Indigenous Navigation in the Pacific

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Hokkaido Vladivostok New York Philadelphia Beijing North Korea Sea of Tianjin Japan P'yongyang Sacramento Washington Seoul Japan Honshu NORTH San Francisco United States of America China South Tokyo Nagoya Korea Pusan Osaka Los Angeles PACIFIC Cheju-Do Shikoku San Diego Shanghai Kyushu OCEAN New Orleans Guadalupe Island (Mex.) Midway Baja Ryukyu Ogasawara- Islands (US) California Trench Okinawa-Jima (Jap.) Gunto (Jap.) Gulf of Miami Minami-Tori- Hawaiian Islands (US) Shima (Jap.) Mexico Havana Taiwan Kauai Cuba Oahu Mexico Hainan Dao Honolulu Guadalajara Jamaica Mariana Mexico Northern Wake Island (US) Hawaii Revillagigedo Island (Mex.) Kingston Philippine Ridge Belize South Luzon Mariana Islands Johnston Atoll (US) China Sea (US) Guatemala Honduras Manila Saipan Sea Guam (US) Marshall Islands El Salvador Nicaragua Philippines Enewetak Managua Costa Rica Panama Yap Islands Micronesia San José Palawan Ratak Clipperton Island (Fr.) Mindanao Pohnpei Chain Davao Melekeok Satawai Panama Chuuk Palikir Majuro Palmyra Atoll (US) Ralik Cocos Islands (CR) Brunei Palau Kosrae Chain Malaysia Line Malpelo Island (Col.) Federated States of Micronesia Gilbert Islands Howland Island (US) Islands Colombia Halmahera Kalimantan Tarawa Baker Island (US) Bismarck Archipelago Quito Jarvis Island (US) Galapagos Islands (Ec.) Sulawesi New Ireland Nauru Guayaquil Phoenix Islands Kiribati Malden Rabaul Ecuador Seram New Guinea Papua Bougainville Solomon Nanumea Vaiaku Indonesia New Guinea New Britain Santa Isabel Islands Polynesia Surabaya Funafuti Marquesas Islands Flores Malaita Dili Louisade Honiara Tokelau (NZ) Jawa Port Moresby Santa Cruz Tuvalu Penrhyn Flint Peru Melville Island Archipelago Guadalcanal Nukulaelae Sumba Timor- Islands Samoa Amer. Manihiki French Leste San Cristobal Rotuma Samoa (US) Suwarrow Polynesia (Fr.) Lima Wallis and Apia Pago-Pago Banks Society Melanesia Futuna (Fr.) Cook Islands Vanua Islands Tuamotu Vanuatu Port Vila Levu Tonga Islands Archipelago Viti Papeete Coral Suva Vavau Niue Levu Tahiti Loyalty Islands Sea Nuku'alofa New Avarua Fiji Tongatapu Rarotonga Caledonia (Fr.) Noumea Gambier Archipelago Sala Y Gomez Island (Ch.) Austral Archipelago Fraser Island Pitcairn Islands (UK) Australia San Felix Island (Ch.) Brisbane Easter Island (Ch.) Norfolk (Aust.) Kermadec Lord Howe Islands Island Perth Sydney Juan Fernandez Islands (Ch.) Adelaide Canberra Tasman Auckland Melbourne North Island Sea New Zealand Wellington SOUTH Chile Tasmania Hobart Christchurch South Island Chatham Islands PACIFIC Southern Chiloé Island Ocean Dunedin Stewart Island Bounty Islands OCEAN Antipodes Islands Auckland Islands Wellington Island Campbell Island 0 100 km 500 km 1000 km Argentina 0 100 miles 500 miles 1000 miles Macquarie Islands (Aust.) Tierra del Fuego graphic design stéphane rébillon design stéphane graphic The Canoe Is the People – Indigenous Navigation in the Pacific.

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Mangroves Occurring on the Many Islands in the South Pacific Are Only a Small Component When Compared to the Worldwide Inventory of Mangroves
TECHNICAL ASSESSMENT AND SUPPORT FOR MANGROVE AND LITTORAL FOREST MANAGEMENT, PLANNING AND TRAINING FOR SMALL ISLANDS IN THE SOUTH PACIFIC Jan. 25, 2004 by James Denny Ward USDA Forest Service i FOREWORD Mangroves occurring on the many islands in the South Pacific are only a small component when compared to the worldwide inventory of mangroves. Although the mangroves found on the smaller islands may not seem as important on the global scale, they are extremely important to the small individual countries. Some of their benefits include shoreline protection, biodiversity, fisheries and a source for traditional products like building material, fuelwood and various cultural uses. These benefits are even more important to small island countries with limited resources and contributed to the survival of the indigenous people in earlier times. Realizing the importance of the mangrove resource the Forest & Trees Support Programme of SPC and the Heads of Forestry in the Pacific in cooperation with the USDA Forest Service conducted several missions during the last 10 years to assist the smaller island countries with preserving, protecting and managing their mangroves . The USDA Forest Service’s Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry based in Hawaii has been providing assistance to the Federated States of Micronesia and other islands with close ties to the United States for several years. Research conducted by this group has contributed greatly to the information base needed to manage mangroves throughout the South Pacific. This report is not all-inclusive but it is hoped that it will contain sufficient information to assist small islands in developing a management strategy for their individual countries.
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Pacific Island Countries and Territories Issued: 19 February 2008
OCHA Regional Office for Asia Pacific Pacific Island Countries and Territories Issued: 19 February 2008 OCHA Presence in the Pacific Northern Papua New Guinea Fiji Mariana Humanitarian Affairs Unit (HAU), PNG Regional Disaster Response Islands (U.S.) UN House , Level 14, DeloitteTower, Advisor (RDRA), Fiji Douglas Street, PO Box 1041, 360 Victoria Parade, 3rd Floor Fiji +10 Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea Development Bank Building, Suva, FIJI Tel: +675 321 2877 Tel: +679 331 6760, +679 331 6761 International Date Line Fax: +675 321 1224 Fax: +679 330 9762 Saipan Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] Head: Vini Talai Head: Peter Muller Agana +12 Guam (U.S.) Pacific Ocean +10 MARSHALL ISLANDS Legend Depth (m) OCHA Presence Below 5,000 1,001 to 2,000 MICRONESIA (FSO) Koror Majuro Country capital Palikir 4,001 to 5,000 501 to 1,000 Territory capital PALAU +11 Illustrative boundary 3,001 to 4,000 101 to 500 +9 +10 Time difference with UTC 2,001 to 3,000 o to 100 Tarawa (New York: UTC -5 Equator NAURU Geneva: UTC +1) IMPORTANT NOTE: The boundaries on this map are for illustrative purposes only Yaren Naming Convention and were derived from the map ’The +12 +12 KIRIBATI UN MEMBER STATE Pacific Islands’ published in 2004 by the Territory or Associated State Secretariat of the Pacific Community. INDONESIA TUVALU -11 -10 PAPUA NEW GUINEA United Nations Office for the Coordination +10 +12 of Humanitarian affairs (OCHA) Funafuti Toke lau (N.Z.) Regional Office for Asia Pacific (ROAP) Honiara Executive Suite, 2nd Floor, -10 UNCC Building,
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1 Final Act of the Multilateral High-Level
FINAL ACT OF THE MULTILATERAL HIGH-LEVEL CONFERENCE ON THE CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT OF HIGHLY MIGRATORY FISH STOCKS IN THE WESTERN AND CENTRAL PACIFIC I. INTRODUCTION 1. Following the entry into force, on 16 November 1994, of the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, the South Pacific Forum Fisheries Agency, in December 1994, convened a multilateral high-level conference on South Pacific tuna fisheries. The broad objective of the conference was to promote responsible fishing operations for fishing vessels operating in the South Pacific region, particularly in the light of the United Nations Conference on Straddling Fish Stocks and Highly Migratory Fish Stocks and the FAO Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries. Subsequently, following the adoption, in 1995, of the United Nations Agreement for the Implementation of the Provisions of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 10 December 1982 Relating to the Conservation and Management of Straddling Fish Stocks and Highly Migratory Fish Stocks, a second multilateral conference was convened in June 1997 in order to consider issues relating to the establishment of a regional mechanism for the conservation and management of highly migratory fish stocks. That conference agreed that further sessions of the conference should be convened with a view to the establishment of a regional mechanism for conservation and management of the highly migratory fish stocks of the Western and Central Pacific within an overall time-frame of three years from June 1997.1 II. SESSIONS
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Post Office Box 21, Vavaya Ridge, Honiara, Solomon Islands
NATIONAL SITUATION REPORT 02: Tinakula Volcano Print NATIONAL DISASTER COUNCIL National Disaster Management Office Ministry of Environment, Climate Change, Disaster Management & Meteorology Post Office Box 21, Vavaya Ridge, Honiara, Solomon Islands Phone: (677) 27937, Mobile: 7410874, Fax: (677) 24293 or 27060 E-mail : [email protected] (mailto:[email protected]) NATIONAL SITUATION REPORT 02 Event: Tinakula Volcanic Eruption Date of Issue: 26th October 2017 Time of Issue: 15:30 PM Approved by: N-DOC Chair Issued By: SLB NEOC Next Update: As information become available Sitrep Ref: SR261017002 A. HIGHLIGHTS Volcanic Ash fall is concentrated on Tinakula Island, however, spread over nearby Islands because of the influence of the wind direction Uncertainity on the usage of rain water and bore catchment for household purposes. Signs of complication are now initially reported from some of the villages,this includes, diarrhoea, red eye, skin rush, vomit, and Cough. An Initial Situation Overview (ISO) report has been completed and will be distributed. Outcomes focus on water, health, livelihood, Education and Protection. Water bottles are planned to be shipped to affected communities. A Geologist are deployed to Temotu to monitor the activity SIG Met aviation warning is lifted. N-DOC Health committee are activated and currently supporting the response The estimated population which are expected to be affected is 11,500, however, this can be varied in the coming days as verification continues. Reef Islands and the Polynesian outlayers are most the most vulnerable. 40 Tons of food supply was deployed to Tikopia, Duff and Anuta due to the ongoing food security issues due to the impacts of Tropical Cyclone Donna early this year.
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Solomon Islands B ! Fagani C D ! Waimapuru ! ! Solomon Sea Mainga Tawani Vanuatu ! ! Rennel Island Manakia
FRAME B 155°E 160°E Rorovana ! ! ! Torokina Panguna Karakun Koiaris ! ! Papua New Guin! ea Taki ! ! Jaba Sininai ! Pupuku PACIFIC OCEAN Aitara ! ! ! Kaekui Mission ! Birambira ! Tokuaka Susuka !Kombokisa !! Kutakana Lukuvaru Shortland Island PACIFIC OCEAN ! ! Ghaomai Choiseul Zambanarungga Shortland I ! ! Vure ! Trevanion Noka ! ! Mono I Matamotu ! ! ! Masoko Java Malemgeulu ! ! Paraso ! Zuzuao Santa Cruz Islands Apakhö ! ! ! Point Lunga ! Eleoteve Arambu Filuo Vana!! ! ! Litoghahira Sambora Santa Isabel Island FRAME D Kolomb!angara! Ganongga ! New Georgia Islands ! Tapurai Tuarugu ! Biluro ! ! Mburuku Loalonga ! Lokiha ! ! ! Sepi ! Ageraba Harai Mbareho ! Fokinkorra ! S o l o m o n I s l a n d s Auki Kunura ! ! Kwaimbaambaala ! Vura Nggaulai'ato'o ! ! ! Siota !! Manikiriu Tulagi Paunairo Vatupilei ! ! Palikir Abungari !. Koror !. Marshall Islands Malaita Palau Guranja Honiara Micronesia Hularu ! ! .! !Gembua ! Guadalcanal Rere ! Kiribati ! ! PACIFIC OCEAN Solomon Sea Mbaole ! Sitaronda Ahenawai Anoni'usu Nauru Ralavu Raurembo ! Mwarada ! ! ! Ione ! Lakatana ! Ahia I n d o n e s i a Makina 10°S Papua New 10°S Guinea Solomon Sea Honiara Heuru !. Port Moresby !. ! Etamarorai Solomon Islands B ! Fagani C D ! Waimapuru ! ! Solomon Sea Mainga Tawani Vanuatu ! ! Rennel Island Manakia !.Port-Vila ! San Cristobal Australia Vinegau ! New Caledonia Na Wosi ! Funakumwa ! ! !. Hauraha Nouméa FRAME A Napasiwai FRAME C 155°E 160°E Date Created: 04- JUL - 2011 Map Num: LogCluster_SLB_LCA_004 Kilometers .! National Capital Road Network National Boundary Coord.System/Datum: Geographic/WGS84 S O L O M O N GLIDE Num: ! Village (selection) Secondary Surface Waterbody The boundaries and names and the designations 0 50 100 150 200 used on this map do not imply official endorsement I S L A N D S FRAME A Nominal Scale 1:62,420,000 at A4 Tertiary or acceptance by the United Nations.
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Micronesian Art Historical Research and Library Collection Resources in Micronesia
DOCUMENT RESUME ED 377 132 SO 024 616 AUTHOR Haynes, Douglas TITLE Micronesian Art Historical Research and Library Collection Resources in Micronesia. PUB DATE Nov 91 NOTE 9p.; Paper presented to the Art Education Delegation Exchange (Beijing, China, November 1991). PUB TYPE Reference Materials General (130) EDRS PRICE MF01/PC01 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS Architecture; Archives; *Art History; Foreign Countries; Higher Education; *Library Collections; *Non Western Civilization IDENTIFIERS Micronesia ABSTRACT This paper briefly describes the geographic region and some indigenous artifacts of Micronesia. The state of art historical research in the area and currently available library resources are discussed. Micronesia is comprised of seven island nations peopled by distinctly unique cultural groups. Study of Micronesian art and architecture is relatively recent. Early work was done by German, then Japanese, expeditions. More recently, Americans, as well as European and Japanese researchers, have studied the art and cultures of Micronesia. Among art forms studied are latte stones, dating from 1000 A.D. to 1668 A.D. These were hand smoothed and fitted limestone columns and capstones used to construct A-frame houses for the Chamorros, a people of the Mariana Islands group. The bai, a communal village house of Palau, is decorated with sculpture:, expressing a complex iconography of mythological symbolism. Another architectural accomplishment of Micronesians are the stone cities of Pohnpei and Kosrae, dating from the 8th-9th centuries to 1830. The largest collection of Micronesian art history materials available in the islands is the collection at the University of Guam (Mangilao). Other collections are located in the Pal=su National Museum Library in Koror, Palau; the Community College of Micronesia Pacific Collection in Kolonia, Pohnpei; The Nieves Flores Public Library in Agana, Guam; and the Federated States of Micronesia National Archives in Palikir, Pohnpe.
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Perry & Buden 1999
Micronesica 31(2):263-273. 1999 Ecology, behavior and color variation of the green tree skink, Lamprolepis smaragdina (Lacertilia: Scincidae), in Micronesia GAD PERRY Brown Tree Snake Project, P.O. Box 8255, MOU-3, Dededo, Guam 96912, USA and Department of Zoology, Ohio State University, 1735 Neil Ave., Columbus, OH 43210, USA. [email protected]. DONALD W. BUDEN College of Micronesia, Division of Mathematics and Science, P.O. Box 159, Palikir, Pohnpei, Federated States of Micronesia 96941 Abstract—We studied populations of the green tree skink, Lamprolepis smaragdina, at three main sites in Micronesia: Pohnpei (Federated States of Micronesia, FSM) and Saipan and Tinian (Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, CNMI). We also surveyed Rota (CNMI), where the skink has not been recorded in previous surveys, to verify its absence. Our main goal was to describe some basic biology traits at these sites. Observations were carried out between 1993 and 1998. We used focal animal observations and visual surveys to describe the relative abundance, elevational distribution, behavior (perch choice, foraging behavior, activity time), and coloration of the species at each of the three sites. This information was then used to compare these populations in order to assess the origin of the CNMI populations. As expected, we found no green tree skink on Rota. We found few differences among the three populations we did locate, Pohnpei, Tinian, and Saipan. Perch diameters and body orientations were similar between the three sites, as were population densities and foraging behaviors. However, Tinian’s lizards perched lower than those of Pohnpei or Saipan, probably due to the smaller trees available to them.
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THE LIMITS of SELF-DETERMINATION in OCEANIA Author(S): Terence Wesley-Smith Source: Social and Economic Studies, Vol
THE LIMITS OF SELF-DETERMINATION IN OCEANIA Author(s): Terence Wesley-Smith Source: Social and Economic Studies, Vol. 56, No. 1/2, The Caribbean and Pacific in a New World Order (March/June 2007), pp. 182-208 Published by: Sir Arthur Lewis Institute of Social and Economic Studies, University of the West Indies Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/27866500 . Accessed: 11/10/2013 20:07 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp . JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. University of the West Indies and Sir Arthur Lewis Institute of Social and Economic Studies are collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Social and Economic Studies. http://www.jstor.org This content downloaded from 133.30.14.128 on Fri, 11 Oct 2013 20:07:57 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions Social and Economic Studies 56:1&2 (2007): 182-208 ISSN:0037-7651 THE LIMITS OF SELF-DETERMINATION IN OCEANIA Terence Wesley-Smith* ABSTRACT This article surveys processes of decolonization and political development inOceania in recent decades and examines why the optimism of the early a years of self government has given way to persistent discourse of crisis, state failure and collapse in some parts of the region.
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Preparatory Survey for the Project for Improvement of Honiara Airport
MINISTRY OF COMMUNICATION AND AVIATION SOLOMON ISLANDS PREPARATORY SURVEY FOR THE PROJECT FOR IMPROVEMENT OF HONIARA AIRPORT APRIL 2018 JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY GYROS CORPORATION EHIRA ARCHITECTS AND ENGINEERS, INC. ORIENTAL CONSULTANTS GLOBAL CO., LTD. EI JR 18-052 PREFACE Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) decided to conduct the preparatory survey and entrust the survey to consist of Gyros Corporation, Ehira Architects and Engineers, Inc. and Oriental Consultants Global CO., Ltd. The survey team held a series of discussions with the officials concerned of the Government of the Solomon Islands, and conducted field investigations. As a result of further studies in Japan, the present report was finalized. I hope that this report will contribute to the promotion of the project and to the enhancement of friendly relations between our two countries. Finally, I wish to express my sincere appreciation to the officials concerned of the Government of the Solomon Islands for their close cooperation extended to the survey team. April 2018 Istu Adachi Director General, Infrastructure and Peace building Department Japan International Cooperation Agency i Summary 1. Project Background Honiara International Airport (Hereinafter referred to Honiara Airport) is a capital airport of the Solomon Islands and the only one international airport. As the Solomon Islands is island country, air transport is one of the important mode of domestic transport. The Solomon Islands considers tourism development is one of the pillars of economic development and tourism resources are located in regional islands. In this regard, development of air transport network and improvement of safety of air transport is very important in regards to tourist development.
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Request for Expression of Interest(Reoi)
PACIFIC ISLANDS REGIONAL OCEANSCAPE PROGRAM Grant Number: D023-4P Forum Fisheries Agency SEPTEMBER 4, 2018 REQUEST FOR EXPRESSION OF INTEREST(REOI) Consulting Assignment Title: Midterm Review Consultant Ref. No. FFA/PROP/C20d Location: Honiara, Solomon Islands Duration: Inputs of approximately 30 days over a period of three (3) months Start Date: Mid-October 2018 1 BACKGROUND The Pacific Islands Forum Fisheries Agency (FFA) (hereinafter called “Borrower”) has received a loan/ grant financing from the World Bank International Development Agency IDA) and Global Environment Facility (GEF) for the implementation of the Pacific Islands Regional Oceanscape Program (PROP), and intends to apply a portion of the proceeds of this grant to eligible payments under this Contract. PROP is a series of projects which includes separate, but complementary, national projects in the Federated States of Micronesia, the Republic of the Marshall Islands (RMI), the Solomon Islands and Tuvalu, and a regional project implemented by FFA in collaboration with other regional agencies. PROP has a total grant funding of up to SDR2.7 million from IDA and up to USD2.19 million from GEF. The project started on 29 January 2015 and is due to finish on 30 September 2020. PROP’s Project Development Objective (PDO) is to strengthen the shared management of selected Pacific Island oceanic and coastal fisheries, and the critical habitats upon which they depend. This will provide the basis for sustainable and increased economic benefits to the participating Pacific Island countries (PICs) from these resources. In mid-2018, in consultation with relevant PROP partners, the World Bank restructured three PROP projects to improve performance.
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Annex C: LIST of PARTICIPANTS
Annex C: LIST OF PARTICIPANTS Country Representatives Cook Islands Koroa Raumea Ministry of Marine Resources Cook Islands Tel: +682 28730 Director, Inshore Fisheries and Aquaculture P.O. Box 85 Fax: +682 29721 Rarotonga Email: [email protected] Cook Islands Ben Ponia Ministry of Marine Resources Cook Islands Tel: +682 28730 Secretary PO Box 85 Fax: +682 29721 Rarotonga Email: [email protected] Cook Islands Federated States of Micronesia Valentin A. Martin Tel: (691) 320-2620 /2646 Deputy Assistant Secretary, Marine Federated States of Micronesia National Fax: +691 3205854 Resources Unit - Department of Resources & Government Email: [email protected] Development Pohnpei Palikir 96941 Federated States of Micronesia Eugene Pangelinan National Oceanic Resource Management Tel: (691) 320-2529 Deputy Director Authority Fax: (691) 320-2383 P.O Box PS122 Email: [email protected] Palikir Pohnpei 96941 Federated States of Micronesia Fiji Sanaila Naqali Ministry of Primary Industries & Sugar Tel: +679 3301611 Director of Fisheries PO Box 2218 Fax: +679 3308218 Government Buildings Email: [email protected] Suva Fiji Kiribati Beero Tioti Ministry of Fisheries Tel: +686 21099 Principal Fisheries Officer - Fisheries Divison and Marine Resources Development Fax: +686 21120 (Oceanic Fisheries Development) PO Box 64, Bairiki Email: [email protected] Tarawa Kiribati Marshall Islands No representative Nauru Monte Depaune Nauru Fisheries Tel: +674 4443733 Ag.Deputy Chief Executive Officer and Marine Resources Authority Fax: +674 4443812 PO Box 449 Email: [email protected] Aiwo District Nauru Dr Tim Adams Nauru Fisheries Tel: (674) 5573733 or (674) 5573135 Institutional Strengthening Project Manager and Marine Resources Authority Fax: +674 4443812 PO Box 449 Email: [email protected] Aiwo District Nauru Niue James Tafatu Department of Agriculture, Tel: +683 4302 Principal Fisheries Officer - Fisheries Division Forestry and Fisheries Fax: Alofi Email: [email protected] Niue Palau David A.
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Solomon Islands: Honiara Urban Profile
SOLOMON ISLANDS: HONIARA URBAN PROFILE 1 Copyright © United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat), 2012 All rights reserved United Nations Human Settlements Programme publications can be obtained from UN-Habitat Regional and Information Offices or directly from: P.O. Box 30030, GPO 00100 Nairobi, Kenya. Fax: + (254 20) 762 4266/7 E-mail: [email protected] Website: http://www.unhabitat.org The Honiara Urban Profile was prepared by Tony Hou and Donald Kudu with information collected through interviews with key urban stakeholders in Honiara. We wish to thank them for their time, effort, and contribution. This project and report was coordinated by Stanley Wale (the Undersecretary of the Ministry of Lands, Housing and Survey), with constructive inputs provided by Sarah Mecartney, UN-Habitat Pacific Programme Manager (based in Suva, Fiji), and Chris Radford, Senior Human Settlements Officer, UN-Habitat Regional Office for the Pacific. This report was also managed by Kerstin Sommer, Alain Grimard, David Kithakye, Mathias Spaliviero, and Doudou Mbye in Nairobi. HS Number: HS/038/12E ISBN Number (Series): 978-92-1-132023-7 ISBN Number (Volume): 978-92-1-132453-2 Disclaimer The designation employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries, or regarding its economic system or degree of development. The analysis, conclusions and recommendations of the report do not necessarily reflect the views of the United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat), the Governing Council of UN-Habitat or its Member States.
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