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Underwater Cultural Heritage in Oceania

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Underwater Cultural Heritage in Oceania Underwater Cultural Heritage in Oceania ccoverover UUnderwaternderwater CCulturalultural HHeritageeritage iinn OOceaniaceania Edited by Ulrike Guérin, Barbara Egger and Vidha Penalva All underwater cultural heritage sites in this book have been chosen for their historic interest. There may however lay more representative and signifi cant sites in the waters of the territory encompassed by this publication. UNESCO’s choice was made without any claim to do complete justice to the heritage concerned, even if it aspired to do so. This publication was funded by UNESCO, the Australian Institute for Maritime Archaeology - AIMA and The Society for International Cultural Exchange, Japan. Reproduction may be allowed, providing that no changes are made and appropriate mention is made of the source. Please contact UNESCO Paris for authori- zation. This document should be cited as: © UNESCO, 2010. Underwater Cultural Heritage in Oceania. Layout by: Ulrike Guérin, Barbara Egger, Vidha Penalva de Almeida Document Code: CLT/CIH/MCO/2010/150REV Contact: UNESCO Section of Museums and Cultural Objects Secretariat of the Convention on the Protection The Society for International Cultural Exchange, Japan of the Underwater Cultural Heritage 1, rue Miollis – 75732 Paris cedex 15, France Tel. +33 (0) 145684406 Fax +33 (0) 145685596 Email: [email protected] www.unesco.org/en/underwater-cultural-heritage Cover page: SSSS SeveranceSeverance, Australia.Australia. TThehe ttwowo mmastedasted ssailingailing yachtyacht tthehe SSeveranceeverance ssankank ooffff LLadyady EElliotlliot IIslandsland iinn tthehe GGreatreat BBarrierarrier RReef,eef, Australia.Australia. TThehe SSeveranceeverance iiss relativelyrelatively uundamaged,ndamaged, ssomeome remainsremains ofof itsits sailssails persist,persist, wwichich hadhad beenbeen riggedrigged inin reefedreefed positionposition inin a vainvain attemptattempt toto minimizeminimize thethe dragdrag iinn thethe heavyheavy stormstorm thatthat sanksank it.it. TThehe wwreckreck lliesies atat a ddepthepth ooff 2200 mm.. SSchoolschools ooff ppellagics,ellagics, mmorayoray eeelsels aandnd ootherther mmarinearine llifeife areare presentpresent iinn tthehe aarea.rea. © M. Spencer / UNESCO BBackack CCover:over: Wreck of the Cher sunk on the Contrariété Reef on 9 January 1885, New Caledonia. © MM.. SSpencerpencer / UUNESCONESCO 4 . UUnderwaternderwater CCulturalultural HHeritageeritage iinn OOceaniaceania Edited by Ulrike Guérin, Barbara Egger and Vidha Penalva 5 . Midway Islands BONIN (U(U.S.).S.) Wenzhou S D ISLANDS Okinawa N CHINAINA Fuzhou A (JAPAN) L Naha S DAITO- Taipei I ) VOLCANO Quanzhou U N SHOTO Marcus Island E Y P A ISLANDS Z O N Xiamen U K A (JAPAN) H E Y ( J (JAPAN) (JAPAN) A UNITED STATES U R hou R Tropic of Cancer W C T A F R A Shantou I I I Taiwan A K A Hong Kong N Kauai L O Kao-hsiung Okino-tori- O acau S.A.R. I Honolulu M shima H S A.R. Oahu Luzon (JAPAN) L Maui C A Strait N N D E Northern Wake Island S Hawaii R (U.S.) E N E Z O Philippine Mariana T U R C T A F R Luzon O N Islands I Johnston Atoll L A R Sea A C Southouth (U.S.) Saipan (U.S.) N Manila Chinahina A Hagåtña I R Seaea Guam North Pacific PHILIPPINES (U.S.) A M Entwetak Panay Cebu Samar P Challenger Deep (world's greatest ocean depth, -10924 m) Iloilo City H MARSHALL Ocean I Palawan Bacolod L Negros Cagayan I FEDERATED STATES OF MICRONESIA ISLANDS P Sulu Sea de Oro P I N Kwajalein Mindanao Kingman Reef E Melekeok Pohnpei Majuro Zamboanga (U.S.) N E O Z Davao R E T Palikir T U Bandar Seri C R R A Begawan CAROLINE ISLANDS F E Palmyra Atoll N PALAU O BRUNEINEI N R T (U.S.) E C I P P H C L MALAYSIAYSIA Celebes Sea Kiritimati KIRIBATI (Christmas Island) (KIRIBATI) Borneo Manado Tarawa (GILBERT Howland Island Halmahera ISLANDS) (U.S.) Ternate Equator L Equator I amarinda Palu Molucca Biak Yaren District Baker Island N Sea Sorong Banaba (U.S.) Jarvis Island alikpapan New NAURU (U.S.) E Celebes Ceram Ireland masin Buru Jayapura Wewak RAWAKI Kendari Bismarck Sea (PHOENIX I Ambon KIRIBATI S Makassar PAPUA NEW GUINEA ISLANDS) L Madang ea Banda Sea Bougainville A New Guinea Mount New Britain SOLOMON N rabaya Hagen Lae INDONESIA D ÎLES Bali Sumbawa Flores ISLANDS Tokelau KIRIBATI Dili Solomon Funafuti S asar (N.Z.) MARQUISES Lombok TIMOR-LESTE Arafura Sea Awara Sea Honiara TUVALU Kupang To r res SANTA CRUZ Sumba Port Guadacanal Timor Timor Sea Strait Moresby ISLANDS Swains Island Ashmore and Rotuma Wallis and Cartier Island G r Futuna Cook (AUSTRALIA) Darwin e SAMOA Pago at (FRANCE) Gulf of Mata- Pago Islands IIndianndian Apia Carpentaria Utu SOCIETY Vanua American Coral Sea (N.Z.) ISLANDS OOceancean Levu Samoa B VANUATU FIJI a K Islands r (U.S.) I N Cairns r H ARCHIPEL DES TUAMOTU G i Coral Sea e New Port-Vila Papeete L G r TONGA C R EO Suva A M Caledonia N P N Tahiti G O R (AUSTRALIA) L A Viti E E D Alofi Niue C Townsville E R (FRANCE) Levu R D ee (N.Z.) f T O A N Mount Isa T N A Port N Avarua E E G GREAT SANDY L Mackay Ceva-i-Ra Hedland L French Polynesia W Nuku'Alofa N R Noumea Mururoa DESERT HAMMERSLEY A O N D (FRANCE) RANGE G I Rockhampton C T Tropic of Capricorn Alice Springs E V I A GIBSON D Gladstone Minerva Reefs ÎLES TUBUAI L DESERT I Adamstown N E G D Pitcairn Islands AUSTRALIA L O (U.K.) SIMPSON O Brisbane Toowoomba N R DESERT H I KERMADEC Gold Coast Geraldton C D A GREAT VICTORIA Kingston Lake Eyre ISLANDS N E R D A DESERT (lowest point G E Norfolk Island (N.Z.) A R N in Australia, H R L B A L I Kalgoorlie -15 m) (AUSTRALIA) T N R O A N O G S C Broken Hill W S R G Perth R U E A E I Lord Howe N D D E I gham E Whyalla N G N A S I Island E nbury L Newcastle V F (AUSTRALIA) M R R I South Pacific Sydney I Esperance E L Adelaide S Wollongong K Canberra L E North E Mount Kosciuszko (highest point in Australia, Island Ocean 2229 m) Auckland R I Great Australian Ta s m a n Tauranga Melbourne Hamilton D Bight Geelong G E Sea Bass NEW Palmerston Hastings Strait North Launceston ZEALAND Wellington Indian Hobart Tasmania Scale 1:41,000,000 Christchurch Mercator Projection Ocean CHATHAM South Island ISLANDS (N.Z.) 0 200 400 600 Kilometers Invercargill Dunedin 0 200 400 600 Miles MMapap ooff OOceania.ceania. 6 . The Pacifi c region’s historic ties to the seas have left a spectacular legacy of submerged archaeological sites ranging from shipwrecks to sunken villages, preserved in the depths of the ocean. Fortunately for this genera- tion and those to come, these treasures are fully recog- nised today as being an important part of the region’s heritage that it is our duty to safeguard. The protection of all kinds of cultural heritage is a very important aspect of UNESCO’s broader mandate to safeguard cultural diversity. Protecting and promoting such sites around the world reinforces societies’ sense of identity, strengthens social cohesion and facilitates mutual understanding, as well as bringing economic benefi ts. UNESCO works towards these goals by carry- ing out numerous activities in the fi eld as well by setting international standards in the domain of culture. To date, UNESCO’s Member States have adopted seven core international conventions to ensure the safeguard- ing of the irreplaceable treasures of humanity. Among these treaties, the 2001 Convention for the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage off ers pro- tection for a component of the world’s cultural heritage that has never ceased to captivate popular imagina- tion. The Convention is also widely recognized as the foremost reference document in the fi eld. By promoting and guiding the development of sustainable and responsible underwater archaeology, it is hoped that the scourge of illicit looting will be curtailed. Through this richly illustrated booklet, UNESCO wishes to raise awareness of the region’s threatened under- water heritage. In keeping with its mission to stimulate international refl ection, UNESCO has enlisted con- tributions from local archaeologists and experts in the fi eld, as well as the region’s national commissions for UNESCO and the Organization’s fi eld offi ces in the preparation of this publication. We also hope that this publication will encourage more countries in the Pacifi c region to support the UNESCO Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage. Irina Bokova, UNESCO Director-General 7 . An ancient admiralty-style anchor from the SS Kelloe, which sank in 1902 is now lying at a depth of 50 m in Little Bay off the eastern-suburbs of Sydney, Australia. As the ship was built in 1866, the anchor is probably more than 140 years old. © MM.. SSpencerpencer / UUNESCONESCO 8 . From the large continent of Australia to the smallest island in Micronesia, life in Oceania has always been closely related to the water. The Pacifi c Ocean contains therefore an inestimable wealth of submerged traces of human activity. They have been conserved under the Ocean and range from ancient ves- tiges of sacred and residential sites, wreckages from the era of early ex- plorers, to the widespread remains of the Second World War battles. Due to the region’s cultural richness and complex history, the protection of underwater heritage is extremely important. Many sites are threatened by dispersal and destruction, natural disasters and the eff ects of climate change. However this heritage provides opportunities for economic development and helps defi ne our cultural iden- tity.
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