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DNF & CNF Techniques Comparison

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DNF & CNF Techniques Comparison DNF & CNF techniques comparison Definitions Dynamic apnea without ins (DNF) and Constant wei!ht without ins (CNF) are two competiti"e disciplines reco!ni#ed $y %&D%' (he nature of competition is de ined as ollows) � Dynamic apnea without fins (DNF)) *(he reediver swims in a hori#ontal position under water to cover the greatest possi$le distance without any propulsion aids (such as ins)+ (,ikipedia, 2011)' � Constant weights apnea without fins (CNF)) *the athlete ( reedi"er) attempts to dive to pre.speci ied depth ollowin! a !uide line (rope) that he is not allowed to actively use durin! the dive' Further, he is not allowed to drop any divin! wei!hts durin! the dive and he also is not allowed to use any propulsion aids+ (,i-ipedia, 2011)' /oth techniques are enjoya$le and very interesting e"en or amateur or be!innin! divers' &n those cases, technique or equipment is not really important' 1owever, when per ormed $y pro essional or ad"anced divers, these two techniques ha"e some "ery important di erences which one needs to consider' Sources of differences %s both DNF and CNF techniques re er to $reath.hold diving, it is important to note the sources of di erences in the way they are practiced: � DNF is practiced in pools while CNF is practiced in the sea' (his su!gests di erent water density and 2 potentially 2 di erent water temperature' Practically, this allows athletes of DNF to cover somewhat longer distances than CNF athletes' %s a relevant case $ehind this ar!ument, the CNF record 1 DNF & CNF techniques comparison, (March 2011) Christos Papadopoulos distance currently held $y ,illiam (rubridge is 101m depth (202m total distance) while the DNF distance record currently held $y Da"e Mullins is 218m (of course, this implies that the two athletes are o similar capacity but we are con ident that at such record-$reakin! le"els they are)' � DNF re ers to hori#ontal movement (!lidin!) while CNF re ers to "ertical movement (divin!)' The ma0or di erences then in the two approaches are the e4istence of alternatin! water pressure (CNF di"ers need to cope with pressure while DNF divers do not), alternatin! temperature (CNF ad"anced or professional divers need to cope with the cold associated with deep depths and (less so but still important) li!ht, as CNF di"ers are ound swimmin! in much *darker+ waters (N5%%, 2011)' (he main common element however between the two types o sports may $e ound in the act that there are no pre.set time limits within which the athlete is to cover any distance (depth) 2 the limitin! actor then becomes the athlete himsel 6hersel , that is his or her ability to combine as lon!er apnea periods as possible with the strength required to move his or her body throu!h the water to cover lon! distances' &t is e"ident then that the common element in both sports is the need or apnea or as long as possi$le and the act that wor- (body movement) needs to $e produced while in such condition (7cha!atay, 2010)' 1owever, or DNF, the issue is to produce as much wor- as possi$le (cover the longest possi$le distance) while or CNF a $alance between the wor- produced and the alternating depth at which this wor- needs to be produced is the main ob0ective' (here ore, in what ollows we look at the most important di erences $etween the two sports in depth: ener!y consumption and buoyancy issues' ,e also make a $rie mention to other issues particular to CNF (such as the temperature actor) and their in luence in a third section. &n section 8 we elaborate on the e iciency of the kic- and arm strokes and consider whether it would be optimal to use any one of them independently (i.e., without com$inin! them) while in section 9 we summari#e our results and conclude' 2 DNF & CNF techniques comparison, (March 2011) Christos Papadopoulos Energy consumption and buoyancy in DNF/CNF %s pre.dive o4y!en storing has typically $een ma4imi#ed in both DNF and CNF e4ercises throu!h *pac-ing+, a primary concern or both sports is the e icient utili#ation of the athlete:s ener!y at the !i"en o4y!en levels' This *wor- economy+ (7cha!atay, 2010) is influenced $y the ollowing actors) � The efficiency of app ication of metabo ic power used to create thrust and propu sion for the ath ete' ;ssentially, this re ers to how e iciently the athlete is able to trans orm the ener!y produced in his muscles into thrust rather than to simple heat dissipated in the water but without helping him or her propellin! his or her $ody orward. &n this respect, the athlete:s position in the water as well as the athlete:s measurements ($ody, arms and le!s si#e, si#e of palms, etc.) are "ery important' More will $e mentioned about this on *pace+ below' � !ppropriate weighing' <elated also to the above is the issue o wei!hin!, in the sense that wei!hts will need to assist or compensate the athlete:s $ody wei!ht or optimal divin!' 1owever, in the two techniques, wei!hts are used in a si!ni icantly di erent manner) in DNF, wei!hts are used to *balance+ the athlete at a speci ic depth and hence allow him or her to apply his or her ener!y or a orward thrust rather than or maintaining his depth' 5n the other hand, in CNF, wei!hts will $e placed so as to *carry+ the athlete at e4actly the desirable depth. %ddin! more than the optimum wei!ht implies a di icult time or the athlete to return to the sur ace, while less than optimum wei!ht su!!ests that the athlete will have to spend ener!y also while descendin!' � Efficient turning' ,hile this issue relates to DNF only (as it is practiced in a pool and hence turnin! is of essence), e icient turning is very important as it accounts or *a considerable portion of the propulsi"e orce or each len!th in the pool+ (7cha!atay, 2010) as or e4ample in Dave Mullin’s 218m world 8 DNF & CNF techniques comparison, (March 2011) Christos Papadopoulos record DNF attempt (http:66www'youtube.com6watch?">Pm%;04kd4ec)' 5 course, turnin! is not an issue in CNF 2 e"en the change o direction at the bottom has not really $een considered (to the $est of the author:s knowled!e)' � "#era and apnea-specific fitness' 7tudies of overall itness levels in $reath- hold divers have reported overall mi4ed results (7troemme, ?erem & ;lsner, 1970; %rnold, 1985), as it seems that overall itness levels have conflicting e ects in DNF 6 CNF athletes) up to a point, it seems that the development of swimming muscles contributes to increased power and, there ore, distance covered. 1owever, beyond that point, well.developed muscles contribute to a hi!her oxygen consumption rate, e"en when no e4ercise is takin! place, shortening the time below water' %s 7cha!atay (2010) reports *the morphological characteristics of competitive apneists have not been studied, but the impression is of greater variation in body composition compared to athletes in other sports”, implyin! that ree di"ers mi!ht need to ocus on building "ery speci ic muscles at the e4pense of others i they are to conserve oxy!en and ma4imi#e thrust during their di"e' (o that respect, other studies con irming improvements in per ormance through apnea.speci ic training seem to be in line with the above indin!s (7ha!atay, ?ampen, Emanuelson & 1olm, 2000)' � Equipment' This area is certainly one o di erence $etween DNF 6 CNF as DNF could (theoretically) be per ormed without a suit while CNF cannot (at least in non-shallow depths) due to the (cold) temperature at such depth. 1owever, both acti"ities today ta-e place with special suits 2 which are desi!ned with a "ery di erent tar!et in mind) or DNF, the purpose is purely or the suit to allow or least resistance in water, while in CNF the purpose is 2 beyond hydrodynamics 2 to insulate a!ainst the cold deep water environment' %ccordin! to certain studies (7tarling et al., 1@@C), special 9 DNF & CNF techniques comparison, (March 2011) Christos Papadopoulos diving suits may increase !ains in distance per stroke $y CD compared to swimming trunks' � %sycho ogical issues' %lthough the precise mechanism $y which psycholo!ical trainin! a ects the ability of $rain cells to $ecome more tolerant to hypoxia, it is commonly thou!ht that appropriate training does bring such results' Furthermore, appropriate psycholo!ical trainin! assists breath.hold divers to cope with achin! muscles as well as respiratory alertness' ,illiam Trubridge or e4ample is quoted slowing his heart ($radycardia) to the point where a monitor *discerns the atrial and ventricular contractions as two separate beats+ ((rubridge, 2007)' &n !eneral, it is thought that psychological rela4ation lowers the $ase metabolic rate as well as the need or oxygen, there ore leadin! towards si!ni icantly hi!her per ormance' � Swimming pace) pace is e4tremely important or both the DNF and CNF athlete, but there are very di erent e4pectations in each technique' &n DNF, the ob0ective is to swim at a constant *slow+ pace (a *dance.li-e+ pace as was termed $y some (%nonymous, 2011)) while at CNF di"ers need to * i!ht+ the buoyancy since, as they descend, air in the lungs is se"erely compressed and buoyancy is reduced.
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