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To What Extent Has the Commonwealth Games Accelerated the Physical, Social, and Economic Regeneration of East Manchester?

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To What Extent Has the Commonwealth Games Accelerated the Physical, Social, and Economic Regeneration of East Manchester? T o What Extent has the C ommonwealth Games A ccelerated the Physical, S ocial, and Economic R egeneration of East M anchester? A Dissertation by Lauren Newby March 2003 CONTENTS SECTION PAGE 1. INTRODUCTION..........................................................................................................1 2. HISTORICAL CONTEXT – EAST MANCHESTER......................................................5 3. THE CASE FOR THE COMMONWEALTH GAMES TO BE HELD IN EAST MANCHESTER ..........................................................................................................13 4. THE CONTRIBUTION THE COMMONWEALTH GAMES MADE TOWARDS ACCELERATING THE ECONOMIC REGENERATION OF EAST MANCHESTER ..27 5. THE CONTRIBUTION THE COMMONWEALTH GAMES MADE TOWARDS ACCELERATING THE PHYSICAL REGENERATION OF EAST MANCHESTER ....39 6. THE CONTRIBUTION THE COMMONWEALTH GAMES MADE TOWARDS ACCELERATING THE SOCIAL REGENERATION OF EAST MANCHESTER.........49 7. EFFECTIVENESS OF A SPORTS-LED REGENERATION STRATEGY AND THE FUTURE OF EAST MANCHESTER ..........................................................................59 8. CONCLUSIONS.........................................................................................................71 APPENDICES A – Bibliography B – List of Consultees C – Statistical Baseline With thanks to all who have supported me in the development of this dissertation, particularly those who gave up time to allow me to interview them and shared information with me To What Extent has the Commonwealth Games Accelerated the Physical, Social, and Economic Regeneration of East Manchester? 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF THE RESEARCH The 17th Commonwealth Games, 2002, were hosted by the City of Manchester, from July 25th to August 4th. It was hailed as the largest multi-sport event ever held in the UK. East Manchester, one of the most deprived areas in England, had been chosen as the area where ‘Sportcity’ would be built in the early 1990’s. The prime focus of Manchester City Council was to use a major sporting event as a vehicle to bring substantial investment into East Manchester. The aim of this research is to consider the question: To what extent has the Commonwealth Games accelerated the physical, economic, and social regeneration of East Manchester? The role of sport as a tool of regeneration has been an area of intense debate in recent years. Its transformational impacts have been most prominent in the case of Barcelona, where the hosting of the 1992 Olympics was perceived to have had a significant regenerative impact on the city. The role that sport can play in regenerating areas of deprivation has risen high on the policy agenda in recent years, namely through the Social Exclusion Unit’s Policy Action Team report on the role that arts and sport can play in combating social exclusion, and the role agencies such as Sport England have played in the regeneration agenda. The aim of this research is to examine the extent to which a sporting mega-event has impacted on the regeneration of the community of East Manchester where the majority of sporting infrastructure investment occurred. 1.2 THE RESEARCH METHOD The research method was largely qualitative. It included: Undertaking an extensive literature review, which included the review of background material on East Manchester, academic thinking on the role of sport as a regeneration tool, and findings to date on the role that the Commonwealth Games has played in regenerating East Manchester. It also considered examples from elsewhere, including Sheffield, Barcelona, and Sydney. Date: April 2003 Page 1 1 To What Extent has the Commonwealth Games Accelerated the Physical, Social, and Economic Regeneration of East Manchester? A review of all national, regional, and local policy documentation, which informs the context for regeneration in East Manchester, and the role a sporting mega-event could play in the regeneration of the area. Statistical analysis of socio-economic conditions, examining the ‘pre-Games’ and ‘post- Games’ position on a number of indicators, including demography, business mix, unemployment and social exclusion, education and skills, crime and disorder, housing, health, and environment. This information indicates change over time in East Manchester, and the extent to which this change could be attributed to the Games is debated in this report. Review of the impact of the Games on the regeneration of East Manchester through considering secondary sources of information, namely the Cambridge Policy Consultants research into the ‘Economic Impact of the Commonwealth Games’. Twelve strategic consultations with regional and local strategic partners and service providers, including the North West Development Agency, Manchester City Council, New Deal for Communities, and New East Manchester Ltd. Two academic consultations with Professor Brian Robson, Director of the Centre of Urban Policy Studies at Manchester University, and Chris Gratton, Director of the Leisure Industries Research Centre at Sheffield Hallam University. Community consultation with eight community and voluntary sector representatives. This included five consultations with the community representatives on the Beacons Board, one small focus group with three residents of a local Tenants and Residents Association, one consultation with a resident who works for New Deal for Communities as part of the Resident Liaison Team, and one consultation with a voluntary sector representative from the Beswick and Bradford Community Project. Three private sector consultations with a new investor (Asda), the private sector representative on the Beacons Board, and with the Chair of the East Manchester Partnership (a private sector partnership). In total, 25 consultations were achieved. A full list of consultees can be found in Appendix B. 1.3 STRUCTURE OF THE DISSERTATION The remainder of the dissertation can be summarised as: Section 2: The historical context of East Manchester Section 3: The case for the Commonwealth Games to be held in East Manchester Section 4: The contribution the Commonwealth Games made towards accelerating the economic regeneration of East Manchester Section 5: The contribution the Commonwealth Games made towards accelerating the physical regeneration of East Manchester Section 6: The contribution the Commonwealth Games made towards accelerating the social regeneration of East Manchester Date: April 2003 Page 2 2 To What Extent has the Commonwealth Games Accelerated the Physical, Social, and Economic Regeneration of East Manchester? Section 7: The effectiveness of a sports-led regeneration strategy and the future of East Manchester Section 8: Conclusions 1.4 STUDY AREA Map 1.1 illustrates the location of East Manchester in relation to the Manchester City Council area. For the purposes of this research East Manchester has been defined as the two wards of Beswick and Clayton, and Bradford. MAP 1.1: LOCATION MAP Date: April 2003 Page 3 3 To What Extent has the Commonwealth Games Accelerated the Physical, Social, and Economic Regeneration of East Manchester? Date: April 2003 Page 4 4 To What Extent has the Commonwealth Games Accelerated the Physical, Social, and Economic Regeneration of East Manchester? 2. HISTORICAL CONTEXT – EAST MANCHESTER 2.1 HISTORICAL OVERVIEW East Manchester stretches from the city centre eastwards towards the city boundary, including distinct neighbourhoods such as Beswick, Bradford, Clayton, and Openshaw. East Manchester was, historically, characterised by expanding and prosperous light and heavy engineering industry. In the early 1970s, East Manchester supported 34,000 jobs, two thirds of which were in engineering, textiles and coal-mining. However, industrial decline began to set in from the late 1960s, when a number of major employers closed their works, including the Bradford Colliery (1968), Gorton Works (1965), Bayer Peacock (1968), English Steel (1973), Bradford Gas Works and Stuart Street Power station (1975), and Manchester Steel (1985). By the mid-1980s, 20,000 jobs had disappeared; unemployment rose, and firm closures created large tracts of vacant and under-used buildings and land. There was over 250 hectares of vacant industrial land created. The economic decline of the area led to severe social as well as economic problems. Tye et.al (1994, p.45) found that “the area is characterised by a higher than average number of pensioners and of lone parents, by high levels of dependence on welfare benefits, and has difficulty attracting young working age people. The population of East Manchester is characterised by high measurable levels of poverty and low income, and a concentration of the most vulnerable elements of urban society”. Remaining important employers in East Manchester include ICL Computers, Sharp Electronics, and GEC. The environmental consequences of heavy industry decline presents a generally unattractive picture to potential investors: “the scars left by industrial decline contribute to a poor environment, which is inimical to confidence, a good quality of life, private investment and high quality economic activity” (Tye et.al, 1994, p.48). East Manchester can therefore be seen as typical of many inner city areas in the north of England: a declining economic base, social problems manifesting themselves in high unemployment and benefit dependency, low educational attainment, high crime rates, and a poor quality environment. The area’s population fell as many of the economically active left. Shopping facilities were poor,
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