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Waardenburg's Syndrome and Familial Periodic Paralysis C Postgraduate Medical Journal (June 1971) 47, 354-360. Postgrad Med J: first published as 10.1136/pgmj.47.548.354 on 1 June 1971. Downloaded from CLINICAL REVIEW Waardenburg's syndrome and familial periodic paralysis C. H. TAY A.M., M.B., B.S., M.R.C.P.(Glas.) Senior Medical Registrar and Clinical Teacher, Medical Unit II, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Singapore, Outram Road General Hospital, Singapore, 3 Summary McKenzie, 1958; Fisch, 1959; Arnvig, 1958; Nine members in three generations of a Chinese Partington, 1959; Di George, Olmsted & Harley, family were found to have Waardenburg's syndrome 1960; Campbell, Campbell & Swift, 1962; Chew, comprising, mainly, lateral displacement of the inner Chen & Tan, 1968). canthi, broadening of the nasal root and hyper- It is also known as a variant of the first arch trichosis of the eyebrows. Other minor features were syndrome (McKenzie, 1958; Campbell et al., 1962) also found. and later other minor characteristics of the syndrome Two patients had in addition, hypokalemic periodic were added: (1) abnormal depigmentation of the paralysis of the familial type, one had prominent skin (Klein, 1950; Mende, 1926; Partington, 1959; frontal bossing and another, bilateral cleft lips and Campbell et al, 1962), (2) pigmentary changes of the palate. These associated anomalies have not been fundi (Waardenburg, 1951; Di George et al., 1960)Protected by copyright. previously documented and the presence of two auto- and (3) abnormal facial appearance to maldevelop- somal dominant genetic defects in this family is of ment of the maxilla and mandible (Fisch, 1959; particular interest. Campbell et al., 1962). In this paper, nine members in three generations of Introduction one Chinese family were found to have Waarden- In 1951, Waardenburg described a rare hereditary burg's syndrome. The interesting aspect of this disease characterized by the following features: family is the presence of hypokalemic periodic (1) lateral displacement of the inner canthi with paralysis in two patients, frontal bossing in one and dystopia canthrum, (2) broad nasal root, (3) con- bilateral cleft lips and palate in another. None of fluent eyebrows with hypertrichosis of the medial these congenital anomalies has been previously ends, (4) heterochromia irides, (5) congenital deaf- documented. The association with familial periodic ness, (6) white forelock and (7) an autosomal domi- paralysis is of particular genetic interest, since the nant inheritance with variable penetrance. latter is also an autosomal dominant disease. http://pmj.bmj.com/ Many complete and incomplete forms of this syndrome have been reported since the original Case reports description (Keizer, 1952; Wildervanck, 1957; Case 1 (Fig. 1; II, 1 arrowed) (5 70 63 (CaseI 2),-I on September 30, 2021 by guest. 3I (j1 429 (& 27 425 ( 21 ;17 5 13 Patient 11(4 S 11,6 II. 11(2 (C as3 L5 (Case I) (Case3) (ase 4) (Case 5) (Case 6) (Case 7) m 2 ? Periodic paralysis with Waardenburgs syndrome 0 T Waardenburg's syndrome only II,1 I11.2 (Case 8) (Case 9) dc 4 Unaffected FIG.r1. The family tree. Clinical review 355 Postgrad Med J: first published as 10.1136/pgmj.47.548.354 on 1 June 1971. Downloaded from The propositus, a 27-year-old Chinese housewife, Serum potassium on admission was 1 8 mEq/l, was admitted on 3 February 1970 when she suddenly sodium 139 mEq/l and chloride 113 mEq/l. ECG: became paralysed of all four limbs early that prolonged PR and QT intervals and prominent U morning. Her speech, swallowing, breathing and waves, consistent with hypokalemia. sphincteric functions were not affected. There was The patient was treated with oral potassium no previous similar attack. She gave no history of chloride 3-6 g daily in divided doses and the motor vomiting, diarrhoea or excessive sweating and she power of her limbs rapidly returned to normal. denied taking any purgatives or drugs. Her general Serum potassium on the third day was 3-6 mEq/l, health had always been good. sodium 136 mEq/l and chloride 120 mEq/l. ECG was Examination revealed a healthy adult with no now normal. evidence of dehydration, wasting or stunting. The After discharge, she defaulted as she was staying thyroid was palpable but there were no signs of a long distance away from the clinic. When she toxicity. The pulse was 86/min, regular and of full exhausted the supply of potassium tablets, she began volume, BP 110/80 mmHg. No abnormalities were to experience periodic weakness of her limbs. At detected in the heart, lungs or abdomen. All four first, these attacks were mild and readily aborted by limbs, including the neck, were flaccid, and the drinking orange and other fruit juices, but later, the motor power, with the exception of that of the face, paralysis was severe and she was readmitted in was markedly diminished. Sensory functions re- March 1970. Serum potassium was found to be 2-1 mained intact. All the deep tendon reflexes were mEq/l and the serum sodium and chloride were reduced. The plantar responses were equivocal. normal. Again she improved with oral potassium Incidental findings in this patient were: (1) in- supplements. Since then she has been on main- creased intercanthal distance, 46 mm (normal tenance dose of potassium chloride 1 g thrice a day Chinese adults-37-40 mm (Chew et al., 1968); and remained symptom-free. The family tree of the Protected by copyright. there was also lateral displacement of lacrimal patient was traced (Fig. 1) revealing eight more punctae. The interpupillary distance was normal (65 members in three generations with similar physical mm) (normal adult range-54-75 mm), (2) broaden- abnormalities. One brother (Case 5) also had periodic ing of nasal root, (3) hyperplasia of medial end of weakness of the limbs for about 6 months. The eyebrows, (4) heterochromia of the left iris and (5) a significant features of this family are summarized in spray of white forelock (which she often concealed Table 1. by combing) (Fig. 2). There was no deafness, con- firmed by the audiogram, and no skin, fundal or Case 2 (Fig. 1; I, 1) skeletal changes. The following laboratory studies were within normal limits: complete blood count, This 70-year-old male, father of the propositus, complete urinalysis, ESR, blood urea nitrogen, basal had been in excellent health. At a very young age, metabolic rate, 1311-labelled triiodothyronine up- he migrated to Singapore from China and could not take, plasma PB 131I, thyroid antibodies (tanned red recall any disease present in his family. When seen, cell method), bilateral audiograms, X-rays of the he had grey hair and was partially deaf because of http://pmj.bmj.com/ skull, chest and abdomen, intravenous pyelograms, his old age. The intercanthal distance was increased chromosome karyotypes and urinary electrolyte to 50 mm but the interpupillary measurement was excretions. normal (66 mm). There was broadening of the nasal root and confluent eyebrows with hypertrichosis of the medial ends. No ocular, fundal or skin changes were present and he gave no history of periodic weakness. His hearing had been good until the last 5 years. on September 30, 2021 by guest. Case 3 (Fig. 1; II, 2) This 25-year-old Chinese girl, sister of the pro- positus, had no deafness or weakness of the limbs, and she had been enjoying good health. She was also found to have an increase in the intercanthal distance (43 mm) with lateral displacement of the lacrimal points, but with a normal interpupillary measurement. Her nasal root was FIG. 2. Case 1 showing lateral displacement of inner somewhat promi- canthi, broad nasal root, confluent eyebrows with hyper- nent and there was marked hypertrichosis of the eye- trichosis of the medial ends, and unilateral left hetero- brows (Fig. 3). There were no eye, skin, hair or chromia irides. auditory lesions. 356 Clinical review Postgrad Med J: first published as 10.1136/pgmj.47.548.354 on 1 June 1971. Downloaded from TABLE 1. Case 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Generation II,1 I,1 11,2 II,3 11,4 11,5 11,6 111,1 111,2 Relationship to proband Proband Father Sister Brother Brother Brother Brother D aughter Daughter Sex/age F/27 M/70 F/25 M/21 M/17 M/15 M/13 F/3 F/2 months Lateral displacement of inner canthi and dystopia canthrum + + + + + + + + + Broad nasal root + ± + + + + + + + Hypertrichosis of eyebrows + + + + + + + + + Heterochromia ofiris + - + Congenital deafness - - - + White forelock + - - Premature hair greying + Frontal bossing + Cleft lips and palate - - - + Skin/fundus changes Periodic paralysis + - + Case 4 (Fig. 1: 11. 3) and cramps of the legs for about 6 months. These This 21-year-old Chinese man, brother of the attacks were more frequent in the mornings and propositus, gave no history of periodic paralysis, after exercise. Relief of the weakness could some- deafness or skin diseases. His intercanthal distance times be obtained by drinking soft drinks like Coca-Protected by copyright. was 41 mm and interpupillary measurement was Cola. He had no systemic disorders, but recently, normal (65 mm). There was some thickening of his some of his scalp hair had suddenly become prema- eyebrows and his nasal root was broad (Fig. 4). No turely grey. There were no skin, eye or auditory de- other abnormalities were found. fects. His intercanthal distance was increased (44 mm) but the interpupillary distance was normal (56 Case 5 (Fig. 1; II, 4) mm). There was also broadening of his nasal root This 17-year-old Chinese schoolboy, younger and confluence of the brows with hypertrichosis of brother of the propositus, had had periodic weakness the medial portions (Fig.
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