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Nanci Espinosa Hollywood E a Contenção Do UNIVERSIDADE DE SÃO PAULO FACULDADE DE FILOSOFIA LETRAS E CIÊNCIAS HUMANAS DEPARTAMENTO DE HISTÓRIA PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM HISTÓRIA SOCIAL Nanci Espinosa Hollywood e a contenção do “mal”: Propaganda e legitimação das ações de repressão ao comunismo na Era McCarthy, 1947-1954. VERSÃO CORRIGIDA São Paulo, 2015 UNIVERSIDADE DE SÃO PAULO FACULDADE DE FILOSOFIA LETRAS E CIÊNCIAS HUMANAS DEPARTAMENTO DE HISTÓRIA PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM HISTÓRIA SOCIAL Hollywood e a contenção do “mal”: Propaganda e legitimação das ações de repressão ao comunismo na Era McCarthy, 1947-1954. Nanci Espinosa Dissertação de mestrado apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em História Social do Departamento de História da Faculdade de Filosofia Letras e Ciências Humanas da Universidade de São Paulo para obtenção do título de Mestre em História Social. Área de concentração: História da Cultura Orientador: Prof. Dr. Robert Sean Purdy VERSÃO CORRIGIDA São Paulo, 2015 FOLHA DE APROVAÇÃO Nome: Espinosa, Nanci. Título: Hollywood e a contenção do “mal”: Propaganda e legitimação das ações de repressão ao comunismo na Era McCarthy, 1947-1954. Dissertação de mestrado apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em História Social do Departamento de História da Faculdade de Filosofia Letras e Ciências Humanas da Universidade de São Paulo para obtenção do título de Mestre em História Social. Área de concentração: História da Cultura Orientador: Prof. Dr. Robert Sean Purdy Aprovado em: Banca Examinadora Prof. Dr. _____________________________________Instituição: __________________ Julgamento: __________________________________Assinatura: __________________ Prof. Dr. _____________________________________Instituição: __________________ Julgamento: __________________________________Assinatura: __________________ Prof. Dr. _____________________________________Instituição: __________________ Julgamento: __________________________________Assinatura: __________________ AGRADECIMENTOS Nesses anos de pesquisa tive o privilégio de contar com o acompanhamento e o apoio do professor Robert Sean Purdy. Agradeço a ele por me orientar neste trabalho com tanta dedicação, compreensão e liberdade. A confiança que deposita em mim desde minha iniciação científica, seus inúmeros ensinamentos e as conversas que tivemos, foram essenciais em meu desenvolvimento como historiadora. Seu exemplo de comprometimento profissional e social é inspirador. Agradeço ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em História Social pelo acolhimento. Aos professores e funcionários da Faculdade de Filosofia Letras e Ciências Humanas pela dedicação e disposição em ajudar. E ao Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico pelo vital apoio financeiro. Em minha qualificação fui presenteada com a participação dos professores Maurício Cardoso e Eduardo Morettin. Agradeço pelas sugestões e críticas, que tanto contribuíram para o desenvolvimento deste trabalho, e pelos ensinamentos em suas aulas e escritos. Esta pesquisa teve, na realidade, o início de seu desenvolvimento durante a realização de um trabalho de faculdade, onde me deparei com uma cativante tese de doutorado, que fez com que meu primeiro contato com o tema do cinema anticomunista fosse sedutor e determinante. Sem dúvida devo meus agradecimentos a seu autor, o professor Alexandre Busko Valim. Agradeço às amigas e aos amigos do CRUSP e da faculdade, pelo companheirismo, pelas longas conversas, festas, faxinas, almoços, viagens, manifestações, trabalhos, por tudo o que aprendemos juntos, pelo incentivo e pela amizade que construímos. Agradeço à Michelly, ao Michel e ao Alex, colegas de orientação, pela amizade, pelas discussões, pela generosidade e pelo apoio mútuo. Meus anos de USP não seriam tão gratificantes sem eles. Durante minha vida duas pessoas compartilharam comigo muitas alegrias e estiveram dispostas a enfrentar todas as dificuldades ao meu lado, me motivaram a cada minuto e foram fundamentais para que eu chegasse até aqui, meu pai e minha mãe, Anacleto e Cinira. Expresso a eles minha imensa gratidão, por tanto carinho, tantos cuidados e ensinamentos. Por terem me contagiado com seu fascínio pelo cinema e pela história. Pelas conversas, discussões, pelos momentos de alegria. Pelas lutas e pelo apoio nos momentos mais difíceis. Pela constante presença em minha vida. Agradeço aos meus irmãos, Ivan e Daniel, pelos anos de amizade, pelas lembranças, pelas alegrias e por todo o amor e motivação. Às minhas cunhadas, Daniela e Eliane, cunhados, Danilo e Douglas e concunhadas, Vanessa e Francine, pela amizade e pelo respeito. Ao meu sogro e à minha sogra, Antônio e Maria José, pelo amor com que sempre me acolheram, pelas tantas conversas e horas alegres, pela confiança e sinceridade e pelo imenso incentivo. Sou infinitamente grata aos meus sobrinhos, João Vitor, Bernardo e Matheus, e à minha sobrinha, Beatriz, pelo afeto, pela felicidade que trouxeram à minha vida, pelos sorrisos, brincadeiras e tantos momentos de paz e muita fofura. A presença e o apoio de pessoas importantes para mim foram cruciais nessa caminhada. Meu maior e mais especial agradecimento ao meu noivo, Daniel Câmara de Souza, que nesses tantos anos de companheirismo, amizade e amor, tornou o meu caminho mais fácil, me apoiando incondicionalmente em tantas dificuldades. Além da ajuda nos momentos de correria, quando tornou possível que eu me concentrasse apenas na realização deste trabalho, ou de sua disposição em revisar cada linha do que escrevi, sua motivação e sua crença em minha capacidade, foram fundamentais para que eu chegasse até a conclusão desta pesquisa. Os muitos momentos especiais que passamos e os tantos sonhos compartilhados para o futuro renovaram a cada dia minha vontade de continuar. Por fim, agradeço ao meu cachorrinho, Sid, pelo amor, pelas horas de diversão e pelos tantos “abraços” apertados. RESUMO Nos primeiros anos após a Segunda Guerra a sociedade estadunidense mergulhou em uma campanha de combate ao comunismo. Diversas manifestações políticas e culturais responderam aos anseios trazidos pela Guerra Fria. O cinema de Hollywood, tendo sua importância como meio de propaganda reconhecida, participou ativamente dessa campanha. Assim, analisamos cinco obras do cinema hollywoodiano produzidas nesses primeiros anos da Guerra Fria, que operaram como propagandas anticomunista, Big Jim McLain, I Was a Communist for The FBI, The Woman on Pier 13, My Son John e Red Planet Mars. Buscou-se, a partir das análises, discutir as mensagens expressas por essas obras, levantando suas influências e construções. As diferentes representações do enfrentamento contra o comunismo nas obras, nos apontaram como conveniente uma divisão das discussões em três eixos temáticos: a representação das ações do Estado, da família e da religião, na luta anticomunista. A partir dessas discussões percebemos a pluralidade de inquietações sociais da época, que acabaram por ser mobilizadas e, possivelmente, reforçadas a partir da propaganda produzida pelo cinema. Para tanto, examinamos de que maneira as obras lidaram com as inquietações sociais e escolhas ideológicas em sua criação estética, na representação do inimigo comunista. Nesse intento percebemos que olhares simplificadores e limitados não poderiam explicar as motivações e os resultados dessa campanha anticomunista empreendida pelo cinema de Hollywood. As relações entre suas construções e as discussões de diversos setores sociais no período, nos revelam a complexidade do processo que levou os Estados Unidos ao cenário de repressão e supressão de direitos nos primeiros anos da Guerra Fria, o macarthismo. ABSTRACT In the early years after World War II the United States society plunged into an anti-communist campaign. Several political and cultural manifestations responded to the concerns brought about by the Cold War. The Hollywood cinema had its importance as a means of propaganda recognized and actively participated in this campaign. So, we analyzed five movies of Hollywood cinema, produced in the early years of the Cold War, which operated as anti-communist propaganda, Big Jim McLain, I Was a Communist for The FBI, The Woman on Pier 13, My Son John e Red Planet Mars. We made a discussion about the messages expressed by these works, exposing his influences and constructions. The different representations of confrontation against communism in the movies indicated us an appropriate division of the discussions on three thematic axes: the representation of state, family and religion actions in the anti-communist fight. From these discussions we perceived the plurality of social anxieties of this era, which were eventually mobilized and, possibly, reinforced from the propaganda produced by the cinema. For this end, we examine how the movies worked with the social anxieties and ideological choices in their aesthetic creation, in the representation of the communist enemy. In this intent we perceived that simplistic and limited views could not explain the reasons and the results of anti-communist campaign waged by the Hollywood cinema. The relations between its constructions and the discussions of various social sectors in the period reveal the complexity of the process that led the United States to the scene of repression and suppression of rights in the early years of the Cold War, the McCarthyism. SUMÁRIO 1. INTRODUÇÃO .................................................................................................................................. 1 2. BIG JIM MCLAIN E I WAS A COMMUNIST FOR THE FBI: O HUAC, O FBI E O ESTADO CONTRA O
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