Universita Karlova V Praze

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Universita Karlova V Praze 1 UNIVERSITA KARLOVA V PRAZE Fakulta tělesné výchovy a sportu Fyziologická rizika freedivingu Bakalářská práce Vedoucí bakalářské práce: Zpracoval: Ing. Et Mgr. Miloš Fiala, Ph.D. Martin Čapek, DiS. 2 Abstrakt Název práce: fyziologická rizika freedivingu Cíl práce: Popsat základní poznatky z problematiky freedivingu a přispět ke zvýšení bezpečnosti při jeho provádění. Metoda: V práci bylo použito obsahové analýzy dokument ů. P ředevším bylo využíváno literárních pramen ů o p řístrojovém potáp ění, jelikož bývá freediving často jejich sou částí, avšak o freedivingu samotném bylo v České republice vydáno jen velmi malé množství literatury. Výsledky: Práce byla vytvořena jako informativní publikace o freedivingu a jeho fyziologických rizikách. Může sloužit jako informační materiál pro začínající freedivery kterým není lhostejná bezpečnost při jeho provádění. Klíčová slova: Freediving, akvatický potenciál, apnea, hyperventilace, anatomie, fyziologie, barotrauma, 3 Abstract The title of the bachelor thesis: Physiological risks in freediving Goal of the paper: Describing the basic knowlege of the topic of freediving and contributing to the higher safety by its practising. Method: In this bachelor thesis the content analysis was used. The literary sources about scuba diving were used above at all, because freediving is usually a part of them, but about freediving itselfs there have been just a few literary sources published in the Czech Republic. Outcomes: This bachelor thesis was made as an informative publication about freediving and its physiological risks. It can be used as a information material for the freediving beginners, who are interested in the safety by its practising. Key words : Freediving, aquatic potenci al, apnea, hyperventilation, anatomy, physiology, barotrauma. 4 Touto cestou bych chtěl poděkovat Ing. Et Mgr. Miloši Fialovi, Ph.D. za odborné vedení práce a za možnost využití jeho zkušeností v této problematice. Dále děkuji za odborné rady vedoucímu sportovního potápění této fakulty Bc. Davidu Vondráškovi. Bez spolupráce výše jmenovaných by tato práce nevznikla. Prohlašuji, že jsem bakalářskou práci zpracoval samostatně a použil jsem pouze literaturu uvedenou v seznamu bibliografické citace. Martin Čapek 5 Svoluji k zapůjčení své bakalářské práce ke studijním účelům. Prosím, aby byla vedena přesná evidence vypůjčovatelů, kteří musejí pramen převzaté literatury řádně citovat. Jméno a příjmení: Číslo obč. průkazu: Datum vypůjčení: Poznámka: 6 1 Úvod......................................................................................................................9 2 Teoretická východiska práce...............................................................................10 2.1 Informační zdroje................................................................................................10 2.2 Základní pojmy ...................................................................................................10 2.3 Historie................................................................................................................11 2.3.1 Rané počátky.......................................................................................................11 2.3.2 Akvatický potenciál člověka...............................................................................12 2.4 Vymezení fyziologických pojmů........................................................................13 2.4.1 Akvatický potenciál ............................................................................................13 2.4.2 Zadržení dechu (apnea).......................................................................................14 2.4.3 Impuls dýchání a kritická hranice .......................................................................14 2.4.4 Hyperventilace ....................................................................................................15 2.4.5 Apnea z patologického hlediska..........................................................................15 2.4.6 Nedostatek kyslíku..............................................................................................16 2.4.7 Zvýšený tlak kyslíku v hluboké vodě..................................................................16 2.4.8 Důsledky působení tlaku na plíce a hrudník, změny v hrudníku. .......................16 2.4.9 Potápěčovy schopnosti........................................................................................17 2.4.10 Změny vztlaku.....................................................................................................17 2.5 Anatomie a fyziologie orgánů a orgánových soustav, které jsou náchylné na barotrauma...........................................................................................................17 2.5.1 Anatomie a fyziologie vedlejších dutin nosních (čelistních, čelních, čichových a dutiny klínové) ....................................................................................................17 2.5.2 Anatomie a fyziologie ucha ................................................................................19 2.5.3 Anatomie a fyziologie trávicího traktu ...............................................................23 3 Cíle, úkoly a metodika práce...............................................................................25 3.1 Cíl práce ..............................................................................................................25 3.2 Úkoly práce.........................................................................................................25 3.3 Metodika .............................................................................................................25 4 Freediving ...........................................................................................................25 4.1 Výstroj používaná ve freedivingu.......................................................................26 4.1.1 Obleky.................................................................................................................26 4.1.2 Ploutve.................................................................................................................27 4.1.3 Masky..................................................................................................................28 4.1.4 Šnorchly-dýchací trubice ....................................................................................29 4.1.5 Počítače a přístroje ..............................................................................................29 4.1.6 Opasky.................................................................................................................30 4.1.7 Zátěž....................................................................................................................31 4.1.8 Skřipec.................................................................................................................31 4.1.9 Kapky do uší .......................................................................................................32 4.1.10 Podvodní skútr ....................................................................................................33 4.2 Disciplíny............................................................................................................33 4.2.1 Konstantní zátěž..................................................................................................33 4.2.2 Dynamická apnoe................................................................................................34 4.2.3 Statická apnoe .....................................................................................................35 7 4.2.4 Free Immersion ...................................................................................................35 4.2.5 Variabilní Váha ...................................................................................................36 4.2.6 No Limit..............................................................................................................37 4.2.7 Rekordy ve freedivingu.......................................................................................38 5 Barotrauma..........................................................................................................39 5.1 Princip vzniku barotraumatu...............................................................................39 5.2 Rozdělení barotraumat ........................................................................................40 5.2.1 Barotrauma z podtlaku ........................................................................................40 5.2.2 Barotrauma z přetlaku.........................................................................................40 5.3 Patofyziologie a klinické příznaky barotraumat .................................................40 5.4 Klinický vývoj barotraumat ................................................................................41 5.4.1 Klinický vývoj barotraumatu vedlejších dutin nosních ......................................41 5.4.2 Klinický vývoj barotraumatu ucha......................................................................43 5.4.3 Klinický vývoj barotraumatu plic .......................................................................45 5.4.4 Klinický vývoj barotraumatu trávicího traktu.....................................................47 5.4.5 Klinický vývoj barotraumatu v zubních dutinách uměle vzniklých ...................48 5.4.6 Klinický vývoj barotraumatu v ostatních dutinách uměle vzniklých..................49
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