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SUSTAINABLE PHILANTHROPY an Essay By Page 1 of 81 SUSTAINABLE PHILANTHROPY an essay by Andy Turnbull [email protected] TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS .......................................................................................1 SUSTAINABLE PHILANTHROPY .......................................................................2 FINDING WATER ................................................................................................8 RUNNING OUT OF DIRT? ................................................................................15 TERRA PRETA ..................................................................................................20 CLIMATE CHANGE ..........................................................................................22 OTHER PROBLEMS .........................................................................................39 GLOBALIZATION ..............................................................................................40 OUR OPTIONS .................................................................................................46 FOOD FOR THE FUTURE ................................................................................49 THE GREEN REVOLUTION COULD BE A TRAP .............................................50 TO AVOID THE TRAP .......................................................................................53 MEAT ANIMALS ...............................................................................................56 BIG FARMS ARE A BIG HAZARD ....................................................................63 WASTE NOT WASTE, WANT NOT ...................................................................66 PHILANTHROPY FOR PROFIT .......................................................................68 RESCUE SCOOTERS....................................................................................... 70 FIRE CONTROL................................................................................................ 71 AMPHIBIOUS FIRE-FIGHTING TRUCKS .........................................................73 CLEAN UP OIL SPILLS ...................................................................................74 WATER BAG LEVEES .......................................................................................75 A DOUBLE EXPANSION ENGINE ....................................................................76 AN ELECTRIC SPACE SHIP .............................................................................78 WRAPPING IT UP ............................................................................................80 Page 2 of 81 SUSTAINABLE PHILANTHROPY Suppose you had a billion dollars to invest in a better world. Where would you spend it? With a billion dollars you don’t want to do everything yourself, so you hire professionals to manage the details. Some professional charity managers do an excellent job of fighting their own poverty, collecting millions of dollars a year in salary and ‘incentive’ pay. We can guess what their ‘incentive’ is.1 Even if they’re not on the take for themselves most professional managers learned their trade from professors who learned from professors who learned from professors ad infinitum. We all respect education but we know that in 1600 the well-educated priests of the Inquisition knew that Giordano Bruno deserved to be burned at the stake because he did not preach the wisdom of Aristotle, which had guided much of the western world for nearly 2,000 years and was accepted as gospel by the church. Because they were trained in astronomy many priests used the Copernican theory that Bruno taught to predict the positions of the planets, but they didn’t want the public to read it. Thirty three years later their view seems to have moderated, because the inquisition only sentenced Galileo to a lifetime of house arrest for the same sin. They say that education teaches us to think but in fact it teaches us what to think, rather than how to think. It gives us conventional wisdom — like the Aristotelean view of the universe or the knowledge of earlier times that witches dance naked with the devil on mountain tops and the knowledge of nearly-modern times that front wheel drive cars will never be practical because they can’t climb hills. People who manage foundations are also under pressure from a very- profitable — and therefore very powerful — drug industry to try to control disease in the third world. That sounds like a laudable target, but it may not be a practical one. In a world in which millions of people are already starving, I suggest that rather than save people from disease — so they can have children who will 1 https://www.google.com/search? client=safari&rls=en&q=average+salary+of+the+head+of+a+large+charity&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8 Page 3 of 81 starve along with them — it might make more sense to fight famine, rather than disease. And most professional fund managers seem to be influenced by the Einstellung effect, which was demonstrated by psychologist Abraham Luchins in 1942 with his famous water jar experiment, The term Einstellung effect refers to the common practice of trying to solve a problem in a way that has been learned, even when a simpler solution is available. Luchins' subjects were given three water jars, each with a different capacity, and asked to measure out a specific volume of water different from the capacity of any of the jars. In one run, for example, the subject may have one jar that will hold 127 fluid ounces, one that will hold 21 fluid ounces and one that will hold 3 fluid ounces -- call them jars A, B and C -- and be required to measure out 100 fluid ounces. The solution in this case is to fill A and then, from A, fill B once and C twice. 127 fluid ounces minus 21 fluid ounces minus 3 fluid ounces minus 3 fluid ounces equals 100 fluid ounces. One group was given five practice problems followed by four 'test' problems, and a second group was given only the four 'test' problems. All five practice problems and some of the test problems had the same solution, A minus B minus 2C, but at least one of the test problems could be solved with a simpler procedure. If the subjects were required to measure out 18 fluid ounces of water with jars that would hold 15, 39 and 3 fluid ounces, for example, they could fill the 15 fluid ounce and the 3 fluid ounce jar, and dump them both into the 39 fluid ounce jar -- but many of the subjects who had been given the 'practice' problems used the more complex solution 39 fluid ounces minus 15 fluid ounces minus 3 fluid ounces minus 3 fluid ounces. They used the solution they had learned, even though a better solution was available and obvious. The Einstellung effect is a problem for humanity because it hinders or prevents the development of new technology and encourages the application of old solutions to new problems, but it's a benefit to the established order for exactly the same reasons. Page 4 of 81 How does this apply to our problem of how best to aid the world? Behavioral economist and Nobel Laureate Richard Thaler offers an example of this problem from his own experience. The so-called ‘science’ of economics predicts the behavior of idealized but non-existent 'rational' consumers under imaginary conditions. Behavioral economics studies the behavior of real people in real conditions. In a question and answer session after Thaler had outlined his work at a conference a well-known economist rose to speak. "If I take what you are saying seriously," he said, "what am I supposed to do? My skill is knowing how to solve optimization problems."2 That well-paid professor had only one marketable skill -- his ability to apply conventional methods to solve conventional problems in conventional ways -- and when and if the the world adopts the more-realistic science of behavioral economics he, and thousands more comfortably ensconced 'professionals' will have to be re-classified as untrained and unskilled. They will be unemployable as economists but, if they have the paper qualifications and credentials, they might be able to get jobs as professors of economics. Considering the possible effects of global warning one prominent professor of economics — I don’t name him here because I’m citing this to illustrate a point; not to shame him — wrote: “Agriculture is practically the only sector of the economy affected by climate, and it contributes only a small percentage — three percent in the United States — of national income. If agricultural productivity were drastically reduced by climate change the cost of living would rise by one or two percent, and at a time when per capita income will likely have doubled.” No problem? In a world in which millions of people are on the edge of starvation and many are actually starving? If “agricultural productivity were drastically reduced” we would have a global famine, but there would be no serious harm to the economy. Hmmm... Economist John Maynard Keynes wrote, “There are not many who are influenced by new ideas or theories after they are twenty five or thirty years 2 Thaler, Richard H., Misbehaving, W.W. Norton, NY, 2015, p43 Page 5 of 81 of age, so that the ideas which civil servants and politicians and even agitators apply to current events are not likely to be the newest.”3 I suggest that many of the professional pundits who advise governments and foundations and pontificate on news media are hired and listened to because they can be relied on to repeat the ideas they learned in school -- which may not date back to Aristotle but still may be out of date. Here’s something
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