View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by SHAREOK repository UNIVERSITY OF OKLAHOMA GRADUATE COLLEGE THE LIFE AND WORK OF GRETEL KARPLUS/ADORNO: HER CONTRIBUTIONS TO FRANKFURT SCHOOL THEORY A Dissertation SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE FACULTY in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of P hilosophy BY STACI LYNN VON BOECKMANN Norman, Oklahoma 2004 UMI Number: 3147180 UMI Microform 3147180 Copyright 2005 by ProQuest Information and Learning Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest Information and Learning Company 300 North Zeeb Road P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, MI 48106-1346 THE LIFE AND WORK OF GRETEL KARPLUS/ADORNO: HER CONTRIBUTIONS TO FRANKFURT SCHOOL THEORY A Dissertation APPROVED FOR THE DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH BY ____________________________ _ Prof. Catherine Hobbs (Chair) _____________________________ Prof. David Gross ____________________________ _ Assoc. Prof. Susan Kates _____________________________ Prof. Helga Madland _____________________________ Assoc. Prof. Henry McDonald © Copyright by Staci Lynn von Boeckmann 2004 All Rights Reserved To the memory of my grandmother, Norma Lee Von Boeckman iv Acknowledgements There a number of people and institutions whose contributions to my work I would like to acknowledge. For the encouragement that came from being made a Fulbright Alternative in 1996, I would like to thank t he Fulbright selection committee at the University of Oklahoma. I would like to thank the American Association of University Women for a grant in 1997 -98, which allowed me to extend my research stay in Frankfurt am Main. Without their assistance, this pr oject may not have had the opportunity to get off the ground. I want to thank the women of the Belleville Branch of the AAUW, especially Carol Jean Peters, for their interest and dialogue about my project in 1999 -2000, where I was fortunate enough to meet some of the faces behind the generous grant program to which each Branch contributes. I want to turn now to the point when the project first became “real” to me with my arrival in Frankfurt am Main and to the woman who showed me which doors needed to be opened and who gave me the courage to knock on them: Dr. Gisela Engel of the Center for Early Modern Studies at the University of Frankfurt. In addition to her own engagement with my project throughout nearly every stage of its progress, Dr. Engel gave me the opportunity to present my early research in a lecture series in women’s studies sponsored by her Center, which put me in contact with students and professors whose input further fostered the growth of my ideas and enriched the project in important w ays. Over the years since we first met in 1996, her friendship has become an invaluable source of intellectual stimulation, humor and excellent food. I would also like to acknowledge the invaluable assistance over the years of Elisabeth Matthias, librari an at the Institute of Social Research. Though the library is not officially open to the public, Ms. Matthias allowed me to look through its collection for any traces of Gretel Adorno it might contain. She shared her extensive knowledge of the Institute’ s holdings to steer me in the right direction, dialogued with me daily about my findings, no matter how small, and brain - stormed approaches to telling the life of “Mrs. Adorno.” Jochen Stollberg, Director of the Archive Center of the University of Frankfu rt, which houses, among others, both the Horkheimer and Löwenthal Archives, deserves special thanks for a variety of reasons – not least for making my archival research one of the most exciting and rewarding experiences of this project. He creates a sense of camaraderie among those using the archive at any given time through his “coffee breaks” during which we all discussed our projects and progress in a very relaxed and friendly atmosphere. I was lucky enough during my time in his archive to meet two fel low doctoral students, Thomas Wheatfield from Boston College and Eric Oberle from Standford, who shared their own extensive knowledge of the Frankfurt School and its history with me, and enlivened my own research with their curiosity and enthusiasm. Thank s goes as well to my friends and colleagues formerly of the University of Frankfurt: Änne Söll, Astrid Wilkens, Iris Bachmann, and Katja van v de Rakt. They were the circle who most closely followed my project and pushed me toward its completion, helping m e rethink approaches as problems arose. Our evenings belaboring translations over a bottle of wine and our afternoons volleying ideas in Frankfurt’s cafes were some of the loveliest moments in the history of this project. My most recent back-up comes from my newest friend, Sally Ziegelgänsberger, whom I would like to thank for my Friday afternoons at the libraries of the University of Munich, where things finally came together once and for all. She not only encouraged me not to give up, but by watching my two year old daughter on these afternoons, made it possible for me to have uninterrupted time to write at least that one sacred day of the week. My parents, Jim and Vicki Von Boeckman, receive my eternal gratitude for their steadfast support throughout my entire education. Their financial, logistical and emotional assistance, especially during my doctoral studies, has been far above and beyond that of any normal parental “obligation”. My father, especially, has been waiting for this moment for a long t ime. He can be proud of his contribution to my achievements. My indebtedness to my husband, Dr. Stephen L. Starck, spans the entire spectrum of things involved in completing this dissertation. He has been with me since I wrote the first word of my projec t proposal through to the bitter end. He has celebrated my discoveries, wept with me at my disappointments and kept me going during difficult times. He has born the lion’s share of the burden of supporting our family for the last three years so that I co uld devote time to writing and has spent all his free time watching Hattie, so “mommy” could work – all the while putting his own writing on hold. Above all, I am pleased to be able to return the favor now and let him get back to his calling. I want to thank the members of my committee for their patience and support despite periods of hesitation on my part and, finally, my chair, Professor Catherine Hobbs, whose commitment to me and this project has been extraordinary. Her support in every aspect of it s coming -into -being has been integral to my success. She is an outstanding educator and a tremendous human being. vi Table of Contents Dedication . iv Acknowledgem ents . v Table of Contents . vii List of Abbreviations . viii Introduction . 1 Chapter 1: Feminist Critiques of the Biographical Tradition . 26 Chapter 2: Gretel Karplus/Adorno: Reconstructing a Life, Part I . 51 Chapter 3: Felicitas, The Correspondence of Gretel Karplus and Walter Benjamin, 1933 -1940 . 75 Chapter 4: Reconstructing a Life, Part II . 124 Conclusion . 158 Works Cited . 163 List of Archives . 168 vii List of Abbreviations HGS Horkheimer Gesammelte Schriften AHBW Adorno/Horkheimer Briefwechsel ALBW Adorno/Lenk Briefwechsel WBGS Walter Benjamin Gesammelte Schriften WBGB Walter Benjamin Gesammelte Briefe CC Adorno/Benjamin Complete Correspondence viii Introduction Origins and evolution of the project I became interested in Gretel Karplus when I read the Correspondence of Walter Benjamin , while preparing for my doctora l examinations. I had not known until then that Benjamin had enjoyed a close relationship with Adorno’s wife. I had always and only ever heard of the intimate, intellectual ties between the two men. Thus, it struck me as peculiar that in the letters of this volume such a significant number were addressed to Karplus. These letters reveal a close friendship based on mutual trust. Benjamin discusses his daily life, his worries, his hopes, and his work with Karplus, particularly the Passagenarbeit , on whic h he worked so passionately during his Paris exile. Turning to the index of correspondents in the back of the volume of letters, I was further intrigued to find that Karplus had held a PhD. She was an accomplished woman, who had intimate intellectual tie s to two of the most influential philosophers of the 20 th century. These appearances of Karplus in the margins of Benjamin's writing were complemented by Horkheimer and Adorno's reference to her in the preface to the 1969 edition of Dialectic of Enlighten ment as nothing less than a collaborator. There they write, “In the extension of our theory and the accompanying mutual experiences, Gretel Adorno has been a precious helper” (x). Karplus is further - 1 - listed as the co-editor of many of her husband's texts and of his collected works, as well as the first editions of Benjamin’s posthumous writings in 1955. My early investigations revealed that she was also a regular presence at the Institute of Social Research, where she had an office on the third floor. In response to my letter of inquiry in 1996, Professor Martin Jay, whose history of the Frankfurt School, The Dialectical Imagination , has become a seminal text for the study of critical theory, encouraged my project, saying that Karplus certainly deserved a serious study. In later correspondence he informed me of Karplus' suicide attempt the year after Adorno's death, but could not tell me much more about her, having not dealt specifically with Karplus in his own work. Intrigued and motivated by these traces of Karplus in the life and work of these leading figures of the Frankfurt School, I traveled to Frankfurt to find out the rest of the story – and write about it.