502 JPFSM : Environmental physiology / Exercise training
413. 414. Endocrine and muscle performance to combi- Separate effects of voluntary hyperventilation nation of resistance and repeated sprint train- and resultant hypocapnia on metabolic and ing in hypoxia cardiovascular responses during and follow- Kazumichi Kurobe1, Zhong Huang2, Hidetoshi Oshiro2, ing supramaximal exercise 3 4 Takuma Arimitsu , Masato Nishiwaki Kohei Dobashi1, Naoto Fujii1, Tomomi Fujimoto1,2, Satoru (1Hannan Univ., 2Sports Okinawa, 3Ritsumeikan Univ., 4Osaka Inst. of Tanigawa1, Masashi Ichinose3, Takeshi Nishiyasu1 Tech.) (1Faculty of Health & Sport Sci, Tsukuba Univ, Tsukuba, Japan, 2Ja- [Aims] The purpose of the present study was to clarify endocrine pan Society for the Promotion of Sci. Tokyo, Japan, 3Sch. of Busi- responses and muscle performance with combined training of re- ness Administration, Meiji Univ. Tokyo, Japan) sistance exercise and repeated sprint exercise in hypoxia.[Methods] Eight healthy men had exercise habit participated combined train- [Aims] The purpose of this study was to assess the separate ef- ing of 3 day a week for 8 weeks. Combined training was composed fects of voluntary hyperventilation (VH) and resultant hypocapnia squat exercise (3 sets of 10 RM with 1 min rest) and repeated sprint on metabolic and cardiovascular responses during and following exercise by cycle ergometer (2 sets of 5×6-s sprint with 24-s rest) in supramaximal exercise. [Methods] Nine males and 1 female per- normoxic (FiO2 = 20.9%) and hypoxic (FiO2 = 12.7%) conditions. formed a 60-s supramaximal cycling exercise (120% peak oxygen Subjects were randomly assigned to either normoxic or hypoxic uptake) in three different trials: 1) spontaneous breathing (control), condition, the first-training for 8 weeks followed by second-training 2) hypocapnia or 3) normocapnia trials. Hypocapnia was developed in another condition was performed after washout period at least 3 through VH for 20 min prior to the exercise. In the normocapnia months. [Results] Growth hormone after exercise at final-training trial, as with the hypocapnia trial, VH was performed but hypocap- day was higher in hypoxic group than normoxic group (P<0.05). nia was prevented with CO2 inhalation. [Results] Oxygen uptake Cross-sectional area of femoral region increased after 4 and 8 weeks ・ (VO2) during the exercise in both hypocapnia and normocapnia tri- ・ of training compared to pre-training in both groups (P<0.05), but als was lower than control trial. Moreover, VO during the exercise no significant differences were found between groups. Although 2 was lower in the hypocapnia vs. normocapnia trials. Heart rate (HR) total work and peak power during repeated sprint test, and muscle during and following the exercise was lower in the hypocapnia strength (1 RM) increased after 8 weeks of training compared to relative to the other two trials. Mean arterial blood pressure after pre-training in both groups (P<0.05), those parameters in hypoxic group were observed to increase after 4 weeks (P<0.05). [Conclu- the exercise was lower in the hypocapnia than the other two trials. sions] Combined resistance and repeated sprint training in hypoxic [Conclusions] Our results suggest that both hypocapnia and VH group showed a tendency to increase growth hormone compared lower aerobic metabolic rate during supramaximal exercise, and hy- to normoxic group. Furthermore, the muscle performance was sug- pocapnia but not VH lowers HR during and after the exercise. gested to improve earlier in hypoxic group. Keywords : hypocapnia, respiratory muscle, cardiovascular response Keywords : resistance training, sprint training, hypoxia
415. 416. Effects of mild hyperbaric oxygen on the de- Alcohol concentration in respiratory gas after crease in dopaminergic neurons of model drinking may be higher by enhanced endur- mice with Parkinson’s disease ance capacity by 12 week aerobic training Ai Takemura1, Yuina Kusuda1, Masaki Nakano2, Akihiko Kazuki Takizawa1, Taichi Yamaguchi2, Keisuke Shibata2,3, Ishihara1 Nobuyasu Tomabechi3 (1Grad Sch Human Environ Stud, Kyoto Univ, Kyoto, Japan, 2Grad (1Institute of Physical Development Research, 2Rakuno Gakuen Uni- Sch Biostud, Kyoto Univ, Kyoto, Japan) versity, 3Hokkaido University) [Aims] Parkinson’s disease is induced by the decrease of dopami- [Aim] We had reported 12-weeks resistance training may improve nergic neurons in the substantia nigra. We hypothesized that mild alcoholysis after drinking. However, the reports that investigated ef- hyperbaric oxygen inhibits the decrease of dopaminergic neurons, fects of aerobic training on alcoholysis ability had been never seen. because of increase of metabolism in dopaminergic neurons. [Meth- We investigated whether 12-weeks aerobic training maight change ods] Four-week-old C57BL/6JJmsSl male mice were divided into alcoholysis ability. [Methods] Eight sedentary collegiate were the three groups (n=12/group); control (CON), Parkinson’s disease participated in this study (age: 21.1±1.0 yrs, height: 174.0±4.8cm, (PD), and Parkinson’s disease with mild hyperbaric oxygen (PDO). weight: 63.2±7.0kg). All subjects were over 20 yrs old at the start The PD and PDO groups were intraperitoneally injected with MPTP of investigation. The subjects carried out aerobic training for 30 (20 mg/kg body weight) and probenecid (250 mg/kg body weight) minutes lactate threshold by bicycle ergometer for 3 times per week ・ twice a week from 7 to 18 weeks. Moreover, the PDO group was through 12-weeks. We measured VO2, workload at lactate thresh- exposed to mild hyperbaric oxygen at 1.3 atmospheres absolute with old and alcoholysis ability. The alcoholysis ability was evaluated 45% oxygen for 3 hours three times a week. The motor function by breath alcohol concentration. The breath alcohol concentrations and percentage of TH-positive neurons to all neurons in the sub- were measured every 30 minutes at 30-240 minutes after drink- stantia nigra on the serial sections were measured. [Results] In the ing 300 ml shochu (Sapporo soft: alcohol 20 %) with fasting at beam-balance test, the number of times that the mouse slid a foot morning. [Results] After 12-weeks aerobic training, the workload ・ was more in the PD group than in the CON and PDO groups at 16- at lactate threshold and VO2max significantly (p<0.01) improved. 18 weeks. The number of dopaminergic neurons was fewer in the There was a significant interaction (before-after x measuring points: PD and PDO groups than in the CON group, and more in the PDO p<0.01) of breath alcohol concentration. There were higher in groups than in the PD group. [Conclusions] Mild hyperbaric oxygen breath alcohol concentration after training period at all measuring inhibits the progressive decrease of dopaminergic neurons induced points than those before training (p<0.05). [Conclusion] The results by Parkinson’s disease, which would result in the improvement of indicated that aerobic training increased breath alcohol concentra- Parkinson’s disease. tion after drinking. In conclusion, aerobic training might decrease Keywords : Parkinson’s disease, mild hyperbaric oxygen, oxidative alcoholysis ability. ・ metabolism Keywords : Alcohol metabolism, VO2, Lactate threshold JPFSM : Exercise training 503
417. 418. Effects of exercise intensity and timing on the Effects of different exercise training programs following nocturnal sleep and its haemody- on endothelium-drived relaxing factors namic response Natsuki Hasegawa1,2, Shumpei Fujie1,2, Naoki Horii1, Ma- 1 1 1 Akira Miura , Masaki Fujimoto , Hideaki Kashima , Masako sataka Uchida1, Izumi Tabata1, Motoyuki Iemitsu1 1 1 Yamaoka , Yoshiyuki Fukuba (1Ritsumeikan Univ., 2JSPS Research Fellow) (1Dept. Health Sci., Prefectural Univ. of Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan) INTRODUCTION: Aerobic training (AT) and high-intensity inter- [Aims] We determined the effects of exercise intensity and timing mittent training (HIIT) reduce arterial stiffness, whereas resistance on the sleep quality and quantity, and haemodynamic response dur- training (RT) induces no change or deterioration of arterial stiffness. ing nocturnal sleep. [Methods] Eight healthy young female subjects However, the effects of different type of exercise training on central (21-22 yr), who did not habitually exercise, participated in this arterial stiffness and endothelial vasodilation factors remain unclear. study. Each subject performed cycle ergometer exercise (60 min AIMS: This study aimed to clarify the effects of different type of at 40% [Low] and 24-29 min at 70% [Hi] heart rate reserve) in the exercise training on central arterial stiffness and endothelium-drived morning [M] and the night [N]. In five conditions, Low-M, Hi-M, relaxing factors, such as nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) signaling Low-N, Hi-N, and control (without exercise) blood pressure (BP) pathway in aorta of rats. METHODS: Forty 10-week-old male and heart rate were measured using Holter HR/BP monitoring de- Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into 4 groups; seden- vice every one hour from 23:00 to early morning during nocturnal tary control (CON), AT (treadmill running for 60min at 30m/min, sleep. The quantitative parameters of sleep (total sleep time, sleep 5days/wk for 8weeks), RT (ladder climbing, 8-10sets/day, 3days/ efficiency, sleep onset latency, wake time after sleep onset) were de- termined by the actigraphy accelerometer. [Results] Sleep efficiency wk for 8weeks), and HIIT (14 repeats of a 20-sec swimming ses- in Hi-N was higher than that in the control condition. The wake sion with a 10-sec pause between sessions, 4days/wk for 6weeks time after sleep onset in Hi-N was shorter than that in the control from 12-week-old) groups (n=10 each group). RESULTS: Aortic condition. Systolic BP during nocturnal sleep in Hi-N was lower pulse wave velocity, as an index of arterial stiffness, significantly than that in the control condition. Diastolic BP during nocturnal reduced in AT and HIT groups as compared with CON and RT sleep in Hi-N and Low-N were lower than that in the control condi- groups (p<0.05), but did not change in the RT group. Additionally, tion. Mean BP during nocturnal sleep in Hi-N was lower than that phosphorylation levels of eNOS and Akt and plasma nitrite/nitrate in the control condition. [Conclusions] Our results suggest that high level significantly elevated in AT and HIIT groups as compared to intensity exercise in night has semi-acute effect on quantity of sleep CON and RT groups (p<0.05), but did not change in the RT group. and BP response of nocturnal sleep, even though in normotensive CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that HIIT may reduce cen- and non-insomniac young humans. This study was supported in part tral arterial stiffness via the increase in aortic NO bioavailability, as by JSPS KAKENHI ([15K01560] to A.M.) same degree of AT in rats, but was not changed by RT. Keywords : exercise, sleep, blood pressure Keywords : exercise training, arterial stiffness, nitric oxide
419. 420. Approach to establish the field test for repeat- Effects of inspiratory muscle training in healthy ed sprint ability subjects 1 2 3 Kotaro Mikawa1, Yuya Kumasaki1, Yuki Takai1 Masahiro Yoshida , Chika Nakajima , Naoya Kakutani , 1 Makoto Yoshida1, Koichi Okita1 ( Faculty of Nursing and Rehabilitation, Chubu Gakuin University) 1 2 ( Department of Sports Education, Hokusho University, Graduate (Purpose) There is insufficient consensus on the best method for 3 school of Lifelong Sports, Hokusho University, Department of Car- inspiratory muscle training (IMT). The purpose of this study was diovascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of to compare the training outcomes of two kinds of load pressures in Medicine, Hokkaido University) IMT using Power Breeze. (Subjects) The subjects were 12 healthy adult males who were randomly distributed to 40% PImax (n=6) Endurance ability can be evaluated using the 20m shuttle run or yo- and 70% PImax groups (n=6). (Methods) Respiratory rate in IMT yo intermittent test. However, athletes engaged in field-based team was fixed at 30 times per set, 2 sets per day, and this was done for 4 sports are required to repeatedly perform explosive and intermittent weeks. Pulmonary function and PImax were measured before train- sprint activities. To assess these abilities, a field test that includes ing, and after 2 weeks and 4 weeks of training, maximum oxygen maximal sprint is needed. The aim of this study was to establish uptake was measured before training and after 4 weeks of training, the field test that can be used to assess repeated sprint ability and and PImax was measured after 10 weeks of training. We compared investigate the relationship between the test score and physical the differences in the measured parameters between groups due to performance. Twenty female basketball players (mean±SD: age, changes and load pressures in each group at each time point. Chang- 20.7±0.8years; height, 160.6±5.7 cm; weight, 58.1±5.7 kg) were es over time in each group and their differences between the two included in the study. All subjects performed a 20m×5×5 test, sprint load pressure groups were also compared. (Results) In the 40%PI- test (20 m), 20m shuttle run test, and line drill test. The relationship max group, there was a significant difference only in PImax before between the 20m×5×5 test and other tests were investigated. We training versus that at 4 weeks. In the 70%PImax group, there was found significant statistical correlations of total time with the best a significant difference in PImax before training versus at 4 weeks and at 2 weeks versus 4 weeks, and in the maximum oxygen uptake time (r = 0.55, p<0.01), worst time (r = 0.91, p<0.01), and time dec- before training versus at 4 weeks. Both groups showed a significant rement (r = 0.55, p<0.05) in the 20m×5×5 test. In addition, the total difference in PImax between before and after 10 weeks, although time in the 20m×5×5 test correlated with the score in the 20m shuttle the rate of improvement was higher in the 70% load group. (Con- run (r = -0.69, p< 0.01), line drill (r = 0.51, p<0.05). By contrast, no clusion) In IMT by this method, PImax improved in both groups, correlation was found between the total time in the 20m×5×5 test although the 40%PImax group did not experience an increase in and the time in the 20m sprint (r = 0.31, p<0.21). We suggest that the maximum oxygen uptake, and the sustained effect was lower than in 20×5×5 test can be used for assessing repeated sprint ability, which the 70%PImax group. could not be evaluated using only the existing endurance tests. Keywords : inspiratory muscle training, PImax, maximum oxygen Keywords : field test, repeated sprint ability, endurance capacity uptake 504 JPFSM : Exercise training
421. 422. Physiological responses to knee paddling on Effects of a breathing restriction device on a paddle board ergometer physical physiological indices Motoyoshi Miyama1, Tetsuji Adachi2, Shinji Yamamoto3, Ryota Sone1, Yohei Aruga1, Akemi Sawai1, Yutaro Takada1, Kisho Zippo2, Masanobu Araki2 Tamotsu Okada2, Koichi Watanabe1 (1Josai Int. Univ., Chiba, Japan, 2Osaka Univ. of Health and Sport (1Univ. Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan, 2Okada Kenko JC Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Sci., Osaka, Japan, 3Nihon Fukushi Univ., Aichi, Japan) Japan) [Aims] While the use of rescue boards has become widespread on [Aims] Training respiratory functions has attracted attention not beaches worldwide, there has been little research concerning the only as training for athletes but also as a treatment for Chronic Ob- physiological responses that occur during board paddling in surf structive Pulmonary Disease. Devices that train breathing functions lifesaving. This study aimed to clarify the physiological response to focusing on inspiration have been studied. And, there are no respira- knee paddling, by comparing the physiological responses between tory function training devices that can be used during exercise. In knee paddling on a paddle board ergometer and running on a tread- addition, the effects of a breathing restriction device focusing on mill. [Methods] Ten male lifesavers performed a maximum four- expiration are unknown. So, the purpose of this study was to exam- minute knee paddling test on the paddle board ergometer (PBE) ine the effects of a breathing restriction device on physical physi- and an incremental treadmill running test (TR). Minute ventilation, ological indices. [Methods] 20 male graduate students (24.3 ± 0.4 oxygen uptake, and carbon dioxide production were averaged over y.o.) participated in this study. All subjects performed both exercise ・ 30-s intervals. [Results] The peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak) for PBE on a cycle ergometer with mouthpiece and without mouthpiece. (2.78 ± 0.41 L/min) was significantly lower than that for TR (4.32 The mouthpiece used in this study is made of material harmless to ± 0.41 L/min), but no significant correlation was found between the the human body. Physical and physiological indices were measured two conditions. However, significant positive correlations were ob- before(pre) and after(post) the exercises. Respiratory function was ・ served between VO2peak and ergometer performance (with regards to measured using a spirometer. [Results] PEmax as expiratory muscle average board velocity, paddling distance, and average power output strength index increased (P = 0.02) from pre (69.9 ± 6.6 cmH2O) for the last 30-s) in the PBE condition. Because PBE involved more to post (79.7 ± 5.8 cmH2O) in the exercise with mouthpiece. In ad- ・ upper limb movement, it was considered that the lower VO2peak of dition, V25 as end expiratory flow rate index increased (P = 0.09) PBE was due to lower muscle activities when compared to TR, and from pre (1.95 ± 0.10 L/sec) to post (2.07 ± 0.12 L/sec) in the ex- that the different movement patterns influenced the relationships ercise with mouthpiece. Both indices did not change in the exercise between oxygen uptake and ergometer performance. [Conclu- without mouthpiece. [Conclusions] In this study, PEmax and V25 ・ sions] The VO2peak of PBE was approximately 64% for the TR. PBE changed from pre to post by the exercise with mouthpiece. It was showed different movement specificity from TR in terms of oxygen suggested that the breathing restriction device in this study could uptake and ergometer performance. improve respiratory muscle strength. Keywords : Knee paddling, Ergometer, Peak oxygen uptake Keywords : mouthpiece, respiratory, breathing
423. 424. Cardiovascular responses to head-up tilt and Resistance training-induced increased serum suspension in young females with and without thromboxane concentrations are associated orthostatic hypotension with decreased central arterial compliance in Takafumi Nakayama1,2, Masanori Sakamoto3, Futoshi young men Ogita2, Hirotoshi Ifuku3 Kaname Tagawa1, Song-Gyu Ra2, Hiroshi Kumagai3, (1Dept Physical Therapy, Kyushu Chuo Rehabilitation College, Yuriko Sawano1, Kosaku Yamamoto1, Toru Yoshikawa1, Kumamoto, Japan, 2Natl. Inst. of Fitness & Sports in Kanoya, Ka- Yasuko Yoshida1, Kazuhiro Takekoshi1, Seiji Maeda1 goshima, Japan, 3Facul Educ, Kumamoto Univ, Kumamoto, Japan) (1Univ. Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan., 2Fukuoka Univ, Fukuoka, Japan., 3Juntendo Univ, Inzai, Japan.) [Aims] By comparing cardiovascular responses during head-up tilt (HUT) with engagement of antigravity muscles in the lower [Aims] A reduction in central arterial compliance (CAC) is an inde- extremities with those during head-up suspension (HUS) without pendent risk factor for cardiovascular disease, and is caused by high- it, we have reported that young untrained females with orthostatic intensity resistance training. Previous studies have demonstrated hypotension (a decrease > 20/10 mmHg within 3 min upon standing that thromboxane (TX) has both potent vasoconstrictive and platelet from supine) have less the action of the muscle pump and mecha- aggregation effects, and is associated with cardiovascular disease. noreflex by antigravity muscle activity during HUT (Nakayama However, it is unclear whether TX is involved in resistance training- et al. 2016). In the present study, we compared cardiovascular induced decrease in CAC. The present study aimed to investigate responses to HUT and HUS in young females with orthostatic hy- the relationship between changes in circulating TX levels and CAC potension (n=14) with those in young females without orthostatic by the resistance training. [Methods] Young sedentary men were hypotension (control) (n=10). [Methods] Blood pressure, heart rate, assigned to control (n=7) or training (n=17) groups. Subjects in the stroke volume, total peripheral resistance (TPR), cardiac contractil- training group underwent a four-week supervised high-intensity ity, and pulse wave velocity were measured during HUT and HUS. resistance training (bicep curls, 75% of one-repetition maximum, 10 [Results] In the orthostatic hypotension group, cardiac contractility repetitions/set, five sets/session, three sessions/week). Before and increased in addition to increase in heart rate and TPR observed in after each intervention, we measured circulating TX concentrations the control group during HUT, but mean blood pressure could not and CAC. [Results] Resistance training significantly elevated circu- be maintained. Furthermore, in the orthostatic hypotension group, lating TX concentrations and decreased CAC; no significant change as in the control group, the increase in heart rate was larger during was observed in the control group. Moreover, we found a significant HUT than during HUS. [Conclusions] These findings suggest that correlation between changes in circulating TX concentrations and muscle mechanoreflex by antigravity muscle activity was also ob- CAC. [Conclusions] TX is a possible mechanism explaining the re- served in orthostatic hypotension group. sistance training-induced decrease in CAC in young men. Keywords : orthostatic hypotension, antigravity muscle, muscle Keywords : resistance training, arterial compliance, vasoconstrictive mechanoreflex mediator JPFSM : Exercise training 505
425. 426. Arterial blood pressure response to hyper- Respiratory and circulatory adaptation during pnoea after respiratory muscle endurance incremental exercise induced by inspiratory training in hypoxia muscle training 1 2 3 Keisho Katayama , Erika Iwamoto , Toshiyuki Ohya , Tomoharu Kitada1,2, Shizuo Katamoto2, Hisashi Naito2 4 4 4 Kazushige Goto , Kenji Takao , Nobukazu Kasai , Daichi (1Inst. of Innovation for Future Soc., Nagoya Univ., Nagoya, Japan, 4 1 1 1 Sumi , Koji Ishida , Kaori Shimizu , Kanako Goto , 2Grad. Sch. of Health & Sports Sci., Juntendo Univ., Inzai, Japan) Hisashi Mori4, Yasuhiro Suzuki5 (1Research Center of Heatlh, Physical Fitness and Sports, Nagoya [Aims] We investigated respiratory and circulatory adaptation dur- Univresity, 2Sapporo Medical University, 3Chukyo University, 4Rit- ing incremental exercise induced by inspiratory muscle training. sumeikan University, 5Japan Insitute of Sports Science) [Methods] Sixteen healthy young males were assigned to either an inspiratory muscle training (IMT) or sham group. They performed [Aims] The purpose of the present study was to elucidate the effects incremental exercise until exhaustion using a cycle ergometer of respiratory muscle endurance training (RMET) under normoxic before and after 6 weeks of training. Muscle oxygenation of the and hypoxic conditions on arterial blood pressure response to hy- intercostal and vastus lateralis was measured using near-infrared perpnoea. [Methods] Collegiate male endurance runners were as- spectroscopy. Pulmonary gas exchange was continuously monitored signed to either a normoxic or a hypoxic group. Before and after six using a gas analyzer and ventilatory threshold (VT) and respiratory weeks of RMET, the respiratory endurance time and cardiovascular compensation point (RCP) were determined. [Results] There was no response during voluntary normocapnic incremental hyperpnoea significant change in maximal oxygen uptake in both groups after were evaluated. RMET was set at 50% of the individual maximal voluntary ventilation, and thereafter, target minute ventilation was the training. Meanwhile, in the IMT group, VT generally improved increased progressively. Target arterial oxygen saturation in the (p=0.057) and RCP significantly improved (p<0.01). Additionally, hypoxic group was set at 90% in the first and second weeks, and intercostal muscle oxygenation corresponding to the pre-VT signifi- thereafter it was set at 80%. [Results] The changes in arterial blood cantly improved (p<0.01) only in the IMT group and vastus lateralis pressure (BP) during the incremental respiratory endurance test muscle oxygenation corresponding to the pre-VT was unchanged were significantly reduced after RMET in both groups. No signifi- in either group. The oxygenation of both muscles corresponding to cant differences in BP during hyperpnoea were found after RMET the pre-RCP significantly improved (p<0.05) only in the IMT group between the normoxic and hypoxic groups. [Conclusion] These after training. [Conclusions] Physiological adaptations derived from results suggest that respiratory muscle endurance is improved and inspiratory muscle training occurred during incremental bicycle ex- respiratory and BP response to high respiratory muscle contractions ercise, suggesting that inspiratory muscle training not only improves with hyperpnoea is attenuated by RMET, but no additional effect muscle oxygenation, but also delays of exercise hyperventilation. appears when RMET is performed under hypoxic conditions. Keywords : respiratory muscle training, submaximal intensity, cycle Keywords : Respiratory muscle, Metaboreflex, Training ergometer
427. 428. Beneficial association of sleep duration on Physical demands of a training based on Tag aerobic training-induced improvement of ar- game terial compliance and peak oxygen uptake in 1 Keisuke Ohsaki middle-aged and older adults 1 ( Yamanashi Gakuin University) Toru Yoshikawa1, Taro Iwai1, Nobuhiko Akazawa1, Ai Hamasaki1, Koichiro Tanahashi1, Hiroshi Kumagai1, Aims: The aim of this study was to investigate the physical demands Kanae Myoenzono1, Seiji Maeda1 of three different types of tag game (chasing game) using global (1Univ. Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan) positioning system (GPS) and hear rate monitor. And to compare the physical demands among these three games. Method: Fifteen el- [Aims] An increase in peak oxygen uptake contributes to a decrease in cardiovascular risk. Previous studies have shown that peak oxy- ementary school children (aged 8-9 years old) who were moderately gen uptake in middle-aged and older adults is partly determined trained in a soccer club participated in this study. Three different by arterial compliance and have indicated that sleep deprivation types of tag game, chasing tag, freeze tag, and keidoro (thieves and reduces both arterial compliance and peak oxygen uptake. The aim cops) were organized within their soccer training session. Move- of the present study was to investigate the relationship between ment and physiological response were recorded using GPS and sleep habits and aerobic training-induced improvement in peak oxy- heart rate monitor respectively. Result: Chasing tag covered more gen uptake, focusing on arterial compliance. [Methods] Fourteen total distance than other two types of tag game. Chasing tag spent middle-aged and older adults completed an 8-week aerobic training more time in lowest speed category (0-3km/hr) than other two types program (60-80% HR peak; 30-50 min/day; 3-6 day/week). Night of tag game, and spent more time in highest speed category than sleep duration was calculated from a 2-week self-reported sleep log Keidoro. Mean velocity of chasing tag was significantly higher than prior to the intervention. Before and after the program, common ・ other two types of tag game. The mean heart rate of freeze tag was carotid arterial compliance (CCAC) and peak oxygen uptake (VO2 significantly higher than other two types of tag games, but there was peak) were measured. [Results] After the 8-week program, CCAC ・ no substantial difference in time spent in difference hear rate zone. and VO peak increased significantly. Night sleep duration was as- 2 Conclusion:The result suggest that physical demand of the tag sociated with the percent changes from baseline in both CCAC (rs = ・ games is different according to it rules. These result may help youth 0.57, p = 0.03) and VO peak (rs = 0.62, p = 0.02). In addition, there 2 sport coaches to plan a training with effective intensity. is a borderline significant correlation between the percent changes ・ Keywords : Tag game, GPS, Youth Training in both CCAC and VO2 peak (rs = 0.47, p = 0.09). [Conclusions] These results support our hypothesis that middle-aged and older adults with sufficient sleep duration may obtain a greater benefit of aerobic training on peak oxygen uptake through an improvement in arterial compliance. Keywords : sleep, exercise, cardiorespiratory fitness 506 JPFSM : Exercise training
429. 430. Effects of continuous upper and lower body The work intensity of wheelchair badminton exercise with vocalization on ventilation state match Hajime Arikawa1, Toshio Matsuoka1 Osamu Nagashima1, Yuki Warashina2 (1Faculty of Sports & Health Sci., Chubu Gakuin Univ., Seki, Japan) (1Technology Research Divison, LIXIL Corporation, 2Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba) [Aims] We found the high-intensity intermittent exercise with vocalization (kendo) increased significantly the value of FetCO2 [Introduction] Wheelchair badminton (a part of Sport Classes in
(=PaCO2). We considered the breathing pattern of vocalization sup- para-badminton) will be an official sport for the first time at the pressed the value of minute ventilation (VE) incerased by exercise. Tokyo 2020 Paralympic Games. Improving the skills and enhanc- The upper body exercise increased the value of VE in previous ing training programs are required, however, the work intensity of study, so we conjectured the upper and lower body exercise (UL-Ex) wheelchair badminton during the matches has not been revealed. with vocalization (Voc) might increase the value of FetCO2 at lower [Aims] To reveal the exercise pattern and the intensity of wheelchair workload. In this study, we investigated whether the continuous UL- badminton by the game analysis and measuring heart rate. [Methods]
Ex with Voc increased the value of FetCO2. [Methods] 6 subjects (4 Elapsed time from the service until the shuttlecock hit the ground is males and 2 females) performed the continuous exercise for 3-min defined as rally time, and elapsed time from then to the next service ・ at 40%, 60% and 80%VO2peak using a cycle ergometer with or is defined as rest time. By analyzing the singles matches at interna- without the upper body exercise (using dumbbell at 0.5-2.0 kg) and tional competitions, we calculated average rally time, rest time and Voc (reading aloud about 500 characters per min). We measured shot interval. Heart rate (HR) was recorded every 1 s throughout ventilatory variables (VE, FetCO2, etc) at rest and during exercise the match by H7 sensor (Polar), and the maximum and the average for 1-min between the 2nd and 3rd min in each workload. [Results] HR were calculated. [Results] Rally time was 7.5-7.8 seconds, and The value of VE tended to increase in UL-Ex at all workloads, and rest time was 13.1-13.5 seconds. There seems no great distinction tended to suppress in Voc. The value of FetCO2 tended to increase in between wheelchair badminton and abled badminton. On the other UL-Ex with Voc at all workloads, especially, significantly increased hand, shot interval was 1.2-1.3 seconds, which was significantly ・ at 60%VO2peak. [Conclusion] We concluded that the continuous shorter than abled badminton (less than 1 s). The average HR was
UL-Ex with Voc increased the value of FetCO2 at middle workload. 172-175 bpm, and the maximum HR was 194-197 bpm. These Nordic walking with talking with companions, for instance, may results suggest wheelchair badminton is high intensity exercise. Al- cause the same effects. though wheelchair badminton is intermittent exercise which repeats Keywords : vocalization, continuous exercise, upper and lower body rally and rest, HR did not decrease during the rest time. [Conclu- exercise sions] Wheelchair badminton is required high intensity intermittent exercise which repeats rally and rest. Keywords : wheelchair badminton, heart rate, intermittent exercise
431. 432. The effect of exercise training on Adropin in Anti-fatigue effect of amino acids mixture dur- obese rats ing exercise Mutsuko Hieda1, Hisashi Takakura2, Hidehiko Komine3 Yuichi Tsuda1, Kaori Iwasawa1, Rika Murakami1, Makoto (1Institute of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Toyohashi University of Yamaguchi1, Taketo Yamaji1 Technology, Aichi, Japan, 2Doshisha University, Kyoto, Japan, (1Food Science Research Laboratories, R&D Division, Meiji Co., Ltd.) 3National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, [Aims] Fatigue during exercise induces the reduction of perfor- Ibaraki, Japan) mance and foods which have anti-fatigue effect during exercise are [Aims] Adropin is a peptide hormone and is important for energy needed. In this study, we selected the amino acids which decreased homeostasis and insulin sensitivity. Low adropin levels may as- blood corticosterone level after exercise in rats and investigated the sociate with a higher risk of obesity and insulin resistance. Aerobic effect of amino acids mixture made from selected amino acids on fa- exercise has been extensively investigated and shown to be benefi- tigue during exercise in rats and healthy men. [Methods] Rats were cial for improving insulin sensitivity and lipid profile. The aim of orally administered amino acids (1 g/kg). At 30 min after admin- this study was to test the hypothesis that aerobic exercise affects the istration, rats exercised in warm water for 60 min. After exercise, levels of adropin in the plasma, heart and liver tissues of obese rats. blood was collected and plasma corticosterone level was measured. [Methods] Male Zucker rats were randomized into three groups, We selected amino acids which decreased blood corticosterone level lean control (LC), obese control (OC) and obese exercise training and made amino acids mixture (P-mix) from selected amino acids. group (OE). The OE group rats were trained on a treadmill. 30 min/ Then, we investigated the effect of P-mix on blood corticosterone day, 5 days/week, for 6 weeks. After which time, the rats were euth- level and spontaneous activity after exercise in rats. Furthermore, anized. Adropin level in the plasma was measured by ELISA. Adro- we evaluated the effect of P-mix (3 g) supplementation on blood pin protein levels in the heart and liver were detected by Western cortisol level after exercise in healthy men. [Results] Plasma corti- blot analysis. [Results] Compared with the LC group, the obese rat costerone level after exercise was decreased by oral administration groups (OC and OE) exhibited a higher body weight. Body weight of arginine, valine or serine in rats. Oral administration of P-mix was lower in the OE group compared to the OC group. Plasma adro- significantly decreased plasma corticosterone level and potently pin levels were significantly higher in the OE group than in the OC increased spontaneous activity after exercise in rats. Moreover, P- group. Adropin protein level in the heart tended to be higher in the mix supplementation significantly suppressed the elevation of the OE group compared with the OC group. In the liver, adropin protein blood cortisol level after exercise in healthy men. [Conclusions] The levels did not show any significant differences among these three elevation of blood corticosterone or cortisol after exercise was de- groups. [Conclutions] Our study suggests that adropin levels are af- creased by P-mix in rats or healthy men, respectively. These results fected by aerobic exercise training in obese rats. indicate that P-mix has anti-fatigue effect during exercise. Keywords : Adropin, Exercise training, Obese rat Keywords : amino acids, corticosterone, cortisol JPFSM : Exercise training 507
433. 434. Changes in breath acetone concentration dur- Effect of exercise training and high-fat diet on ing endurance training: relationship with mus- developmental genes in brown adipose tissue cle glycogen content of rats 1 1,2 1 1 2 1 Hisashi Kato , Takuto Ario , Hisashi Takakura , Yoshi- Kazushige Goto , Aya Ishibashi , Chihiro Kojima , Kaito 1 1 2 2 3 nobu Ohira , Tetsuya Izawa Iwayama , Yoko Tanabe , Keisuke Shiose , Shiori Ou- 1 2 2 4 2 ( Fac. of Health & Sports Sci., Doshisha Univ., Kyoto, Japan, chi , Akiko Kamei , Toshiki Tsuji , Hideyuki Takahashi 2 1 2 3 Grad. Sch. Sys. Life Sci. Kyushu Univ., Fukuoka, Japan) ( Ritsumeikan Univ., Japan Institute of Sport Sciences, Fukuoka Univ., 4University of Tsukuba) [Aims] Adipose tissue is generally classified as white adipose tis- sue (WAT), the major energy storing tissue, or brown adipose tissue [Aim] We determined influence of endurance training under low (BAT), which mediates non-shivering thermogenesis. Recent stud- energy availability (LEA) on expired breath acetone concentration. ies indicate that developmental genes are differentially expressed [Methods] Seven trained male long distance runners conducted in WAT and BAT, and that some of these genes exhibit changes in three consecutive days (days 1-3) of running on a treadmill at 70 % expressions which closely correlate with the extent obesity and the of maximal oxygen uptake under different energy availabilities. In pattern of fat distribution. Here, the present study aimed to investi- the neutral energy availability (NEA) condition, sufficient energy gate the effect of exercise training (EX) and high-fat diet (HFD) on intake (49 ± 2 kcal/kg FFM) in response to energy expenditure dur- developmental genes in BAT. [Methods] 5-week-old male Wistar ing exercise was provided. In contrast, in the LEA condition, energy rats were randomly divided into four groups: ND-SED (normal intake (15 ± 1 kcal/kg FFM) was manipulated insufficiently. During diet and sedentary), ND-EX, HFD-SED, and HFD-EX. Ex was the training period (days 1-3) and on the following day (day 4), ex- performed 5 days per a week for 9 weeks. The mRNA and protein pired acetone concentration and muscle glycogen content for triceps expression levels of developmental genes, i.e., Homeobox (Hox) surae muscle were evaluated. [Results] In the LEA, muscle glyco- family, T-box and Glypican-4, and Bone morphogenetic protein gen content was significantly decreased during days 2-4 (p<0.05 vs. (BMP) family genes were measured. Furthermore, we examined pre-training level), with significantly lower than those in the NEA to investigate whether marker genes of BAT is associated with the expression level of Hox mRNA in brown adipocytes [Results] The (p<0.05). Expired acetone concentration was significantly elevated fat depot-specific differences in mRNA levels of developmental and during days 2-4 in the LEA (p<0.05 vs. pre-training level), with BMP family genes were observed in three fat depots (BAT, ingui- significantly higher than those in the NEA (p<0.05). Furthermore, nal and epididymal fat). EX and HFD induced the changes in the an inverse correlation (r=-0.728, p<0.05) was observed between expression levels of some of these genes. Moreover, the depression relative changes in muscle glycogen content and expired acetone of Hoxc10 in brown adipocytes increases the expressions of brown concentration throughout the training period. [Conclusion] Three fat genes, Ucp1 and Pgc1α. [Conclusion] These data suggest that consecutive days of endurance training under LEA increased ex- Hoxc10 modulates adaptation of EX on BAT. pired acetone concentration with lowered muscle glycogen content. Keywords : brown adipose tissue, developmental gene, exercise Keywords : Breath acetone, Muslce glycogen, Endurance training training
435. 436. Effect of twice-a-day endurance training on Development of the new method for measur- mitochondrial biogenesis in skeletal muscle ing and evaluating the ability of short-dura- Hisashi Takakura1, Daishin Ueno2, Hisashi Kato1, Mut- tion, high-intensity exercise, using the rate of suko Hieda3, Tetsuya Izawa1 increase of post-exercise blood lactate con- (1Doshisha University, 2Nara Institute of Science and Technology, centration 3 Toyohashi University of Technology) Naoya Takei1, Kenya Takahashi1, Katsuyuki Kakinoki2, 1 [Aims] pgc-1α expression shows circadian rhythm and increases Hideo Hatta 1 2 as an acute response to endurance exercise. This study aimed to ( The Univ. Tokyo Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, Blue Wych determine whether training twice a day every second day based on Ltd.) the acute response of pgc-1α enhanced the increase in mitochon- Purpose: The metabolic indicator evaluating the ability of short- drial protein in skeletal muscle. [Method] Male Wistar rats were term high intensity exercise are not fully established. We designed randomly assigned to the following TR and control groups. TR (5 the new metabolic indicator “the rate of increase of blood lactate days/week at ~30 m/min for ~90 min, slope: 5°) was conducted concentration (RIBLC)” by sampling post exercise blood at a high for 9 weeks at two time points: when per2 and pgc-1α expressions frequency. We confirmed the application possibility of RIBLC as showed the highest (20T group) and lowest expression levels (6T the new metabolic indicator for the short-term high intensity exer- group). Additionally, TR groups were divided to once-a-day train- cise performance. Methods: The subjects were fourteen track and ing every day and twice-a-day training every second day groups field athletes and 400m time trials were conducted. Blood samplings (2×Tr@20T and 2×Tr@6T groups, respectively). The interval time between two bouts of exercise on the same day was three hours. were done every minutes from immediately after the trial. RIBLC After the TR period, western blotting was performed to evaluate was calculated by the amount of increase of post exercise blood COXIV expression levels in the deep portion of the gastrocnemius lactate concentration and the time required to the peak blood lactate muscle. [Result] COXIV expression in the 2×Tr@20T group was concentration. Results and Disccution: Significant positive correla- significantly higher than that in the 20T and 20C groups (p<0.05). tion was observed between RIBLCs and 400m performances (r=0.71, Moreover, COXIV expression in the 2×Tr@6T group was signifi- p=0.004). It suggests that RIBLC would be an effective indicator cantly higher compared to that in the 6T (p=0.09) and 6C groups of short-term high intensity exercise. It also suggests that lactate (p<0.05). [Conclusion] Training twice a day every second day transport ability is important for short-term high intensity exercise showed different results, even if the overall training volume was the performance. same between training groups at the same time point. Further re- Keywords : Energy metabolism, Blood lactate concentration, mea- search needs be carried out to determine the difference in the effects surement and evaluating method of training in the 2×Tr groups. Keywords : clock gene, mitochondrial biogenesis, endurance training 508 JPFSM : Exercise training
437. 438. Fat oxidation during incremental running be- Effects of high-intensity intermittent exercise fore breakfast performed under hypobaric hypoxic condi- Yoshiharu Nabekura1, Fumiya Tanji3, Fuminori Takayama2,4, tions on metabolic risk markers 2 2 5 Keigo Takahashi , Atsushi Aoyagi , Wataru Shimazu , To- Futoshi Ogita1, Kengo Yotani1, Hiroyuki Tamaki2 2 shiki Tsuji (1National Institute of Fitness and Sports, 2Niigata University of 1 2 ( Faculty of Health & Sport Sci., Univ. Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan, Doc- Health and Welfare) toral Program in Physic. Edu., Health & Sport Sci., Univ. Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan, 3Japan Int. Sports Sci., Tokyo, Japan, 4JSPS Research [Aims] The present study aimed to examine the effects of high- Fellow, Japan, 5Nagoya Junior & Senior High School, Nagoya, Japan) intensity intermittent exercise (HIIE) in short-term under hypobaric hypoxic conditions on metabolic risk markers. [Methods] Eight [Aims] Whole body fat oxidation depends on nutritional state, and healthy male adults (22±2 yrs) had HIIE twice a day, 5 days /week, exercise performed in the post-absorptive state oxidizes more fat for 2 weeks, under hypobaric hypoxic conditions corresponding to than that performed in the postprandial state. At all times and plac- 2500m above sea level. The HIIE consisted of six 10s-bout with 10s es, a lot of distance runners have done running early in the morning rest between each bout, and was done at an intensity which cause before breakfast (MR:morning run). Cheneviere et al.(2009) devel- exhaustion in around 30s. Before and after the training, blood lipid, oped a sinusoidal mathematical (SIN) model to provide an accurate body mass, %body fat, and preperitoneal fat thickness were mea- description of the pattern of fat oxidation kinetics, and evaluated sured. Also, 3-h oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was conducted. exercise intensity (Fatmax) at the rate of maximal fat oxidation [Results] After the training, preperitoneal fat thickness decreased (MFO). The aim of this study was to elucidate the features of fat oxidation during morning run. [Methods] Seven young male run- significantly (P<0.05). However, no significant changes were found ners underwent two graded tests on treadmill, 3-min stages each and in blood lipid, body mass, %body fat. Furthermore, neither area 1km/h increments. They ate the same experimental meals (previous under the curve of blood glucose concentrations nor insulin concen- dinner; 777kcal and breakfast; 595kcal), performed running without trations during OGTT significantly changed. [Conclusions] These breakfast (MR) or after breakfast (CR) at the same time on different results suggest that HIIE under hypobaric hypoxic conditions used days. During all the test procedures, HR was recorded continuously in this study does not improve blood lipid, body composition, and and breath-by-breath measurements were performed throughout the glucose tolerance, which is different from the results in our previ- tests. [Results] MFO and Fatmax of MR increased more than those ous studies that was done using moderate intensity exercise. Further of CR. We could fit the fat oxidation to SIN model, and fat oxida- studies are required to clarify the effects of HIIE on metabolic risk tion kinetics of MR extended on both lower and higher intensity markers. than that of CR. [Conclusion] Morning run before breakfast acceler- Keywords : high-intensity intermittent exercise, glucose tolerance, ated fat oxidation at any exercise intensity. visceral fat Keywords : Fat oxidation, Morning run, Distance runner
439. 440. Effects of a low-carbohydrate diet and resis- Effect of participation in a non-monitored exer- tance exercise training on physical character- cise support program on glucose metabolism istics and plasma metabolites concentrations and the relation between postprandial physi- Sho Ito1, Daisuke Hoshino2, Yasuaki Karasawa2, Kaoru cal activity and glycated hemoglobin level Ohashi2, Youhei Sumitomo2, Masashi Fujii2, Junya Turu3, Takeshi Matsubara1, Hideyuki Tanaka1, Sumie Hashimoto2 Chieko Kashiwado3, Shinya Kuroda1,2 (1Laboratory of Physical Science Inc., 2Health Section of Chikuzen (1Grad. Sch. of Frontier Sci., Univ. of Tokyo., 2Grad. Sch. of Sci., Town Hall) Univ. of Tokyo., 3RIZAP, Inc.)
441. 442. Energy expenditure of low-load body mass- The effect of different durations of half-time based resistance exercise with slow move- re-warm up on intermittent sprint performance ment in male Takuma Yanaoka1,2, Kyoko Kashiwabara1, Yuta Masuda1, 3 4 1 Takashi Nakagata1, Yosuke Yamada2, Shuichi Machida3, Kuran Kurata , Shun Takagi , Masashi Miyashita , Nori- 4 3 kazu Hirose1 Yoshifumi Tamura , Hisashi Naito 1 2 (1Sportology Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medi- ( Waseda Univ., Saitama, Japan, JSPS Research Fellow, Tokyo, Japan, 3 4 cine, 2Department of Nutrition and Metabolism National Institute Tokyo Gakugei Univ., Tokyo, Japan, Doshisya Univ., Kyoto, Japan) 3 of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Department of [Aims] Although moderate-intensity exercise for 7 min during half- 4 Health and Sports Science Juntendo University, Sportology Center, time (half-time re-warm up [RW]) improves exercise performance Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine) during the initial part of the second half in football matches, no [Aims] The purpose of this study was to evaluate EE of resistance studies have addressed the influence of short duration (< 7 min) RW on intermittent exercise performance. Therefore, this study aimed exercise using body weight with slow movement. [Methods] Four- to investigate the effect of different durations of RW on intermittent teen young men aged 20-26 years performed 6 resistance exercises. sprint performance. [Methods] Using a randomized crossover de- The exercises consisted of Squat, Lunge, Crunch, Push-up, Heel- sign, thirteen healthy men (age: 22.4 ± 2.1 years, height: 1.72 ± 0.05 raise, and Hip-lift. Both the concentric phase and eccentric phase m, body mass: 67.0 ± 10.1 kg; mean ± SD.) performed two, 40-min were set to 3 seconds. A total of 3 sets (10 repetitions) with 30 intermittent cycling exercises separated by a 15-min half-time. In seconds rest between sets was performed for each exercises. EE the half-time, participants either rested for 15 min (Control), per- was calculated using two different methods. One method assessed formed cycling at 70% of HRmax for lasting 7 min (7 min RW) or EE only during exercise (Traditional), the other method measured performed cycling at 70% of HRmax for lasting 3 min (3 min RW). EE during the recovery period in addition to the exercise bout The main outcome was the work of 5-s sprints in the second 40-min (Recovery). [Results] EE and METs using Recovery method were intermittent cycling exercise. [Results] The mean work at 55-65 min significantly higher as compared to the Traditional method, 4.3- was higher in both RW trials than in the control trial (control: 53.2 ± 7.7 vs 2.1-3.7 kcal/min, and 3.6-6.4 vs 1.8-3.3 METs, respectively. 9.0 J/kg, 7 min RW: 55.6 ± 8.2 J/kg, p < 0.05, 3 min RW: 56.1 ± 9.1 [Conclusions] Traditional method assessed EE only during exercise J/kg, p < 0.05). There were no significant differences between trials may underestimate EE during resistance exercise. Resistance exer- for mean work at 65-75, 75-85, and 85-95 min. [Conclusions] Both cise using body weight with slow movement can be as effective as 3 and 7 min RWs were equally effective at increasing the intermit- conventional weight training with regard to EE. tent sprint performance for subsequent 10 min compared with pas- Keywords : resistance exercise, EPOC, METs sive rest. Keywords : re-warm up, half-time conditioning strategy, intermittent sprint performance
443. 444. Effect of low intensity strength training under The relationship between repetition ability of skin cold stumulation spike jump and physical fitness in volleyball Takafumi Aoki1, Masatoshi Nakamura1, Daichi Suzuki1, player Shuhei Ohya1, Takanori Kikumoto1, Emi Nakamura1, Taketaka Hara1, Yota Wakatsuki1 Wataru Ito1, Ryou Hirabayashi1, Mutsuaki Edama1 (1Faculty of education, Shimane Univ. Shimane, Japan) (1Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan) [Aims] The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship [Aims] Resistance training is carried out as a treatment for muscle between endurance ability of spike jump and physical fitness in vol- weakness and muscle atrophy. The purpose of this study was to leyball players. [Methods] Eleven male college volleyball players investigate the effect of low-load training of the triceps brachii with were participated in this study. Repetition maximum of half squat, ・ skin cooling stimulus (SCS) on muscle strength and muscle thick- maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) and ventilatory threshold ness. [Methods] Twelve healthy males volunteered to participate in (VT) were measured. Endurance ability of spike jump was evalu- this study. Both arms were randomly assigned into SCS side and ated using the number of spike jump repetition. Target point of control side, and carried out elbow extension exercise for six weeks. spike jump was set the 95% of the highest reach point. Subjects per- The 1-repetition maximum of elbow extensor and muscle thickness formed 5 times spike jump per 1 set (jump interval was 4 seconds) of triceps brachii were measured before and after six-week resis- until they can not touch a target point continuously twice (set inter- tance training in both SCS and control sides. A resistance exercise val was 12 seconds). [Results] Repetition maximum of half squat was performed 3 days a week for 6 weeks using a dumbbell mass- was significantly correlated with the highest reach point (r=0.683, adjusted to 50% of 1RM. In SCS side, the ice bag was secured to p=0.021), but it was not related to the number of spike jump repeti- ・ the whole triceps brachii during resistance training. [Results and tions. On the other hand, VO2max was significantly correlated with discussion] There were no significant interaction effects of 1 RM the number of spike jump repetitions (r=0.620, p=0.042), and it was of elbow extensor and muscle thickness of triceps brachii; however, not related to the highest reach point. VT was not correlated with both variables were significantly increased after resistance training the number of spike jump repetitions (r=0.514, p=0.106). [Conclu- in both SCS and control side. [Conclusions] The muscle strength sions] These results suggest that high cardio respiratory fitness is and muscle thickness were increased after six-week training pro- also necessary physical ability for volleyball players to keep a spike gram with SCS; however, there were no significant differences be- jump performance in game. ・ tween SCS and control side. Keywords : volleyball, spike jump, VO2max Keywords : skin cooling stimulus, low-intensity resistance training 510 JPFSM : Exercise training
445. 446. Effect of a mixture of Arginine, Valine and ser- Effects of plyometric and isometric training on ine on anaerobic performance after endurance muscle and tendon stiffness in vivo exercise Keitaro Kubo1, Tomonobu Ishigaki1, Toshihiro Ikebukuro1 1 1 1 Ryoichi Tagawa , Keisuke Ueda , Chiaki Sanbongi , (1Dept. Life Sci., Univ. Tokyo, Japan) Shuji Ikegami1, Yukio Asami1 (1Food Sci. Res. Lab., Meiji Co., Ltd.) (Aims) The purpose of the present study was to compare the effects of plyometric and isometric training on tendon properties during [Aims] Certain amino acids influence exercise capacity. The aim ramp and ballsitic contractions and muscle stiffness under passive of the present study was to investigate the influence of a mixture of and active conditions. (Methods) Eleven subjects completed 12 arginine, valine and serine (P-mix) on anaerobic performance and weeks (3 days/week) of a unilateral training program for the plantar metabolic parameters during endurance exercise. flexors. They performed plyometric training on one side (PLY) and [Methods] 19 healthy males (age 24.6 ± 6.4 years) participated in isometric training on the other side (ISO). Active muscle stiffness this investigation. Subjects ingested P-mix or dextrin in consecutive in the medial gastrocnemius muscle was calculated according to 3 days (3 g per serve, 2 serves per day) and performed an experi- changes in estimated muscle force and fascicle length during fast mental trial on the third day. The treatment was randomized and ad- stretching after submaximal isometric contractions. Passive muscle ministered in double-blind crossover manner. On the experimental ・ stiffness was also calculated from estimated passive muscle force trial, Subjects performed 45 min cycle exercise at 50% VO twice 2peak and fascicle length during slow passive stretching. Stiffness and at an interval of 10 min and Wingate test (WT) 5 min after that. hysteresis of tendon structures were measured using ultrasonog- We measured grip strength and isokinetic leg extension strength, before and after the first 45 min cycle exercixe, and after WT. RPE raphy during ramp and ballistic contractions. (Results) Passive was recorded at 5 min intervals during cycle exercise and blood was muscle stiffness and tendon hysteresis did not change for PLY or sampled over time-course to measure indicators of glucose and lipid ISO. Active muscle stiffness significantly increased for PLY, but metabolism. not for ISO. Tendon stiffness during ramp and ballistic contractions [Results] No difference between treatments was apparent in WT increased significantly for ISO, but not for PLY. In addition, tendon performance. P-mix significantly elevated grip strength and serum elongation values at force production levels beyond 100 N during free fatty acid level before exercise, and plasma noradrenaline level ballistic contractions increased for PLY. (Conclusions) These results during and after exercise. suggest that plyometric training (but not isometric training) enhanc- [Conclusions] These data suggested P-mix may enhance muscle es the extensibility of tendon structures during ballistic contractions power output during exercise. P-mix significantly elevated plasma and active muscle stiffness during fast stretching, and these changes noradrenaline level during and after exercise, and possibly influ- may be related to improved performances during stretch-shortening enced the sympathetic nervous system. cycle exercises. Keywords : amino acid mixture, Wingate test, noradrenaline Keywords : Achilles tendon, Plantar flexor, ultrasonography
447. 448. Effects of swing training with a lightweight bat Effect of Low-Intensity Exercise after Blood on batting ability in baseball players Flow Restriction on Muscle Strength Kazuki Yabe1, Yuki Yano2, Syuji Okuno3, Risa Nagao4, Tsukasa Tanaka1, Keishoku Sakuraba1, Shimpei Fujita1, Kenta Naka5, Akira Iwata2 Kohei Kishimoto1,2, Motoki Mizuno1, Atsushi Kubota1 (1Osaka Pref Univ., 2Faculty of Comprehensive Rehabilitation, Osa- (1Juntendo Univ., Chiba Japan., 2Funabashi Orthopaedic Hosp., ka Pref Univ., 3Hanna Central Hosp., 4Kansai Electric Power Hosp., Chiba Japan.) 5Ikeda Municipal Hosp.) [Aims] The effect of different timings of blood flow restriction on [Aims] The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of muscle hypertrophy and muscle strength has not been revealed. swing training with a lightweight bat on batting ability. [Methods] This study focused on the timing of blood flow restriction. We ex- The subjects were college baseball players aged 20.7 ± 1.0 years. amined the effect of low intensity exercise performed under blood They were randomly assigned to the Group 1 (n = 17) and Group 2 flow restriction and after blood flow restriction on muscle strength. (n = 17). Each group were instructed to dry-swing a bat 100 times 2 [Methods] The subjects were 18 legs of 9 healthy males. The sub- days per week for 8 weeks. Group 1 used a plastic bat (about 300 g) jects were divided into three groups, and each group performed as the lightweight bat, and Group 2 used a wooden bat (about 1100 g) either; low-intensity exercise after blood flow restriction (A group), as the heavyweight bat. Swing speed and ball speed were evaluated low-intensity exercise under blood flow restriction (B group), and as indicators of batting ability before and after training sessions. only low-intensity exercise (C group). Blood flow restriction was [Result] Both groups showed significant improvements in swing performed under 200mmHg pressure amount, and low-intensity ex- speed (Group 1 = 3.7%, Group 2 = 2.5%) and ball speed (Group 1 = ercise was the knee extension and flexion exercises with the angular 8.7%, Group 2 = 7.2%). The improvements of swing speed and ball velocities of 300° for 8weeks. Before and after experimentation, speed were not significantly different between the groups. [Con- isokinetic and isometric knee extension and flexion muscle strength clusions] Swing training with a lightweight bat elicited significant was measured. [Results] There were significant increases in con- improvements in swing speed and ball speed and those improve- centric knee extension strength with the angular velocity of 180° in ments were not different from swing training with a heavyweight Group A (pre:162.8±22.5 Nm, post:172.8±22.1 Nm) (p<0.01) and bat. Because swing training with a lightweight has a lower load, in Group C (pre:165.6±19.3Nm, post:175.5±19.5 Nm) (p<0.05). [Con- consideration of player fatigue, it may be an effective training tool. clusions] We observed the significant increase in muscle strength Keywords : baseball, lightweight bat, swing speed from 8-week of low-intensity exercise after blood flow restriction, but not under blood flow restriction. Keywords : Blood flow restriction, Muscle strength, Training JPFSM : Exercise training 511
449. 450. Acute effects of dynamic stretching combined Order effects of combined explosive and with jogging on flexibility and strength. low-intensity resistance training on maximal Masaaki Iwata1, Taizan Fukaya2, Eiji Yamanaka3, Masa- strength and rate of torque development hiro Iwata4,5, Shingo Matsuo3,4, Nobumi Abe6, Shigeyuki Yuji Kobayashi1, Takuma Arimitsu2 Suzuki3 (1Inst. Educ. Stud. Serv., Okayama univ., Japan, 2Coll. Sport Health (1Grad. Sch. Human Sci., Tsukuba. Univ., Tsukuba, Japan, 2Kyoto Sci., Ritsumeikan Univ., Japan) Kujo Hospital., Kyoto, Japan, 3Grad. Sch. Med., Nagoya Univ., Na- [Introduction] Recent research has demonstrated that explosive-type goya, Japan, 4Fac. Hlth. Sci., Nihon Fukushi Univ., Handa, Japan, strength training (EST) increase maximal strength and rate of torque 5Dep. Physiol. Med., Kentucky Univ., Lexington, America, 6Dep. development (RTD). On the other hand, low-intensity resistance Phys. Ther., Nagoya Med. Hlth. & Sports Coll., Nagoya, Japan) exercise with slow movement and tonic force generation (LST) has [Aims] The aims of this study was to investigate the combined ef- been proposed as one of the effective methods of training increas- fects of dynamic stretching and jogging on flexibility and strength. ing muscle mass and strength. However, it is not clear whether EST [Methods] Nine young men completed two exercise sessions in should precede or follow LST when both are performed in the same random order. The sessions consisted of either 5 min of treadmill session. [Aims] The aim of this study was to compare the effects jogging followed by 5 min of dynamic stretching of the right ham- of 2 different orders of combined training on maximal strength and strings (jog + DST) or 5 min of dynamic stretching of the right rate of torque development. [Methods] Twenty-eight healthy males hamstrings followed by 5 min of treadmill jogging (DST + jog). were randomly divided into 2 groups: 3 sets of EST followed by The outcomes of flexibility were assessed based on range of motion 3 sets of LST (EL, n = 14) and the same training sections with the (ROM), passive torque (PT) at maximal ROM, and passive stiffness opposite order (LE, n = 14). Before and after 8 weeks of training (PS) during knee extension. Maximum isometric voluntary contrac- sessions, maximal voluntary strength and RTD accessed by maxi- tion by knee flexion was measured as an index of muscle strength. mal isokinetic knee concentric contraction were obtained. [Results] These outcomes were measured before and after each session. In both groups, exercise training caused significant increases in [Results] ROM and PT increased significantly after all exercises at maximal voluntary strength and RTD (p<0.05). However, the rate both sessions, but the significant difference of both sessions was not of increase in RTD was significantly greater in the EL group than in found. There was no significant difference between both sessions on the LE group (p<0.05). [Conclusion] These results suggest that an passive stiffness and isometric strength. [Conclusions] These results EL order is more effective than an LE order in improving explosive suggest that combining DST and jog could increase ROM without strength. causing stretch-induced strength loss. Keywords : Explosive-type strength training, Rate of force (torque) Keywords : Dynamic stretching, Warm-up, Jogging development, Order effect
451. 452. Effect of difference of repetitions in low load Assessment of psoas major muscle activation resistance training on muscle strength prog- level in various hip flexion exercises using ress rate muscle functional MRI Kentaro Terada1, Naoki Kikuchi1, Koichi Nakazato1 Takaya Yoshimoto1, Norihide Sugisaki2 (1Nippon Sport Science University) (1Japan Institute of Sports Sciences, 2Meiji Gakuin University) [Aims] The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of [Aims] In many sports events, strength training is conducted for im- volitional failure on changes in muscle thickness and strength after proving force-generating capacity of hip flexion. However, muscle 8-week low-load resistance training. [Methods] Twenty-seven colle- activation level of the psoas major muscle in each hip flexion exer- giate male students performed 8 weeks of bench press twice weekly. cise has not been quantified. This study aimed to quantify muscle Participants were assigned to one of three different groups: low-load activation level of the psoas major muscle in various hip flexion (40% 1 repetition maximum [1RM]) failure group (LFT), low-load exercises using muscle functional MRI. [Methods] Fourteen trained non-failure group (LNFT), and high-load (80% 1RM) group (HT). males (Age: 30.7 ± 3.6 yrs, body height: 170.9 ± 5.0 cm, body Changes in muscle strength (1RM of bench press), muscle thickness weight: 68.7 ± 7.3 kg) performed eight hip flexion exercises with (pectoral major and triceps brachii), and endurance power (maxi- body mass-based and sling. To determine muscle activation of the mum repetitions of bench press at 40% 1RM) after chronic training psoas major muscle in each hip flexion exercise, T2 images were were examined. We asked the LNFT subjects to finish their exercise obtained before and after he exercises and the change in T2 value when the lifting velocity became less than 80% of the average from was calculated. [Results] The change in T2 was greater in sling 1st to 10th repetitions. Lifting velocity was measured using a trans- squat exercise than the other exercises except for vertical leg raise ducer system (GymAware) during the training sessions. [Results] exercise with fixed arm (P < 0.05). [Conclusion] Muscle activation Chronic change of triceps brachii muscle thickness of the LFT (118.1 level of the psoas major muscle differs among hip flexion exercises, ± 11.4 %) group was significantly higher than that of the LNFT and sling squat exercise has highest muscle activation among hip (107.5 ± 6.5 %) group. Although there was no significant difference flexion exercises adopted in this study. between LFT (110.7 ± 5.4 %) and LFNT (118.4 ± 7.7 %) in chronic Keywords : iliopsoas, iliacus, Hip flexion muscle strength change, its value in the LFT group was significantly lower than that in the HT group (126.3 ± 12.6 %). [Conclusions] Our results suggested that low-load resistance training to volitional failure is preferred for muscle hypertrophy, but it impairs the muscle strength. Keywords : failure, lifting velocity, bench press 512 JPFSM : Exercise training
453. 454. Infraspinatus muscle activity level in upper ex- Effects of resistance training using the power tremity extension training movement with and change training machines on physical fitness without balance element in trained elderly people Michiya Tanimoto1, Shouhei Geshiro1, Akihiro Nagatomo1 Hitoshi Matsumoto1, Norio Saga2, Tomo Oonishi2, Toshi- (1Faculty of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kindai haru Natsume1, Hisashi Naito1 Univ.) (1Juntendo Univ, Chiba, Japan, 2Teikyo Univ, Tokyo, Japan) Background: Rotator cuff has short moment arm which distance [Aim] This study aimed to clarify the effects of resistance train- from joint center to joint stop. It is seemed to have low function for ing using a new power change training (PCT) machine on physical joint mobility, and to have function for joint stability. Resistance fitness in the elderly.[Methods] Fourteen male and female elderly exercise which has balance element is expected to have larger rota- individuals (70±3 years) with training habits participated in this tor cuff muscle EMG activity, but little study has investigated about study. They performed the PCT leg extension program (65-75% it. Aim: We investigate Infraspinatus muscle activity level during of the maximum isokinetic strength, 10-12 reps x 5 sets, 2 days/ resistance exercise with and without balance element. Infraspinatus week) for 2 months. Before and after the training period, physical muscle is one of rotator cuff muscles located below subcutaneous fat fitness tests (isokinetic leg extension strength, sit-and-reach, one- with no overlay muscle, and easy to be observed. Method: 10 healthy leg standing with eye open, 5m walking, chair standing, rope pass- men with habitual resistance training career participated in this study. ing, locomotive syndrome check) were performed. Physiological Subjects performed dumbbell bench press, barbell bench press, and responses (blood pressure, heart rate, double product, blood lactate majored EMG from machine chest press. Infraspinatus muscle, pec- concentration) to the training were also evaluated. [Results] Not toral major muscle, and triceps brachii muscle during exercise move- only isokinetic muscular strength but also other physical fitness ment. Several exercises were performed 10RM. Result: Average scores are significantly improved after the training period (p<0.05). EMG activity of infraspinatus muscle was evaluated comparative There were no significant changes in physiological responses dur- assessment 1.0 in bench press. Average EMG activity of infraspina- ing resistance training with the PCT machine (p>0.05). [Conclusion] tus muscle in dumbbell bench press was 0.99, in barbell bench press Resistance training using the new PCT machine is safe and effective was 1.0, machine chest press was 0.87. There were no significant to improve basic physical fitness, especially muscular strength in differences among three groups. Conclusion: Results in this study the active elderly. suggested that balance element during upper arm press movement Keywords : isokinetic muscular strength, double product, PCT machine does not relate shoulder joint stability muscles EMG activity. Keywords : Infraspinatus muscle, joint stability, muscle activity level
455. 456. Increase in intra-abdominal pressure leads to Effective timing of curcumin intake to attenu- enhancement of maximal voluntary isometric ate the eccentric exercise-induced muscle hip extension torque damage 1 1 1 Kota Tayashiki1, Hiroaki Kanehisa2, Naokazu Miyamoto2 Yoko Tanabe , Kentaro Chino , Takahiro Onishi , Keisuke 2 1 1 (1National Institute of Fitness and Sports in Kanoya, 2National In- Shiose , Kazuhiro Shimizu , Nobuhiko Akazawa , At- 3 3 3 stitute of Fitness and Sports in Kanoya) sushi Imaizumi , Hitomi Ozawa , Yoshihiko Sumi , Seiji Maeda4, Hideyuki Takahashi1 [Aims] We have recently revealed that intra-abdominal pressure (1Japan Institute of Sports Sciences, 2Fukuoka university, 3THERA- (IAP) was significantly associated with maximal voluntary iso- VALUES CORPORATION, 4University of Tsukuba) metric contraction (MVC) torque of hip extension but not flexion. However, it remains unclear whether IAP has a causal effect on hip [Aims] We have reported that acute CUR intake attenuated eccen- extension MVC torque. The present study aimed to elucidate this tric exercise-induced muscle damage. This study aimed to examine the effect of CUR intake timing (before or after exercise) on the by examining how changes in IAP, induced by changing breath- changes in muscle damage and strength after eccentric exercise. hold condition, can influence hip extension MVC torque. [Methods] [Methods] In a randomized, crossover design, 19 healthy men per- Twelve healthy males conducted MVCs of hip extension or flexion formed 30 maximal isokinetic (120 deg/s) eccentric contractions of during breath-hold at full inspiration (inspiratory condition) or expi- the elbow flexors using an isokinetic dynamometer. They performed ration (expiratory condition), or during normal breath-hold (normal the same exercise with the other arm 4 weeks later. They were condition). IAP during MVCs was obtained a pressure transducer randomly assigned to orally take 180 mg/day of CUR or a placebo placed in the rectum. [Results] The IAPs during hip extension and (PLA) either 7 days before (n=9) or 7 days after (n=10) exercise. flexion MVCs were significantly higher in inspiratory condition Maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) torque of the elbow flexors, than in the other two conditions (P<0.05) and also higher in normal range of motion of the elbow joint (ROM), muscle soreness, and condition than in expiratory condition (P<0.05). The hip extension serum creatine kinase (CK) were measured before and 1 to 7 days MVC torque was significantly higher in inspiratory condition than after each exercise. [Results] When the supplements were taken in expiratory condition (P<0.05). In contrast, the hip flexion MVC after exercise, the decreases in MVC and ROM, and the increases in torque was not different among the three breath-hold conditions muscle soreness and serum CK activity were significantly smaller in (P>0.05). [Conclusions] The current results suggest that IAP has the CUR condition than in the PLA condition. In contrast, when the causal effect on hip extension MVC torque and that a sufficient supplements were taken before exercise, there was no significant increase in IAP directly leads to an enhancement of hip extension difference between the CUR and PLA conditions for all parameters. MVC torque. [Conclusions] the CUR intake after exercise attenuates muscle dam- Keywords : lung volume, core stability, diaphragm age and contributes to faster recovery after eccentric exercise. Keywords : muscle damage, curcumin, recovery JPFSM : Exercise training 513
457. 458. Acute effects of training intensity on muscle Effects of skeletal muscle fiber type and vol- thickness and echo intensity untary running training on vitamin D receptor Tetsuya Hirono1, Tome Ikezoe1, Hiroki Tanaka2, Masashi expression in rat skeletal muscle 1,3 1 1 Taniguchi , Junya Saeki , Masahide Yagi , Jun Ume- Song-Gyu Ra1, Emi Kawamoto2, Hironari Nakagawa1, Yuki 1 1 hara , Noriaki Ichihashi Tomiga1, Shihoko Nakashima1, Hiroaki Tanaka1, Yasuki (1Kyoto Univ., Kyoto, Japan, 2Kyoto Univ. Hosp., Kyoto, Japan, 1 1 3 Higaki , Kentaro Kawanaka Shiga Univ. Hosp., Shiga, Japan) (1Faculty of Sports and Health Science, Fukuoka University, Fu- 2 [Aims] The aim of this study was to investigate the acute effects kuoka, Japan, Departments of Materials Engineering, National of training intensity on muscle thickness (MT) and echo intensity Institute of Technology, Nagaoka College, Nagaoka, Japan) (EI) after resistance training to failure. [Methods] Ten healthy [Aims] Previous studies have reported that vitamin D receptors young men were randomly divided into high-intensity (HR) and (VDR) are expressed in the skeletal muscle, and involved in the low-intensity resistance training (LR) groups. For both groups, re- maintenance of skeletal muscle volume and function. We investi- sistance training on knee extensor muscles was performed, consist- gated the effect of exercise training on the expression of VDR in the ing of 3 sets performed with concentric and eccentric contractions skeletal muscle. Further, we examined whether VDR expression is for 1 s to volitional failure. MT and EI of the quadriceps muscle dependent on muscle fiber type. [Methods] Male rats were assigned were measured before, immediately after, and at 5 and 10 min after either a control group or a voluntary wheel-running training group. resistance training using B-mode ultrasonography imaging. Echo The voluntary running rats were housed in individual cages with intensities were determined using grayscale histograms on cross- wire running wheel for 4 weeks. Soleus (slow twitch), plantaris (hy- sectional images of the rectus femoris muscle, and mean value and brid twitch), and triceps (fast twitch) muscles were dissected for the coefficient of variation (CV) were used in the analysis. [Results] A two-way ANOVA showed that there was a significant interaction in measurement of VDR protein expression. [Results] At resting con- MT. The percentage changes in MT immediately after and at 5 min dition, soleus (slow twitch) and plantaris (hybrid twitch) muscles after training in the LR group were significantly greater than those have the greater expression of VDR. Four weeks voluntary wheel- in the HR group. There was no significant interaction in mean EI running training induced increase in VDR protein expression in and the CV. The post-hoc analysis showed significant increases in plantaris (hybrid twitch) and triceps (fast twitch), but not in soleus the mean EI and significant decreases in the CV at immediately af- (slow twitch) muscle. [Conclusions] Our present results showed ter and at 5 min after training. [Conclusions] Although a difference that 1) slow twitch fiber dominant muscles have greater VDR pro- was observed in the change in MT after low-intensity versus high- tein expression at resting condition and 2) voluntary wheel-running intensity training to failure, no difference was found with respect to training significantly increased VDR protein expression in fast the change in EI between the two training conditions. twitch dominant muscles. Keywords : muscle echo intensity, muscle thickness, resistance Keywords : muscle fiber type, vitamin D receptor, voluntary wheel- training running
459. 460. Effects of contraction mode and stimulation The effects of training intensity of neuromus- frequency on neuromuscular electrical stimu- cular electrical stimulation on muscle hyper- lation-induced skeletal muscle hypertrophy trophy 1 1 1 Yuki Ashida , Koichi Himori , Daisuke Tatebayashi , Ryo- Toshiharu Natsume1, Hayao Ozaki1, Ryo Kakigi1, Hiroyuki taro Yamada1, Riki Ogasawara2, Takashi Yamada1 1 1 1 2 Kobayashi , Hisashi Naito ( Sapporo Med Univ, Sapporo, Japan, Nagoya Institute of Technology) (1Juntendo university) [Aims] In the present study, we compared the relative effectiveness [Aim] High-intensity neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) of isometric (Iso) and eccentric (Ecc)-electrical stimulation (ES) training could induce muscle hypertrophy at the whole muscle training with different stimulation frequencies for inducing skeletal and muscle fiber levels in the human skeletal muscle. However, muscle hypertrophy in animal model. [Methods] Male Wistar rats (10 whether low-intensity NMES training has a similar result is un- week old, n=30) were assigned randomly to the Iso and Ecc groups. known. Therefore, the aim of present was to examine whether low- These were subdivided into the three different stimulation frequen- intensity NMES training could elicit muscle hypertrophy at the cies at 10 Hz (Iso-10 and Ecc-10), 30 Hz (Iso-30 and Ecc-30), and whole muscle and muscle fiber levels in the human skeletal muscle. 100 Hz (Iso-100 and Ecc-100). ES (2 s on/4 s off, 5 contractions x 4 [Methods] Eight untrained young males (mean±SD; age 28±1 years, sets) was performed to the left triceps every other day for 3 weeks. height 1.75±0.02 m, body weight 68±2.5 kg) were subjected to 18 Ecc contractions comprised forced dorsiflexion from 0°to 40°at 20°/ min of unilateral NMES training for 8 weeks: one leg applied high- s combined with ES. The contralateral right muscle served as con- intensity NMES training (HIGH) and the other leg applied low- trol (non-ES). [Results] The peak torque and torque-time integral during ES training were higher in Ecc group than that in Iso group intensity NMES training (LOW). Quadriceps muscle thickness at all stimulation frequencies examined. The gastrocnemius muscle (MT) and muscle fiber cross-sectional area (CSA) were measured weight normalized to body weight (MW/BW) in ES side was in- before and after the training period. [Results] The average torque creased compared to the non-ES side by 6%, 7%, and 17% in Ecc- throughout the training period in the HIGH and LOW conditions 30, Iso-100, and Ecc-100 groups, respectively, with a greater gain were 62.5±13.0% MVC and 32.6±7.4% MVC, respectively. MT and in Ecc-100 than Ecc-30 and Iso-100 groups. The peak torque and muscle fiber CSA significantly increased in both exercise conditions torque-time integral were highly correlated with the magnitude of (p<0.05 or p<0.01); however, training effects in the LOW condition increase in muscle mass. [Conclusions] These data suggest that ES- were lower than those in the HIGH condition (p<0.05 or p<0.01). induced muscle hypertrophy is determined by loading intensity and [Conclusions] Low-intensity NMES could increase MT and muscle volume during muscle contraction, which depends on training mode fiber CSA in healthy human skeletal muscles. However, the mag- (Ecc > Iso) and stimulation frequency. nitude of increase is lower in low-intensity than in high-intensity Keywords : muscle hypertrophy, eccentric contraction, neuromuscu- NMES training. lar electrical stimulation Keywords : muscle thickness, quadriceps, muscle strength 514 JPFSM : Exercise training
461. 462. Gender differences in muscle volume and The effect of high intensity warming up on strength in hip flexor muscles in soccer players jump and anaerobic power performance Takanori Teshima1, Shiho Sawai1, Tomoko Sadamoto1, Nobuhiko Akazawa1,2, Hyuga Saito1, Satoru Tanigawa1, Naoya Tsunoda2 Seiji Maeda1 (1Japan womens college of physical fitness, Tokyo, Japan, 2Koku- (1University of Tsukuba, 2Japan Institute of Sports Sciences) shikan University) [Aim] The sprint ability is associated with explosive and anaerobic It is not fully understood whether structural and functional differ- power. High-intensity and short-duration muscle contraction induce ences exist in the hip flexor muscles between males and females of postactivation potentiation (PAP) and increase physical perfor- soccer players. We examined the cross-sectional area (CSA) and the mance. Previous evidences suggested that PAP warming up can muscle volume (MV) of hip flexor muscles (the psoas major and acutely enhance muscular strength, jump ability, and sprint ability. iliacus muscles) in 9 males and 9 females of college soccer play- However, the effects of PAP on explosive maximal anaerobic power ers using by magnetic resonance imaging. MV was calculated by performance is unclear. The aim of the present study is to examine the sum of each CSA (psoas major and iliacus muscles), which was whether PAP increases jump and maximal anaerobic power perfor- determined by tracing the images, and then multiplying the CSA mances in elite sprinters. [Methods] Ten short-track athletes (18-22 with the slice thickness. The isometric (0 deg/sec) and isokinetic years, 177±2m, 71±2 kg) were participated in this study. They per- (60 and 180 deg/sec) torques during maximal hip flexion were also formed PAP with 5 RM squat and control (CON) warming up con- determined by BIODEX system. Absolute values of CSA, MV and ditions, using cross-over design at random order. We evaluated the maximal torques in females averaged, respectively, 61.9%,64.0%, height of counter movement jump (CMJ) and maximal anaerobic 76.4% (0 deg/sec), 83.7% (60 deg/sec), and 83.9% (180 deg/sec) power output using Power max. [Results] The height of CMJ in the that of males. However, these significant differences between gen- PAP condition was higher compared to the CON condition (P < 0.05). ders disappeared when comparing relative values to fat-free mass There was no significant difference in maximal anaerobic power (FFM). These results indicate that there were not differences muscle output. [Conclusion] We concluded that a warming up including volume and torque of hip flexors muscles between male and female high-intensity squat increases jump ability, but may not induce an soccer players. increase in maximal anaerobic power output. Keywords : Muscle volume, cross sectional area, iliopsoas muscle Keywords : PAP, CMJ, Anaerobic power
463. 464. The synergistic effect of acupuncture stimula- Inter- and intra-muscle differences in passive tion and resistance training stiffness of the hamstring 1,2 1 2 Kazufumi Terada , Masatoshi Ikeda , Tatsuki Nakagawa , Noriko Kimura1, Kosuke Hirata1, Naokazu Miyamoto1 1,2 Toshiaki Nakatani (1National Institute of Fitness and Sports in Kanoya) (1Tenri Univ, Tenri, Japan, 2Tenri Univ Grad Sch, Tenri, Japan) [Aims] Reduced hamstring flexibility is considered a risk factor for [Aims] A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial was hamstring strain. Hamstring strain frequently occurs at the proxi- performed to clarify the synergistic effect of acupuncture using mal region of the semimembranosus (SM), one of the constituents press tack needles (PTNs) and resistance training programs in young of the hamstring, when the hamstring is stretched to the extremes adults. [Methods] Twenty-two healthy young men aged between 22 in its range of motion. Thus, we hypothesized that passive muscle and 23 years were randomly and equally assigned to two groups, stiffness at the proximal region of SM is the highest among the namely the resistance training plus "real" acupuncture with PTN in- hamstring when the hamstring is in a stretched position. To test this tervention group (AG; n = 11), and the resistance training and "pla- hypothesis, we compared passive stiffness among the constituents cebo" acupuncture intervention groups (PG; n = 11). Both the real of the hamstring and among the proximal, middle, and distal re- and sham needles were applied to two meridian points (ST32 and gions of each constituent muscle. [Methods] In 13 healthy young GB31) in the lower limb area. The AG participants underwent struc- males, shear modulus (an index of stiffness) of each region of each tured acupuncture using PTNs, and their exercise regimen consisted constituent muscle was measured at 80% of maximum hip flexion of home-based resistance training of the lower limbs (squat) using angle with the knee extended, using ultrasound shear wave elastog- their own bodyweight for 8 weeks. The PG participants underwent structured placebo acupuncture and the same program. The main raphy. [Results] According to two-way repeated measure analysis of outcome measures were body composition, isometric peak torque variance (3 muscles × 3 regions) followed by post-hoc tests, shear in knee extension, vastus lateralis muscle thickness (VLMT), 30-s modulus was significantly higher in SM than in the other constitu- chair-stand test, vertical jump (VJ), rebound jump index and num- ent muscles (P < 0.05), and significantly smaller at the proximal ber of squats during exercise (Sq). [Results] After intervention, we region than at the middle and distal regions (P < 0.01). [Conclusion] observed a statistically significant two-factor interaction between The present findings indicate that passive muscle stiffness of SM in the AG and PG groups in the left (F = 18.3, p < 0.001) and right (F which hamstring strain frequently occurs is the highest among the = 18.3, p < 0.001) VLMT, VJ (F = 5.9, p < 0.05) and Sq (F = 11.0, p constituents of the hamstring whereas passive stiffness at the SM < 0.01). [Conclusion] This result suggests that the effect of exercise proximal region which is particularly vulnerable to hamstring strain may be enhanced by intervention with concurrent acupuncture using in an extremely stretched position is not the highest. PTNs. [Acknowledgment] This work was supported by JSPS KAK- Keywords : semimembranosus, ultrasound shear wave elastography, ENHI JP15K01638. hamstring strain Keywords : press tack needle, placebo-controlled trial, young adults JPFSM : Exercise training 515
465. 466. The effects of static stretching on flexibility af- Consciousness of training body part(s) by ter eccentric contraction showing a picture of various exercises in Yukari Hara1, Manabu Miyazaki2, Shingo Matsuo3 trunk muscles 1 2 1 (1Yokohama General Hosp., Yokohama, Japan, 2Teikyo Heisei Univ., Kazushige Oshita , Takuya Mastuzaki , Akihisa Hikita , 3 4 1 Toshima-ku, Japan, 3Nihon Fukushi Univ., Handa, Japan) Ryo Miyazaki , Goichi Hagiwara , Tomoki Tashiro , Tem- pei Tsuno4, Yukito Higuchi1, Kyotaro Funatsu1 [Aims] The purpose of this study was to investigate the changes in (1Kyushu Kyoritsu Univ., Jpn, 2Kitakyushu Natl. College. Tec., Jpn, stiffness after static stretching (SST) of eccentrically-loaded ham- 3Shimane Univ., Jpn, 4NIFS in Kanoya, Jpn) strings. [Methods] Eighteen healthy young men participated in this study and were randomized to either do SST after eccentric contrac- The aim of this study was to investigate the consciousness among tion (EC) or not. A 300-s continuous static stretching was performed young people (n = 1000) of training body part(s) in trunk muscle at 2days after EC for right hamstrings. The outcome measures exercises through a questionnaire-based survey. The participants were shown a picture of bent-knee sit-up, back extension (EXT), such as flexibility, stiffness, range of motion (ROM), and maximal and plank from elbows to toes, and were asked which body part(s) dynamic passive torque (DPTmax) were assessed before EC, im- they felt was being trained in each picture. 40-60% of the partici- mediately after SST(2 days after EC) and 4 days after EC. [Results] pants who had no experience doing a sit-up or back-EXT felt that ROM and DPTmax after 2 days and 4 days were significantly lower these exercises were to train not only the agonist muscle but also the than those before EC in both SST group and control group. In addi- antagonist muscle. Approximately 40% of the participants who had tion, ROM and DPTmax of the SST group were compared with the no experience doing a plank exercise felt that it was not to train the EC 2 days later and increased significantly after 4 days of EC. On abdominal area. Among the participants who experienced doing a the other hand, stiffness gradually decreased from 2 days after EC plank exercise without a previous experience of exercises under su- to 4 days after EC, and there was no significant difference between pervision, more than half felt that plank exercise was appropriate to SST group and control group. [Conclusions] SST after EC improved train not only the trunk but also the upper limb or lower leg. Among the decline in flexibility and it was suggested that change in pain the participants who had a experience of exercises under supervi- threshold may be involved as a factor of ROM increase. sion, approximately 30% also had such an opinion. Doing trunk Keywords : Static stretching, Eccentric contraction, Delayed onset exercises by referring to only a picture may result in the participants muscle soreness not properly understanding how the body part(s) should be trained. Therefore, to enhance the benefits of these exercises, individuals (even those who had an experience of exercises under supervision) always need to be instructed through appropriate supervision on the correct technique and knowledge about the exercises. Keywords : Strength training, Core, Exercise instructor
467. 468. Characteristics of upper-limb press and pull The relationship between trunk performance power and in Japanese female track-and-field and bat swing speed sprinters Yuhei Mayuzumi1, Shota Takemure1, Tsubasa Sato1, 1 1,2,3 3 Tatsuki Naka , Masaaki Kanno , Norihiro Shima Syuichiro Ono1, Yuka Noda1, Yurie Tahara1 1 2 3 ( Shigakkan Univ., Aichi Gakuin Univ., Tokai Gakuen Univ., Aichi, (1Department of Judotherapy and Sports Medicie, Faculty of Health Japan) Sciences, Ryotokuji Univ.) [Background] In female track-and-field sprinters, upper-limb power,
469. 470. The effects of combination of static stretch- Relationship between body composition and ing and electrical stimulation on joint range of swimming performance in competitive junior motion and muscle strength swimmers 1 2 2 1 Takako Nishimura , Hideaki Kumahara , Minori Touda , Takamasa Mizuno 2 2 (1Nagoya University) Ai Sasaki , Takako Yamato (1Grad. Sch. of Health & Nutritional Sci.,Nakamura Gakuen Univ., The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of the com- 2Nakamura Gakuen Univ.) bination of static stretching (SS) and electrical stimulation (ES) [Aims] This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between body for 8 weeks on joint range of motion (ROM), muscle strength and composition and swimming performance in Japanese junior swim- muscle architecture. Thirty one subjects divided into three groups: mers through five different events. [Methods] This cross-sectional SS combined with ES (SS+ES) group, SS group, or control (CON) study involved 79 males and 70 females (11-18 yrs). The percent group. The SS+ES group was performed calf stretching simultane- body fat (%FAT) was assessed by skin-fold technique, from which ously with ES of the gastrocnemius medialis, while SS group was lean body mass (LBM) and LBM index (LBMI) were determined. performed calf stretching alone. Training regimen was consisted of The swimming performance (%R) of the participants was evalu- 30s×4sets per day, 3 days per week for 8 weeks, whereas the CON ated as follows: the personal best time in recent competitive events group did not perform any intervention exercise. Before and after divided by the categorized time (15 levels), as set by the Japan training, range of motion (ROM), plantar flexion one repetition Swimming Federation. [Results] A stepwise multiple regression maximum (1RM), muscle thickness, pennation angle and circum- analysis revealed that LBM was the main single determinant for ferences of lower leg were measured. As a result, active ROM and %R in the front crawl, backstroke and individual medley in males, muscle thickness were increased in SS+ES and SS groups after 8 accounting for 71%-96% of the total variance. Moreover, LBMI and weeks training period. In addition, although there is no differences the months-duration of competitive swimming career (MSC) were in circumference, plantar flexion 1RM and pennation angle were significant determinants of %R in the breaststroke, accounting for 76% of the variance. In contrast, MSC was the single determinant of increased in all groups. However, there were no differences between %R in the butterfly, accounting for 41% of the variance. In females, SS+ES group and SS group in all measurement items.These results LBM was a significant determinant in the front crawl and butterfly, indicated that there is no additional effects in combination of SS and whereas height and height plus %FAT determined %R in the back- ES compared with SS alone. stroke and breaststroke, respectively. [Conclusions] These results Keywords : static stretching, EMS, strength indicate that LBM is the key predictor of performance through four swimming events in Japanese junior male swimmers. However, the result differs in female swimmers, suggesting that the effect of body composition profile on %R might depend on the swimming event. Keywords : adolescent, anthropometry, muscle mass
471. 472. Relationship between percent body fat and The relationship between physical character- menstrual disorders in Japanese female high istics and upper extremity strength and the school runners chest pass distance strength in women bas- Eriko Uchiyama1, Norimitsu Kinoshita1, Wakana Saga2 ketball players (1Faculty of Sports and Health Studies, Hosei University, Tokyo, Ja- 1 1 2 Kazuma Senzaki , Akira Iwata pan, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan) (1Osaka Pref Univ, Osaka, Japan) [Aim] It has been hypothesized that low body fat causes amenor- [Background&Aims] The chest pass is one of the most commonly rhea. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between used passes in basketball games, and chest pass distance is a deter- %fat and menstrual disorders in Japanese female adolescent run- minant factor of throwing ability. The differences between" long ners. [Methods] Subjects were 41 distance runners (16.0±0.3yrs, throwers" and "short throwers" are not clearly understood. The pur- 159.7±6.4cm, 46.8±4.2kg) of the 2nd grade from 2 high schools. pose of this study was to clarify the differences in anthropometric These teams regularly participated in the All-Japan high school characteristics and upper limb strengths between "long throwers" Ekiden championship. Body composition was measured by dual and "short throwers" among female basketball players. [Methods] energy X-ray absorptiometry. The menstrual pattern was assessed Fifty-one female high school and university basketball players by questionnaire and body composition were compared among 3 participated in this study. Height, body mass and BMI were mea- groups (ANOVA); amenorrhea, oligomenorrhea, and regular men- sured as anthropometric characteristics. Bench press and hand grip struation. Differences in body composition between 1st and 2nd strengths were measured as upper limb strengths. We instructed the grades were retrospectively evaluated in 24 of the 41 runners ac- cording to the changes in menstrual pattern; no change, the frequen- subjects to throw a chest pass as far as possible in a sitting position cy of the period reduced, and normalized to regular menstruation. from a bench 1.8 m in height, and measured the distance. Subjects [Results] There were no significant differences in body composition were divided into"long throwers" and "short throwers" according to according to the menstrual pattern (%fat; 16.1, 17.3, 14.3%, lean the median value of their chest pass distance. The independent sam- body mass; 37.0, 36.1, 37.8kg, bone mineral density; 1.121, 1.126, ples t-test was used to compare differences between the two groups. 1.140g/cm2, respectively, p<0.05). Decrease in %fat after a year [Results] There were no significant differences in height and hand of training was larger in the runners with their period's frequency grip strength between" long throwers" and "short throwers", but the reduced in comparison to the other 2 groups (-3.6% vs. -0.4% and body mass, BMI, and bench press strength of "long throwers" were -0.7%, respectively) (ANOVA; p=0.11). [Conclusion] Menstrual significantly higher than those of "short throwers" (p<0.01). [Con- disorders could not be predicted by cross-sectional data of %fat in clusions] Body mass is a more important anthropomorphic indicator highly competitive Japanese female adolescent runners. Changes in of throwing ability than height in female basketball players, and %fat should be evaluated. bench press strength is more important than hand grip strength. Keywords : amenorrhea, body composition, adolescent runner Keywords : basketball, chest pass, upper limb strength JPFSM : Exercise training 517
473. 474. Habitual physical exercise induces attenuation A longitudinal study about the body composi- of brown adipose tissue mass via reduction of tion of collegiate judoist players using DXA its differentiation ability in interscapular region Toshihiro Maemichi1, Suguru Torii2, Satoshi Iizuka2 1 2 3 Junetsu Ogasawara , Hisashi Kato , Ken Shirato , Tetsuya (1Dept. Sports Sciences., Univ. Waseda, Tokyo, Japan, 2Faculty of 2 1 1 3 Izawa , Eiji Yoshioka , Yasuaki Saijo , Takako Kizaki , Sport Sciences. Wasea Univercity) Takahiko Yoshida1 (1Asahikawa Med.Univ., 2Doshisha Univ., 3Kyorin Univ.) [Aims] Body composition is one of the most important factors of motor quality for athletic performance. It is expected to improve [Aims] The research done over the past decade has been focused performance by analyzing the regional body composition, such as to establish the new therapy for prevention of obesity and its re- the difference between right and left muscles, the balance of the lated disorders via brown adipocyte-induced energy expenditure. upper limbs and lower limbs and so on. It is also suggested that par- However, there has been little consensus regarding the effect of ticipating athletic training for a long time would change one’s body habitual running exercise on formation of brown adipocytes in composition as to fit the nature of the sport. Therefore, the purpose interscapular region, which is main site of onset of brown adipose of this study was to investigate the effect of continuing judo training tissue. [Methods] The animals (Wistar rats) were randomly divided during college years on body composition such as bone, muscle and into 2 groups: a control group (CG) and a habitual-exercised group fat. [Methods] Subjects were 23 collegiate judo players. All players (EG). The EG rats were subjected to running on a treadmill set at a were participating in judo training before college admission. Body 5-degree incline 5 days per week for 10 weeks. The muscles in in- composition was measured using dual energy x ray absorptiometry terscapular were removed and used for analyses via sample prepara- tions. [Results] The mass of brown adipose tissue were significantly (DXA) from the second to fourth grade in each year. The values of decreased in EG compared with CG. Under this condition, levels of fat free mass (muscle mass), fat mass, body fat percentage, bone complex in PRDM16/PPARVand/or PRDM16/ EHMT1, stimula- mass (BMC), and bone mineral density (BMD) were investigated at tion factors for browning of myf-5 positive skeletal muscle, were second grade and fourth grade. A compared using paired t test be- significantly reduced in EG. In addition, expression levels of TLE3 tween second grade and fourth grade. [Results] Bone mass and bone proteins, which inhibit action of PRDM16 by competing for its density significantly increased in all body regions in two years. interaction with PPARγ, were significantly augmented by EG com- However, muscle and fat didn’t increase in all body regions. [Con- pare with CG. [Conclusions] The results obtained from the current clusions] Continuing judo training during college years increases study indicates that habitual running exercise, at least in part, have bone mass and bone density, but does not increasing muscle mass inhibitory effect on browning of myf-5 positive skeletal muscles in and fat mass. interscapular region. Keywords : DXA, judo, body composition Keywords : classical adipose tissue, habitual running exercise, skel- etal muscle
475. 476. Effects of eccentric exercise induced muscle The body composition of Japanese motorboat damage and edema on body composition as- racers sessment using bioimpedance spectroscopy 1 1 2 technique Takehira Nakao , Yasuto Tanaka , Michihiko Ueki (1Kyushu Sangyo University, 2Foundation of Japan Motor Boat Rac- Keisuke Shiose1, Yoko Tanabe2, Takahiro Onishi2, Hideyuki 2 ing Association) Takahashi 1 2 ( Fukuoka Univ., Fukuoka, Japan, Japan Inst. of Sports Sci., Tokyo, [Background] In Japan, state-controlled motorboat races have been Japan) held since 1952. Races are held between six boats competing for the [Aims] Bioimpedance spectroscopy technique (BIS) is an easy tool top finishing order after three course laps of 600 m per lap. [Aims] to estimate body composition from body resistance, and estimation To clarify the physical characteristics of professional motorboat equation of BIS basically assumes constant body water status (i.e., racers. [Methodology] The subjects consisted of 1,467 male and body water account for about 73% of fat-free mass [FFM]). In this female professional motorboat racers belonging to the four levels study, we investigated effect of eccentric exercise of upper arm in- of A1, A2, B1, and B2 (age 37.3 ± 8.9 years old, 164.3 ± 4.8 cm duced muscle damage and edema on body composition assessment tall, 52.7 ± 3.1 kg in weight, BMI 19.5 ± 1.1 kg/m2). The measure- using BIS. [Methods] Twenty-two subjects (age 29 ± 4 years, height ment items were age, height, weight, and body composition. The 172.0 ± 5.1 cm, body mass 68.8 ± 10.3 kg) completed 30 sets of body composition was measured using a multi-frequency 8 electric maximal eccentric contractions of the elbow flexors, using one arm. Serum creatine kinase activity (CK) was measured at baseline and polar body composition meter (TANITA, MC-980A). [Results] The 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours after exercise. Resistance of whole body amount of body fat comprising the bodies of professional motorboat (wrist-to-ankle), forearm, upper arm, trunk, and leg were measured racers was 4.7 ± 2.2 kg, the percentage of body fat was 9.0 ± 4.3%, on exercised- and unexercised-side of body, and FFM and percent the basal metabolic expenditure was 1339.1 ± 76.4 kcal/day, while body fat (%Fat) were calculated based on Hanai mixture theory. the basal metabolic expenditure per 1 kg in weight was 25.08 ± 0.9 [Results] At baseline, body composition estimated from exercised- kcal/day. In addition, the body water ratio and basal metabolic ex- and unexercised-side of body did not differ. Serum CK increased penditure per 1 kg in weight of level B1, along with the muscle ratio 72 and 96 hours after exercise (both P < 0.05). Resistance of upper of the right arm, the muscle quantity and muscle ratio of the left arm arm and whole-body significantly decreased 96 hours after exercise of level B2 had significantly lower values than those of level A1. compared with baseline (both P < 0.05) only in the exercised-side. [Conclusion] The possibility was suggested that low conditions in FFM increased by 1.7 ± 1.7 kg and %Fat decreased by 2.5 ± 2.3 % weight, BMI, amount of body fat, and high conditions in the muscle compared with the baseline (both P < 0.05) only in the exercised- side. [Conclusion] Eccentric exercise of upper arm induced muscle ratio of the left may contribute to improving the competition score damage and edema become error factors inducing increased FFM in motorboat racers. and decreased %Fat. Keywords : Motorboat racers, Body composition Keywords : Electric resistance, Body composition, Edema 518 JPFSM : Exercise training
477. 478. Cardiometabolic risk factors of normal weight A study of sprinter’s physical characteristics obese young women by using 52 square Hyun-soo Kim1, Sohee Shin2, Yoori Kang3 Akihiro Shiba1, Mayu Murata1, Naomi Omi2 (1Seoul National University of Science & Technology, 2University of (1Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, Tsukuba Ulsan, 3Nowon Health Center) Univ, Ibaraki, Japan, 2Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, Univer- sity of Tsukuba) [Purpose] The purpose of this study was to examine the relation between adiposity and risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD) [Introduction] It is obvious that the physique differs depending on in normal weight obese (NWO) young women. [Methods] NWO the event type. There are 100m, 200m, 400m, 110mH, and 400mH was defined as the combination of BMI <23.0kg/m2 and percentage for track and field short distance events, and the physique is con- body fat >30%. Data from women aged 20 to 29 years (n=1,271) sidered to be different, even within short distance events. [Purpose] who have participated in the health examination of Health Care The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between Center were analyzed. Subjects were categorized into 4 groups by physical characteristics and performance, among the athletes spe- means of BMI and %BF (group I, BMI<23 and %BF<30, group cializing in track and field short distance events. In this study, we II, BMI<23 and %BF>30, group III, BMI>23 and %BF<30, group used a “physique map” which can visually grasp the size of the IV, BMI>23, and %BF> 30). [Results] Twenty-two percent of the physique, to clarify the relationship. [Methods] 43 collegiate sprint- participants were categorized as NWO. NWO females had higher ers participated in this study. We measured their height, weight and prevalence of cardiometabolic risk factors than NW females with lean body mass (LBM). Total and partial body composition were less adiposity (group III) and the prevalence in the former was measured by using dual-energy x-ray absorption. Physique map of rather similar to that seen in OW females. This results suggest that 52 squares was formed according to the mean value and standard de- clinical assessment of excess body fat in normal body mass index viation of the measured values relating to the physique. Finally, the individuals should begin in health examination. [Conclusion] Long- measured values of the subjects were plotted and examined. [Result] term lifestyle program including nutritional counselling and exer- 100m athletes had a wide range in height and weight stages. The cise is an appropriate intervention for NWO subjects in the health 110mH athletes had a high height and weight stage. In the case of care center. 100m and 110mH athletes, they were considered that had a high Keywords : normal weight obese, cardiometabolic risk factor, key- LBM of the lower part of the body may connect with high perfor- word3 mance. [Conclusion] The distribution of sprinters’s physique was different in different events. Physique map was able to grasp the physique instantaneously visually. Moreover, it was considered to be effective while training to a target physique. Keywords : sprinters, body composition, physique map
479. 480. Effect of short-term step exercise training on Association between anaerobic and aerobic body composition of elderly people with dif- capacities by different of race strategy in ath- ferent physical activity levels letics 400m running 1 1,2 1,2 Kenichi Deguchi1, Hajime Miura2, Yukio Yanagisawa3, Moe Oshiden , Natsuki Hasegawa , Shumpei Fujie , 3 4 Naoki Horii1, Motoyuki Iemitsu1 Seiichi Hashida , Sinsuke Katoh 1 2 (1Naruto Hosp., 2Tokushima Univ., 3Tokushima Bunri Univ., 4Tokushi- ( Ritsumeikan.Univ, JSPS Research Fellow) ma Univ. Hosp.) [Aims] The 400m track race is longest in the sprint race, the 400m [Aims] The purpose of the present study investigated the effects sprinter need to both of anaerobic and aerobic exercise capacities of the amount of daily physical activity in step exercise training to maintain higher speed. In the 400m sprinter, there are sprinter on the body composition of healthy elderly women. [Methods] 14 types of “first half type” in which the running speed in the first subjects in the high physical activity group (age, 67.6±6.6 years), half section is high and “even type” in which the running speed in the whole race is almost unchanged. However, the requirement of and 13 subjects in the sedentary group (71.9±8.3 years) performed exercise capacity may be differed between these types. The purpose step exercise training. The subjects performed six sets of step ex- of this study is to investigate whether a different of race strategy af- ercise training, which consisted of 3 minutes of 70%HRmax with fects the relationship between the performance of 400m running and 1.5 minutes of rest time. All subjects performed step exercise train- anaerobic and aerobic exercise capacities. [Methods] Thirty-two ing 2 times per week for 8 weeks. [Results] In the changes of high 400m or 400m hurdle sprinters (18-21 years, male; n=23, female; physical activity group and sedentary group in skeletal muscle n=9) participated in this study. The mean power output during the mass index (from 8.4±0.7 kg/m2 to 8.6±0.7 kg/m2, from 8.3±0.5 30 seconds of a Wingate test was measured as an anaerobic exercise to 8.4±0.5 kg/m2). There were significant differences pre and post- ・ capacity. The maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) was measured step exercise training (P<0.01). There were no significant differ- as an aerobic exercise capacity. The 400m race season’s best time ences between groups. [Conclusions] These results suggested that (400mSB) and the race strategy questionnaire in each sprinter. [Re- step exercise training may improve the body composition of healthy sults] Significant negative correlation between anaerobic capacity elderly women without being affected by the amount of daily physi- and 400SB was found (r=-0.78, p<0.01), but was not significantly cal activity. ・ correlated between VO2max and 400SB. In either “first half type” Keywords : Step exercise, Body composition, Physical activity and “even type” sprinters, anaerobic capacity was negatively corre- lated with 400SB (r=-0.76, p<0.01 and r=-0.80, p<0.01 respective- ly). [Conclusions] These results suggest that the anaerobic capacity may be involved in the performance of 400m race, and this relation- ship was similar even if race strategy was different type. Keywords : 400m, Anaerobic capacity, Aerobic capacity JPFSM : Exercise training 519
481. 482. Relationships between running and ball speed Relationship between the accuracy and physi- in collegiate baseball pitcher ological exercise intensity of the chest pass in Toshiharu Tsutsui1, Suguru Torii2, Mana Ohtomo2, Yuta basketball Masuda1, Chiaki Nakamura2 Yoshiho Muraoka1, Ayaka Koyama2 (1Dept. Sports Sciences., Univercity. Waseda, Tokyo, Japan, 2Faculty (1Meisei Univ., 2Kashiwanoha E.S.) of Sports Science. Waseda Univercity) [Aims] In this study, we aimed to measure the accuracy and physi- [Introduction] Running has been done as a training for lower ex- ological exercise intensity of the chest pass in basketball at various tremities of the baseball collegiate pitcher, but the effectiveness distances and clarify their relationship. [Methods] Five subjects of the running on ball speed is not clarified yet. [Objective] The with basketball experience performed a chest pass towards a target purpose of this study was to clarify the relationship between the on a wall. The chest pass was made from a distance of 3-10 m from running motion and the ball speed in collegiate baseball pitchers. the wall, and the subjects performed 10 throws every 1 min at each [Method]Eight pitchers from W University baseball club were cho- distances. The oxygen intake and heart rate during the chest pass sen as the subjects. The subjects were asked to pitch the total of 105 were measured. The video image of the target was recorded, and balls simulated with 15 balls * 7 innings. The maximum ball speed the accuracy of the chest pass (gap from the target) was measured ・ was calculated by averaging the sum of the maximum ball speed from the image. The maximum oxygen intake (VO2max) was mea- ・ in each inning. Running motion at halfway of 20 meters maximum sured to obtain the relative intensity (%VO2max) on another day. sprint was analyzed using 3D motion analysis system (Qualysis). [Results and Discussion]With the increase in the distance to the The angles of the pelvis forward tilt, hip flexion, knee flexion, and target, the physiological exercise intensity and gap length from the ankle dorsiflexion were measured at Foot Contact (FC) which was target increased. However, these relationships varied among the identified as a moment at where the lateral malleolus become the subjects. The accuracy pattern equivalent to the distance (%distance) lowest. Additionally, the contact time and the stride length were relatively accorded in all the subjects. Between them, two linear measured. [Result] There were significant negative correlations be- relationships with a critical point (72.1% distance) were obtained. ・ tween the maximum ball speed and two factors, the contact time and [Conclusion] Compared at an equal distance, %VO2max was higher the ankle dorsiflexion angle at FC, in running motion. [Conclusion] in the unskilled subjects than in the skilled subjects, who had longer In the collegiate baseball pitcher, it is suggested that the maximum years of basketball experience. An unskilled person needs more ball speed might be improved by making the ankle dorsiflexion energy to attain the same performance. If skill levels are different, angle smaller and the contact time shorter at the FC in order to use the mechanical and ventilation efficiencies of the throw movement the stretch shortening cycle effectively. would differ. We think these differences led to the variance of the Keywords : baseball pitcher, running, ball speed results in this study. Keywords : Chest pass, Oxygen intake, Accuracy
483. 484. Influence of Climb Down Routes in Mt.Fuji on Effect of the short-term coordination training Perceived Fatigue and Muscle Hardness of on the relation between long cast distance and lower limbs pitching motion 1 2 3 Yukata Iwaihara , Junichi Nagasawa , Hiroto Tsujikawa , 1 2 4 1 5 Daiki Izumiyama , Takayoshi Yamada , Haruka Kawa- Takahiko Yoshida , Shinichi Murata , Kouki Nagatsu , 3 1 bata Koji Sugiyama 1 2 (1Faculty of Education, Shizuoka Univ., Shizuoka, Japan, 2Nihon ( graduate School of education, University of fukui., University of 3 Univ., 3Juntendo Univ., 4Fuji Toranomon Orthopedic Hosp., 5Grad. fukui., Hachinohe Gakuin University Junior College) Sch. of Education, Shizuoka Univ.) [Aims] Coordination training(COT) aims to enhance the neuromus- [Background] Physical troubles in climbing Mt.Fuji pose a problem. cular relationship, and it is considered effective for improving mo- But there are few studies on the load in mountain climbing. [Aims] tor abilities such as agility and coordination. This study examined In this study, we will clarify the difference of the load according to the effect of short-term coordination training on the relationship the basis of perceived fatigue and physiological data in the climbing between long-cast distance and pitching motion. [Method] Before down route. [Methods] We selected six healthy adults as subjects and after COT, nine second-grade elementary school children (5 and asked them to ascend a mountain from F route and to climb boys and 4 girls) participated in evaluation of pitching motion and down it, after reaching the top, from F route (with steep slope and measurement of long-cast distance with maximal effort. Pitch- rocks) or from G route (with gentle slope and much sand). 20 days later, we again let them climb down the mountain taking other route ing motion was evaluated by the observational evaluation index, than before. The measurement items were perceived fatigue, per- which contains seven items (pitching hand, trunk backward, follow- ceived pain, muscle hardness and WBI. These were measured before through, weight shift, forward stepping, trunk twisting, and opposite climbing, and 2 hours and 48 hours after climbing down. [Results] arm). [Result] After COT, children’s long-cast distance significantly The perceived fatigue in G route is thought to be low in subjective improved (F=4.47, p<0.05), but total pitching motion scores before burden because the degree of rise is very small compared to the and after COT showed no significant differences. Relations between state before climbing. Muscle hardness tended to be high in rectus total pitching motion score and long-cast distance were respectively femoris, but there was no difference in average with reference to significant and moderate (r=0.75, 0.93). Relations between each the four parts of lower limbs. In addition, in a stand-up motion test, pitching motion item’s score and long-cast distance before COT F route significantly gained 5cm higher after climbing down the were significant(r=0.75, 0.94), respectively except for pitching mountain. [Conclusions] It is suggested that G route, compared to F hand (r=0.79), trunk backward (r=0.74), and opposite arm (r=0.82). route, reduces fatigue feelings more, maintains the starting level of climbing as is observed in physiological indices, and can secure the [Conclusion] It was inferred that COT can improve balance ability safety condition more. and consolidated capacity between arm and trunk during long-cast Keywords : Climb down a mountain, Perceived fatigue, Muscle motion. hardness Keywords : coordination training, long-cast distance, pitching motion 520 JPFSM : Exercise training
485. 486. Effects of 12 weeks of exercise training on Effect of Environmental Enrichment on Daily diving bradycardia in obese men Physical Activity and Body Temperature in 1 2 3,4 Mice Masayuki Konishi , Hyeon-Ki Kim , Hiroki Tabata , No- 1 1 1 3 1 Masaki Kimura , Risako Ishii , Natsumi Hirano , Ryouei buhiro Nakamura , Shizuo Sakamoto 1 1 1 1 2 Uchida , Yoshimasa Saito , Hidetsugu Saito ( Fac Spo Sci, Waseda Univ, Tokorozawa, Japan, Org for Univ Res 1 3 ( Dept. of Pharmacotherapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio Univ., Initiatives, Waseda Univ, Shinjuku, Japan, Grad Sch Spo Sci, Waseda Tokyo, Japan) Univ, Tokorozawa, Japan, 4JSPS Research Fellow, Chiyoda, Japan) [Backgrounds & Aims] There is little evidence of the effect of the [Aims] Diving bradycardia is thought to develop in response to Environmental Enrichment (EE) on many research fields. The pur- facial cooling and breath-holding, and reflect parasympathetic regu- pose of this study was to investigate the effects of EE condition on lation. Obesity is associated with a reduction in parasympathetic daily physical activities and body temperature in mice. regulation. Exercise training improves parasympathetic regulation, [Subjects & Methods] 24-week-old male ICR mice were assigned to which can be measured by heart rate variability. However, the ef- EE condition (56x30x38cm cage with a dome, ladders, tunnels, and fects of exercise training on diving bradycardia are unknown. We wheels), a free wheel running condition (WR), a daytime one-hour investigated the effects of 12 weeks of exercise training on diving treadmill running training condition (TR), or a normal condition (CO: 30x20x12cm cage) under individual (Exp. 1, n=1) or group bradycardia in obese men. [Methods] Twenty-two obese men were (Exp. 2, n=4) housing. Mice were continuously monitored their randomized into an exercise training group (n=11; age: 48 ± 2 years) body temperature and 3-dimensional activity using the NanoTag or a control group (n=11; age: 46 ± 2 years). The training group per- wireless telemetry device implanted within the peritoneal cavity. formed 3-5 sessions of exercise at moderate intensity for 30-50 min In Exp. 3, 4-week-old male ICR mice were assigned to EE (n=8) per day for 12 weeks. Body composition, diving bradycardia, heart or CO (n=8) condition for 20 weeks. After the experimental period, rate variability, and peak oxygen uptake were measured before and a grip strength test, a beam walk test, and an escape test were per- after training. [Results] Exercise training caused significant reduc- formed for all mice. tion in percentage of body fat and an increase in peak oxygen up- [Results & Discussions] Under EE condition, mice performed more take. The high-frequency power of heart rate variability was signifi- active moving using many equipment in group housing compared cantly increased after exercise training. Diving bradycardia did not to individual housing. They showed high body temperature during night time as same as WR condition, TR condition showed very low differ during the 12 weeks of exercise training. [Conclusions] The activity during night time. Mice in EE condition may not get signifi- present study indicates that 12 weeks of exercise training improves cant muscle strength, but they could have good balance and jumping parasympathetic regulation, as measured by heart rate variability, ability compared to mice in CO condition. but does not affect diving bradycardia. These data suggested that the Environmental Enrichment may pro- Keywords : diving reflex test, autonomic regulation, physical fitness duce beneficial effects on the health especially in group housing. Keywords : Environmental Enrichment, Activity, Body Temperature
487. 488. The influences of community-based health Effect of manipulating work rate by changing intervention on cognitive function and hand gear ratio and cadence on mechanical effec- finger dexterity in elderly people at different tiveness and pedal forces at each crank angle levels of time to go out during cycling 1 1 1 1 1 1 Mutsumi Kamba , Shizuo Katamoto , Hayao Ozaki , Noriko Ogawa , Mami Fujibayashi , Chika Nanayama , 1 1 2 Shuichi Machida , Hisashi Naito Masato Nishiwaki 1 ( Juntendo Univ.) (1Univ. Setsunan, 2Osaka Institute of Technology) [Aim] The index of pedal force effectiveness (IFE: ratio of the [Aims] The present study aimed to examine the effects of communi- tangential to the total force) increases with a higher gear ratio at a ty-based health class on cognitive function and hand finger dexterity given cadence because the extent of increase is greater in the effec- in older adults at different levels of time to go out. [Methods] Forty tive force (EF: tangential force applied to pedals) than that in the in- men and women (age, 73 ± 1 years) participated in supervised group effective force (IF: radial force along a crank). Meanwhile, changes activity and seated exercise for 60 min per session, once each week in these forces are unclear when changing the cadence at a constant during an 8-week intervention. The participants wore an activity gear ratio. The purpose of this study was to investigate the IFE, EF, monitor for total 9 weeks during baseline and intervention period. and IF at each crank angle during cycling when manipulating the Mini-mental state examination (MMSE) and pegboard test, which work rate with changing pedaling cadence or gear ratio. [Method] is related to cognitive function, were assessed before and after the Nine male collegiate cyclists performed an incremental cycling test intervention. Based on the total time to go out at baseline, the par- under two conditions. In condition A, the work rate increased by in- ticipants were assigned to C (> 60 min/day, n = 18) or S (≤ 60 min/ creasing the gear ratio with a constant cadence, whereas in condition day, n = 22), and then analyzed. [Results] After the intervention, B, it increased by increasing the cadence with a constant gear ratio. both groups improved physical fitness parameters such as handgrip The work rate increased by 50W every 4 minutes (100 to 300W). strength. Although MMSE in the both groups did not reach statisti- The pedal force was measured every 30 degrees during the full rev- olution. [Results] In condition A, IFE gradually increased with the cally significant level, these values tended to increase slightly from increase in the work rate, whereas it did not change in condition B. the baseline. Interestingly, significant interaction of pegboard test EF increased in various crank angles with the increase in work rate was observed and the score significantly increased only in the S. for both conditions; significant increase in IF in the early half of the [Conclusions] Therefore, these results suggest that the trainability upstroke phase was observed only in condition B. [Conclusion] IFE of pegboard test, which is an index of hand finger dexterity and is does not changed when the work rate increases by changing the ca- related to cognitive function, would differ depending on the time to dence at a constant gear ratio because IF increases during the early go out at baseline in older adults. half of the upstroke phase. Keywords : group activity, mini-mental state examination, pegboard Keywords : index of pedal force effectiveness, effective force, inef- test fective force JPFSM : Exercise training 521
489. 490. Contribution of high intensity sprint pattern on Effects of physical and environmental fac- energy expenditure during intermittent exercise tors on the prevalence of heat illness-related Yuya Higashino1, Makoto Ayabe2, Kazuhiro Morimura3, symptoms during summer sports activities in Satoshi Ishizaki4 collegiate athletes (1Grad. Sch of Computer Science and Systems Engineering, Okaya- Naoyuki Yamashita1, Masashi Kume2, Hiromi Shinya3, ma Pref Univ, Okayama, Japan, 2Okayama Pref Univ, Okayama, Akira Yorimoto3, Tetsuya Yoshida1 Japan, 3Shujitsu Univ, Okayama, Japan, 4Shibaura Inst of Tech, (1Kyoto Institute of Technology, 2Kyoto Bunkyo Junior College, Saitama, Japan) 3Kyoto Woman’s University) [Aims] The purpose of the present investigation was to clarify the [Aims] The purpose of the present study was to clarify the effects contribution of the distance and the frequency of the high intensity of physical (poor appetite, sleep deprivation, diarrhea, dehydra- sprint on energy expenditure (EE) during intermittent running. tion, accumulated fatigue, and mental stress) and environmental [Methods] Fourteen young men, aged from 18 to 23 years old, run (extended exercise duration, insufficient breaks, insufficient fluid 1200-m under 3 intermittent conditions and one constant speed intake, hot environment, high humidity, strong solar radiation, low condition, and the total time for 1200-m was 3.5-min, regardless wind, and clothing that feels hot) factors on the prevalence of the of the conditions. The intermittent condition was consisted by the heat illness-related symptoms (HIS) (dizziness, nausea, headaches, 120-m maximal sprint running and the 1080-m of the jogging. The weakness, and numbness of lips) during summer sports activities in 120-m of the sprint was 12 times of the 10-m sprint, 6 times of the collegiate athletes [Methods] A self-assessed survey was designed 20-m sprint, 3 times of the 40-m sprint. The EE was measured by to determine the physical and environmental factors causing HIS in an expired gas analyzer (MetaMax 3B, CORTEX, Germany). The collegiate athletes. Adjusted odds ratio (OR) was calculated using moving speed and acceleration measured based on the global posi- stepwise multivariate logistic regression analysis. [Results] Com- tioning system (SPI Pro X, GPSPORTS, Australia). [Results] The pleted surveys were received from 1516 athletes (male, n=1032; intermittent running with the sprint expend significantly larger ener- female, n=484). Logistic regression analysis showed high ambient gy compared with the constant speed condition (p<0.05). The larg- temperature (OR, 2.51), mental stress (2.15), diarrhea (2.07), accu- est magnitude of the difference in the EE from the constant speed mulated fatigue (1.89), insufficient fluid intake (1.67), lack of wind condition was obtained in the 12 times of the 10-m sprint among the (1.63), poor appetite (1.41), strong solar radiation (1.40), and sleep three intermittent conditions (p<0.05). Average acceleration during deprivation (1.35) to be factors that increase the risk of HIS. Male the sprint significantly associated with the EE (p<0.05). [Conclu- sex (0.51) was the factor that decreases the risk of HIS. [Conclu- sions] The multiple short sprints, rather the long sprint, associated sion] These results suggest that the athletes should take care of heat with the increases in the EE during intermittent running due to the stress, mental and physical fatigue accumulation, body fluid loss to long and high acceleration. prevent HIS during summer sports activity. Keywords : Interval, Soccer, Football Keywords : Logistic regression analysis, Heat illness, Incidence ratio
491. 492. Changing of hemoglobin values during the A study on changes of oxidative stress, psy- menstrual periods throughout the year in col- chological condition and physical condition of legiate female EKIDEN runners high school long distance runners Inkwan Hwang1, Kenji Beppu1, Yohei Sato1, Tetsuro Ko- Kosuke Taniguchi1, Masaaki Sugita2 bayashi1, Dai Ueda2, Sunsuk Kim1, Takayoshi Ohnishi3, (1Gifu Sports Association, Gifu Sports Science Center, 2Nippon Kazuhiko Kuboyama1 Sport Science University, Faculty of Sport Science) (1Nippon Sport Sci. Univ. Kanagawa, Japan, 2Bunkyo Univ., Evaluation of oxidative stress has been reported as a potential Kanagawa, Japan, 3Matsuyama Univ.) source of objective indicators. However there is little information [Aim] To investigate the changing of hemoglobin values during the about the relationship between high school long distance runners monthly menstrual periods throughout the year in collegiate female and psychological parameters. The purpose of this study was to ex- Ekiden runners having normal menstruation. [Methods] Four picked amine relationship between indicators and psychological parameters collegiate female long-distance runners and five ordinary women through the periodic evaluation of oxidative stress. Eight men high with no athletic experience as controls were the objects of this school long distance runners participated as subjects in this inves- study. The following annually changing parameters were measured: tigation. The measurement period was 6 weeks. We measured reac- daily body composition, body temperature, and hemoglobin level tive oxygen metabolites (d-ROMs), biological antioxidant potential (Hb level; measured by ASTRIM FIT [Sysmex Corp., Japan]). All (BAP), POMS, physical status, sleep duration and practice situation. data were average values selected from five days of before and after The average value of d-ROMs showed more than 300 U.CARR on monthly menstrual periods. The values of all parameters obtained each measurement date. The d-ROMs was significantly lower dur- during monthly menstrual periods of each subject were adopted for ing the 5th and 6th measurement date than the average value. The the analysis. [Results] Both runners group and control group indi- BAP showed no significant difference in average value for each cated significant lower Hb values in menstrual periods than the val- measurement date. There was no relationship between oxidative ues before and after the menstrual periods ((ex.)p<0.05, respective- stress, change in psychological state and subjective condition. It ly). And furthermore, the Hb value of runners group in menstrual can be concluded that the periodic examinations of oxidative stress periods (11.8±0.9g/dl: lower than the reference value regulated by would be valid index for evaluating physical conditioning in high World Health Organization) was especially lower than the value of school long distance runners. control group (13.5±0.9g/dl). [Conclusions] It was suggested from Keywords : oxidative stress, high school long distance runners, the results that female Ekiden runners should be careful with health physical conditioning management and adjustment of the daily practice for long-distance running particularly during each menstrual period. Keywords : long distance runner, condition, menstrual cycle 522 JPFSM : Exercise training
493. 494. Relationship between players’ competitive lev- Hormonal responses and muscle damage af- el and a newly developed soft tennis-specific ter squat exercise to failure in comparison to test the same volume exercise without failure Koji Kawakami1, Kazufumi Terada1,2, Tatsuki Nakagawa1, K. Shibata1, K. Takizawa3, T. Yamaguchi1, N. Tomabechi2, Mika Imai1, Toru Kawakami1, Kouhei Nishida1, Youhei Mi- K. Nosaka4, M. Mizuno2 yake1, Nozomi Yabuta1, Toshiaki Nakatani1,2 (1Rakuno Gakuen Univ., 2Hokkaido Univ., 3Institute of Physical De- (1Tenri Univ. Grad. Sch., 2Tenri. Univ.) velopment Research, 4Edith Cowan Univ.) [Aims] The present study presents a novel test, one which takes into [Aim] To compare squat exercise to failure and the same volume ex- consideration the athletic characteristics of soft tennis, and exam- ercise without failure for hormonal responses and muscle damage. ines the relationship of this test to levels of competition. [Methods] [Methods] Ten trained male students (20.5 ± 1.1y, 174.0 ± 3.8cm, The subjects consisted of two groups: a group of 15 male and 28 65.7 ± 4.8 kg, squat 1RM/BW: 1.5 ± 0.2) performed squat exercise female Japanese national team-level soft tennis players (national at 75%1RM with 3 min. rest between sets. Firstly, they performed team group), and a group of 23 male and 21 female university-level each set to failure for 3 sets (F condition). Two weeks later, they soft tennis players (university group). The subjects participated in performed squat exercise for the same total number of repetitions a novel performance test conducted as follows on an artificial grass in 6 sets to prevent failure. (NF condition). Rate of perceived exer- tennis court with sand. Upon receiving an anteriorly-located visual tion was recorded 30 minutes after each condition (session RPE). stimulus as the signal to begin, subjects dashed 5.8 m to the left or Growth hormone (GH), testosterone (T), IGF-1, and cortisol (C) right, touched a target, and then dashed back to the starting position; were measured before and after the exercise. Maximal voluntary performance time (PT) for this test was measured. Vertical jump, contraction strength of knee extension (MVC) was measured before, standing long jump, whole-body reaction time, and 10 m sprint immediately after and 1 day after exercise. [Results] Session RPE were also measured. [Results] The intraclass correlation coefficient was significantly (p<0.01) higher in F (8.3 ± 1.2) than NF (4.1 ± 1.4). between two PT measurements taken two weeks apart was 0.78. GH at 15 min post-exercise (F: 12.3 ± 8.3 ng/mL, NF: 5.2 ± 6.2 ng/ Comparisons of tests between competition levels by sex revealed mL) and C at 30 min post-exercise (F: 19.0 ± 4.3 ± g/dL, NF: 14.2 a significant difference in PT between groups among both male ± 4.6± g/dL) were greater in F than NF (p<0.01). No significant and female players; specifically, PT was significantly better in the differences between conditions were observed for changes in T and national team-level group (p < 0.01). As for other tests, while sig- IGF-1. MVC slightly decreased (6.1 ± 8.8%) 1 day after exercise in nificant differences were observed between groups on some items F. [Conclusion] Squat exercise with volitional failure produced GH among female players, no such differences were observed among and C increases and slight muscle damage than non-failure condi- male players. [Conclusion] These results suggest that the novel test tion with equated volume. reflects levels of soft tennis competition. Keywords : Rating of perceived exertion, hormonal responses, Keywords : physical performance test, agility, ball game muscle damage
495. 496. Effect of hyperventilation on maximum con- The effects of sprint interval training on sail centric velocity during bench press throws pumping performance of a male windsurfing and squat jumps Olympian 1 1 Akihiro Sakamoto , Hisashi Naito Masahiro Hagiwara1,4, Toshiyuki Ohya2,4, Ryo Yamanaka3,4, 1 ( Juntendo Univ., Chiba, Japan) Hayato Onuma4, Yasuhiro Suzuki4 (1Japanese Olympic Committee, 2Chukyo University, 3Teikyo Heisei [Aims] The effectiveness of power training can be augmented by 4 applying maximum power for each repetition, which can be accom- University, Japan Institute of Sports Sciences) plished by making projectile or ballistic motions. During repetitive [Aims] This study was to determine the effects of on shore Sprint lifting, however, the development of fatigue may hinder the high Interval Training (SIT) using a rowing ergometer on anaerobic and levels of power output. Hyperventilation-induced respiratory alka- aerobic capacity, and sail pumping performance on water in a male losis (HV) has proven to attenuate power decrement during repeated windsurfing Olympian. [Methods] Training was in two phases, the short sprints and heavy resistance training. This study investigated first comprising nine sessions over 11 days, and one training session whether the ergogenic effects of HV would hold during ballistic (repeated sets of five maximal effort rowing with 4 min recovery exercise. [Methods] Eleven power trained athletes maximally per- between each set). The second training phase comprised six ses- formed 12 reps×5 sets at 40%1RM of bench press (BP) throws sions over 11 days, and two sessions each comprising repeated sets (recovery: 3 min) and squat (SQ) jumps (recovery: 5min) under 2 of eight (each set: 20 s maximal efforts rowing and 10 s rest) with breathing conditions. For the control condition, each exercise set a 15 min rest between sessions. [Results] The after training period was preceded by normal breathing. Whereas, HV was implemented were that the mean output power in the 1 min all-out rowing test during the last 30-s of recovery before the 3rd, 4th and 5th sets for increased (P<0.01), and the peak output power tended to increase. the HV condition (RR: 53-56 breaths/min, VT: 2.1-2.2 L, PETCO2: 16-22 mmHg). The peak and mean concentric angular velocities In the incremental stage test, the polygonal curve of heart rate (HR) about the elbow (BP throws) or the knee (SQ jumps) were recorded and blood lactate concentrations (BLa) during submaximal exercise per repetition using an electro-goniometer. Blood was collected to shifted to the right, the intensity of onset of blood lactate accumula- examine pH and [La-]. [Results] HV was effective in increasing tion (OBLA) tended to increase, and maximal exercise intensity blood pH (7.335 vs. 7.410 for BP throws, 7.252 vs. 7.310 for SP tended to increase. The 2000 m rowing time and mean output power jumps, P<0.005). Yet, the peak and mean angular velocities, and tended to improve. HR decreased during the sail pumping test blood [La-] were similar between the control and HV conditions for (P<0.01). [Conclusions] SIT using a rowing ergometer in a wind- both exercises. [Conclusion] Ergogenic effects of HV was not evi- surfing Olympian improved anaerobic capacity, submaximal aerobic dent during repeated sets of ballistic exercises. The enhancement of capacity, and maximal aerobic performance. These improvements glycolytic energy supply expected from higher pH states also could were reflected in indirect improvement in sail pumping performance not be confirmed. (reduced cardiorespiratory load) in light wind conditions on water. Keywords : respiratory alkalosis, power training, fatigue Keywords : sailing, pumping, metabolic capacity JPFSM : Exercise training 523
497. 498. Effects of response training on response time Characteristics and applicability of sports vision and tympanic membrane temperature Hiroyuki Tanaka1, Yoshiyuki Kitahara2 Kengo Yotani1, Shiori Hanai1, Atsumu Yuki2, Futoshi (1School of Arts and Health Education, Naruto University of Educa- Ogita1, Hiroyuki Tamaki3 tion, 2Yonago Municipal Fukuike Higashi Elementary School) (1National Institute of Fitness and Sports in Kanoya, Japan, 2Kochi [Aims] We examined the influence and characteristics of vision University, Japan, 3Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Japan) training on sports vision. In addition, using free throw of basketball [Aims] Previous studies have reported that changes in tympanic competition as an indicator, we conducted the experimental study membrane temperature (TMT) affect response time. We conducted about the applicability of vision training to improving competition. response training to a visual stimulus and assessed the effects on [Methods] Vision training were conducted for 8 of 16 university response time and TMT. [Methods] Fourteen healthy male subjects students 3 times per week for 2 months and 30 free throws were were randomly divided into 2 groups: a training group, which un- conducted for all of these 16 students at the same frequency. [Re- derwent response training consisting of an isometric abduction task sults] The transition of the total score of the sports vision measure- of their right index finger as quickly as possible in response to a vi- ment showed significantly higher value in the training group than sual signal, and a control group, which did not undergo the response value in the control group. When classifying the training group into training. The training group underwent the response training 2 days the upper group or the lower group by the total score of the sports per week for 4 weeks. Both groups performed the same response vision measurement, the upper group showed a significantly higher time test, which was the same task as performed during response value in the salivary α-AMY activity value after the sports vision training, before (Pre) and after (Post) the training period. Pre-motor measurement. In addition, the sympathetic nervous system activity time (PMT), motor evoked potential (MEP) latency, visuo-motor index based on heart rate variability during sports vision measure- related time (VMRT: PMT - MEP latency), and right- and left-TMT ment also turned out to have a tendency to show high value. It was were measured at each test. [Results] PMT and VMRT, but not MEP suggested that the deviation of the shot in the anteroposterior and latency, were significantly shorter at the Post-test than at the Pre-test lateral directions can be reduced by the vision training for those in the training group, whereas no significant differences between who have inexperienced basketball competition. [Conclusions] It the Pre-test and the Post-test findings were observed in the control was suggested that vision training improves sports vision. In addi- group. On the other hand, there were no significant differences in tion, it was inferred that sports vision might fluctuate reflecting the TMT between the Pre-test and the Post-test findings in either group. intrinsic influences such as sympathetic activation and degree of at- [Conclusions] Response training used in this study shortened the tention caused by the response to the stimulus. VMRT, but did not influence TMT. Keywords : sports vision, free throw, salivary α-amylase Keywords : simple reaction task, electromyogram, motor-evoked potentials
499. 500. Acute effects of static and dynamic stretching The effect of rapid stepping training while sit- on whole-body choice reaction times ting in a chair on mobility Yuichiro Kato1, Ryo Chikuba2 Akiyo Higashionna1, Ai Yoshinaga2, Yutaka Yoshitake3 (1Sch. Sports and Health Sci., Heisei Int. Univ., Saitama, Japan, (1Meio University, 2Nihon Stage Co., Ltd., 3National Institute of fit- 2Dept. Sports and Health Sci., Univ. East Asia, Yamaguchi, Japan) ness and Sports in Kanoya) [Aim] Stretching is known to enhance the flexibility of joints, [Aims] Body weight-supported stepping training reportedly increas- as well as enhance performance. It has been reported that static es the walking speed of healthy older individuals. This suggests stretching reduces isometric strength. However, dynamic stretching that rapid stepping with body weight unloading improves mobility. is shown to have positive effects on power, sprint and jump perfor- This study examined the effect of rapid stepping training while sit- mances. Ball game athletes are required to show quick responses to ting in a chair on mobility. [Methods] Participants were assigned to movements of players and the ball. This study examined the acute a training group (n=10, mean age: 20±1 years) or a control group effects of static and dynamic stretching on whole-body choice re- (n=10, mean age: 21±1 years). The training group performed a rapid action times. [Methods] Participants (n=10) conducted 10-minute stepping exercise ≥3 times a day ≥3 times a week for 12 weeks. The static (10 patterns, 30 seconds both side) or dynamic (8 patterns, 10 maximum stepping rate in 10 seconds was measured using an in- times both side) stretching on different days. Whole-choice reaction dustrial stepping rate counter (Stepping Counter; Yagami, Nagoya, time were measured at pre- and post-stretching and 10 minutes after Japan). The participants were instructed to perform alternating steps stretching. The imperative stimulus was randomly presented either with each leg as quickly as possible for 10 seconds while in a sitting the left or the right side. Participants were required to perform same- position. The leg extensor power, knee extension strength, vertical side steps (800 mm) as the stimulus. [Results] A repeated measures jumps, maximum walking speed, stepping and stair-climbing power ANOVA indicated that reaction times and movement times for both were all measured before and after stepping training. [Results] stretching conditions were not significantly different between the There were no significant differences between the two groups at three time-on-task conditions. However, post stretching response baseline. The effect of the intervention was 0.87 for the leg extensor times in both conditions were significantly faster than those in the power and 0.83 for the stepping. [Conclusions] In this study, rapid pre-stretching (725 vs 738 ms) and this effect was maintained for stepping training increased the maximum stepping rate. This shows 10 minutes. There was no significant interaction between stretch- that the rhythmic sequential movement of the lower limbs can be ing and time-on-task conditions. [Conclusion] Static and dynamic performed quickly. Our findings suggests that the increase in the leg stretching improved response times in the side-step movement but extension power may be due in part to the stepping training. had no effect on reaction times. Keywords : stepping, mobility, intervention Keywords : Static stretching, Dynamic stretching, Whole reaction time 524 JPFSM : Exercise training
501. 502. The recovery duration after dynamic stretch- Effects of physical training on the fitness level ing is the key to improve endurance running of the elderly in nursing facilities performance after warm-up running and dy- 1 1 1 Ryota Shinayama , Masaru Ichikawa , Noriko Nishimura , namic stretching 1 1 1 2 3 Takehiro Tagawa , Tsuyoshi Nishiwaki Taichi Yamaguchi , Kazuki Takizawa , Mina Samukawa , (1ASIS Corporation Institute of Sport Science) Masanori Yamanaka3, Keisuke Shibata1,3, Nobuyasu Tomabechi3, Masanari Togo1, Keita Hoshina1,4, Miku Sato1 [Aims] To examine training effects for elderly people in nursing (1Rakuno Gakuen University, 2Institute of Physical Development facilities with an originally developed physical training program 3 4 Research, Hokkaido University, International Pacific University) which is devised for standing, walking and not falling. [Aim] It was recommended to perform dynamic stretching (DS) [Methods] 124 elderly people (77.4 ± 9.2 years) joined this study. prior to endurance running events. We revealed that DS improved The originally developed physical training program is composed of an endurance running performance (ERP) (JSCR2015). In contrast, 3 typed training, muscle training with resistance training machines, we clarified that warm-up (W-up) running and DS impaired the ERP dual task training for cognitive ability and sling training for muscle (70thJSPFSM). In the previous study, the recovery duration was strength, flexibility and balancing ability. Each training session not enough since the ERP was evaluated immediately after DS. The takes 30 minutes. The participants performed the training program purpose of this study was to clarify the acute effect of recovery du- for 6 months with the frequency of once a week. 3 times measure- ration after W-up running and DS on ERP. [Methods] The ERPs of 8 ments to confirm the training effects were carried out before, 3 well-trained male runners were assessed on a treadmill after 3 types months after and 6 months after the start of the training program. of treatment. The treatments were W-up+5 min recovery (W-up+5R), [Results] Significant training effects were confirmed in hip joint W-up+DS+5 min recovery (W-up+DS+5R) and W-up+DS+10 min ROM, grip strength, habitual walking speed, one leg standing time recovery (W-up+DS+10R). The W-up was running at a velocity ・ with eyes open, task walking speed and TMT A test for the first 3 equivalent to 70% maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max). The DS was months while body composition and 5 sit to stand time were kept performed 10 repetitions as quickly as possible for the 5 muscle even. It’s only one leg standing time with eyes open that showed a groups in lower extremities. The ERP was evaluated by time to continuous improvement in six months. exhaustion (TTE) during running at a velocity equivalent to 90% ・ [Conclusion] It was proven that the originally developed physical VO2max. [Result] The TTE (884.5±244.9 sec) after W-up+DS+10R was significantly longer than that (719.8±227.9 sec) after W- training program was effective for the elderly in nurse facilities to up+5R, and tend to be longer than that (734.5±274.2 sec) after W- improve and maintain physical fitness for standing, walking and not up+DS+5R. [Conclusion] The result suggests that the improvement falling. effect of W-up running and DS on ERP at a velocity equivalent to Keywords : the elderly in nursing facilities, physical training pro- ・ 90% VO2max is brought by 10 min recovery duration after DS. gram, training effects Keywords : stretching, warm-up, endurance running performance
503. 504. Studies on sports vision of university male Measurement of tethered swimming power for kendo players water polo player by using electromagnetic Keiichi Kuniyoshi1, Teruaki Komuro1, Yasuhiko Takanashi1, brake-type ergo-meter 1 2 3 Tsuyoshi Hamano1, Toshio Mritani1, Hiromi Murakami1 Kohji Wakayoshi , Takahisa Minami , Narihito Taima , 4 5 (1Faculty of Sociology, Univ. Kyoto sangyo, Kyoto, Japan) Yasunori Watanabe , Kazumichi Ohashi (1Faculty Human Sci., Osaka Univ. Economics, Osaka, Japan, 2Na- [Aims] The aim of this study was to examine (1) the differences in ruto Univ. Educ., 3Osaka Univ. Pharmaceutical Sci., 4Sendai Univ., sports vision of university male kendo players, (2) the factors (i.e. 5Ohashi Chisou Kenkyujo) static visual activity: SVA, kinetic visual activity: KVA, dynamic visual activity: DVA, contrast sensitivity ocular motor skill: OMS, [Aims] Water polo players playing ball games in the water are depth perception: DP, visual reaction time: VRT, and eye-hand co- required to have swimming power to overcome water resistance ordination: E/H) that influence on sports vision by performance in and power to move powerfully in body contacts. In this research, we aim to establish a simple evaluation method for measuring the athlete. [Methods] 30 university male kendo players, i.e. 10 regular tethered swimming power in the specific motion required for water players (A group), 10 substitute players (B group), and other 10 ball game. [Methods] Subjects are five male players including three players (C group), were recruited for this study. 11 male university Japanese national players and two old players. Subjects performed students whose visual activity was more than 1.0 were also recruited the maximal effort swimming of arm scrolling with eggbeater kick. as a control group (NA group). Multiple linear regression analysis An electromagnetic brake type ergometer as a load device was used was performed to examine the degree of contribution to the sports to investigate the relationship between tethered load and speed. The vision among factors. [Results] Mean values of SVA and KVA in A load was set in some stages in the range of 0.3 to 3.0 kp, and the group were statistically greater than those of in B, C, and NA group. pulling time was set to 15 sec. In the previous study, the relationship Mean value of CS in A group was statistically greater than that of in between the load (x) and the speed (y) becomes y=-ax+b, the power B, C group. Mean value of E/H in A group was statistically greater (y) is y=x(-ax+b). When this equation of y=-a(x-b/2a)2+b2/4a, is, than that of in C group. Degree of contribution was differed by x-b/2a=0, the maximum tethered swimming power is obtained by performance in athlete. In A group, SVA and KVA were highly con- b2/4a. [Results] There was a remarkable linear relationship between tribution to the sports vision. In B group, CS, OMS and VRT were tethered load and speed for all subjects (r>0.980). Maximum teth- highly contribution to the sports vision. DP and SVA were highly ered swimming power was obtained from regression line equation of contribution to the sports vision in C group. [Conclusions] Our each subject. The highest values was 68.1 watt for Japanese national results indicate that it is important to consider differences in sports player. [Conclusions] Even it would be a difference in the subject’s vision and its composition improve performance. physical strength, it is thought that the method in this study is effec- Keywords : University male kendo players, Sports vision, Contribu- tive in evaluating the swimming performance of water polo players. tion rates Keywords : water polo, tethered swimming, power JPFSM : Exercise training / Lifestyle and health 525
505. 506. The longitudinal changes of throwing veloc- The effects of the difference in the pattern for ity, shoulder internal and external strength in wearing a baby sling on respiratory response Japanese adolescent water polo players during upslope walking Yasuka Komori1, Eiichi Segawa2, Koji Kitada3, Yukie Keita Ohashi1, Kumiko Ono1, Ryo Watase1, Yuya Kawate1, Shimura1, Makoto Saito4 Akira Ishikawa1 (1Osaka International University, Japan, 2North Osaka Police Hos- (1Kobe Univ, Hyogo, Japan) pital, 3Ishikawa National College of Technology, 4Sensyu University) [Aim] The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of the [Introduction] Throwing is one of the most important skills in water difference in the pattern for wearing a baby sling on the respiratory polo. Throwing factors are difficult to determine for various reasons response during upslope walking. [Methods] Nine healthy adults such as differences in physical fitness and techniques. Therefore, participated in this study. We set the individualized walking speed this study aimed to examine the transition of throwing velocity, at 30% of the maximum oxygen uptake at 0% grade. The test began shoulder internal and external muscle strengths and shoulder flex- at 0% grade walking on the treadmill and increased by 2% every 5 ibility in adolescent water polo players. min until 8%. The test was performed randomly in these three con- [Methods] Nine male water polo players aged 11-15 years partici- ditions: holding an infant model in front of the subject with a baby pated in this study. During a penalty throw, each player threw the sling (F), piggyback with the sling (B), and none with anything (C). ・ ball to shoot at the goal. The throwing initial velocity was measured Heart rate (HR), oxygen uptake (VO2), minute ventilation (VE), by using a speed gun Doppler ultrasonography. The following phys- tidal volume (TV), respiratory exchange ratio (R), and respiratory ical fitness indicators of the shoulder joint were used: internal and rate (RR) were measured and the values from the last 1 min of each ・ external isometric muscle strengths measured by using a handheld grade were averaged. [Results] HR, VO2, VE, and TV significantly dynamometer, and flexibility measured by using a finger-vertebral increased with increasing grade in each condition. There were no ・ distance test on the upper and the lower sides. significant differences among the three conditions in HR, VO2, VE, [Results] The throwing velocity were increase with advancing age. TV, R, and RR. [Conclusions] This study suggests that the differ- Also, the shoulder internal and external muscle strengths on the ence in the pattern for wearing a baby sling has no effects on the re- throwing side were increase. On the other hand, the shoulder flex- spiratory response during upslope walking at a speed corresponding ibility on the throwing side were decrease with advancing age. to 30% of the maximum oxygen uptake at 0% grade until 8% grade. [Conclusions] Decrease in the shoulder flexibility was related to the Keywords : baby sling, respiratory response, upslope walking risk of occurrence of shoulder pain in water polo. Therefore, the re- sults of this study suggested that the shoulder pain prevention train- ing or conditioning is necessary for adolescent water polo players. Keywords : water polo, throwing velocity, adolescent
507. 508. ・ Salivary clock proteins in response to inten- Factors affecting VO2max in elderly person sive exercise with exercise habit 1 2 2 Kazuhiro Shimizu1, Yukichi Hanaoka2, Hiroaki Hiraoka2, Shinya Nishio , Yutaka Kuroda , Akira Haraguchi , Sawako 3 Fuminori Kimura2, Koichi Watanabe2 Wakui 1 2 (1Japan Institute of Sports Science, 2University of Tsukuba) ( Pacific Hospital, Kanagawa, Japan, Pacific Med. Fitness Club, Kanagawa, Japan, 3Juntendo Univ. Chiba, Japan) [Aimes] Circadian rhythm comprises clock genes regulating meta- bolic rhythm, right/dark cycle, and immune function. These regula-