks and errors.” they create the value sign these engines to optimize he said. “They and then look for a market,” a product didn’t spend all their time creating needs or that market like their implementation, manage the risk that customers wouldn’t day one, and to begin talking with customers from advises students might change.” He happy. are until they incrementally products to keep improving new opportunities to create research presents services. network change in delivering It to newtechnologies, which may one day lead startups,” he said. a ways to build are There “Think of it as a mechanism, a black box. Yemeni. said D gineerin

ia En umb l Co YeminiYemini hiam hiam YecYec Turning Students Students Turning into Entrepreneurs Professor of Computer Science Professor

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gineerin ia En umb l Co Plugging the Leak in Leak the Plugging Efficiency Circuit rles rles Cha Cha kiki ZukowsZukows Engineering of Electrical Professor EXCELLENTIA omputer chips are the building blocks that allow billions of transistors to fit in to fit transistors billions of allow that blocks the building are chips omputer everyday enhanced of design enable the life, and have chips These area. a small making most modern- cost, lower functionality and increasing of electronics

Charles Zukowski, past chairman and current vice chairman of the Department vice chairman past chairman and current Charles Zukowski, of which analysis, results design and circuit both circuit has covered research His One of those challenges is transistor current leakage, which is becoming a bigger leakage, of those challenges is transistor current One

B.S., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1982; M.S., MIT, 1982; Ph.D., MIT, 1985 MIT, 1982; Ph.D., 1982; M.S., MIT, Technology, of Institute B.S., Massachusetts of Electrical Engineering, has worked in the area of VLSI throughout his career and has his career VLSI throughout of in the area worked has Engineering, of Electrical His technology in a number of areas. of integrated circuit contributed to the progress the techniques such as monotonic logic to reduce is twofold: circuit chief focus now technologies; and special-purpose integrated circuit leakage in future impact of current this work, Through for the simulation of gene regulatory prototypes networks. hardware his intention is to further to explore technology and the capability of integrated circuit new applications. a serial data from technique for generating high data-rate include a patented circuit for mixing digital and large-signal and an approach data-rate channels, number of lower for bounding the number of results a derived He analog computation for simulation. monograph, and compiled into a research that were behavior of digital integrated circuits - Inves Young Presidential Science Foundation a National he received based on this work, - of wave the convergence a technique for measuring later developed He tigator Award. a technique also proposed He circuits. algorithms for simulating digital form relaxation memo- in certain consumption content-addressable reducing the power for significantly - in internet rout techniques memories and circuit use of various the ries and investigated he has consulted for industryThroughout, in the field of Complementary ing hardware. (CMOS IC) design. Circuit Integrated Semiconductor Oxide Metal problem as transistors in computer chips continue to shrink, leading to problems with continue to shrink, leading to problems as transistors in computer chips problem in each transistor dissipation and power leakage current While reliability. and power billions of transistors, over up to a significant amount quite small, they can add remain a big could have this problem function and performance.potentially limiting Solving of electronics. applications and the feasibility of critical future impact on industry, day technology possible. But as transistors continue to become smaller and faster, new and faster, to become smaller continue as transistors possible. But day technology Very Large Scale field of The research constantly arise. designers for circuit challenges (VLSI) these challenges. addresses Integration C

he design and deployment of mobile and wireless networks has undergone an undergone has networks and wireless mobile of deployment and he design backbone forms the already technology this While extraordinary transformation. - manufactur public safety, recovery, disaster of crucial care, such as health systems g Despite their promise, efficiently controlling wireless networks is a challenging task, is a challenging networks wireless controlling efficiently their promise, Despite networking new focuses on designing wireless Zussman Gil problems, tackle those To operation of distributed algorithms which to enable the efficient in order Moreover, mobility of wireless focus on controlled group of Zussman’s projects research Other - Technol of Institute associate with the Massachusetts was a postdoctoral Zussman ing, and citywide broadband access, it has even greater potential. The flexibility inherent in inherent The flexibility potential. greater it has even access, citywide broadband ing, and an delivers technologies network local area and wireless ad hoc, mesh, mobile sensor, cellular, - communica inter-vehicle mobile banking, including range of applications, almost endless and climate-change tracking. tion, space exploration, nodes, limited transmissions, mobility of the simultaneous between due to interference and lack of central control. energy limitations of the devices, channel, capacity of the wireless technologies apart other networking networks from wireless distinct characteristics set Such problems. and practical challenging theoretical and pose numerous to Due of existing networks. the performance and resilience and on improving architectures and algorithms designs architectures Zussman the special characteristics of these networks, example, he stack. For protocol of the networking multiple layers across optimized that are that take into account energy consumption protocols on energy-aware has been working Zussman and scheduling. routing and battery regarding status while making joint decisions Harvesting for Energy algorithms and prototypes focusing on developing has been recently These tags harvest the environment their energy from (EnHANTs). Tags Networked Active appli- in disaster recovery tracking applications, and particularly, and can be used in various cations. on has been working inferior performance algorithms, Zussman usually have to centralized His algorithms obtain maximum throughput. identifying topologies in which distributed in which distributed enable the partitioning to subnetworks of networks in this area results performance. network the overall improving algorithms operate very thereby well, and nodes, dynamic spectrum radio, interfaces wireless allocation and cognitive between - re Results failures. to geographically correlated networks of resilience and optical networks, to large-scale attacks, such as the latter include identifying vulnerabilities of networks garding (EMP) attacks, and mechanisms to mitigate the effects of such attacks. Pulse Electromagnetic of is a senior member of the Institute He Fellow. Curie and Marie Fellow ogy as a Fulbright Engineers. and Electronics Electrical 1999; University, Aviv Tel 1995; M.Sc., Technology, of Institute Technion-Israel B.Sc., B.A., 2004 Technology, of Institute Technion-Israel Ph.D., T gineerin

ia En umb l Co and Resiliency of and Resiliency Wireless Networks Wireless anan Gil ZussmGil Zussm Improving the Efficiency the Efficiency Improving

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