TAKATOO Issue 9 Volume5 2 January – June 2013

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TAKATOO Issue 9 Volume5 3 January – June 2013

Bilingual/Bi-Annual Pashto/ English Research Journal Issue No. 9 Volume No. 5

TAKATOO January- June 2013

Chief Editor: Dr. Naseebullah Seemab

Editor: Barkat Shah Kakar

Department of Pashto University of Balochistan, Quetta

ISSN: 2075-5929

TAKATOO Issue 9 Volume5 4 January – June 2013

Department of Pashto University of Balochistan, Quetta. ISSN: 2075-5929

Chief Editor: Dr. Naseebullah Seemab

Editor: Barkat Shah Kakar

Co-Editors: Faizullah Panezai Qari Abdul Rehman Javed Iqbal Iqbal

Composer: Yousaf Sahil and Hafiz Rehmat Niazi

Editorial Board 1. Prof (Ret). Dr.Pervaiz Mahjoor Kheshkay, C/O Department of Pashto University of Peshawar. 2. Dr. Abdul Raziq Palwal, writer/Researcher Kandahar, Afghanistan 3. Dr. Dawood Azami, Program Manager, British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC), London 4. Dr.Nasrullah Wazir, Professor Department of Pashto, University of Balochistan, Quetta 5. Dr. Abdullah Jan Abid, Assistant Professor, Chraiman Department of Pakistani Languages, Allama Iqbal Open University Islamabad Paksitan. 6. Abdul Ghafoor Lewal, President Regional Study Centre Kabul, Afghanistan 7. Dr. Feroz Qaiser, Director, English Language Centre, University of Balochistan, Quetta 8. Dr.Khushal Rohee, Germany

TAKATOO Issue 9 Volume5 5 January – June 2013

Dear authors, co-authors and readers,

Dpeartment of Pashto University of Balochsitan has been regularly publishing the Bi-Lingual Bi-Annual Research Journal TAKATOO since 2009. Since inception the deparment has published 8 isseus and the 9th issue of the Journal is is in your hands.

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TAKATOO Issue 9 Volume5 6 January – June 2013

Guidelines for Contributors

The prime objective of the Research Journal "TAKATOO" is to provide a forum for the scholars engaged in the research of Pashto language and literature. 1. The authors are required to send their research papers (in English or Pashto) on the themes pertaining to Pashto language, literature, history, art and culture. 2. The research paper must be typed on A-4 size paper having Abstract in English from 150-300 words. 3. Manuscript should be between 3000- 7000 words (including end notes and references). 4. Quotations from foreign texts must be translated in the body of the paper, and accompanied by the original in the endnotes. 5. The author‟s name, e-mail and mailing addresses and institutional affiliation should appear on a separate title page. 6. Two hard coppies and a soft copy of the research paper may please be sent to the Editor. 7. The authors are rquired to use MLA or APA citation styles.

TAKATOO Issue 9 Volume5 7 January – June 2013

List of contributors:

1. Hamesh Khalil Critique, Scholar/Writer

2. Dr. Nasrullah Wazir Professor, Department of Pashto, UoB, Quetta

3. Javed Iqbal Iqbal Lecturer, Department of Pashto UoB, Quetta

4. Barkat Shah Kakar Lecturer, Department of Pashto University of Balochistan

5. Dr. Abdullah Jan Abid Head, Department of Pakistani Languages, Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad

6. Dr. Naseebullah Seemab Assistant Professor, Department of Pashto, UoB, Quetta.

7. Dr. Ali Khell Daryab Chairman, Department of Pashto University of Malakand

8. Dr. Habib Nawaz Assistant Professor, NUML- Islamabad

9. Dr Ali Kumail Qazalbash Assitant Professor AIOU- Islamabad

10. Hafiz Rehmat Niazi Lecturer GIC Barwery Road Quetta

11. Jamil Yousafzai Lecturer, Govt Degree Colleg

12. Dr. Muahmmad Usman Director Pakistan Study Center, UoB, Quetta 13. Murtaza Kakar Lecturer Govt Degree Colleg Quetta

14 Muhammad Alam Tarin Lecturer Department of Social Work UoB, Quetta 15. A. Rahim Changezai, AP Department of Social Work UoB, Quetta

16. Sharif Khan, Student, Department of Pashto UoB Quetta

TAKATOO Issue 9 Volume5 8 January – June 2013

Contents

S..No. Researcher Title Page

1 Prof. Dr. Nasurullah Saur Revolution/ Coupd‟ete and its 9 Wazir impacts on Pashtun Society

2 Mr. Alam Tareen Socio-Cultural Change in the 29 Mr. Rahim Changezi Family Structures: The Case of Pashtoon Culture in district Quetta

3 Mr. Sahrif Khan BalochistanUsefulness of the Oral Tradition; 41 Uncovering Freedom Fighters “Azmeer Khan” and Mashu Marrani

Dr. Hanif Khalil

TAKATOO Issue 9 Volume5 9 January – June 2013

Saur Revolution/Coupd’etet and its impacts on Pashtun Society

1 Prof. Dr. Nasrullah Wazir

Abstract:

The scintillation which took place in Afghanistan on 28th April, 1978. That has been named by some segments of society as Saur Revolution and others depict it only as Saur takeover. Both internal and externally multifarious contradictory views have come into the limelight after the revolution. However, the revolutionists or devotees of revolution have declared it the wistful aspiration of the masses; but the opposition proclaims it the takeover or Coupd’etet of some military Generals. In a net shell, this change has brought multifaceted miseries, displacements and migration, mass level killings of innocent civilians, destruction of the institutions of the state and the obliteration of the scholastic and literary sources and spaces. This paper unveils the causes and effects of the revolution. The research paper constructs its argument in light of diverse perspectives including Politicians, Experts, Ulema, Historians and those who were directly or indirectly the part of the uprising.

Revolution OR Coupd’etet.

All members of the Peoples Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA) acknowledged real aims of their political endeavors, to bring likeminded system in Afghanistan which they imported from the foreign; while bringing it into practical life. They first intended to lay down foundation of political party and kept struggling through political ways. The foundation of a Leftist Political Party was laid down in January, 1965 of which the basic objectives were political, social and reformatory. The changes which the (PDPA) intended to introduce in Afghanistan through

1 Dr Nasurullah Jan Wazeer is Professor at Department of Pashto University of Balochsitan Quetta

TAKATOO Issue 9 Volume5 10 January – June 2013 political and literary ways were deemed as essential tools of their struggle. Prosperity of masses, development and advancement were the core objectives of their manifesto and they within a short span of time carried the day. The innocent Muslims of country neither pay prime onus towards this direction nor were they appraised of the consequences of the revolution. Because the state was trapped in abyss of troubles and the malnutrition, poverty, unemployment, economic and socials problems were unbelievable spreading across the country. The general thoughts of the innocent Muslims regarding were not that much clear because the increasing connections of revolutionists with the USSR (Soviet Union) smelled a rat at large. So, the secret links of (PDPA) with the Russians have been unveiled by searching the Afghan historical facts very undoubtedly and the foremost onus of (PDPA) was to pave ways for Russians interference in Afghanistan. Henner S.Bradsher in this regard says:

“Moscow reacted publicly as if this were just another military Coupd‟etet in some third world country of only moderate interest. For three days, Tars called a coupd‟etet and said the armed forces‟ council had seized power, without indicating any involvement by political parties for the general public.”1

Hence, in the coming debate it would be brought into light the incentive of Soviet Union against British policy in Afghanistan and although KGB was achieving their goals through (PDPA) in Afghanistan. However the remarks of Hennery S Bradsher are an eye opener about the Saur Revolution that it was not a Revolution rather than takeover or coupd‟etet.

“Daud‟s order for the arrest of PDPA leaders ended an era in Afghanistan and began a tumultuous, destructive period culminating in a Soviet invasion. The order led to what the communist called „The Great Saur Revolution‟, for a month in the Afghan calendar, but was actually a coupd‟etet. The country came under the control of narrowly based, sharply divided communist movement that was utterly unprepared and generally incompetent for responsibility attained unexpectedly, even accidentally.”2 The progressive writer Ahmad Shuja Pasha was also of the same views:

TAKATOO Issue 9 Volume5 11 January – June 2013

“No acknowledgement about the revolutionists was having any ground among the world and their becoming politically hand and glove with others was enigma for the rest of world. Prior to this revolution, there was no indication of existence of communist party in Afghanistan amongst the published books of Europe. Consequently the perception of worldly countries concerning to the innocent Muslims of backward Afghanistan that they could never become communists. So, randomly after the uprising this debate caught fire in America that the revolutionists were in fact nationalists and enlightenments and not communists.”3

Although, the geo-strategic significance, the study of expansionist incentives of Soviet Union and the Forward Policy will unveil in a better way that the revolution was not an accident but was the unending fire of Cold War which inflamed in the semblance of revolution. As a matter of fact, both were struggling to bear the palm and smash other inside the decorated ground Afghan land. Means, the Saur revolution was the ending trap of cold war which was happening in Afghanistan. So for as the Americans and its Allies objectives were concerned they chalked out their strategies to entrap Soviet Union inside Afghanistan and Asian countries. So, the Russians struggle to prevent American imperialists and British seizers from their boarders. Here, the political experts can take comprehend between the fire exchanges of Braznef and Sardar Daud Khan in a meeting at Moscow.

Whenever the revolution took place in Afghanistan, except the PDPA, the establishment, some moderates and although the rigidity and adherence of revolutionist over their struggles and unparallel revolution which succeeded by the massive support of country-men. History never forget itself, they were rejected bitterly with the exploitation of hidden history of Afghanistan of which they never admitted.

“To legitimize the military coup, the leadership justified it as a bonafide revolution that was based on the principle of socialist revolution”. 4

TAKATOO Issue 9 Volume5 12 January – June 2013

Above these witnesses, there are some instances of eternal writers who also ascribed it a takeover rather than a revolution Habibullah Rafi (a prominent Pashtun writer and analyst) says in this perspective:

“After the takeover of April 1978 the communist party was used against their own people and country for the serving of Soviet Union”.5

The seasoned mujahid and the writer Lalahand is too ready to admit the shift upheaval as a social revolution in spite of declaring it a merely communist takeover.

“It is an existed fact that the Muslims never welcomed the Communist takeover in 1357 (A) in Afghanistan and they practically initiated the holy war against them”.6 Seasoned and veteran Journalist Dr. Abdul Ali Arghandavi too has likeminded point of views about the revolution.

“The uprising having been named by some members of government and PDPA members as a Saur Revolution but the spell of unrest incidents portrayed that the takeover was an abortive step but succeeded with massive Soviet support. The revolutionists, nevertheless, who beard the palm, were being acquainted by the Soviet recognition”.7 In the same way a well-known poet and member of Parchum central committee Sulaman Laiq denounced it saying,

“A systematic creation occurred in our time and ascribed by some of our leaders and different ways in which Hafeezullah Ameen declared it “a new experiment” at that time I individually never admitted it a new experiment although it was a military coup but change in nature of the previous military coups. In this military takeover power was handed over to a political party despite assigning to generals. The issue is yet unexposed in this perspective”.8

Indeed it was a planned dramatic change in the begging which commenced by undisciplined and inapt rulers for a military coup which was no more than a mud was slinging in order to pave way for the fulfillment of hidden objectives of Soviet Union.

TAKATOO Issue 9 Volume5 13 January – June 2013

Nevertheless, the revolution fulfilled all the conditions in its 14 years period which are deemed an essential for successful revolution. Meaning thereby to root out the seeds of kingship, strengthening of political and as well as democratic norms, nomination of parliamentarians, restoration of authoritarian Jirga and political social psychological educational changes were all beholden to Saur Revolution. However, the revolution or takeover was totally a futile effort of the time but it did give new social political economical benefits to Afghans.

Causes of Revolution:

There might be myriad caused in the guise of the episode of 1978 Revolution but the emergence of PDPA and its interference in state affairs was one of the prominent reasons. Was not less than the other reasons which set fire to country with cold comfort. As for as PDPA‟s politics was concerned, Its policies were not pro-masses but youth occupying magnificent place within the party, who got education in Soviet Union while sent during the period of Shah Mahmood in 1949. It caused imported ideology; of communism, enlightenment and liberal thoughts in them upon completion of their education in 1952, led the upheaval which neither welcomed nor assisted by the innocent Muslims. The difference between the mindset level of the revolutionists and ignorant masses pushed Afghanistan into blind alley whereas merely introducing scientific and political reformation inside the least developed people widened the already existing gulf between the two unlike mindsets within one state. Here it is worth mentioning to expose the presence of gigantic strength of leaders who favored communism during the uprising. As Noor Muhammad Taraki a renowned leader of PDPA was one of them. Taraki was the guiding torch bearer of the socialist movement and gathered a huge strength of workers around him, When PDPA was about to proclaim in 1965 the political mileage of PDPA was neither that much serene in the initial days nor concentrated over this direction which confused workers to some extent.

“Since the first day PDPA confronted with two contradictory views, Taraki on one side backed enthusiastically socialist trends instead of supporting national democratic revolution and on other

TAKATOO Issue 9 Volume5 14 January – June 2013 side pro-Moscow faction of Babrak Karmal singing a song of national democratic revolution.”9

Though, conflicts over communist ideology and personalities were in full swing inside PDPA which in a very short span of time (1967) divided the party into two fractions; one led by Taraki and other by Babrak karmal. The party segregated not by the ideological contradiction but due to personalities, party discipline and to some- how over the ethnic and racial issues.

“When PDPA came into being, animosity was raised over the leadership among three leaders (Taraki, Babrak Karmal and Tahir Badkhshi). Basically, the internal jealousies of high rank leaders divided party into two groups. Taraki strictly raised fingers over the political loyalty of Babrak Karmal and rejected to work with him; which provided materials for PDPA division into Khalqi and Parchami groups.

These clouds of disloyalty disfigure the PDPA in April, 1967 into two groups Khalqi and Parchami”.10

The foundation of PDPA was laid down for which purposes and targets seemed less magnificent for the Afghans than that of the Soviet Union for the reason that the scuffle of Cold War between communist and capitalist factions for one century, finally invited both into Afghanistan for wrestling. The credit went to PDPA for hosting the episode of Cold War countries at Afghan land because the PDPA establishment offered myriad opportunities for their plans which were being constituted by them.

Veteran war lord and president of Hezbe-Islami Gulbadin Hekmatyar as also of the view about the revolution:

“Animosity across the world sustained with full swings at three stages: conflict between West and Communism, Islam and Communism”.11

As the dethronement of Sardar Dawood Khan in 1978 by the PDPA conveyed a message to the former king was repeated similarly about them in following days because the uprising never catered the requirements which a successful revolution needed; so it

TAKATOO Issue 9 Volume5 15 January – June 2013 proved exclusively against the interests of the people. As a matter of fact, colossal obsessions portrayed the abortive efforts of the PDPA which were afoot and mostly beard the palm by the energetic support of the Soviet Union; otherwise the revolutionists never braced themselves for such gigantic movement. It would be no worth-less to say that the revolutionists who were educated in Soviet countries and misguided partly had nothing with the grievances of the downtrodden masses of the country. Therefore, their liberal upbringing and misguidance in Soviet Countries of some PDPA leaders turned their faces toward Utopian Scheme whereas the ground realities of social, cultural, religious and national norms were something else and it never depicted the disposition of the people. What the devastation came to light after the repercussions of revolution, the credit went to PDPA but what the opposite did, they left no stone unturned to fascinate mayhem in order to disfigure the movement not for the cause of masses interests but for their masters interests. The consequences of the uprising or takeover of Cold War flamed such crucial fire which has been sustaining through gigantic human bodies, destruction and mass exodus since the day, had been gifted to Afghan people by serving foreigners.

Whenever, a prominent member of the Parchami Party, Mir Akbar Khyber, was assassinated by unknowns on 17 April 1978 which had proved a corner stone of the coming unending internal war in Afghanistan and the hidden characters came to light. The killing of Mir Akbar Khyber gave opportunity to PDPA that charged the government itself was responsible and protested against the government in order to attain their aims, strikes were observed every where at last Dawood Khan arrested most of PDPA leaders which intensified the circumstances thereafter, when Taraki and Babrak Karmal were brought into the gallows; instead of these two prominent leaders, Hafeezullah Ameen (a loyal pupil of Taraki) escaped. Meantime, Taraki feared that Dawood was planning to exterminate them all he handed a message over to his pupil to convey it to like minded countries in order to rage their sentiments against Sardar Dawood Khan; in this way Ameen acted upon the instructions of his leader (Taraki) and agitated massive unrest for purpose to overthrow the government which at last beard the palm on 27 April 1978. The revolutionist leaders were conscious to

TAKATOO Issue 9 Volume5 16 January – June 2013 topple the government and seized power by going the shortest way instead of adopting the classic way of revolution.

“The leadership had realized that it would take along time to follow the classic way of wrestling the political power by working class as this called toppling the government simultaneously with the crushing of Afghan army, creating a new revolutionary one---[It] was even impossible for many years to come finally, the leadership of PDPA and with the participation of the officer who were party members---the Afghan version of proletarian revolution started at a nine in the morning of the 7th Saur (April 27th) and ended at seven in the evening the same day”. 12

As the Revolutionists believed in that “the Saur revolution occurred through the wistful desire and psychological coordination of the people; because the dethroned rulers were not acceptable for the masses any more; as revolution was historical need for the state and ensured their existence in world‟‟. 13

A view of Saur Revolution/Coupd'etet of April 1978

Afghanistan was already lagging behind the world especially in the domains of educations, social development, economic and political developments. This situation itself demanded a drastic radical shift so that the people need society in general could be emancipated.

“To overcome the prevalent ignorance and poverty, a true revolution was indispensable. Who were the followers of this revolution? What the objectives of this uprising had? There was the soul prosperity of the Afghan masses behind the revolution or only a game which had been played to throw Afghanistan into the lap of Soviet Union. The worldly politicians were taken aback over the random revolution but were observed silence”. 14

The Saur Revolution or April takeover was not merely a random uprising on the land of Afghans or the power seized by the PDPA, Khalq or Parcham, but the upheaval was the repercussion of Cold War. What to say about, the decorating stage of wrestling which decorated on Afghan‟s land for Cold War contests.

TAKATOO Issue 9 Volume5 17 January – June 2013

Whenever the Balshowek Revolution or Socialist Revolution beard the palm in 1917 in the neighbor of Afghanistan having the world divided into two rival camps and provided materials for coming up unending Cold War. But unfortunately, the ground for wrestling of Cold War Theater countries was decorated inside the already backward and ignorant Afghanistan which has not yet quenched the thirst of so-called war, taking life of millions of people during the show.

In the wake of the World War II, the seeds of Cold War spread widely intensifying the gulf among the two rival groups when taking advantages over one another through atomic experiments. In these grave circumstances of the globe recognized Afghanistan as a bone of contention between the Communism and capitalism and on one side the Forward Policy of the British folding its traps and on other side Soviet Union was leaving no stone unturned to carry out its expansionist policies hurriedly in order to size strong fortifications inside neighbor countries. The Cold War, and the occurrence of distinct incidents inside Afghanistan shocked the world pathetically, in which the third Anglo Afghan War in 1919, Foreign Policy, steps towards Soviet friendship and especially the stentorian voice for sliced land isolated through so-called accords of Ghandamak and Durand Line were worth mentioning; which trapped the Americans and the British into abyss of troubles.

Dethronement of Amanullah Khan‟s regime (1919-1929), and coming of Nader Shah into power instead, establishment of Wesh Zalmiyan (Awakened Youth), foundation of PDPA in 1965 and the creation of Akhwaniyan were bracing circumstances for upheaval in Afghanistan, because the rivalry of communism and capitalism pushed Afghanistan to live between the devil and the deep sea. In this dismal state of affairs the economic and as well as the social status of the country have no credibility to oppose the happening of Cold War wrestling inside Afghanistan which was about to display in no time. However, these compulsions, pathetic condition of the masses impelled country-men to lay down weapons and admitting the interference of foreigners in state affairs. The panacea of the green wounds of the masses was lacking with the rulers and these added fuel to the fire when sky-rocketing inflation, unemployment and fragile economy surged above expectations. The masses got fed

TAKATOO Issue 9 Volume5 18 January – June 2013 up by the traditionally old ruling system in which existed their grievances.

While, overcoming these problems and the intentions of taking backward Afghans into the circle of developed nations were all indebted to these unresolved problems; which had been hailed enthusiastically by some political and religious parties to provide all essential life amenities at the door steps of masses indiscriminately and standardize their living style. Manifestos constituted according to the needs and desires of masses considered to be their basic rights, but regretfully the real forces of wrestling were never sincere with the demands of masses behind the scene.

The overthrownment of Shah by Sardar Dawood in 1973 with the help of PDPA and foreign agencies offered an opportunity on one side to PDPA within the state affairs and on the other end found a probability to impose their policies over the oppositions strictly. Resultantly, the mud slinging remained hidden behind the scene impossible and came to light. In the dethronement of Shah, it was deemed a political mistake of Sardar Dawood Khan being assisted by foreigners against Shah: which put the country between the devil and deep sea. The sagacity and foresightedness of Dawood was worth of mentioning to exploring every avenue in order to iron out prevalent difficulties but caught country between Scylla and Charybdis. At whatever time, failed to bring proxies of communist block and capitalist block hand and glove with one another within the country, gave birth to fluid situation owing to which Afghanistan maimed bitterly. In fact the grave men of these miseries were the expansion policy of Russians and the forward policy of Britain.

Pashtun Society:

If glimpse over the geo-strategic structure of Pakhtoonkhwa, environment and the dwellers of this land. Therefore, the Afghan land has remained cradle of heart-taking incidents and revolutionists. Although, if individually look over the disposition of the Pashtun which is deemed not less than a silent revolutionists itself.

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More than a few instances portray that Pashtun society has passed through the ups and downs of all civilized norms which exposed their flexibility as a nature: some times they followed Jurga system enthusiastically and some time craft strong system of state and taught well organized government system to the world. But having too preserved history of nomadic life; they, the Pashtun, some time preferred in their daily-life dealings to Pashtunwali norms as like Jurga system but efforts sometimes to craft the edifice of advanced system of government like that of the prevailing day of Europe. So, the instances of Pashtun civilization have been portrayed before the Islamic period clearly; the Alexander period, the archaeology of Zartoosht religion, Hons, Koshyan period, Buddha Period, the Ghazni Ruins, the Baghlan, the Waziristran, Swat, Tahat Bahai archaeologies in Pakhtoonkhwa have been eye opener witnesses of Pashtun society‟s rich-ness.

In the modern history of Pashtun, a number of veteran and seasoned leaders confer a message of heroism, symbol of bravery and sagacity to the world: in which Bayazid Roshan, Khushal Baba, Aymal Khan Muhmand, Darya Khan and most well-known leader of twenty century Bacha Khan to the world. They were the outstanding figures who raised nationalism, freedom and love for country among the Pashtun society collectively. So it can be inferred through the above mentioned logics that Pashtun dwelt in the past a civilized nation and having hi-fi position in the current history of the world.

No doubt, the Pakhtoonkhwa land remained a civilized and advanced territory in that time whenever the mostly world nations were scuffling with each other. So, as that Ghandhara Civilization and rule of Afghan leaders over the Hind of Sub-Continent are worthy of mentioning instances; which reveals that Pashtun nation is one of the hard-working, courageous and loyal nations of the world. In addition, Pashtun are freedom lovers, democratic and cosmopolitan and know the significance of the politics, democracy and self-rule. Nevertheless, history is full of such instances and if the sixteen century attacks of Mughals and British are viewed over Pashtun land will unveil the reality that these attacks devastated the heritage of Pakhtoonkhwa civilization pathetically. The dismal story does not end here. They chopped Afghan territory in several parts with a view to strike Pashtun society, psychologically and

TAKATOO Issue 9 Volume5 20 January – June 2013 territorially in order to diminish the strong picture of freedom and self-rule.

It is fact that a Pashtun nation is naturally a hard-working, mild, constructive, credible and adjustable with the time; religiously emotional, violence, antipathy, animosity and cruelty have no business with the Pashtun but never compromise over its rights. Despite some traitors, there might not be any instance of turncoats in the history of Afghan people. Since that time when Pashtunistan had been maimed in several divisions, internally the systems which give momentum to the smooth running of any state appears, devastated crucially unity went of Afghans with a sliced of its adjacent lands. The centers of civilization and traders were converted into military cantonments instead of making industrial zones there. Seeds of hatred were sawn among the different branches of Pashtun society; historically rich cities of past civilization assets (accept Peshawar) smashed through extremist activities in order to remove their assets of past civilization. Despite these gloomy circumstances “each ruler of Afghanistan strived to work for forlorn humanity, to take advantages of it, befriended them, save his position and his aims of reformation bring into order and they did this frequently”. 15

Whenever, the Pashtun land was sliced into several parts so as the communication ways were reduced to a great extent which generated multiple problems for the Pashtun unity. Like Pashtun were segregated and their national unity was doomed. Despite of erecting industries in cultural and business markets of Pakhtoonkhwa, military cantonments were crafted for defense purposes and intensified the circumstances over tribal issues in order to consume tribal conflicts among sub-branches of Pashtun at high level. Government befriended those who abided by the instructions of government directed to them against heroes of Pashtun and they were awarded by different kind of gifts. In addition, Peshawar is the only renowned city of Pakhtoonkhwa that remained inflexible and preserved its educational and civilization signs to a greater strength. The area of predominant Pashtun which is called autonomous tribal merely by name; but if we look at the eternal circumstances of FATA, the indigents so strictly by the law of state which reveals the fact like a mighty animal can be freed in the forest. And what prevailed in present days are not the

TAKATOO Issue 9 Volume5 21 January – June 2013 consequences of those hidden forces who contested Cold War on Afghan land although the native Pashtun had nor have any role in this contest. In the same way, a part of North Pakhtoonkhwa (South Pakhtoonkhwa) is lagging behind the education in this scientific era and the diminished civilization and other parts of Pakhtoonkhwa as nothing but ruined houses.

As that Pashtun society is rich and having distinguishing features on the basis of civilization competition, means Behlool and Sher shah are well known personalities after Gheljies. In addition, Shah Mahmod and Ahmed Shah are recognized as icons of bravery. So in twenty century Pashtun land gave birth to such personality who is known as symbol of non-violence world-wide. Ghandi, a seer and soldier of non-violence has been acknowledgment throughout the world by non-violence who have taken back the role of Bacha Khan in such society where violence is order of the day. But on the other side, if Pashtun society is viewed, in which ignorance, emotions, egotism downtrodden life of masses and deprived living standard of masses, than it is suitable to say that “It is an existed fact that religious effects are so deep in afghan society where I have seen in Kabul while walking on roads that men and women dressed in west clothes kiss the shrines having made on astride of roads with respect passing through. It is unflinching truth in rural areas where ignorance and capitalism were in grave forms. Masses were so conservatives just because of backwardness owing to which Afghan society experienced system of imperialism, tribalism and capitalism with full collaboration of Mullah”. (16)

Saur Revolution and Pashtun Society:

If economically, socially and geo-strategic position of a society become pathetically Burdon over their masses and whereas, they having no capability to avert foreign attacks; obliviously the dream of suitable state bringing into reality will be remained merely fantasy. Here, since long ago, Pashtun country is having such instances of disunity, the inventions, destructions and mass killings of people are order of the day. So, it is smelled a rat how democratic revolution can be succeeded when ever multifarious dimensional problems are being faced by society. Above all there are no doubt,

TAKATOO Issue 9 Volume5 22 January – June 2013 moments of nations‟ freedom catching for as well in such circumstances which prevailed in Afghan society. The Pashtun nation or Pashtun society, if glimpsed in this context, deems as a complete nation; as Geo-strategic position is serene. However, it is lagging behind so far the unity, solidarity, psychological attachment as a whole nation. The brunt of miseries has altered deeply the temper and as well as psycho of Pashtun nation; which Ghani Khan has pictured fantastically in his poetry.

Oh! Pashtun thy heart bleed My heart hurt from thy Having no logic but nefarious heart Your habits of slaves Pride more than king Tired hands but sagacious mouth Sikh attacks over thy And Mughals becomes thy master Thy history heart-taking Away not from incidents Bloody enemy of relatives Back to strongest ones Thy story nothing, having no nationality Thy pricks Khushal disfigure, Jamal Mess up Amen away from country Having no skill, but despise of brethren proficiency Thy have no divine mission, your respect reckless. Oh! Pashtun thy heart, my heart hurt from thy bleed. 17

Means, before the Saur Revolution Pashtun society never braced itself for such mega event their for they neither welcomed the uprising nor were ready to give up traditionally old system of their forefathers for new one; which did not have any connections with the Afghan feelings Revolution is a name giving to continue struggles for rights whether that is political, social and national where majority of people strive against minority through their political maturity and at last attain their objectives.

In this perspective if the Saur Revolution is viewed between the lines than it might expose serene consequences to the readers in Afghanistan, circumstances never prepared for uprising. Basically, Afghans were never politically, educationally and socially that

TAKATOO Issue 9 Volume5 23 January – June 2013 much mature to wipe out the oldest system of kingship which had been prevailing for centuries inside the country. So, for the Revolution is concerned it was totally opposite to the political, psychological and religious mind set of the country-men.

A seasoned Pashto poet and writer Saleem Raz express the same point of views “The Saur Revolution can be compared with a complicated birth of a child when operation is felt weakness and necessity because circumstances were neither in fever of revolution nor PDPA braced itself for it, although they a good job another opinion about the revolution is that the revolution was succeeded and handled by the foreign agencies and not by the PDPA.”18

The point of views of the renowned poet is up to the mark but what to say of the time when hailing songs were being sung by most of the writers and now time has proved the abortive uprising of PDPA. So they found opportunity to denounce them.

In the Nut shell: The ups and downs of a society pave way for revolution: problems whether collective or individual give rise to a movement in unstable society. Consequently, revolution is not an external action but an internal one which catch fire according to the response of society grievances indiscriminately. Several instances can be viewed in this context to comprehend how an uprising takes places in society: like in Russian Revolution, French Democratic Revolution and the Political and Industrial Revolutions of British and America. In the history of revolutions, these revolutions are worth mentioning revolutions which were initiated by majorities against minorities and carried the day successfully. For the uprising of a movement, there must be deep rooted grievances and deprivations among the masses at large; which led them towards agitation against these prevailing injustices. For instance, the Proletariat Movement had all the requirements which were felt indispensable for an uprising against imperialists and exploiters. The French and American Revolutions were having similar backgrounds which after a long struggles beard the palm.

The Saur Revolution or Saur overthrow is if viewed in the light of above examples; it is to be cleared that general masses had neither sympathy with the revolution nor any support by the

TAKATOO Issue 9 Volume5 24 January – June 2013 majority of people was with revolutionists. Although, the Saur Revolution had an axe to grind for a particular faction; therefore, declaring it a successful revolution will be injustice with those that rose for the cause of masses and thrived with the massive support of their people.

The over all circumstances of the Afghanistan were not in favor of any revolution because political awakening, high rate literacy ratio, unity and the coordination of people are being considered magnificent for any prodigious movement, which were bitterly missing in Afghan society. Hence, if the Saur Revolution or Saur Takeover is analyzed meticulously in the above mentioned revolutions will struck the reader of history while knowing facts about the revolution which neither hailed by majority of people nor any sympathy was expressed by the masses in favor of change. Nevertheless, a particular segment had its axe to grind. So, it can not be named a revolution which had risen by majority of people against minority of people.

The disposition of individuals follows the particular circumstances of hat society blindly but rage is inevitable if any hindrance is developed which led them toward violence for and wide into society. Thus deterioration of circumstances is having recognition with the title of revolutionary way and its achievement is called revolution. So far is the Revolution of Russia is concerned the situation of society favored it and so on the French, China, British and American Revolutions; whereas no avenue of escape had been available except revolution.

Nevertheless, in which circumstances the Saur Revolution took place or the system which was about to introduce after the revolution was neither deemed panacea of the prevailing problems of masses nor the revolution had been hailed by general segment of masses. On the contrary Afghanistan had not unified system for agriculture and industry and by all means sky-rocketing poverty, fragile education, lacking of political and democratic maturity, unstable institution less army completely dependence on others and flagrant violation of boundaries or constant fear of foreign attacks had never let the state to flourish smoothly. Here a question is arises, how a prodigious revolution beard the palm successfully where the state confronted with such potent difficulties. By the way, the Saur Revolution is concerned

TAKATOO Issue 9 Volume5 25 January – June 2013 bringing a political and systematic change in such pathetic and unstable society without masses support can be named nothing more than a blunder which handled by PDPA in Afghanistan the price of which has not been paid while chewing millions of people and impelling the country men on mass exodus.

As a matter of fact, under the dark Cold War, what happened in Afghanistan remained not an enigma for the world; means for the world the revolution was not led to make prosper the Afghan masses but the objectives of those hidden forces were behind the scene that had been scuffling for long ago. On the contrary, if the prodigious revolutions of the world are viewed than it would be brought into light that movement reached the destination after the massive support of masses and response to the deprivation of their people and majority of people led these revolutions against minority to attain their exploited rights. A revolutionist expert says:

“Revolution is the responsibility of all masses. It is not a personal problem of some people. For a successful revolution widely organizations of proletariat class, farmers and deprived segment are indispensable along with unity for revolution------farmers are not only called but also invited for struggles to those patriotic class of bourseave.”19

By the way, the happening of any revolution around the world is not necessary to cater the conditions of other overt revolution; as the reason is that territorial, psychological and above all the cultural differences of societies make it diverse. Each society every society strives to get rid of diverse problems whether that is political, economical, territorial, national and so on. So Pashtun has an astonishing political, cultural, economical and religious psycho and (it is serene that Pashtun respect their religion and can not tolerate any profane inside religious rituals). Their unrestricted life in the shadow of bravery has also fostered in them the spirit of freedom and individualism; the love of freedom has never made them to accept the domination of others.

Regretfully the Saur Revolution proved merely an apple of discord for the hidden forces to find ways to surge their nefarious ends but declaring Saur takeover a pro-masses revolution will not be more than self-deception and mudslinging.

TAKATOO Issue 9 Volume5 26 January – June 2013

Like a prominent Journalist and Pashto writer Dr. Abdul Ali Arghandavi says;

“De facto the communists invited the wrestling of Cold War countries at Afghan land and regretfully having named it the Saur Revolution. It is an open secret that the revolution without politics can not bear fruits; so how the said takeover beard the palm but it is sure that successful dethronement reached the pinnacle throughout the barrel of foreigners‟ gun and vice versa the country men never braced themselves for it”. 20

However the period of Revolution commenced from dawn to dusk and folded at the martyrdom of Sardar Dawood Khan and his family members discriminately. The revolution deemed sporadic war but the far-flung areas people were unaware of the new trends and happening occurrence in Kabul. The struggles for the grabbing of powers were the foremost priority of the PDPA. So, suspicion arises, if the PDPA takeover is deemed a revolution, than regretfully every military coupd, etet would have to be admitted a revolution.

Revolution or change is always initiates by majority of the people against minority and it can be peaceful or angrily violent; however, the following one is most expected one while bringing change. The Saur Revolution by all means unveiled the abortiveness of revolutionists and revealed that PDPA had a political program and struggling for political ameliorations in the country. Basically, race for seizing power and paving way for the threshold of Soviet Union were the prime onus of the PDPA which they named revolution. By the way that was the hoax idea of the revolutionists like a prominent leftist writer Mujahid Baralavi says:

“Afghan Revolution never passed through these classic ways which happened in Russia, China, Asia and Africa. Because there was neither existence of trade unions, farmers movements in the tribal and half capitalist society nor any class bass support of any party had with them. Elements of enlightenment or change whether that were students, experts, writers, officials and a band of military youth had gruesome grievances against imperialist Nadar and his exploitation.”21

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Though, the pillars of Pashtun society like Mulas, Pirs, Khans and Malaks, without whom change would have been regarded unfeasible, and PDPA brought revolution without these pillars. But some meritorious reforms introduced by PDPA were unprecedented like stoppage of early child marriage, opposition of interest, education obligatory upon male and female, Land reforms and respect of women rights.

In a nut shell, it can be said that the Saur Revolution was a takeover which came to light at the martyrdom of Sardar Dawood Khan and within a day reached to the pinnacle. Nevertheless, this scintillated such fire which has been taking millions of Afghans lives and yet demanding, „do more‟. Country has been converted into ruined houses, sordid life, tears, wounds, filibuster, orphans, widows and becoming belligerent nation and what not has happened in the gloomy clouds of revolution.

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References and Notes:

1. Henry S Bradsher. “Afghan Communism and Soviet Intervention.” Oxford University Press, 5 Bangalore town , Sharae Faisal Karachi, 2002, p 32 2. Ibid, p 28 3. Ahmed Shuja Pasha, Afghan Qaum ka Almeia, Sang e mill Publications, Lahore,1989 p16 4. Henry S Bradsher. P. 80 5. Habibullah Rafi, Mili Zavia, Da Pashtani Ferhang da wadey av prahtia tolana, Germany, 2000. p 9 6. Lalahand M.A, “ Da Tarih Neemgaraha Panra”, Publisher the itself, 2002, p. 192 7. Ibid, p 360 8. Ibid, p 361 9. “A collection of articles on the memorial of 10th of Saur Revolution” , Literary Academy of Afghanistan, Kabul, 1367, pp 29-30 10. Dr. Zyar (Loralai wala) Afghan berbareet av Socialism, Tabqati Jadojehd Publications, Lahore, p 40 11. Dr. Abdul Ali Arghandavi, “ Zondai Khatery”, BBC Pashto Service, 1997, p 147 12. Ibid, p 5 13. Hafizullah Emadi, “State, Revolution and Super Power in Afghanistan” ,Royal Book Company, Sadar Karachi, 1997, p. 80 14. Ahmed Shuja Pasha, p 15 15. Arghandavi, p 72 16. Mujahid, Baralvi, Toorkhum ki us taraf, National Forum, Karachi, 1979,p. 62 17. Abdul Ghani Khan, “ Latoon” , Frontier Post Publications 18. ,Noor ul Basher Naveed, wattan ya Kafan, p 61 19. Ashafaq Ahmed Khan, Huchi Menha aur Vetnami Inqalab, United Publications, Karachi, 1978, p.63 20. Arghandavi, p. 267 21. Mujahid Baralavi, p. 54

TAKATOO Issue 9 Volume5 29 January – June 2013

Socio-Cultural Change in the Family Structures: The Case of Pashtun Culture in district Quetta of Balochistan

Muhammad Alam Tareen2 Abdul Rahim Changezi3

Abstract:

The purpose of this study was to find out the impacts of family structure on the socio-economic characteristics of Pashto speaking population of Quetta city. A sample of 200 respondents was selected for survey based on the techniques of purposive sampling. Data were collected through questionnaires and interviews. The data were analyzed using, Chi-square tests, frequencies and percentages. The results showed that there is a significant relationship between educational status of the respondents and change in family structure. Similarly, the increase in the nuclearisation of the families was found correlate with the changes in the socialization of the children. It was also found that families with higher income showed greater participation of wife in decision- making maters. A significant change was observed by the increase in income and education of female to select their mates due to inconspicuous changes in cultural and social background of the areas. The study concludes that due to wider acceptance of the nuclear family structure and also due to its financial as well as social benefits, the government should promote adoption of nuclear family structure by the masses.

2 1. M. Alam Tareen is Lecturer Department of Sociology, University of Balochistan, Quetta 2. Mr. A Rahim Changezai is Assistant Professor at Department of Sociology, University of Balochsitan Quetta

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Introduction

Families, especially in Pashtun dominated areas of Quetta city, have shown some trend towards the nuclear structure from the joint system. The family structure affects the socio-economic life of the households. The family and household reflect the social and economic processes of change. At the same time, the concept of family closely linked as it was to culture, laid down the lines for social differentiation. The family structure not only affects the education, income level and parental care of children but also the personality development of individuals residing in the family. Generally speaking, three types of family i.e., nuclear, joint and extended family structures exist. Nuclear family structure is defined as a wife and husband living alone or with their children in the same household, whereas an extended family structure refers to a family, if another adult was living with the married couple in the same household (Senturk et al., 2011).

Expert‟s opinions highlight the main issue of degradation of family. No doubt, in most of the western world the very basic concept of family is at high risk of degradation. People like to live with being held responsible to accomplish affairs of running family. This has a negative effect over children in particular and on society in general. However in most part of eastern world, family as a basic social institution is still strong enough to exist and impose certain rules over its members. But this is also fact that since social change is occurring very rapidly, family as social structure is also under heavy pressure of getting changed. This changing pattern of structural change does raise certain basic questions pertaining to upbringing of children, changing role of parents and other aspect of our social life. There is challenging questions to be answered by social scientists and social experts. The educational status of children in a family determines the socio-economic status, parental education and family income (Pinkston & Shannah, 2009). Some researchers have found that nuclear family has negative impacts on women‟s health (Keera Allenddorf, 2013). However, the nuclear families also offer some advantages like, the children in the nuclear families are given chances to take part in decisions (Flurry & Veech, 2009). There is a great need of exploring the scenario of current pace of change through scientific investigation. Based on

TAKATOO Issue 9 Volume5 31 January – June 2013 the above, the purpose of this paper is to (1) find out the existing structure of the families (2) to find the perceptions on types of family to be adopted and to (3) find out the socio-economic impacts of the extended and nuclear family types.

Family Types in the study area In most of developing countries of south Asia there exists agrarian social set up and that is why tribal and partly tribal social structure prevails. Single parent families can not be only be attributed to urban settlements but there are chances for these structures even within rural areas. The rural areas of country are mainly dominated by joint and extended family types. The nuclear family is considered as modern structure among rural masses. Balochistan is also dominated by the joint and extended families in the rural areas. However, the pace of urbanization, dearth of basic needs and unemployment has led to changes in both these types. This change is mostly seen in Quetta city. The types of families in the area are discussed below.

Nuclear family The nuclear family mostly dominates in urban environments. In this type of family system there is husband, wife and dependent children or unmarried children, also called simple family or elementary family. Due to more competitive and challenging life in urban areas; people adopt nuclear family structures. This is because it gives them ample easiness in economic and social needs. In nuclear family economic burdens are removed but social responsibilities are increased. Father is socially active in socialization and family matters. The economic burden is removed because of less number of dependents; the children ultimately receive better education and health facilities. In view of the above facts, nuclear family seems to be the furnished product of extended and joint family systems. Due to this modification, the roles played by the family members are also changed. The parents are not only accountable to produce livelihood and accomplish the requirements of their children, they are also presumed to start new relationship with new people and organizations for socialization of their children and meeting their social and psychological requirements.

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Joint family Joint family is presents in both urban and rural environments. This type of family is smaller as compared to extended one. The joint family consists of married couple, their children, grand and great-grand children and the relatives of the male-line. In such kind of family more earners exist and share his part to meet the family expenditures. They cook jointly and are presumed to eat together, however male family members and young children are preferably served first, whereas women are next to be served. Same treatment does reflect almost in all matter of family and social life, which in itself is an issue of gender disparity to be addressed by social specialists and scientists. The responsibilities are shared and every member and the male bread earners are relatively relaxed as compared to nuclear family heads. The other advantage is that of its inherent support mechanism. The whole capital and economic investment is shared wither one contribute to it or not. Thirdly, economic stability in this structure is a key indicator to keep them joint. Poverty compels people to go and adopt the nuclear family system.

Extended family The most common kind of family is the extended family type. Literature reveals that in Balochistan, this sort of family is mostly common among Pashtun belt. In the Baloch belt; the extended and joint type of family kinds are preferred. Parents along with children and their assorted relatives living in the same house which is widely perceived some what idealized form of family life in non-industrial society. This type of family includes great-grand father-mother and their great.

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Essential roles of family

Despite the fact that many roles of family have been taken over by other associations in a modern society, until now the family continues to present some basic roles. These are Satisfaction of Sexual desires One of the vital roles of a family ever since the dawn of human civilization is satisfaction of sexual needs. Indeed, marriage which is part of family life is often arranged by the family heads. Here it should be pointed out that in the contemporary world; family couples can have sex satisfaction to a greater degree but the fear of conception has considerably been reduced due to use of contraceptives. Another aspect of sexual satisfaction among young is legally authorized in European countries, where young boy and girl establish sexual relationship. Sometime they produce children, without getting married. However, in our society this practice is not tolerable because of the religious concerns and is believed illegal.

Reproduction of brood Satisfaction of sex needs leads to reproduction of children. To have children is considered both a religious as well as a social need. The Hindu philosophy also supports this idea and says that it is a curse if you have no children. Children bring about race which is the aspiration of each individual as people face immense social pressure by both family and community fellows. Reproduction of children is not the end of family. Each family is presumed to see that the children are properly brought up and that they are happy and healthy. The task of rearing up of children which was considerably difficult in the past has become easy these days because of facilities provided by nursing homes and child welfare centers.

Provision of Basic Facilities Each family is still required to provide some basic facilities such as food, clothing and shelter. Earning members of the family are presumed to supply good food, improved clothing and shelter. At an early age of children, family is presumed to ensure all basic facilities in order to ensure continued existence, growth and participation of children as part and parcel of basic social needs of human being. . In fact that is the responsibility of the parents to provide these facilities to the children. Similarly it is the duty of

TAKATOO Issue 9 Volume5 34 January – June 2013 non-earning members of family to the see the house is neat and clean and that the members get good, dependable and nourishing food. Socialization

Each family tries that its members should be socialized and they should pick up social habits and be an effective and useful part of the society. They are thought to live a social life. Habits form according to the treatment and reactions determined by his inherited capacity given to them. As they grow; start imitation of parental actions and that leads them to form habits which will affect his social life more deeply than they will identify. In our society usually we teach our children to give due respect to elders, predominantly to old family members such as grandfather, grandmother and notables of the community as well. We also teach them as part of immaterial aspect of our culture that younger member of family should meet the prospects of their parents, which includes getting mature, becoming polite and even selection a career that our parents like.

Protection of the young

It is mainly necessary function of the family that the young should be carefully protected from all sorts of seen and unseen factors that can impact life of youth negatively. Some of the negative habits that our children can take from bad company are smoking, drinking, and other criminal activities etc. As children can not protect themselves easily and are easily attracted by negative activities, parents should play the role of a protective shield until they are mature enough.

Love and sympathy

Love and affection is the basic psychological need of all humankind. The younger generation should be given more attention and love but not to the extent that may spoil their nature. It satiates their emotional and intellectual requirements. All members of family are therefore obliged to extend love, affection and sympathy to each other. All are presumed to solve each other‟s problems with a sympathetic and careful attitude. Children require affection from their parents and so is the case with husband and wife, who want

TAKATOO Issue 9 Volume5 35 January – June 2013 love from each other. Without this, life in the family has no meaning.

Change – an inevitable fact

One of the major facts of changing a family structure is the change in and around human being. Change means alteration or modification of current socio-economic characteristics. This also leads to the transformation of culture and social institutions over time that is reflected in the life patterns of individuals. Different types of changes occur and are studied by social experts on the basis of their nature and area of influence. They have stressed that social change, involves changes in values and norms, status and roles, social stratification and social institutions. Other discussions have highlighted dynamic forces that recast human consciousness, human skills, and the development of formal organizations, the growth of cities, social conflict and the emergence of social movements. All these changes are closely linked to changes within the family structure. Human societies have never been stagnant altogether. It has been and is active. And this dynamism brings about changes into its basic structures and functions. This change is basically called social change. The incidence of change is still a salient feature of contemporary life as changes have been taking place in all societies around the world. Nevertheless, it‟s tempo, intensity and nature varies among societies and across continents depending on their socio-economic condition and geo-political importance at one given point of time.

Methodology

Quetta was selected as the study area. This research is mainly concerned with the socio-economic impacts of family structure of pshtoon population of Quetta city. Quetta, the capital city of Balochistan is mostly dominated by the Pashtuns. Therefore, we based our study only to people belonging to this ethnic group in this study. A sample size of 200 families was interviewed during data collection phase. Purposive sampling method was adopted to select the respondents. Besides, intellectuals and people having view points were also contacted in order to muster information and relevant opinion regarding topics of the research study. The tools used for data collection for this study included questionnaire,

TAKATOO Issue 9 Volume5 36 January – June 2013 interviews and some focus group discussions of relevant stakeholders in the study area. This tool was found substantially suitable because it helps our research to find reliable facts. Interview schedule contained both types of fishing and shouting questions to make it more comprehensive and allow adequate space to respondents to come up with his / her viewpoint.

Results & discussions

Table 1 given below shows the prevailing family structure in the study area. It was found that the joint and extended families structures were more common than the nuclear family structure. This may be because the nuclear family structure is not easily adopted by the Pashtuns due to their cultural limitations.

Table 1: Type of family structure in which respondents are residing Type of family No of Respondent Percentage Joint 75 37.5 extended 85 42.5 Nuclear 40 20 Total 200 100 Source: Field survey, 2010

Majority of the respondents reported that family structure leads to personality development of the family members to some extent. Only fewer respondents reported that family structure had no impact on personality development (Table 2).

Table 2: Respondents perception of effects of Family structure on personality development in nuclear families

Personal evolution No of Respondent Percentage Most of the way 72 36 To some extent 124 62 Not at all 4 2 Total 200 100 Source: Field survey, 2010

The chi-square for the effects of nuclear & extended family structure on the socialization of children shows that there is a weak relationship between nuclearisation and change in the socialization

TAKATOO Issue 9 Volume5 37 January – June 2013 of children (Table 3). Hence the hypothesis that higher is the nuclearisation and the greater will be the change in the socialization of the children is supported.

Table 3: Effect of nuclear and extended family structure on socialization of children Socialization of Children Nuclea Extended Total Percentage Politely 19 (15.0) 06 (10.0) 25 33 Harshly 5 (10.2) 12 (6.8) 17 41 Moderately 36 (34.8) 22 (23.2) 58 26 Total 60 40 100 100 Chi square value = 9.398 Degree of freedom = 2 Level of Significance chosen = = 0.05 Co- efficient of contingency = 0.4

Regarding the impact of family structure on educational level, the chi-square test showed the Co-efficient of contingency of 0.4 (Table 4). This means that there is moderate relationship between higher rate of educational achievement and changes in family structure.

Table 4: Type of Family Educational Level Nuclear Extended Total Illiterate 14 18 32 Low level of education 23 17 40 High level of education 22 6 28 Total 59 41 100 Chi-square value = 7.547 Degree of freedom = 2 Level of Significance chosen = = 0.05 Co- efficient of contingency = 0.4

About the role of educated wife in family income, most of the respondents agreed that educated wife play an important role in family income (Table 5). However, 28% of the respondents reported that even their wives are educated, but they are not allowed to do jobs by their family members. This may be again due to the

TAKATOO Issue 9 Volume5 38 January – June 2013 reasons that in joint and extended family systems, the family heads don‟t allow females to work outside their homes.

Table 5: Respondents perceptions on role of educated wife in family income Increasing family income No of Respondent Percentage Most of the way 48 24 To some extent 96 48 Not at all 56 28 Total 200 100 Source: Field survey, 2010 About the perceptions on adoption of particular family types, majority of the respondents agreed to remain in joint and extended family systems (Table 6). However, the young generation was more inclined towards nuclear family systems. This may be one of the reasons that the young generation like to adopt nuclear family because they may give better education to their children.

Table 6: Respondents perceptions on adopting types of family Family structure No of Respondent Percentage Joint 99 49.5 extended 80 40 Nuclear 21 10.5 Total 200 100 Source: Field survey, 2010 About the decision making authority in the family, majority of the families took their decisions on themselves (Table 7). Children were also given attention in some families (22%) in family matters. In some families (23%), the decision was taken by all the family members. This may be because, in nuclear families, the parents also consider their children to be involved in decision making regarding family matters.

Table 7: Authority of decision making regarding family matters Nature of Decision making No of Respondent Percentage Self/spouse 110 55 children 44 22 Mutual 46 23 Total 200 100

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Source: Field survey, 2010 Conclusions The results revealed that in Pashtun societies, the cultural bounds are still playing key roles in restricting the families in joint and extended family types. However, the new generation is trying to get out of the clutches of cultural norms. Results shoed that some of the respondents are more inclined towards the nuclear family systems. This is evident from the results of the better educational status, more income, more decision making roles of the family members in the nuclear families. Therefore, this study recommends the adoption & promotion of nuclear family systems in Pashtun societies. In this way, they may play better role not only for their own family matters but also for a better nations. The nuclear family is recommended in current scenario of economic recession in all segments of society. This type of family is mostly prevailing in urban set up. In urban society life is more competitive and challenging; therefore people should opt for nuclear, which gives them adequate ease in terms of meeting economic and social needs of a family.

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References

1) Flurry, Laura A., and Ann Veeck (2009). Children's relative influence in family decision making in urban China. Journal of Macromarketing 29.2: 145-159.

2) Keera Allendorf (2013). Going Nuclear? Family Structure and Young Women‟s Health in India, 1992–2006. Demography. 3: 853-880

3) Pinkston, Shannah C. (2009). A study of the relationship between family structure, socio-economic status, and self- esteem among African American college students". ETD Collection for Robert W. Woodruff Library, Atlanta University Center. Paper 73.

4) http://digitalcommons.auctr.edu/dissertations/73date accessed: 29th August, 2013.

5) Senturk V, Abas M, Berksun O and Stewart R (2011). Social support and antenatal depression in extended and nuclear family environments in Turkey: a cross-sectional survey. BMC Psychiatry. 11:48.

TAKATOO Issue 9 Volume5 41 January – June 2013

Usefulness Oral Tradition; Uncovering Freedom Fighters “Azmeer Khan Mandokhail and Mashu Marrani”.

Sharif Khan*

Abstract:

This paper uncovers the two Pashtun heroes and freedom fighters that are seldom heard in the contemporary written annals. This is the oral tradition that still preserves the memories of people who have fought for their soil against the mightiest empires of time. Azmeer Khan and Mashu khan are the two freedom fighters who have fought the British colonial forces for seeking freedom and self determination. The paper presents a blend of the written colonial history and the oral history. The paper leads towards creating the knowledge base that will open new dimensions of alternative history. The paper investigates the unheard and unwritten dimensions of colonial history in the Pasthun areas especially. The significance of the oral tradition and ethnographic approaches for historiography is validated through paper.

The geo-politics and significance of Afghan territory has never let the Afghans to thrive socially, politically and more educationally in its spares. It is paradox of history and worthwhile to divulge here that the invaders either passed through Afghan land or came to it to surmount the world; which structured psychologically a bellicose nation manipulated them to love sword. Bellicose in a sense to drive away the invaders and more their survival had been linked with loving sword since long ago.

______* Mr. Sharif Khan is working as journalist. He was student at Department of Pashto, University of Balochistan. The paper is excerpted from his Masters dissertation.

A veteran scholar has rightly uttered in this regard: “The Afghan land has been remained the crossroad or hub for the history of the whole world” (1)

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In order to glimpse the repercussions of facts in historical view---the first-ever attack and contravention of the Afghan sovereignty has been violated by the Greek, Alexander, who smashed cities, villages and let nothing behind except the signs of ruins and devastations. By the way, their well equipped force did not soften the valor of the dwellers and they withstood in front of Alexander and depended their mother land through such unparallel gallantry and inflicted upon him such serious injuries as in one of his campaigns in city of “Masaga” wherein, he would have reported to say that” the people call me Mushtari, but today it came to realize me that I am a common man and can hurt as well”. ” He is now convinced to say that he is common man and can hurt as well”. (2)

The love of soil and their sense of honor never let the inhabitants of Afghan land to kiss the dust, even they comprehended the Alexander to say: he is a common man” but despite these crucial struck to the believers of the mother land repulsed the ever-first exotic invader and jolt them in the sense he had to say that,

The persistent attacks of the raiders never let the dwellers to pay heed towards welfare projects, develop a configured society and preserve their scatter literature, therefore, the constant threats and impending danger of the aggressors mentally and physically made- up a notion of sword loving who thought nothing except to know the skills of fighting and depend their homeland. Darwish Durrani points out such preaching of a mother‟s bravery whereas, she instructs her sons to bring fame not disgrace.

(3)

“Imperialist remained here for a long time

TAKATOO Issue 9 Volume5 43 January – June 2013

But many of them lost lives while leaving our soil Mother advises her sons while leaving for battle field Carry heads but leave the fear at home”. (Translated by the Author) Or Participate in the battle field fearlessly

The Advent of European Colonialism and Forward Policy: It is commonly recorded in the historical annals that the emerging Northern capitalists of 17th century had a great lust to explore and subjugate the wealth of Indian Sub-continent. The trade expedition of East India Company, in 1612 in Surat after obtaining permission from the Mughal emperor to have a diplomatic concede for trade in the mainland of India. As succeeded in gaining approval through ambassadorial way unpacked by the Sir Thomas Roe visit to Mughal Emperor “In 1612, James I instructed Sir Thomas Roe to visit the Mughal Emperor Nuruddin Salim Jahangir (r. 1605 – 1627) to arrange for a commercial treaty that would give the Company exclusive rights to reside and build factories in Surat and other areas. In return, the Company offered to provide the Emperor with goods and rarities from the European market”. (4)

The East India Company traded mainly in cotton, silk, indigo dye, salt, saltpeter, tea and opium. After taking complete monopoly “the company poked their nose in political affairs gradually but incessantly and the English General Clauo shattered the strength and power of French General Doupley in 1755 and within two years limited span, they smashed the Chief of Bangal, Nawab Sirajuduallh in June 1757 on the ground of Plasay”. (5)

After suppressing the parochial and French supremacy the English became the sole power of the region and redoubled their potentials to quell any hindrance preventing them from their targets. Albeit, the impending peril to challenge their aggrandizing power of expansion was not so far-off, the Afghans, which kept them between the devil and deep sea, letting them not to ripe winkle over the Damocles‟ sword. They strengthened their reconnaissance network to fan egotistic hullabaloo with in framework of Afghan society whereas Iran and Punjab did not remain lag behind in this pertain to engage the Afghans to fold not the expansion policy of the invaders.

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“Two divisions of Bangal Army under the supervision of English Commander Chief Harry Fane and other under the leadership of General John Keane Bombay divisional to attack Afghanistan for the first time in October 1838”. (6)

The Englishmen followed the old ancient political dictum of keeping the Afghan friends close and his enemies closer and left no stone unturned to bruise the power of a challengeable nation. Moreover, the subjugation with force blurred the policy of the British manifold as the nation they confronting with having their own code of living, Pashtunwali, wherein, the martyrdom has a unique radiance for their native land which mutilated the Forward Policy to consummate.

By the way, the British succeeded after a prolong struggles of disruption in the power of Afghan‟s corridor, for concluding a terrible treaty with Yaqoob Khan son of Sher Ali, known as Gandamak Treaty. As Olaf Cario in “The Pathans” uncovers with these words:

“The abdication of Sher Ali, there was concluded with his son Yaqub Khan in 1879 the treaty of Gandamak, ceding not only the Khaiber and Kurram but Pishin, Sibi and Loralai”. (7)

Whenever, the sad-full treaty was signed on May 26th, 1879 neither Sher Ali nor any other patriot agreed upon as their concordance has been fractured pathetically so stood to fight till the last end of the nullification of this shameful accord. Henceforth, the British merely applied its shameful “Divide and Role” policy upon the unity of Afghans to rupture both socially and strategically.

Whenever, the scuffle for diadem between Abdur Rehman Khan and Sardar Ayoub Khan set fire, in which the former remains triumphant. The Hind sent an Ambassador, Sir Peel Grapen, to Kabul on March 14, 1880, for accepting Abdur Rehmana‟s the new Amir (King) of Afghanistan on the condition that to sign the sliced lands of Gandamak Treaty. In one of his letters to new Amir arguing that:

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“The province of Qandahar will be separated from Afghan Government and the areas of Pishin, Sibi and others will be under control of English”. (8)

The cede of the Gandamak by the Amir secured the position of invaders to subjugate the carved terrains right now provided golden opportunity bringing them under their yoke. At once they manipulated their clandestine mission to scuffle each tribe within, with neighbors through their reconnaissance parochial Sardars, Moulvies and Nawabs. Which Olasyar writes in his book:

“The English dictators and particularly, the Sandeman assumed the policy to brawl two tribes with each other, terrains and others---- and poisoned their ears secretly and even supported them. Whenever, they exhausted he used to cordon off them easily”. (9)

Bringing the whole Baloch belt under their direct control, Sandeman cognizant the importance of the Pashtun belt for railway lines to pass through for linkage till Gomal pass, inquiring permission for proceeding ahead to preempt the Appozai following Gomal Pass. Bruce in his account “The Forward Policy” writes.

” The government of India had come to recognize the great importance of the Zhob and Bori valleys, and that it would be essential to the maintaining of the safety of the railway lines, as well as to the perfecting of the communication with Quetta, that Zhob should be, like Bori, under our protection and central all sections of the Kakars thus coming under one uniform administration, and that the Gomal Pass should be opened, the two operations forming one scheme, neither of which should be treated simultaneously. At this time the Viceroy, Lord Lansdowne, contemplated making a tour on the frontier, and it was arranged that the Lieutenant, Governor of the Punjab, Sir James Lyall, and the commander-in-chief Lord Robert Sandeman should meet his Excellency at Dera Ismail Khan and there come to an understanding on the whole question. On arriving at Dera Ismail Khan, on November 10 the viceroy determined to visit Tank and have a look at the Gomal Pass for him”. (10)

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The vanguard of Forward Policy, Sandeman hastened his mission for making headway to install railway lines and have passage to Gomal Pass which was supposed to be linked with their success. They first occupied Sevi, currently called Sibi, completely inhabited by Pasthoons, in 1878 for installing road network to Harnai, Sharag and Pishin for smooth military momentum. The movement revitalized tough bitterness among the residents and around 1880 at least 2000 Pashtuns under the command of Shah Jahan, Bahai Khan Sarangzai and Faiz Muhammad Panezai were assembled for redemption of their mother land have conducted serious of assaults to emancipate the terrain. In one of their muggings upon Englishmen in Kach Ahmadon, Place name, on Army cantonment, consequently, killed 20 equipped soldiers., Khair Muhammad Arif describes in his renowned book, “Zmooz Ghaziaan aw Sahheedaan”

“Around 1880, the freedom fighters assailed at military cantonment in Kach Ahmadon under the leaderships of Shah Jahan Jogezai, Bahai Khan Sarangzai and Faiz Muhammad Panezai, in ramification almost 29 armed soldiers were executed”. (11)

The persistent mugs by natives not only crippled the mission of a railway track to Gomal Pass via Zhob but also shivered the bearers with terror to move ahead. Albeit, it has become inevitable to stem the tide for face-saving achievements as well as to trample the escalated annoyances of the freedom fighters causing nuisances sought permission from high ups to proceed ahead for teaching the lesson to these salt of the earth.

“On the 4th of October 1884, a force consisting of 10 guns, 561 Sabers, and 4,220 bayonets assembled about That-Chotiali under the command of Brigadier General Sir O-V-Tanner, K-C-B, and moved into the Bori valley where Sir Robert Sandeman, K,O,S,I, agent to the Governor-General in Balochistan who accompanied the force”. (12)

Sandeman built cantonments in Thal-Choteali district which ignited the resentments of the Kakars of Mina-Bazaar under the venerated leaderships of Umar Khan and Sultan Muhammad Pakhezai and they inflicted such grisly struck to the Englishmen in Thal-Choteali cantonment wherein, gruesome wreckage had been

TAKATOO Issue 9 Volume5 47 January – June 2013 reported to have occurred which smashed their future plan bitterly. Bruce realized thoroughly this upset.

”In 1886 the Kakars of Mina-Bazaar committed some outrages in the Thal-Choteali district”. (13)

Apart from Mina-Bazaar Kakar‟s Sardar Shahjahan withheld the smooth momentum of Forward Policy while imposed upon them such pierce hits which soften their honored touchingly. The Shahjahan guerilla war thwarted the hopes of Bruce as unpacks that:

“Another very formidable obstacle which stood in the way of the accomplishment of our plans was the hostile attitude of Sardar Shahjahan of Zhob; and we knew that until this was overcome the desired results could not be fully secured”. (14)

In this way, the freedom fighters, under the venerated leaderships of Shahjahan, Umar Khan and Sultan Muhammad Pakhezai let not quietly the Englishmen to bear the palm---blurred their future goals with the formidable attacks. As it surely compelled the writer of “The Pathans” Olaf Caroe had to say: “Elsewhere the Englishmen can claim that in his dealing with the Pathan he has kindled a flame and posed a challenged the spark more often than not has burst into a fire, but what of that? The fire gives lights and heat, and is not dead”. (15)

Mina-Bazaar, the hub of freedom movement became a constant source of annoyance for the bearers of Forward Policy, thoroughly comprehended them that the overthrow of Mina-Bazaar is inevitable to accomplish their mission to have a railway line to Gomal Pass through Mina-Bazaar freedom lovers having made them impelled to revamp their power for a long-hard fight with the nation who will neither wince nor become thrall till the last drop of their blood in body. As a resemblance in Folklore is: “If I have to become widow Its time of country honor, I can‟t prevent by beloved”. (16)

A huge force, comprising with gigantic strength of Baloch, Brahvies and Pathans Sardars, under the command of Sandeman directed to teach lesson to the perpetrators of Mina-Bazaar. After

TAKATOO Issue 9 Volume5 48 January – June 2013 tough brawl, the symbol of freedom turned into thralldom. The houses of the salt of the earth were set ablaze and livestock was confiscated. The brutalities ends not here, they charged the inhabitants of Mina-Bazaar with colossal amount of 3500 at that time in order to leave them in wilderness.

“It is hearsay that Sultan Muhammad, who escaped tortures of the Sandeman, letter on, used to wear woman‟s long dress as considering himself not capable of man-dress”.

Another folklore which reflects the tribal life of Pashtun is presenting gruesome persecutions of the invaders in these words:

(17) (Excerpted from the Oral tradition Zhob valley)

Translation: When the bird flows My heart‟s beats intensifies Assuming there is Sikh aiming To shoot me

After quelling the movement of liberty, some honor-less elites came to hail Sandeman and invited him to Apozai. Thus, the whole Apozai bowed to the might of invaders unresistingly and preferred to have a humiliating life rather than to dare while fighting for the protection of motherland. Bruce uncovers the invitation of Zhob honor-less elites in these words:

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“From Mina-Bazaar he marched to Appozai; now Port Sandeman where he received with the most marked friendliness by Khanan Khan, the head chief of the Mendokhel& Kakar”. (18)

Formation of a new administrative agency: Suppressing all sort of upheavals, Sandeman reached Appozai unimpeded and warmly hailed by some chiefs wherein, he laid the foundation of “ a presidential Agency on 27 December 1889, two kilometers East of the Apozai on a small hill, named Fort Sandeman and destined Mack Evor, its new political agent”. (19)

It was another tremendous achievement for Britain as their destiny came nearer through. The foundation of a new agency was laid just for the administrative affairs.

The Anglo-Afghan-War 1919 The vilifications and malicious persecutions by Englishmen brought the Afghans on one-point agenda “redemption”. It was a sine qua none---for the natives to respond to the call of a new Amir, Amanullah Khan to fight with the gloves off. The call set ablaze the goals of capitalists to stay for long---as the land became so sizzling to live on. The whole Afghan land hailed the new Amir with his call which cut the grounds under the British feet. In this context, not to speak of old and young, women also anticipated shoulder by shoulder with their sons, husbands and more with their brothers to redeem their occupied land. In one of the Folklore which is considered mirror of the Pashtun society represents such resentments for country:

“If you got martyrdom fighting for country I will pitch your coffin with my tress”. (20)

A uniformed move to nullify the appalling treaty of Gandamak gained incessantly widespread momentum. By the way, different generals were sent to assemble the natives for tough below to the raiders. Albeit, the disgraceful Sardars, Moulives and Malaks did not lower the impulsion of lovers of mother land even the grisly

TAKATOO Issue 9 Volume5 50 January – June 2013 relics of the freedom fighters did noting to soften the haughtiness of the natives. Above all woeful brutalities they remained like a shadow behind Amanullah Khan. The rise manipulated vantage ground step by step to the fighters which has unpacked by Olf Cario in these words:

“In the aftermath of the Short-Anglo-Afghan War of 1919 Waziristan was visited by an Afghan Brigadier named Shah Daula who in the name of the Amir Amanullah gave the impression that the British Government were about to withdraw behind the Indus, and it behaved all good tribesmen to enlist under the Amir‟s banner, occupy, evacuated posts, and generally make them salves as much of a nuisance as possible. (21)

The Unheard Hero: Azmir Khan Mandokhail

The unsung freedom fighter Azmiar Khan Mandokhail was the son of Sardar Akhtar Khan. He lived in his village twelve miles way to South of the Fort Sandeman city, in Viyalla Akram (Village) in 1879. He was the oldest one among nine brothers. Therefore, he was admitted in school for getting education. After completing his preliminary education from Sandeman School, currently named Girls High School Therein, he consummated his education till middle because, for higher education the students had to go to Quetta which was not easy due to various financial and cultural reasons.

He got appointment in Millitia and abruptly promoted to the post of Sobaidar. But in the wake of 3rd Anglo –Afghan war (1919) the call of Amanullah Khan, too disgraced Azmir Khan from his office and he turned down the workplace with shouting fire upon Major Spin, wherein he died on the spot, and Cornel Robert, who was about to mounting on his horse, received serious injuries and rushed to nearly house of a British-loyal for treatment. This has been preserved in the oral tradition and here is a folk genre Kakari Ghara that unfolds the situation.

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“Once again assaults on the camps of Englishmen Mustaches of Azmir Khan are colored with blood”. (22)

The wounded Robert was shifted after few days to Sandeman city. At the time of Azmir Khan defiant, 22 other colleagues backed him. At this juncture, the set below raised terror and revenge in the hearts of forces simultaneously.

The flesh and blood were directed to have journey toward Border for safety for reason that the British used the tactics astutely to captivate the families of freedom fighters for obedience. The departure signaled alarming condition for the English---ordered to retrieve them from border. The force, comprising upon the natives and exotics, proceeded by them as to halt the family from border crossing. As he, with whole family, stayed at Chakhwand Hill, near Afghanistan border; Azmir Khan instructed his colleagues to talk with the rest of people for support and then joint them at Chakhwand after in order to formulize future course of action.

The Azmir Khan‟s departure followed by a native force to talk on goodwill sentiments and melt the escalating misconception between English and Azmir khan but the native forces were followed by another well armed forces so that if he surrendered without any scuffle is no matter otherwise, will be quelled with armed forces. When he was engaged in talks with native force, he was entirely cordon off there and finding no way except brawl ignited hastened fire so that to have no counter-chance of repulse. After few hours heavy fires these lovers of the earth were gagged forever.

"It is hearsay that the misery and retaliation of the forces ended not here while they latter on cut the head of Azmir Khan so that to have confirmation of his death:

The scene of Azmir Khan‟s killing is preserved in folk genre Kakari Gharra,

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"The ordered mustaches of Azmir Khan Lay on bed unfolded. (23)

The Unsung Freedom Fighter; Mashu Khan Marrani

It is another unsung hero, but unknown to history, however, his sagas of gallantry are being hearsay even today by the elites to their new generations and feel proud over him. He was Jamadar in Levies force and very soon disgusted by serving them because of their awful deeds and the martyrdom of Azmir Khan fulminated the retaliation fire among the dwellers called a Jirga on Friday, May 30, 1919 in Kallo Masque Zhob, currently called Suneri Mosque, in which elites of Sherani, Kakars, Mandokhails, Babarrs, Harifals, Lowans and other Khiljies tribes were attended in order to considerate the woeful circumstances and Martyrdom of Azmir Khan along with to set future course of action.

The elites decided to besiege the city for teaching the lesson for their brutalities. Within few days, the decision was executed and cordon off the Sandeman city in result, the Hindus and Sikh vacated their shops, forces left the cantonments and took refuge in Official Garden, currently called Shana Bagh while all high-ups confined themselves in Political Agent Hill. The native cut off water pipe line stretching to Agent Hill. The freedom fighters left narrow way for the invaders to leave the city without any further postponement.

In one of the letters to Assistant Commissioner Zhob by Muqam Khan, Sobedar Major tells in these words the sage of Manikhwa attak: 4, 6 1919

"Previous day Deputy Vice Tehsildar and others came there around 8:00 PM and informed us about the attack of enemy on Manikhwa Police Station and directed us that some forces to stay here and others leave for Zerra Teza(A place named as Yallow Stone), wherein, Haji Batel Khan and Ghulistan will be with you. The ordered executed as directed and 40 to 50 personnel mounted to

TAKATOO Issue 9 Volume5 53 January – June 2013 hill and entrenched thereby. Then Muhammad Yaqoob and Mulla Jan Gul were sent to know the circumstances in Manikhwa. A little while they came back and told that the gangsters were what in strength are Hussainkhail and at least 44 were reported in strength. Apart from, the fort was closed". (Excerpted from the Misal)

Knocking fierce strikes; Mashu Khan along with his fellows approached to Selyazai, so that to persuade serious of assaults in future with the same enthusiasm. He was collecting his potential to inflict a final struck to the English brought him to the adjacent of city. On other side, the invaders were in hot water for retaliation of the station, got a tiding through their native espionages of Mashu presence in suburban area of Selyazai called a division of force from Loralai via Ghardha Babarr and prepared a well-armed force in city so that to besieged Mashu on both side for final below to the constant annoyance of their mission.

They hastened the covert mission so hurriedly and cordon off as they planned. The beginning of fight in one of the folk genre Kakari Gharra is illustrated

"Mashu said: I became suspicious over simmering a firing

The place filled with English forces, when I look back" (28)

Syed Khair Muhammad Arif in his reckoned account on the struggle of Pashtun Freedom fighters, has argued through the folk poetry and oral tradition. About Mashu Khan he has quoted the folk poetry in the following manner. (29)

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After a tough brawl, Mashu along with other fellows felt down while fighting for the redemption of mother land and thus another native laid his life for the motherland. The incident has been unpacked by Vice Tehsildar of Sherani Malak Muhammad Yaqoob Khan son of Haji Paind Khan in the Following words:

"When Mashu challenged official force near Selyazai that day where 500 personnel were with him and it is acknowledged that some Slemankhail were also with him. But it came to light later on that they all were Hussainkheil Sherani. In addition, there in entrenched with Mashu Khan, others were Malak Sindei, Sangeen, Bajarr, Span and Landak and two Mumadzai, whose names are unknown to me, were also killed with him. Apart those, Kalo Din and Ramazan injured seriously". (30) Date 14, 7, 191

His head was cut from his body and sent to the capital of British India as evidence. In this way another hero laid to rest for the love of his mother land along with his fellowmen as they preferred

TAKATOO Issue 9 Volume5 55 January – June 2013 martyrdom rather than living a humiliating life. It is un-denying fact that they never die who die in a noble cause

Although the folklore and Oral Tradition still preserve such egalitarian heroes in the hearts and minds of the people, but the history of the state especially written in the text books, and state‟s historical narrative do not carry such protagonists. These pearls are always lost in the dust of the state sponsored selected written history. The oral tradition and popular narratives can be of vital importance for reclaiming such heroes who have sacrificed their lives for the highest ideals of freedom and self determination. .

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REFERENCES:

1) Olasyar, “Angrezi Estimar ao Afghanistan From (1793 to 1898),” published by Pashtunkhwa Adabi Saanga Quetta, (Second Edition) 1979, p. 11 2) Kaka Kheil, Bahadur Shah Zafar, “Pashtana Da Tariekh Pa Runrra Ke,” Published by University Book Agency Peshawar, (Year of publication) p. 183 3) Durrani, Darwesh, “Storie Pa Laman ki” Published: Sahaf Agency Quetta, 2000, p. 4) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_India_Company, accessed on Oct 20th ,3013 5) ibid, accessed on Oct 20th ,3013 6) Olasyar, “Angrezi Estimar oa Afghanistan From (1793 to 1898),” published by Pashtunkhwa Adabi Saanga Quetta, (Second Edition) 1979, p. 110 7) Caroe, Sir Olaf, “The Pathans,” Published by Macmillan Company Ltd, Landon 1958, p 375 8) Kaka Kheil, Bahadur Shah Zafar, “Pashtana Da Tariekh Pa Runrra Ke,” Published by University Book Agency Peshawar, (Year of Publication, if there is no date mentioned then N.D. should be noted here)P 1042 9) Olasyar, “Angrezi Estimar oa Afghanistan From (1793 to 1898),” published by Pashtunkhwa Adabi Saanga Quetta, (Second Edition) 1979, p. 176 10) Bruce, Richard Issaq,” The Forward Policy and its Results,” M/S Nisa Traders, 7Jinnah Cloth Market, Quetta (Pakistan), First Edition Published in Pakistan, 1977, P. 185 11) Arif, Syed Khair Muhammad, “Zmuz Ghaziyan ao Shayidan,” Published by: Pashto Academy Quetta May 2000. p 23 12) Bokhari Mansoor, “District Gazetteers of Balochistan Vol 5”, Published by Gosha-e-Adab-Quetta, First Edition: 1906 P, 1064 13) Bruce, Richard Issaq,” The Forward Policy and its Results,” M/S Nisa Traders, 7Jinnah Cloth Market, Quetta (Pakistan), First Edition Published in Pakistan, 1977, P. 177 14) Ibid, P. 123

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15) Caroe, Sir Olaf, “The Pathans,” Published by Macmillan Company Ltd, Landon 1958, p 378 16) Folklore, 17) Excerpted from the oral tradition in Zhob valley, 18) Bruce, Richard Issaq,” The Forward Policy and its Results,” M/S Nissa Traders, 7Jinnah Cloth Market, Quetta (Pakistan), First Edition Published in Pakistan,1977, P 177 19) Olasyar, “Angrezi Estimar oa Afghanistan From (1793 to 1898),” published by Pashtunkhwa Adabi Sanga Quetta, (Second Edition) 1979, p. 306 20) Folklore, 21) Caroe, Sir Olaf, “The Pathans,” Published by Macmillan Company Ltd, Landon 1958, p 405 22) Excerpted from the oral tradition in Zhob valley, 23) Ibid