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Back Matter (PDF) Index Page numbers in italics refer to Figures and page numbers in bold refer to Tables acid gases Canary Islands 209 critical loading 116 Negra Mt study Hekla output 114-115 1706 eruption 210-212 sulphur dioxide 167-169 risk assessments 212-215 acid rain, volcanogenic 34, 41 charcoal 20 Aqores, Furnas volcano study chemistry see geochemistry environmental impacts 198-201 Chinyero 209 eruption history 194-198 Chironomidae 111 socio-economic impacts 203-204 climate change Aegean Arc, Nisyros study 69-71 effect of Hekla 110-111, 114-115, 118- EDS analysis 120 methods 78-79 effect of Laki 112, 113, 161-162 results 79-84 scientific measures 164-165 results discussed 84-86 sulphur dioxide effect 166-169 pumice fall isopachs 77 written accounts 162-165 stratigraphy 71-77 effect of Pinatubo 113 tephrostratigraphy 77-78 effect of Tambora 112, 113-114 aeromagnetic data, Auckland volcanic field Coromandel Volcanic Zone 28 4,5, 8-9 Corylus pollen record 111 aerosols 167 Crater Hill 2, 4-5, 6, 7, 8, 9 see also acid gases critical load concept 116 Akira Pumice Formation 50, 51 Curie temperature 131, 132 albedo, volcanic effect on 167 alkali basalt 3 discriminant function analysis (DFA) 149 Angat Kitet Formation 51, 52 British tephra sites 156-157 anhysteretic remanent magnetization 131 data handling 149-150 archaeological applications of tephra Icelandic tephras 150-153, 154-156 Bronze Age volcanism 110, 119-120 Ash Hill 2, 6 earthquakes see seismicity Auckland volcanic field 24, 29 Egmont, Mt 1 l, 12, 28, 32-33 eruption timing 7-8 Emuruangogolak 63 geophysical data 4 energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS) structural style 4-7 methods 78-79 volcanic hazards 29-30, 33-34 results 79-84 results discussed 84-86 back-field ratio 131, 132 Enkorika Formation 52 basalt 3, 212 Esinoni Formation 51, 52 basanite 3, 212 Etna, 1977-1991 survey bog oak, impact of Hekla on 118-119 eruptive phases 96-102 British tephra sites 156-157 magnitude/frequency analysis 102-105 Bronze Age results discussed 105-106 Hekla eruption 119-120 seismic events 90-96 Scotland 110 fire fountains 3 14C, Kaharoa tephra 16 frequency dependent susceptibility 131 218 INDEX Furnas volcano Laki fissure volcano environmental impacts 198-201 eruption dynamics 174 eruption history 194-198 impact in Europe 111, 175, 176 socio-economic impacts 203-204 air quality 162-163, 177-179 climate change links 112, 113, 161- gases see acid gases 162, 166-169 geochemistry of tephra 52-55 social responses 183-185 DFA study 150-153 storminess 176, 180-183 sodium problem 153-154 impact in Iceland 34, 174-175 eruption correlation 55-61 Storalda moraine complex Nisyros tephra 80, 81 stratigraphy 126-130 geomagnetism see magnetic analysis tephra magnetic analysis geophysics 4, 5, 8-9 methods 130-132 Greece, Nisyros study 69-71 results 132-140 EDS analysis results discussed 140-144 methods 78-79 ignimbrite 51 results 79-84 Indonesia 193 results discussed 84-86 Tambora 112, 113-114 pumice fall isopachs 77 Ireland stratigraphy 71-77 bog oak case study 118-119 tephrostratigraphy 77-78 tephra sites 156-157 Green Hill 2, 6, 8 isothermal remanent magnetization 131 Gregory Rift, Longonot/Suswa study 47, 48 Italy, volcanic emergency planning 193 caldera collapse 49-52 Etna 1977-1991 survey tectonic setting 61-65 eruptive phases 96-102 tephrochronology 55-61 magnitude/frequency analysis 102-105 methods 52-54 results discussed 105-106 results 54-55 seismic events 90-96 Grimsv6tn tephra 150, 150-153 Kaharoa tephra 12, 36 Hampton Park 2, 6, 7, 8 analysis 15 Haroharo 28 14C dating 16 hazard assessment and management environmental impact 17-21, 21-23 Auckland volcanic field 3-4, 29-30, 33-34 stratigraphy 15 Aqores 194-204 Kaipo bog 28, 32 dominant approach 190-192 Kapenga 28 radial approach 192-194 Kawakawa tephra 36 Hekla Kedong Valley Tuff Formation 50, 51 tephra analysis by DFA 150, 150-153, Kenya Rift Valley, Longonot/Suswa study 154-156 47, 48 tephra impacts 110-111, 114-115 caldera collapse 49-52 Ireland 118-119 tectonic setting 61-65 Scotland 119-120 tephrochronology 55-61 high field strength elements 54-55 methods 52-54 results 54-55 Iceland Kildonan, Strath of 111 Hekla Kilombe 63 tephra analysis by DFA 150, 150-153, Kohoura 2, 6 154-156 Kohuora Crater 39, 40 tephra impacts 110-111, 114-115 Kos Plateau Tuff 69 Ireland 118-119 Scotland 119-120 Laki fissure volcano 1ND EX 219 eruption dynamics 174 eruption timing 7-8 impact in Europe 111, 175, 176 geophysical data 4 air quality 162-163, 177-179 structural style 4-7 climate change links 112, 113, 161- volcanic hazards 29-30, 33-34 162, 166-169 Matakana Island 13-15 social responses 183-185 pollen analysis 17-21 storminess 176, 180-183 stratigraphy 15-17 impact in Iceland 34, 174-175 tephra impact 21-23 lapilli pumice 74, 75, 76 North Island lava flow hazard management 191 tephra depth survey 36 Longonot 47, 48 volcanic centres 28, 30-33 caldera collapse 49-51, 52 Ngauruhoe, Mt 28, 32 tectonic setting 61-65 Nikia Rhyolite 69 tephrochronology Nisyros 69-71 eruption correlation 55-61 EDS analysis methods 52-54 methods 78-79 results 54-55 results 79-84 results discussed 84-86 McLaughlins Hill 2, 6, 8 pumice fall isopachs 77 McLennan Hills 2, 6, 8 pyroclastic stratigraphy 71-77 magnetic analysis tephrostratigraphy 77-78 basalts 7-8 tephra Okataina Volcanic Centre 11, 12, 15, 28, 31 methods 130-132 Olgumi Formation 51, 52, 54 results 132-140 Olongonot Volcanic Formation 51 results discussed 140-144 Oloolwa Formation 51, 52 magnetic susceptibility 131 Omapere, Lake 36 major element analysis 80, 81 Otara Hill 2, 6, 7, 8 see also geochemistry Otuataua 2, 6 Mamaku tephra 36 Mangakino 28 palynology 17-21, 111 Mangere, Mt 2, 6, 8 Patiki Road section 38, 40 Mangere 2, 6, 37, 38, 40 phonolite 212 Maroa 11, 12, 28 phreatomagmatism 51 Matakana Island 13-15 Auckland 3 pollen analysis 17-21 Pinatubo, Mt 113-114, 167 stratigraphy 15-17 Pinus sylvestris pollen record 111 tephra impact 21-23 pollen analysis 17-21, 111 Maungarei tephra 40 Pukaki Crater 2, 4, 5, 6, 7 Maungataketake 2, 6 Pukeiti 2, 6 Mayor Island 11 Pukekiwiriki 2, 6, 7 Menengai 63 Puketutu 2, 6, 7, 8, 9 pumice 51 natural hazards see hazard assessment and management radiocarbon dating 16 Nb geochemistry 54-55 Rangitoto 3 Negra Mt Reporoa 28 1706 eruption 210-212 Richmond, Mt 2, 6 risk assessments 212-215 risk assessment 212-215 nephelinite 3 Robertson Hill 2, 6, 7 New Zealand Rotoehu Ash 36 Auckland volcanic field 2-4, 29 Rotorua 28 220 INDEX Rototuna, Lake 36 climatic impact ll0, 118-120, 175, 176 Ruapehu, Mt 28, 32, 40 air quality 162-163, 177-179 climate change links 112, 113, 161-162, Saksunarvatn tephra 150, 153 166-169 San Juan 209 social responses 183-185 Silo Miguel, Furnas volcano study storminess 176, 180-183 environmental impacts 198-201 discriminant function analysis (DFA) eruption history 194-198 149-150 socio-economic impacts 203-204 British tephra sites 156-157 saturation isothermal remanent magnetiza- Icelandic tephras 150-153, 154-156 tion 131 energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS) Scotland, Bronze Age study 110 methods 78-79 impact of Hekla 119-120 results 79-84 seismicity and volcanic eruption, Etna 90-96 results discussed 84-86 Sicily, Etna 1977-1991 survey geochemistry 52-55 eruptive phases 96-102 eruption correlation 55-61 magnitude/frequency analysis 102-105 magnetic analysis results discussed 105-106 methods 130-132 seismic events 90-96 results 132-140 Silali 63 results discussed 140-144 Skaelingisvatn 111 tephrochronology 125 sodium problem in geochemical analysis Kenya Rift 55-61 153-154 methods 52-54 statistical techniques in DFA 149-150 results 54-55 Storalda moraine complex New Zealand 16, 21-23, 36 stratigraphy 126-130 tholeiite 3 tephra magnetic analysis Timanfaya 209, 210 methods 130-132 Tongariro 11, 12, 28, 32 results 132-140 trace elements analysis 59, 60 results discussed 140-144 see also geochemistry Styaks Swamp 2, 6, 8 trachybasaltic ash 51 sulphur dioxide 167-169 trachyte agglutinate 51 Suswa 47, 48 trachyte globule ignimbrite 51 caldera collapse 51-52 trachyte pumice lapilli 51 tectonic setting 61-65 tsunami 30 tephrochronology Tuhua 11, 12, 28, 31 eruption correlation 55-61 Tutira, Lake 32 methods 52-54 results 54-55 volcanic gases see acid gases Svinavatn tephra 150, 150-153 vulnerability analysis 194 Tambora (Indonesia) 112, 113-114 Waiatarua, Lake 39-40 Tarawera 12, 15, 28 Waikato lakes 28, 36 Taupo 11, 12, 28, 31-32, 36 Waitomokia 2, 6, 7 temperature see climate change weather see climate change Teneguia 209 Wellington, Mt 40 Tenerife 209 Whakamaru 28 Negra Mt Wiri 2, 6, 7, 8, 9 1706 eruption 210-212 risk assessments 212-215 tephra 125 Zr geochemistry 54-55 .
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