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Marciany Pereira Dantas De Lima UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL DE FEIRA DE SANTANA PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM ZOOLOGIA FATORES ESTRUTURANTES DE TAXOCENOSES DE PEIXES EM REGIÕES ESTUARINAS TROPICAIS DO ATLÂNTICO LESTE, BRASIL Marciany Pereira Dantas de Lima FEIRA DE SANTANA Março/2018 1 UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL DE FEIRA DE SANTANA PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM ZOOLOGIA FATORES ESTRUTURANTES DE TAXOCENOSES DE PEIXES EM REGIÕES ESTUARINAS TROPICAIS DO ATLÂNTICO LESTE, BRASIL Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Pós- Graduação em Zoologia da Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, como parte dos requerimentos para a obtenção do título de Mestre em Zoologia. Marciany Pereira Dantas de Lima Orientador: Dr. Alexandre Clistenes de Alcântara Santos Co-orientador: Dr. Leonardo Evangelista de Moraes FEIRA DE SANTANA Março/2018 2 Ficha Catalográfica – Biblioteca Central Julieta Carteado Lima, Marciany Pereira Dantas de L699f Fatores estruturantes de taxocenoses de peixes em regiões estuarinas tropicais do Atlântico Leste, Brasil / Marciany Pereira Dantas de Lima. – Feira de Santana, 2018. 106f. : il. Orientador: Alexandre Clistenes de Alcântara Santos Coorientador: Leonardo Evangelista de Moraes Dissertação (mestrado) – Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zoologia, 2018. 1. Zoologia – Ictiofauna. 2. Estuários. 3. Montagem de comunidades. I. Santos, Alexandre Clistenes de Alcântara, orient. II. Moraes, Leonardo Evangelista de, coorient. III. Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana. IV. Título. CDU: 590:574.5(210.5) Bibliotecária: Tatiane Santos CRB5ª/1634 3 UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL DE FEIRA DE SANTANA PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM ZOOLOGIA MARCIANY PEREIRA DANTAS DE LIMA “FATORES ESTRUTURANTES DE TAXOCENOSES DE PEIXES EM REGIÕES ESTUARINAS TROPICAIS DO ATLÂNTICO LESTE, BRASIL” Aprovada em: 28/03/2018 BANCA EXAMINADORA ____________________________________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Alexandre Clistenes de Alcântara Santos (Orientador) – UEFS ____________________________________________________________________ Prof. Dra. Luísa Sarmento Soares Porto – INMA ____________________________________________________________________ Prof. Dra. Ana Paula Penha Guedes - UNEB FEIRA DE SANTANA – BA Março/2018 4 AGRADECIMENTOS Desafio é sumarizar nesta lauda o meu imenso agradecimento a todos que contribuíram para a realização desta pesquisa. Assim, agradeço imensamente: A minha família pelo amor e compreensão em todos os momentos desta fase da minha vida. Em especial aos meus pais, pelo apoio e incentivo, valores ensinados e pelo amor incondicional. Ao professor Dr. Alexandre Clistenes pela oportunidade e confiança durante todo o processo de orientação e desenvolvimento desta dissertação. Ao professor Dr. Leonardo Moraes por toda a coorientação e ajuda com os conteúdos estatísticos. A todos os meus amigos e companheiros de laboratório pela grande ajuda durante as coletas e processamento do material. A Daniel Assis, Silvio Marques, Jonas Andrade, Fabiane Barreto, Marcelo Carvalho, Perimar Moura, Edjane Santos, Professor George Olavo, Charlene Rodrigues, Leila Santana, Priscila Leal, Elizabete Sampaio, Daniel Vinicius e Levi Santana. Aos queridos amigos que indiretamente contribuíram através do apoio, companhia e risadas. Minhas Judys: Edson Braz, Vivian Tavares, Erick Douglas e Rodrigo Tuvira! Juan Erlle, Bruno Pires, Lucas Barbosa, Lazaro, Emanuelle Brito, Mazinho, Rafael Lima, Aragão e Ilver Alabat. A Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana (UEFS) pela disponibilidade de laboratórios, matérias didáticos e todo apoio, bem como aos professores do Programa de Pós Graduação em Zoologia que muito contribuíram através das bases teóricas. A CAPES – Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior pela concessão da bolsa de estudo. Muito obrigada! 5 Ao meu pai (in memoriam). Guardo comigo a tua expressão de orgulho ao ver a dissertação impressa e a lembrança do teu último olhar terno... 6 RESUMO A não aleatoriedade da estrutura de uma comunidade pode ser o reflexo de regras de montagem. Expressas através de um determinado conjunto de condições ambientais e de traços das espécies, as regras definiriam os padrões das comunidades no espaço e no tempo. Dentre os diversos ambientes aquáticos, os estuários, através da variabilidade abiótica natural do seu sistema podem fornecer a identificação das condições para montagem das taxocenoses de peixes. Nesse sentido, o presente estudo teve como objetivo investigar como características ambientais estuarinas que variam no espaço e período hidrológicos podem influenciar a montagem de comunidades de peixes estuarinos tropicais. Temos como hipóteses que o gradiente de salinidade no ecótono estuário-oceano é o principal filtro promotor dos padrões de distribuição das guildas de uso estuarino, e que a diversidade da ictiofauna é mediada pelo investimento do espaço como recurso. O estudo foi realizado em áreas rasas dos sistemas estuarinos da Baía de Todos os Santos, Estuário do Serinhaém na Baía de Camamu e no Complexo Estuarino Caravelas, localizados na região hidrográfica do Atlântico Leste no Brasil. Os resultados apontam um padrão comum de uso estuarino baseado nos efeitos principalmente da salinidade sobre a distribuição das guildas, também evidenciado através dos padrões de importância relativa das espécies nas localidades. A riqueza das espécies e abundância dos indivíduos no ambiente estuarino foi positivamente relacionada à largura da plataforma adjacente, e o aumento da abundância de indivíduos também relacionado à largura da boca do estuário, no entanto, tendendo a aumentar à medida que a largura diminui. A diversidade e os padrões de estabelecimento sob perspectiva da importância relativa das espécies parecem mediados também pela magnitude das pressões antropogênicas. Palavras-chave: Montagem de comunidades, ictiofauna, estuários, áreas rasas. 7 ABSTRACT The non-randomness of the structure of a community may be the reflection of assembly rules. Expressed through a given set of environmental conditions and traits of species, the rules would set the standards of communities in space and time. Among the various aquatic environments, the estuaries through the natural abiotic variability of its system can provide the identification of the conditions for assembling fish taxocenoses. In this sense, the present study aimed to investigate as estuarine environmental characteristics that vary in hydrological space and period may influence the assembly of tropical estuarine fish communities. We hypothesize that the salinity gradient in the estuary-ocean ecotone is the main filter promoting the distribution patterns of the estuarine-use guilds, and that the diversity of the ichthyofauna is mediated by the investment of space as a resource. The study was realized in shallow areas of the estuarine systems of Todos os Santos Bay, estuary of Serinhaém in the Camamu Bay and Estuarine Complex Caravelas, located in the Eastern Atlantic hydrographic region in Brazil. The results point to a common pattern of estuarine use based on the effects of salinity on the distribution of guilds, also evidenced by the patterns of relative importance of the species in the localities. The species richness and abundance of individuals in the estuarine environment was positively related to the width of the adjacent platform, and the increase in the abundance of individuals also related to the mouth width of the estuary; however, tends to increase as the width decreases. Diversity and establishment patterns under the perspective of the relative importance of species also seem to be mediated by the magnitude of anthropogenic pressures. Key word: Assembly of communities, ichthyofauna, estuaries, shallow areas. 8 LISTA DE FIGURAS E TABELAS Figuras do Referencial teórico Figura 1. Critérios de classificação morfodinâmicos estuarino. Diagrama elaborado pelo 18 autor, reproduzido de Silva (2000). Figura 2. Tipificação hidrológica-morfológica dos estuários. Diagrama elaborado pelo 19 autor, adaptado de Mikhailov e Gorin (2012). Figura 3. Regiões Hidrográficas que abrangem a porção costeira brasileira, com detalhe 25 para a Região Hidrográfica do Atlântico Leste. Adaptado de Dourado (2018). Figura 4. Localização dos recifes de coral internos e externos a BTS. Adaptado de Cruz 28 et al. (2009). Figura 5. Topografia de fundo da Baía de Todos os Santos. Intervalos de profundidade 29 diferenciados em cores conforme a legenda. Fonte: Cirano e Lessa (2007). Figura 6. Subsetores da BTS com características oceanográficas distintas. Diagrama 30 elaborado pelo autor, segundo Lessa et al. (2009). Figura 7. Localização dos recifes a margem Leste da Baía de Camamu. Adaptado de 33 Kikuche et al. (2008). Figura 8. Subdivisão do estuário do Serinhaém em segmentos. Adaptado de Santos e 35 Nolasco (2017). Figura 9. Esquema de divisão do Estuário do Serinhaém em segmentos. Diagrama 36 elaborado pelo autor, segundo Santos e Nolasco (2017). Figura 10. Barra de entrada do Complexo estuarino de Caravelas e Bacia do Peruípe. 38 Adaptado de Pereira et al. (2010) e Machado e Araújo (2014). Figuras do manuscrito Figura 1. Regiões estuarinas de coletas: (A) Baía de Todos os Santos (BTS)– Paraguaçu 44 (Par1, Par2, Par3) e Itaparica (Ita1, Ita2, Ita3); (B) Baía de Camamu (Ser1, Ser2, Ser3) e (C) Complexo Estuarino Caravelas (Car1, Car2, Car3). Figura 2. Diagramas de Whittaker para as regiões estuarinas do Paraguaçu, Itaparica, 51 Canal do Serinhaém e Complexo Caravelas. Figura 3. Diferenças na riqueza de espécies entre regiões estuarinas e valores 52 significativos
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