THE ROMANCE OF THE INDIAN FRONTIERS .BOOKS BY THE SAME AUTHOR

THE ARMIES OF INDIA (A. AND. C, BLACK) PIKE AND (:ARRONADE: STORIES OF WA:R ~·. (w. BLACKWOOD AND -soNs). . . A FREE;' LANCE IN KASMIR.: · A RO~CE ' ...BEHIND. THE . SCENES. IN MANY WARS · : (JOHN MU~Y) . AFGHAN~TAN FROM DARIUS' TO AMA.mn.LAH . . .. THE . INDIAN MUTINY IN PERSPECTIVE '',(G. BELL AND ·SON~) • 'GUSTAVUS· ADOLPmJS, .m. NORTHERN mJruUCAN,E · (~oDDER AND sTOuqirr~N) Tim ARMY: ·LIFE .AND WORK SERIES . (9EOFFREY Br,.iis) • THE KINGS' PA~S~· :STO~S· ~F niE GREAT WA:R . • (sHELDON PRESS) . • . ~ • . 4 THE RELIGIONS' AND lllDDEN cuLTS OF. INDIA (SAMPSON LOW .AlfD MARSTON) . , A WAZIRI 'MALIKH' OR HEAD-MAN COMES TO DRAW HIS ALLOWANCE / •' routi .fjJi£·ce THE ROMANCE OF THE INDIAN FRONTIERS

, BY

LT.-GEN. StR GEORGE MACMUNN K.C.B., K.C.S.I., D.S.O, Colonel-Commandant the Royal Artillery

JON:A THAN CAPE' THIRTY BEDFORD SQUARE LONDON & AT TORONTO FIRST PUBLISHED 1931

JONATHAN CAPE LTD,, 30 BEDFORD SQ.UARE, LONDON AND 9I WELUNGTON STREET WEST, TORONTO JONATHAN CAPE & HARRISON SMITH INC. 139 EAST 46TH STREET, NEW YORK

PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN BY J. AND J. GRAY, EDINBURGH PAPER MADE BY JOHN DICKINSON AND CO, LTD, BOUND BY A. W. BAIN AND CO. LTD. CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE I. THE FRINGES AND FRONTIERS OF INDIA 17 § I. THE WIDE-FLUNG FRONTffiRS § 2. THE GREATER GEOGRAPHY § 3• THE NORTH-WEST FRONTmR HILLS § 4· THE FRONTIER STATES OF THE NORTH § 5• KASHMIR § 6. TIBET, SIKKIM AND BHUTAN § 7. THE ASSAM BORDERS § 8, THE EASTERN FRONTmR II. THE NORTH-WEST FRONTIER THROUGH THE AGES 43 § I, THE COMING OF THE ARYAN § 2. ALEXANDER OF MACEDON § 3• THE COMING OF THE TARTAR § 4• THE SPREAD OF BUDDHISM § 5· THE JATS OR GETAE ; THE SIKHS AND KENT § 6. THE SAKAS 'AND THE GRAECO·BACTRIAN KINGDOMS ON THE INDUS III. TURK, AFGHAN AND MOGUL 66 § I, THE COMING OF ISLAM § 2, THE BEN·I·ISRAEL § 3• THE GRANDEUR AND ROMANCE OF THE MOGUL § 4• THE COMING OF NADIR SHAH KULI § 5· THE RISE oF TnE AFGHAN EMPIRE § 6. THE AFGHANS AND THE FRONTIERS IV. THE LOST GARDEN go §I. }IELOW THE PIR PANJAL § 2, THE SANNIY ASI § 3• THE GARDEN 9 CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE V. THE COMING OF THE BRITISH TO THE NORTH-WEST FRONTIER xo6 § I. BRITISH POLICY § 2. THE JAUNT INTO AFGHANISTAN § 3• THE BRITISH IN KABUL § 4• THE PASSING OF THE DREAM § 5· SIND § 6. THE SIKH WARS § 7• THE DRAMA OF MULTAN , § 8. THE •BRITISH REACH THE FRONTIER

VI. CLANS AND TRIBES ON THE FRONTIER 132 § I, THE FRONTmR MOVES TO THE INDUS § 2. THE PATHANS § 3• THE YUZUFZAI § 4· THE AFRIDIS §· 5• THE TRIBES OF KOHAT, · MIRANZAI AND KURRAM § 6. ~AZIRISTAN § 7, THE GO MAL TRIBES § 8. THE GHILZAIS § 9• THE BALUCH § 10. THE STRANGE STORY OF KAFIRISTAN

VII. THE FRONTIER IN BRITISH HANDS 155 § I~ THE FAMOUS FRONTIER OFFICERS § 2. THE PUNJAB IRRJi:GULAR FORCE § 3· THE DRAMA OF PESHAWAR, 1857 § 4• FRONTIER EXPEDITIONS § 5· THE SECOND AFGHAN WAR § 6. THE STATELETS THAT F~GE THE PAMIRS § 7. CAMPAIGNING ON THE ROOF OF THE WORLD § 8. THE DRAMA OF CHITRAL IO CONTENTS CHArTER PAG! VIII. THE GREAT FRONTIER RISING OF 1897 x88 §I. THE TREACHERY OF MAIZAR § 2. THE ATTACK ON THE MALAKAND § 3• THE DEFENCE OF THE MALAKAND § 4• THE DEFENCE AND RELIEF OF CHAKDARA § 5· THE SUBSEQ.UENT OPERATIONS § 6. OPERATIONS IN THE GRAECO•BACTRIAN VALLEY § 7, THE INVASION OF THE PESHAWAR VALLEY § 8. ·THE MOHMAND EXPEDITION

IX. THE WAR IN THE TWO TIRAHS 215 § I. THE CRISIS IN THE KHAIBER § 2. THE FIERY CROSS IN MIRANZAI § 3• THE DRAMA OF• THE SAMANA § 4· THE TIRAH CAMPAIGN § 5• THE CHAGRU KOTAL § 6. THE TRANSPORT OF THE ARMY § 7• THE COMMANDER•IN•CHIEF1S ~LANS § 8. THE STORMING OF DARGA! •

X. THE NORTH~WEST FRONTIER IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY 241 § I. AFTER 1897 § 2. THE TRAGEDY OF GUMATTI TOWER § 3• ~. LORD KITCHENER AND LORD CURZON'S POLICY § 4• AFGHANISTAN § 5· THE AMIR1S JESTS § 6, THE WORLD WAR § 7, THE THIRD AFGHAN WAR § 8. THE FALL OF AMANULLAH § 9• THE FRONTmR TO•DAY AND ECONOMIC PROBI$MS § IO. THE COUNTRY•SIDE § I I, THE DRAMA OF MOLLIE ELLIS § 12. THE MILITARY PROBLEM II CONTENTS CHAPTER PAG£ XI. IOD-1-GUL. THE GARLAND OF STORIES 275 § I. THE STORY OF CHIKAI, THE FREEBOOTER § 2. A STUDY IN MARTYRDOM § 3· SUBAHDAR DILAWAR KHAN OF THE GUIDES § 4· THE STORIES THAT COME .THROUGH THE PASSES

XII. THE NORTH-EASTERN AND EASTERN FRONTIERS 303 §I. THE NORTH-EASTERN FRONTIER § 2. TIBE~ § 3• TO HOLY LHASA § 4• NEPAL § 5· SIKKIM AND BHUTAN § 6. THE ASSAM BORDER § 7. THE EASTERN FRONTIER § 8. KACHIN LAND § 9· FORTS HARRISON AND MORTON § I 0. THE SHAN FRONTIER AND KARENNI

FINALE

INDEX 341

12 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

A WAZIRI 'MALIKH' OR HEAD-MAN COMES TO DRAW HIS ALI,OW ANCE Frontispiece MEN AND BOYS IN A TRANS-FRONTIER VILLAGE Facing page 26 NAG AS IN THE IDLLS BETWEEN BURMA AND INDIA, WHO SACRIFICE HU14AN BEINGS AND HUNT HEADS " 39 THE KOHAT PASS " 39 GREYBEARDS IN THE KHAIBER " 64 THE BUDDHIST STUPRA OF SHPOLA IN THE KHAIBER, BUILT IN THE DAYS OF THE KUSHANS AT THE COMMENCEMENT OF THE CHRISTIAN ERA. ON TOP IS A WATCHMAN'S TOWER BUILT IN Q.UEEN ANNE'S REIGN OF THE MOGUL EMPEROR AURUNGZEB " A RECONNAISSANCE ON THE FRONTIER, THE TOP OF THE RAZMAK NARAI (PASS) " 106 SIR CHARLES NAPIER PURSUING THE ROBBER TRIBES. THE CAMEL CORPS CAN BE SEEN ON THE RIGHT ,, 122 (From an old print)

ROAD·MAKING ON THE N.W. FRONTIER (NOTE THE PIQ.UET ON THE RIGHT) 132 THE ROAD TO RAZMAK ON CHRISTMAS DAY 142 A MAHSUD FAMILY COMES TO TOWN " 142 AN AFRIDI WITH A HOME·MADE MARTINI RIFLE " x66 A WAZIRI WITH A STOLEN SERVICE RIFLE " i66 THE LONG ARM OF RETRIBUTION. THE BURNING OF THE MAHSUD WAZIRI STRONGHOLD OF MAKIN AS A RETRIBUTION FOR A LONG SERIES OF RAIDS AND MURDERS 13 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

CONVOY IN A FRONTIER CAMPAIGN (OLD STYLE) Facing page 230 CONVOY IN A FRONTIER CAMPAIGN (NEW STYLE) , 230 TRIBESMEN UNDER THE SHADOW OF A MILITIA POST " 246 THE WAGES OF REBELLION. HABmULLA GHAZI, THE USURPING KING OF KABUL, AND HIS MINISTERS REAP THEIR REWARD FROM NADIR SHAH, IN KABUL 262 " GHILZAIS MARCHING DOWN TO INDIA TO SPEND THEIR WINTER WITH KING GEORGE 262 " AT KANIGURAM IN WAZIRISTAN. · THE BRITISH COM- MANDER DICTATING TERMS TO THE MAHSUD WAZIRIS " 274 WITH THE EXPEDITION TO TmET. IN I 904. 8TH GURKHAS AT PHARI JONG " 294 'CHOICE YOUNG MEN AND GOODLY.' RAJPUT MOSLEM GUNNERS OF A MOUNTAIN HOWITZER " 294 THE EASTERN FRONTIER, THE GEKTEEK VIADUCT, SHAN STATES " 307' THE POTALA AT LHASA, THE VATICAN OF CENTRAL. ASIA, WHERE DWELLS THE DULAI LHAMA " 307 A TRIBESMAN ON THE ASSAM FRONTIER . 322 " A TmETAN MINSTREL ·" 322

MAPS PAGB THE INVADERS' WAYS TO INDIA 79 THE LONG ROADS TO KABUL III . t ROUGH SKETCH OF THE PESHAWAR VALLEY

· EASTERN FRONTIER OF BURMA

AN OUTLINE OF THE N.•W. FRONTIER OF INDIA AT END

14 INDEX

Abdallis, the, 85 Afridis and seditionists, 265 Abdur Rahman, the Amir, attack Samana, 223 145, 175 bought by Congress, 1930, hisaautobiography, 251. 137 his death, 254 Afzul ul Mulk at Chitral, 183 treasure story of, 252 Ahmad Shah, Abdalli, and Abdur Rahman's views, 248 Nadir Shah, 85 Abor Expedition, 191 1•12, 36, at Delhi, 85 322 Air Force, comparative in· Abors, 36 effectiveness of, 273 Adams, Colonel R., earns v.c., gallantry of pilots, 273 205 on North-west Frontier, 273 Afghan disasters, 184I, I 18 Aka Khel Plain, effect of gallant defences, I 18 roads, 265 victory at Panipat, 85 Akbar, emperor, 81 War, Second, 172 · Akkas, 36, 32 I Afghana, son of Saul, 73 Alai, burning of, 27 Afghanistan and modern Alamgir, 78, 81 times, 248 Alexander, an epileptic, 63 First War, to6 at Aornos, 49 original British policy in, I07 defeats Porus, ·sx Afghans and Durani Empire, 85 epic of, 18 and Jewish descent, 73 of Macedon, 46 and Pathans, 74 on the Jhelum, 5I heavy defeat of, 261 on the Sutlej, 51 in I857, 164 Alexander's march to India, 48 . in Kashmir, 28 Amanullah and his father's origin of name, 73 murder, 259 rise of, 84 . his feeble ending, 262 Afridi and Aparoetae, 136 seizes throne, 259 clans, 136 Amanullah's treachery to soldiers desert in World War, India, 280 137 wanton invasion, I37, 174 Tirah, 138 Amir El Kebir, 249 unrest, cause of, in 1930, 137, Amir's jests, 25I 265 Andrews, R. Chapman, 55 34I INDEX Aornos, 57 Bannu, 127 Rock of, 49 a tragedy of, 287 Arabs in India, 24 Bannuchi, 144 conquest of, 67 Barton, Captain, in the waves of, 67 K.haiber, story of, 274 Aral, sea of, 23 Basra, 67 Aravalli Mountains, 46 Bedmanai Pass, action at, 213 Arbabs, old policy of, 267 Bell, Sir Charles, in Tibet, 315 Archaeologists in Mghanistan, Belooch, 24 56 Ben-i-Israel, 72 Aryan waves set moving, 45 · Bhamo, Chinese at, 4I Aryana, 45 Bhittanis, 143 Aryans come to India, 43 Bhootan v. Bhutan, 35 Asni, a lost cantonment, x6o Bhutan, 3Bangash tribe, I 39 Bunny, Colonel, at Maizar, xgo 342 INDEX Bunji, 27 Cossack officers on Pamir, 175 Burma campaign, 324 Costello, Lieutenant, gains v.c., Burnes, Sir Alexander, mur­ 198 dered, I I7 Cotton, Sir Sidney, 163 Bussorah, 57 1 Curzon, Lord, and frontier Butler, Sir Harcourt, and slave­ policy, 283 holding, 37 and ancient places, gx, 93 Jehangir, 93, 102 Cain, brand of, 54 Campbell, Colin, at Chitral, Dalhousie, Lord, and Punjab, · ~83 131 Cavignari Fort, 2I9 Dane-gelt, 167 Cavignari, Sir Louis, at Kabul, Darel State, I 38 173 Dargai, below Malakand, I 99 Central Asia, 52 storming of, 221, 223 Chagatai, 76 Darius I, in India, 46 Chagru Kotal, the, 229 Datta Khel, 192 Chakdara, defence of, 202 Davies, Major, Devons, 334 Chamberlain, Sir N., I72 Deane, Major, at the Mala· Chamkannis, I40 kand, 194 Chandra Gupta, 56 Deane, Sir Harold, 254 Chenab, 2I and Dr. Stein, 50 Chikai, story of his life, 275 De Bret, Lieutenant, at Maizar, the free-booter, 58, 140 I 192 Chillianwallah, battle of, so, Delhi, Hall of Private Audience, I31 . 99 Chin, 39 massacre by Nadir Shah, 82 China and Burma, 4 I Moguls, emperors of, 78 Chinese Muhammadan, 20 Dementia praecox, state of, 54 . pilgrims, 57 Dera Ismail Khan, 1o6 Chistie, Salim, Tomb, 78, 99 Derajat, the, 68, 100 Chitral, 26 Des Voeux, Major, 222 defence of, 183 Mrs., 222 drama of, I8 I Dhulip Singh, and Colonel rcliefforce, 187 Sleeman, 61 relief of, 186 as boy ruler, 126, 127 Climo, Lieutenant, at Mala- Dilawar Khan, story of, 275, kand, 198 294 Cokes Rifles, I6o Dogras, 29 'Cokies,' the, I6o Donald, John, 243 Colvin, Lieutenant, earns v.c., Dorah Pass, the, 175 214 Dost Muhammad, I I4, u6, Corrie-Bird, General, 193 164 343 INDEX Dravidian pockets, 29 Frontier Crimes Act, 288 race in India, 44 Eastern. See Eastern Fron· tongue, 26 tier. Dulai Lama, the, 315 expeditions, principles Durand, Algernon, I 77 governing, r67 Durand, Lieutenant, at Ghazni, Force, the Punjab, 157 IIO Force, its cantonments, 159 Durani clans on the North· Force, its origin, 157 west Frontier, 144, 145 medals, 109, 171, 304 empire, 85 men in 1857, r66 Duranis, origin of, 85 North-east. See North-e::w;tern Dur-i-Duran, 85 · Frontier. Dyer, General, and Afghans, North-west and Afghanistan, 260 247 North-west and Air Force, Eastern Frontier, I7, 39, 323 273 campaigns in, 324 North-west and arms galore, medals for, 324 261 Edwardes, Herbert, at Pesha­ North-west and economic war, 163 problem, 263 in the Derajat, 128 North-west and roads, 265 Ellenborough, Lord, First North-west and World War, Afghan War, 119 256 Ellis, Mrs., dastardly murder North-west, British first ar· of, 271 rive at, 131 Mollie, story of, 27I North-west, early story of, 43 Sir W., and Mohmands, 2 I I North-west, modern methods Sir W., at Shabkadr, 209 on,269 Elphinstone, Mountstuart, at North-west, modern military Peshawar, 107 problem, 273 General, destruction of his North-west, moves to Indus, force, II8 132 Euzafzai v. Yuzafzai, 134 North-west, policy and strategy generally, 246 Fane, General V. B., 257 North-west, policy in Wazi· Fatehpur Sikri, 78 ristan, 261 Ferghana and Baber, 76 North-west, Sikhs on, II5 Fincastle, Lord, gains v.c., 205 North-west, to-day, 262 Findlater, Piper, 237, 239 Frontiers, I 7 Fort Lockhart, 223 general racial outline, 20 Fowler, Lieutenant, at Reshan, neighbouring states, I 7 183 French Indo-China, 20, 40 Gamnotri Peak, 30 344 INDEX Gandapur clans, 149 Gulab Singh, Rajah, 28, 29 Ganga, source of, 30 Gulistan attacked, 222 Gar and Samil, mystery of the, Fort, 219 ' 139 Gumatti Tmyer, tragedy of, Garhwal, 3I, 34 242 I Garhwalis, 34 Gundamak, Treaty of, 1878, Gatacre, General, marches to 141 Chitral, I 87 Gurdon, Lieutenant, at Chitral, Gautama, birth of, 56 181 Geography of Frontiers, 19 Gurkha regiments, 3I 7 Ghan~i, Mr., 255 Raj, 31 Ghazni, modern route to, 142 War, 31 stormed by British, II o Gurkhas, 30 surrender, IIO and British camaraderie, 318 Ghenghis Khan, 24 Guru Govind, 6o and Baber, 76 Gustavus Adolphus, 160 Ghilzai clans, 145 dynasty at Delhi, 147 Habibullah in the World War, Ghilzais, annual exodus, 145 256 at Australian gold-fields, 148 is made a Mason, 254 in Indian Mutiny, 148 is murdered, 259 in the Derajat, 149 succeeds his father, 254 live six months in India, 145 Habi Ullah Ghazi, 261 Gilbert,SirJohn,inKhaiber, x8 expels Amanullah, 262 Gilgit agency, I 77 his miserable end, 262 road, the, I 8o Harding, Lord, and Kashmir, service at, 177 29 Gillespie of Comber, 31 Harley, Lieutenant, sortie at Gobi, Desert of, 40 Chitral, 186 Gomal Pass, 142 Harrison, Captain, at Sadon, tribes, 144 334 Goojerat, victory of, 141 Harrison Fort, 333 Gordon Highlanders at Dargai, Head-hunting, 37 233, 236 Herat, 'Key of India,' 21 Gough, Lord, 50 origin of phrase, 43 Graeco-Bactrian kingdom on Himalayas, 2I Indus, 62 Himis Llamasery, 306 Graeco-Bactrians, 62 Hindu Kush, 43 Graeco-Buddhist ruins, 62 meaning of name, 44 at Takht-a-bhai, 63 Hkamptis, 37 Grimwood, Colonel, murder Hunza, expedition against, 26 of, 37 state of, I 75 Gromchefski on Pamirs, I 75 Thurn of, 177 345 INDEX

Hyderabad, Sind, battle of, Kabul disasters, r84r, I 16 122 fool's paradise at, u6 Hyphasis River, 51 Khel, 242 province and Alexander, 47 Illustrious Garrison, the, I I g, retreats, II7 I20 Kabulistan, 78 Inayat Kila, attack on camp, Kachins, 37, 39 212 . and Kurds, 328 Indian Archaeological Depart­ as soldiers, 40, 329 ment, 64 land of, 328 medal of 1854, 35 races, 328 Indra, g8 Kafir Kots,_ the, 68 Indus River, 21 Kafiristan, 2 I, I 2 I Invasion of India via Hima- myth of, 32 layas, 33 united, I52 Irrawaddi, 329, 330 Kafirs and Greek legend, I 52 Irregulars and Regulars, I 59 and Timur, 153 Islam comes to the world, 66 meaning of, 152 its spread, 77 Kanjuti, 26 Kanjutis, I 75 Jacob, Lieutenant John, 123 Karakorum Ranges, 302 Jagatai Turk, 76 Karappa, concentration at, 229 Jaintia Hills, 39, 322 Karens, 337 Jalalabad, defence of; u8 Karushka Stupa, 57 Jammu State, 27 Kashmir, 27 J amna, source of, 30 its army, 29 Jamnotri Peak, 30 its past, 28 Jarobi, 213 mountain artillery at Chitral, Jatki patois, 140 r8s Jats and Kent, 6 r mountain artillery in Tirah, of the Indus, 140 227 the story of, s8 troops at Gilgit, I 79 Javan, 54 troops at Nilt, 179 Jeffreys, General, 211,212,213 Kasim of Basra, 24 Jehangir and Nur Jehan, 102 Keane, Sir John, at Kabul, Jerwa levies, 323 IIO Jeypal defeated by Sabaktagin, Kelly, . Colonel, marches for 69 Chitral, u6 Jhelum cantonment, 29 Kempster, General, 232, 299 valley, 28 Khaiber, abandonment of, 216 crisis in 1897, 215 Kabul, British occupation, Rifles, I37 I83g, 113, 122 Rifles, fine behaviour of, 216 INDEX Khajiar dynasty of Persia, 53 Lords of Iran, 52 Khakar tribe, I 50 ofTuran, 52 Khampti-Long, 331 Low, Sir Robert, 157 Khampti Plain, 40 Ludhiana, 147 Khanki Valley, 225 Lumsden of the Guides, 294 Kharotis, 148 Lushais, 31, 322 Khas Gurkhas, go Khassadars, 137 Macdonald in Tibet, 32 Khattak clans, 139 MacDonald, Brigadier-General, Khatti Khel, 140 309 Khet~tans tribe, 145 McGrath, Miss T., 222 Kim, 33 McMahon, Sir H., 254 Kipling, Rudyard, sings of MacMunn, young, and young Panipat, 86 Harrison, 334 Snarle;·ow, 126 MacNaghten, Sir William, 115 The Man who would be King, Mad Fakir, 197 152 Mullah, 19 Kitchener, Lord, and frontier Magar and Gurang, 30 policy, 245 Mahaban and Aornos, 50 agreement with Lord Curzon, Mahmud of Ghazni, 68 246 his constant raids on India, his reconstruction of army, 6g 247 on Somnath, 68 Knight, Mr., Where Three Mahrathas challenge Moguls, Empires Meet, 26 ss, 87 Kohat in 187g, 227 defeat at Panipat, 85 Kohistan of the Indus, 135 Maizar, extreme gallantry of Korassan, 75 troops; 191 Kubla Khan and Mollie Ellis, gunners at, 191 272 treachery of, 188 Kumaon, 31 Malakand attack, 1817, 193 Kurram Valley clans, 140 attack, Punjabis. take part, 204 Ladakh, 306 defence of, prolonged, I 95 Landakai, cavalry at, 205 importance of victory, 204 Lawrence, John, at Peshawar, stormed, x895, 187 t64 tribesmen swarm round, Lhasa, 35, 312, 313 196 reached, 3I 4 Manchus, 53 Lockhart, Sir W., 226 Manipur, rumour of the Nana, his plans for Tirah, 2 1 38 Lodi Pathan, 147 story of, 322 Looshai clasp, 322 tragedy of, 37 347 INDEX Manners Smith, Lieutenant, at Morton Fort, 334 Nilt, 179 Muhammad of Ghor, 71 earns v.c., I 79 conquers North India, 72 Marlowe's Tamberlane, 76 Muhammad Shah, last of Marshall, Sir John, Archaeo· emperors, 82 logical Department, 64, 65 Muhammadan names, 74 Marwats, 143 v. Moslem, 69 . Master·mason, 254 Mullagori Company in Khaiber, Masters, Lieutenant, killed, 334 2I8 Mastuj, 184, 185 MullahPowindah, 255 Mastura Valley, 229 Multan, drama of, 127 Mathias, Colonel, at Dargai, Pathans, 25 230 Mustagh Range, 305 Maude Fort, 218 Mutiny at Peshawar, I62 Mauriya dynasty, 56 Indian, the, 162 Meeanee, battle of, 122 Meiklejohn, Colonel, at Mala· Nadir Khan, General, de· kand, 194 feated, 260 ' Militia policy and Lord Curzon, Nadir Shah, and Peacock 283 . Throne, 83 Miranzai clans, 139, 140 enters Delhi, I 739, 83 trouble in, 218 his return, 84 Mislm$, 36, 32 x invades India, 83 Moberley, Captain, releases massacres Delhi, 83 Ross force, 154 rise of, 82 Mogul Empire decay, 82 Nagar v. Hunza, 26 rise, 76 Nagas, 36, 327 conquest of Delhi, 82 Nanak Baba, 6o emperors, the, 78 Napier, Sir Charles, in Sind, last of, 82 122 name, a misnomer, 76 Nawagai, fighting at, 2 I I successor, the, 78 Nepal, 3I6 Moguls and British, 78 assistance from, in I857, 3I7, Mongol and pockets, 49 in 1917-I8, 317 Fold, the, 33, 52, 304 history of, 3I 7 , Mongolism, 55 inhabitants of, 30 Mongols, the, 52 oppression by, 29 Mohmand Expedition, 210 War, 317 Mohmands invade Peshawar war with, 29 Valley, 219 Niazai, 140 · Moore, Thomas, songs of Nicholson, John, at Peshawar, Kashmir, 'Lala Rookh,' 92 165 Morton, Captain, killed, 336 Nilt, storming of, I 78 348 INDEX Nixon, Sir John, and battle of Pathan tribe, 134 Shaiba, 258 Pathans, 133 'Nmalikha, 39, 330 and Afghans, 74 North-eastern Frontier, 303 meaning of word, I 34 medals for, 322 Peacock Throne of Delhi, 83 Tibet Expedition, 303 Pegu Campaign, 324 Notovich, Nicholas, 306 Pennel, Dr., 170, 250, 270 Nott, Major-General, at Kan­ Peshawar, 29 dahar, ug captured by Sikhs, 107 disarmament of mutineers, 167 Ocht~rlony, Sir D., 3I in 1857, 188 O'Dwyer, Sir M., 243 Pilgrims to Himalayas, 2I Ogres, of fable, 52 Pir Punjai Range, 21 Orakzai attack Miranzai and Pollock, Major-General, aveng· Samana, 220 ing army, u8 clans, 138 Porus, 81 Shiahs, 139 Prior, Holland, General, 257 Tirah, 138 Punjab, 45 in 1897, 220 Putao, 330 Outram and Napier in Sind, Pyne, Sir Salter, 249 123 at Windsor, 250 Oxus River, 23 Qasim, invader of Sind, 67 Palmer, Sir P., 228 Quentin, Mr., murder of, 37 Pamirs, 2I, 26 Quetta, 174 Paniala, I 44 Panipat, Afghans defeat Mah· Raiders' paths, 106 rathas, 85 Rajah Bil and Til, 98 Baber defeats Ibrahim, 77 temples and forts of, g8 battle of, I 526, 77 Raj put, origin of, I 36 battle of, 1761, 85 tribes in frontier, 142 Panthays, 41 Ranjhit Singh, Tripartite Parapomisus, 22 Treaty, 6o, 107 Pashto, 74, 133 Razmak cantonment in Wa­ Pass, Bolan, I 07 ziristan, 143 Dorah, 175 Red Karens, 336 Gomal, 44 Reed, Major-General, 1857, Khaiber, 44 x63 Khojak, 107 Reid, 'Jock,' at Malakand, 199 Kurram, 44 Reshan, tragedy of, 183 Passes famous· in history, 44 Richardson, Colonel G., 221 into India, 44 Roberts, General Fred, 141 349 INDEX Roh, mountains of, 73-75 Shahjehan, emperor, 78 Roof of the World, I 76 and The Taj-Mahal, 8I Roos-Keppel, Colonel, 141 Shah Shujah, 107 Roshan, 27 his conti:Qgent, I og Ross, Captain, at Buni, 184 Shah Tangi, action at, 213 Russia and Tibet, 33 Shaiba, decisive battle of, 258 Russian Jews of Tartar Origin, Shan States, 40 54 Shan-Talok, 336 Ruttah Koh, the, 68 Shandour Pass, · working of, x8s Sabaktagin invades India, 68 Shans, 336 crushes Indian chivalry, 6g Sheikh Budin, I 6I Sadda Post, 22 I Sherannis, tribe, I44 Sadon, defence of, 333 Shiahs on North-west Frontier, Safaid Koh, 49 139, 141 Sailgi outlaw, 242 Shignan, 27 St. Albans and Tartar, 53 Shillong, 38 Sakas, the, 63 Shinawri Pass, 228 Sale, Lady, at. Kabul, 1 I8 Sialkot, 29 . Salim Chistie's Tomb, 78, 99 Sikh Court after death of Salween River, 20, 39, 40 Ranjhit Singh, 125 Samana, description of, 221 invasion, 29 in 1897, 220 meaning of, 350 Samana Sukh, 225 on North-west Frontier, 125 Sannyasi, the, I 03 War, First, 28, 126 Saragarhi Post, tragedy of, War, Second, I25 223 Sikkim, 34 Sutlej River, the, 68, 88 Expedition, 307, 308 Sa yad Akbar of Waran, 216 Silk Road, 55 Sayads, origin of, 67 Skardu, 305 Scientific Frontier, I 72 Skeen, General, in Waziristan, Scindia's death at Panipat, 261 87 Sleeman, Colonel, 61 Scott Robertson, Sir George, in slave-holding, abolition of, 37 Chitral, 153 Solomon Mountain, 22 in Kafiristan, I 52 Throne, 22 Scythian waves, 62 Somnath, gates of, 76 Seton Browne at Maizar, I92 Spedding and Company and Shabi Khel, Waziris, character, Hunza campaign, x8o 285 Starr, Mrs., rescue of Mollie, Shabkadr, charge by Major Ellis, 272 Atkinson, 209 Stein, Sir A., identifies Aornos, Mohmands at, 209 so 350 INDEX Stewart, C. G., Lieutenant, 185 Turis, xgg, 146 Stewart, Sir Donald, 48 Turk and Tartar, 54 . Study in martyrdom, 282 Turkish tribes and Alexander, Suddhodana, fa.ther of Gauta- 47 rna, 55 Suliman Khel, 148 Udney, Sir R., 218 Suleiman Mountains, 22 at Peshawar, 2I7 · · Sultan of Turkey and World Ugyen Wangchuk, Sir, 320 War, 250 Umbeyla, I 70 ·Sundar Singh, Subahdar, at Umra Khan at Chitral, 185 Haizar, 191 at Reshan, 185 ·swat, rising in, 1 94 Untouchables, origin of, 46 submission of, 216 Urghurs, 52 Useri Valley, 2 I I Tahkt-i-Suleiman, 22 Ushterana tribe, 145 Taj-Mahal, 8I Takht-a-Bhai ruins, 63 Vaisya, 46 Tamberiane, 76 Van Courtland, General, 128 Tanawals, 136 Tangir State, 135 Wana, fight at, 1894-95, 142 Tank, Nawab of, I45 Warburton, Sir Richard, Tarin tribe, I 56 memoirs, 2 I 6 Taron River, 330 story of, 293 Tartar dynasties at Delhi, 72 Watson, Lieutenant, gains v.c.» dynasties, four, 53 186 Tartars accept judaism, 54 Waziristan, Darwesh Khel, I 42 and Greeks, 6 I General Skeen in, 26 I break into India, 57 Mahsuds, ·z 42 in Europe, 53 Militias, 284 in influence, 32 roads in, I 42 origin, 41 tribes in, 142 Thurn of Hunza, 26 Week-end War, the, 255 Tibet, 32 Weir, Lieutenant-Colonel, 315 equipment, gog Mrs., at Lhasa, 3I5 fight at Guru, gog Whish, Brigadier, at Multan, . plateau of, 33 129 Gyantsejong, 3I 3 Whitchurch, Captain, gains relation with Britain, 32 V.c., 186 transport, gog White Blanco, death of, 244 Zamdung, gio Wilcocks, Sir James, 255 Togomar, horses of, 54 Woodhouse, General, wounded, ' Turan, 52, 53 212 Turi militia, 220 Woolar Lake, 27 351 INDEX Woon, Colonel, at Shabkadr, Yue-Chi coming, 51 · . 209 Yule, Major, column, 331, Yuzufzai, the, 134 '· Xenophon's march to the sea, 47 ZaQulistan, 47, 75 Zaimukhts, 141 Yanof, Colonel, 175 and Chikai, 2 79 · Yarkand, 305 Zakhmi dil, 287, 2gB· Yasin State, 26 Zhob Valley, 150 Younghusband, Colonel, 308 Amanullah's inva.sion in, I 54 mission toTibet, 32 disasters in, 26 1 '

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