LET’S TALK ABOUT JAPAN ESE HISTO RY FROM UNIFICATION TO THE EDO PERIOD (1560-1868) Created by Cassidy Charles, Project Assistant at The George Washington University East Asia National Resource Center Muromachi Edo Period (1603-1868) Period (1336-1573) 1574 1603 1630 1658 1686 1714 1742 1770 1798 1826 1854 1560 1588 1616 1644 1672 1700 1728 1756 1784 1812 1840 1868 Azuchi-Momoyama (1573-1603) MUROMACHI PERIOD (1336-1573) 室町時代・むろまちじだい Key People • Ashikaga Yoshiaki • Oda Nobunaga Key Events & Ideas Key Places & Cultural Products • Sengoku Jidai (W arring States Period) • Kyoto • Eiroku Incident • Noh & Kyogen Back to Timeline AZUCHI MOMOYAMA PERIOD (1573-1603) 安土桃山時代・あずちももやまじだい Key People Key Events & Ideas • Oda Nobunaga • Honnoji Incident • Toyotomi Hideyoshi • Battle of Sekigahara • Tokugawa Ieyasu Key Places & Cultural Products • Sadou (Tea Ceremony) • Azuchi Castle • Fushimi-Momoyama Castle • Osaka Castle Back to Timeline • ShinokoshoClass System EDO PERIOD (1603-1868) 江戸時代・えどじだい Key People • Tokugawa Ieyasu • Tokugawa Iemitsu • Matthew Perry Key Events & Ideas Key Places & Cultural Products • Sakoku(“Chained Country”) • Tokyo • Shimabara Rebellion • Kabuki Theater • Genroku Era • Bunraku– Japanese Puppet Theate • Kurofune (The Black Ships) • Ukiyo-e Back to Timeline ASHIKAGA YOSHIAKI • The 15th and last shogun(しょうぐん, leader of the military government) of the Muromachi Period. • To take back the power of the shogunate/bakufu(ば くふ, military government) after the Eiroku Incident, Ashikaga Yoshiaki asked Oda Nobunaga to come to Kyoto to support him. He became shogunin 1568. • He was removed from power by Oda Nobunaga in 1573. Back to Muromachi ODA NOBUNAGA • A powerful daimyo(だいみょう, feudal lord) who took control of Kyoto to help the Ashikaga shogunate/bakufu( ばくふ, military government) in 1568. • He took power from Ashikaga Yoshiaki in 1573 and tried to unify Japan. He is known as the first Great Unifier. • Under Nobunaga, the first Japanese coins were made, and Japan began to trade more with Europe. • He died in the Honnoji Incident in 1582. Back to Muromachi | Back to Azuchi-Momoyama TOYOTOMI HIDEYOSHI • A former commander under Oda Nobunaga. • When Oda Nobunaga died in the Honnoji Incident, Hideyoshi took revenge on Akechi Mitsuhide in the Battle of Yamazaki. • Toyotomi Hideyoshi took over Oda Nobunaga’s power in 1582. • He is known as the second Great Unifier of Japan. • Under Toyotomi, Japan adopted the shinokosho(しのう こうしょう) class system. Back to Azuchi-Momoyama TOKUGAWA IEYASU • Tokugawa Ieyasu was a military general under Toyotomi Hideyoshi. • He is the third and final Great Unifier of Japan. He was able to bring all of the separate daimyo(だいみょう, feudal lords) under his control. • After Toyotomi Hideyoshi died in 1598 and the Battle of Sekigahara in 1600, Tokugawa Ieyasu took power. • The imperial court made him shogun(しょうぐん, leader of the military government) in 1603. • His government was known as the Tokugawa shogunate/bakufu(ばくふ, military government). • Under Tokugawa Ieyasu, the government moved from Heian-kyo (Kyoto) to Edo (Tokyo). Back to Azuchi-Momoyama | Back t o Edo TOKUGAWA IEMITSU • The 3rd Tokugawa shogun( しょうぐん, leader of the military government) and Tokugawa Ieyasu’s grandson. • Under Iemitsu, Japan adopted the national seclusion policy, sakoku. Back t o Edo MATTHEW PERRY • A navy commander from the United States. • He forced the Tokugawa bakufuto open Japan up to trade with Americans, ending thesakoku period. Back to Edo • A period of constant civil war between daimyo(だいみょう , feudal lords) over control of land, and power over all of Japan. SENGOKU JIDAI • The period started with the Onin War in 1467. Daimyo, (W ARRING kanrei(かんれい, deputies) and other families fought over who would become shogun( しょうぐん, leader of the STATES PERIO D ) military government) after the 8th shogunAshikaga 1467-1590 Yoshimasa. • The Ashikaga shogunate or bakufu( ばくふ, military government) slowly lost power after the Onin War. The shogunate could not maintain control over central Japan, so daimyofought to expand their lands and their power. Back to Muromachi • The 13th shogunAshikaga Yoshiteru was killed in a coup by EIROKU kanrei(かんれい, deputies) who wanted to replace INCIDENT 1565 Ashikaga Yoshiteru with Ashikaga Yoshihide. • Ashikaga Yoshihide became the 14th shogun( しょうぐん, leader of the military government). Back to Muromachi HONNOJI INCIDENT 1582 Honno-ji Temple • Oda Nobunaga was betrayed by one of his generals, Akechi Mitsuhide. Back to Azuchi-Momoyama • Akechi Mitsuhide led his army to Honno-ji Temple where Oda Nobunaga was resting. Caught by surprise, Nobunaga and his son, Oda Nobutada, died in the conflict. • After the death of Toyotomi Hideyoshi in 1598, there was a struggle over who would become the leader of Japan after him. BATTLE OF • Toyotomi Hideyoshi had chosen his son, Toyotomi Hideyori, as his successor but he was only a child. Before he died, Hideyoshi wanted SEKIGAHARA 1600 five of his ministers to watch over the child until he was old enough to be the leader. • Tokugawa Ieyasu was one of the five ministers chosen but he wanted power for himself. He defeated the other ministers in battle to take power. Back to Azuchi-Momoyama • After the Shimabara Rebellion, Japan closed itself off to other countries except China and the Netherlands for trade. SAKOKU (さこく ,“C HAIN ED • Japanese people were not allowed to leave the country. C O UN TRY”) • Foreigners were not allowed to enter Japan. • Sakokuended when Commodore Matthew Perry arrived in 1853 on the kurofune(くろふね, black ships). Back t o Edo • The Tokugawa shogunate/bakufu(ばくふ, military government) was worried about the power of foreign religions in Japan. SHIMABARA • Through their connections to Spain and Portugal, Catholicism was REBELLION 1637- becoming popular in Japan. 1638 • The Tokugawa bakufubelieved in Confucianism so foreign religions were considered dangerous. • In Nagasaki Prefecture, Catholics were being heavily taxed and discriminated against. Upset, they rebelled against the government. • Once the rebellion was defeated, the bakufubanned Catholicism. Back t o Edo • After Japan was finally unified under the Tokugawa shogunate/bakufu( ばくふ, military government), there was peace throughout Japan. GENROKU ERA 1688-1703 • The economy grew and cities in Kyoto, Osaka and Tokyo developed. • Without wars to fight, townspeople could focus on making money and selling goods and services. This led to new styles of entertainment, clothing and art. Back t o Edo • Europeans and Americans wanted to force Japan to open to trade. • Commodore Matthew Perry, a commander from the U.S. came to Japan on "black ships" and forced the Tokugawa shogunate/bakufu(ば くふ, military government) to allow Japan to trade with the U.S. KUROFUNE(くろ ふね, THE BLAC K SHIPS) 1853, 1854 Back t o Edo Commodore Matthew Perry’s ships from 1854 KYOTO • Home to the imperial family and the Emperor, Kyoto was the capital of Japan from 794 to 1868. • It was originally called Heian-kyo. Kinkakuji (The Golden Pavilion) A temple covered in gold, built by the third shogun Ashikaga Yoshimitsu in 1397. Ginkakuji (The Silver Pavilion) A temple built by the eighthshogun (しょうぐん, leader of the military government), Ashikaga Yoshimasa, the grandson of Ashikaga Yoshimitsu, in 1482. Back to Muromachi NOH & Noh is a theater performance of music, dance and drama. KYO G EN Kyogen is a comedy performance during Noh. Back to Muromachi SADOU (さどう, TEA C EREMO N Y) • A ceremonial way of preparing and drinking green tea. • One of the most important figures in sadouis Sen no Rikyu. • Sen no Rikyu was the tea master for Oda Nobunaga and Toyotomi Hideyoshi. Sen no Rikyu Back to Azuchi-Momoyama AZUCHI CASTLE • Oda Nobunaga’s castle, built in 1579 in Shiga Prefecture near Lake Biwa. • The castle burnt down after Nobunaga’s death. • The Japanese government built a replica of the castle in 1992. Back to Azuchi-Momoyama FUSHIMI-MO MO YAMA C ASTLE • Toyotomi Hideyoshi’s castle, built in 1594 in Kyoto. • The castle was rebuilt after an earthquake in 1596 but destroyed by the Tokugawa shogunate/bakufu(ばくふ, military government) in 1623. • Parts of the original castle were spread to temples in Kyoto. • A replica of the castle was built in 1964. Back to Azuchi-Momoyama OSAKA CASTLE • This is one of the most famous castles in Japan, built in 1583 by Toyotomi Hideyoshi. • It was built on the site of the Ishiyama Honganji Temple. Back to Azuchi-Momoyama SHINOKOSHO (しのうこうしょう)C LASS SYSTEM A system of separating people into 4 groups • Warrior/Samurai based on their families. No one could change し (士) the group they were born into. • Warrior/Samurai (shi, し) • Farmer (no, のう) Far mer • Artisan (ko, こう) のう (農) • Merchant (sho, しょう) • This system was in place until the end of the Edo period. Artisan こう(工) Back to Azuchi-Momoyama Merchant しょう (商) • The capital of Japan from 1868 to the present. • Tokyo was originally called Edo. TOKYO • Tokugawa Ieyasu moved the government from Kyoto to Tokyo in 1603, but Kyoto was still the capital. • The capital only changed after the Emperor and the imperial family moved from Kyoto to Tokyo in 1868. Edo period buildings preserved and/or reconstructed at the Edo-Tokyo O pen-Air Architectural Museum in Koganei, Tokyo. Back t o Edo KABUKI (かぶき) THEATER A form of Japanese theater that involves elaborate makeup, wigs, costumes and performances. Back t o Edo BUNRAKU(ぶんらく ,JAPANESE PUPPET THEATER) • A form of Japanese theater that uses puppets that are operated by 3 performers. • Only one person narrates the story and speaks for all of the puppets. • Bunrakustarted in Osaka. Back t o Edo UKIYO-E(うきよえ) • Ukiyo-e are prints, paintings or pictures made using woodblocks. • The term ukiyo-e means “paintings of the floating world.” • Ukiyo-e prints of sumo wrestlers and kabuki actors were popular in the Edo Period.