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Index Page numbers in italics refer to Figures and page numbers in bold refer to Tables acid gases Canary Islands 209 critical loading 116 Negra Mt study Hekla output 114-115 1706 eruption 210-212 sulphur dioxide 167-169 risk assessments 212-215 acid rain, volcanogenic 34, 41 charcoal 20 Aqores, Furnas volcano study chemistry see geochemistry environmental impacts 198-201 Chinyero 209 eruption history 194-198 Chironomidae 111 socio-economic impacts 203-204 climate change Aegean Arc, Nisyros study 69-71 effect of Hekla 110-111, 114-115, 118- EDS analysis 120 methods 78-79 effect of Laki 112, 113, 161-162 results 79-84 scientific measures 164-165 results discussed 84-86 sulphur dioxide effect 166-169 pumice fall isopachs 77 written accounts 162-165 stratigraphy 71-77 effect of Pinatubo 113 tephrostratigraphy 77-78 effect of Tambora 112, 113-114 aeromagnetic data, Auckland volcanic field Coromandel Volcanic Zone 28 4,5, 8-9 Corylus pollen record 111 aerosols 167 Crater Hill 2, 4-5, 6, 7, 8, 9 see also acid gases critical load concept 116 Akira Pumice Formation 50, 51 Curie temperature 131, 132 albedo, volcanic effect on 167 alkali basalt 3 discriminant function analysis (DFA) 149 Angat Kitet Formation 51, 52 British tephra sites 156-157 anhysteretic remanent magnetization 131 data handling 149-150 archaeological applications of tephra Icelandic tephras 150-153, 154-156 Bronze Age volcanism 110, 119-120 Ash Hill 2, 6 earthquakes see seismicity Auckland volcanic field 24, 29 Egmont, Mt 1 l, 12, 28, 32-33 eruption timing 7-8 Emuruangogolak 63 geophysical data 4 energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS) structural style 4-7 methods 78-79 volcanic hazards 29-30, 33-34 results 79-84 results discussed 84-86 back-field ratio 131, 132 Enkorika Formation 52 basalt 3, 212 Esinoni Formation 51, 52 basanite 3, 212 Etna, 1977-1991 survey bog oak, impact of Hekla on 118-119 eruptive phases 96-102 British tephra sites 156-157 magnitude/frequency analysis 102-105 Bronze Age results discussed 105-106 Hekla eruption 119-120 seismic events 90-96 Scotland 110 fire fountains 3 14C, Kaharoa tephra 16 frequency dependent susceptibility 131 218 INDEX Furnas volcano Laki fissure volcano environmental impacts 198-201 eruption dynamics 174 eruption history 194-198 impact in Europe 111, 175, 176 socio-economic impacts 203-204 air quality 162-163, 177-179 climate change links 112, 113, 161- gases see acid gases 162, 166-169 geochemistry of tephra 52-55 social responses 183-185 DFA study 150-153 storminess 176, 180-183 sodium problem 153-154 impact in Iceland 34, 174-175 eruption correlation 55-61 Storalda moraine complex Nisyros tephra 80, 81 stratigraphy 126-130 geomagnetism see magnetic analysis tephra magnetic analysis geophysics 4, 5, 8-9 methods 130-132 Greece, Nisyros study 69-71 results 132-140 EDS analysis results discussed 140-144 methods 78-79 ignimbrite 51 results 79-84 Indonesia 193 results discussed 84-86 Tambora 112, 113-114 pumice fall isopachs 77 Ireland stratigraphy 71-77 bog oak case study 118-119 tephrostratigraphy 77-78 tephra sites 156-157 Green Hill 2, 6, 8 isothermal remanent magnetization 131 Gregory Rift, Longonot/Suswa study 47, 48 Italy, volcanic emergency planning 193 caldera collapse 49-52 Etna 1977-1991 survey tectonic setting 61-65 eruptive phases 96-102 tephrochronology 55-61 magnitude/frequency analysis 102-105 methods 52-54 results discussed 105-106 results 54-55 seismic events 90-96 Grimsv6tn tephra 150, 150-153 Kaharoa tephra 12, 36 Hampton Park 2, 6, 7, 8 analysis 15 Haroharo 28 14C dating 16 hazard assessment and management environmental impact 17-21, 21-23 Auckland volcanic field 3-4, 29-30, 33-34 stratigraphy 15 Aqores 194-204 Kaipo bog 28, 32 dominant approach 190-192 Kapenga 28 radial approach 192-194 Kawakawa tephra 36 Hekla Kedong Valley Tuff Formation 50, 51 tephra analysis by DFA 150, 150-153, Kenya Rift Valley, Longonot/Suswa study 154-156 47, 48 tephra impacts 110-111, 114-115 caldera collapse 49-52 Ireland 118-119 tectonic setting 61-65 Scotland 119-120 tephrochronology 55-61 high field strength elements 54-55 methods 52-54 results 54-55 Iceland Kildonan, Strath of 111 Hekla Kilombe 63 tephra analysis by DFA 150, 150-153, Kohoura 2, 6 154-156 Kohuora Crater 39, 40 tephra impacts 110-111, 114-115 Kos Plateau Tuff 69 Ireland 118-119 Scotland 119-120 Laki fissure volcano 1ND EX 219 eruption dynamics 174 eruption timing 7-8 impact in Europe 111, 175, 176 geophysical data 4 air quality 162-163, 177-179 structural style 4-7 climate change links 112, 113, 161- volcanic hazards 29-30, 33-34 162, 166-169 Matakana Island 13-15 social responses 183-185 pollen analysis 17-21 storminess 176, 180-183 stratigraphy 15-17 impact in Iceland 34, 174-175 tephra impact 21-23 lapilli pumice 74, 75, 76 North Island lava flow hazard management 191 tephra depth survey 36 Longonot 47, 48 volcanic centres 28, 30-33 caldera collapse 49-51, 52 Ngauruhoe, Mt 28, 32 tectonic setting 61-65 Nikia Rhyolite 69 tephrochronology Nisyros 69-71 eruption correlation 55-61 EDS analysis methods 52-54 methods 78-79 results 54-55 results 79-84 results discussed 84-86 McLaughlins Hill 2, 6, 8 pumice fall isopachs 77 McLennan Hills 2, 6, 8 pyroclastic stratigraphy 71-77 magnetic analysis tephrostratigraphy 77-78 basalts 7-8 tephra Okataina Volcanic Centre 11, 12, 15, 28, 31 methods 130-132 Olgumi Formation 51, 52, 54 results 132-140 Olongonot Volcanic Formation 51 results discussed 140-144 Oloolwa Formation 51, 52 magnetic susceptibility 131 Omapere, Lake 36 major element analysis 80, 81 Otara Hill 2, 6, 7, 8 see also geochemistry Otuataua 2, 6 Mamaku tephra 36 Mangakino 28 palynology 17-21, 111 Mangere, Mt 2, 6, 8 Patiki Road section 38, 40 Mangere 2, 6, 37, 38, 40 phonolite 212 Maroa 11, 12, 28 phreatomagmatism 51 Matakana Island 13-15 Auckland 3 pollen analysis 17-21 Pinatubo, Mt 113-114, 167 stratigraphy 15-17 Pinus sylvestris pollen record 111 tephra impact 21-23 pollen analysis 17-21, 111 Maungarei tephra 40 Pukaki Crater 2, 4, 5, 6, 7 Maungataketake 2, 6 Pukeiti 2, 6 Mayor Island 11 Pukekiwiriki 2, 6, 7 Menengai 63 Puketutu 2, 6, 7, 8, 9 pumice 51 natural hazards see hazard assessment and management radiocarbon dating 16 Nb geochemistry 54-55 Rangitoto 3 Negra Mt Reporoa 28 1706 eruption 210-212 Richmond, Mt 2, 6 risk assessments 212-215 risk assessment 212-215 nephelinite 3 Robertson Hill 2, 6, 7 New Zealand Rotoehu Ash 36 Auckland volcanic field 2-4, 29 Rotorua 28 220 INDEX Rototuna, Lake 36 climatic impact ll0, 118-120, 175, 176 Ruapehu, Mt 28, 32, 40 air quality 162-163, 177-179 climate change links 112, 113, 161-162, Saksunarvatn tephra 150, 153 166-169 San Juan 209 social responses 183-185 Silo Miguel, Furnas volcano study storminess 176, 180-183 environmental impacts 198-201 discriminant function analysis (DFA) eruption history 194-198 149-150 socio-economic impacts 203-204 British tephra sites 156-157 saturation isothermal remanent magnetiza- Icelandic tephras 150-153, 154-156 tion 131 energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS) Scotland, Bronze Age study 110 methods 78-79 impact of Hekla 119-120 results 79-84 seismicity and volcanic eruption, Etna 90-96 results discussed 84-86 Sicily, Etna 1977-1991 survey geochemistry 52-55 eruptive phases 96-102 eruption correlation 55-61 magnitude/frequency analysis 102-105 magnetic analysis results discussed 105-106 methods 130-132 seismic events 90-96 results 132-140 Silali 63 results discussed 140-144 Skaelingisvatn 111 tephrochronology 125 sodium problem in geochemical analysis Kenya Rift 55-61 153-154 methods 52-54 statistical techniques in DFA 149-150 results 54-55 Storalda moraine complex New Zealand 16, 21-23, 36 stratigraphy 126-130 tholeiite 3 tephra magnetic analysis Timanfaya 209, 210 methods 130-132 Tongariro 11, 12, 28, 32 results 132-140 trace elements analysis 59, 60 results discussed 140-144 see also geochemistry Styaks Swamp 2, 6, 8 trachybasaltic ash 51 sulphur dioxide 167-169 trachyte agglutinate 51 Suswa 47, 48 trachyte globule ignimbrite 51 caldera collapse 51-52 trachyte pumice lapilli 51 tectonic setting 61-65 tsunami 30 tephrochronology Tuhua 11, 12, 28, 31 eruption correlation 55-61 Tutira, Lake 32 methods 52-54 results 54-55 volcanic gases see acid gases Svinavatn tephra 150, 150-153 vulnerability analysis 194 Tambora (Indonesia) 112, 113-114 Waiatarua, Lake 39-40 Tarawera 12, 15, 28 Waikato lakes 28, 36 Taupo 11, 12, 28, 31-32, 36 Waitomokia 2, 6, 7 temperature see climate change weather see climate change Teneguia 209 Wellington, Mt 40 Tenerife 209 Whakamaru 28 Negra Mt Wiri 2, 6, 7, 8, 9 1706 eruption 210-212 risk assessments 212-215 tephra 125 Zr geochemistry 54-55 .
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