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Diversity and Evolution of Rosids

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*Rosales – the rest • Rosaceae is sister to all other families of the order Diversity and Evolution N2 fixing clade • tendencies in rest of the order to of Rosids loss of petals and shift to unisexual flowers with wind pollination or . hemp, figs, and legumes . specialized insect pollination rose hops Rhamnaceae - buckthorns Rhamnaceae - buckthorns 52 genera 925 species of trees and shrubs in the tropics and CA 4,5 CO 4,5 A 4,5 G (3) temperate areas • many of our species • flowers 4 or 5 are armed with thorns merous (4 merous shown in common • leaves are simple and buckthorn) alternate or opposite, often with arcuate • stamens opposite the venation (arcing along petals - unusual in the edge), and serrated flowering plants! edges Rhamnus cathartica - European or common buckthorn [invasive] Rhamnus cathartica - European or common buckthorn 1 Elaeagnaceae - Russian olive Elaeagnaceae - Russian olive 3 genera 45 species of trees and shrubs largely in north 3 genera 45 species of trees and shrubs largely in north temperate areas temperate areas • N2-fixing small • 4 merous trees and shrubs flowers and berry easily recognized fruits by silvery or reddish glandular hairs covering bottom leaves Shepherdia - and/or stems buffalo berry Elaeagnus angustifolia - Russian olive Elaeagnus angustifolia - Russian olive Rosales - Urticalean Families *Ulmaceae - elms The remainder of the Rosales show the transition to reduced, 6 genera 35 species of North Temperate unisexual flowers and one-seeded fruits - “Urticales” trees Cannabaceae Cannabaceae • best known for the American elm with its distinctive vase shaped growth form. Dutch Elm disease, caused by the fungus Ceratostomella umli, has destroyed most large adults. Ulmus americana - American elm 2 *Ulmaceae - elms *Ulmaceae - elms CA 4-8 CO 0 A 4-8 G (2) • flowers are bisexual but reduced and wind pollinated; they appear before the leaves Ulmus americana - American elm • leaves are distichously arranged - 2 ranks in one plane - and pinnately Ulmus americana - American elm veined; leaf bases are strongly asymmetric Zelkova serrata - European *Ulmaceae - elms Cannabaceae - hackberry, hops CA 4-8 CO 0 A 4-8 G (2) • Celtis (hackberries ) and relatives are tropical and temperate • pistil is made of two fused small trees with unisexual flowers carpels but only one seed matures; fruit is a samara - a • leaves are strongly winged achene in this case palmi-pinnate - with 3 main veins at base • this leaf features defines all the other remaining urticalean families Ulmus americana - American elm Note 2 styles on samara Celtis occidentalis - hackberry 3 Cannabaceae - hackberry, hops Cannabaceae - hackberry, hops • note distinctive warty bark • Cannabis with one species is a • fruit is a one-seeded drupe coarse herb native to Eurasia • two subspecies are recognized: one the source of the drug Δ9 tetrahydrocannibol (THC) and the other the source of hemp fiber/oil Cannabis sativa Hemp, marijuana hemp rope manila rope Celtis occidentalis - hackberry Cannabaceae - hackberry, hops Cannabaceae - hackberry, hops • Cannabis is either • Humulus has two viney dioecious or monoecious hop species: one is the source of lupulin used in the brewing industry Cannabis sativa Hemp, marijuana Female inflorescence Seeds 1-seeded Humulus lupulus Male inflorescence American hops male flowers female flowers 4 Urticaceae - nettles Urticaceae - nettles 54 genera, 2600 species - largely a tropical family of 54 genera, 2600 species - largely a tropical family of herbs, shrubs, or treelets herbs, shrubs, or treelets • leaves have palmi -pinnate venation; either alternate or • some species are a opposite source of irritants found in specialized Touchardia (Hawaii) hair-like cells on stems and leaves Pilea (Wisconsin) Urtica - stinging nettle Urera baccifera Urticaceae - nettles Urticaceae - nettles 54 genera, 2600 species - largely a tropical family of Urtica dioica - stinging nettle Laportea canadensis - wood nettle herbs, shrubs, or treelets [opposite leaves, stinging] [alternate leaves, stinging] • flowers are reduced, unisexual, congested, wind-pollinated, and form one-seeded drupelets • stamens have a peculiar elastic spring-like mechanism that flings pollen further out from the plant inflexed reflexed Urtica - stinging nettle 5 Urticaceae - nettles *Moraceae - mulberry, fig Parietaria pensylvanica Large tropical family of 38 genera, 1100 species of trees or vines pellitory Pilea pumila Boehmeria cylindrica clearweed Morus - mulberry Ficus - fig Ficus - fig false nettle *Moraceae - mulberry, fig *Moraceae - mulberry, fig Large tropical family of 38 genera, 1100 species of trees or vines CA 4 CO 0 A 4 G (2) • flowers reduced, unisexual, no • sister family to the petals, single seeded ovary nettle family • latex system well- developed Morus alba - white mulberry [left - female ; right - male] • leaves are alternate, strongly palmi- pinnately veined Morus - mulberry Ficus - fig 6 *Moraceae - mulberry, fig *Moraceae - mulberry, fig • single seeded fruits from many Osage orange is not native flowers coalesce to form one fleshy, but often seen escaped; multiple fruit [e.g., mulberry, fig, note the large grapefruit breadfruit] sized multiple fruit Maclura pomifera - osage orange Osage orange multiple fruits rolling down to Morus rubra - red mulberry University Avenue behind Birge Greenhouses *Moraceae - mulberry, fig *Moraceae - mulberry, fig Osage orange is not native Ficus (figs) represent 750 of but often seen escaped; the 1100 species note the large grapefruit sized multiple fruit Maclura pomifera - osage orange Cross section of multiple fruit showing individual one-seeded fruitlets 7 *Moraceae - mulberry, fig Ficus (figs) represent 750 of the 1100 species • the fig (multiple) fruit or syconium is a “key innovation” Fabales for fig species radiation the legumes Fabales *Fabaceae - legumes • Fabales is an order in the Eurosid I • 730 genera, 19,400 species of or fabid lineage of Rosids (N fixing) herbs, shrubs, and trees that N fixing 2 2 produce specialized follicles - clade • contains 4 families, but Fabaceae - legumes - that open along two the legumes - comprise the vast lines of dehiscence majority of the 20,000+ species • Fabaceae = Leguminosae • worldwide, N2 (Rhizobium) fixers Fabaceae Polygalaceae 8 *Fabaceae - legumes *Fabaceae - legumes 3 subfamilies previously recognized Three major characteristics 1. Monocarpic - single superior carpel • faboid (beans, peas) and mimisoid (acacia, mimosa) legumes are highly modified • but descended from the common ancestor of caesalpinoids *Fabaceae - legumes *Fabaceae - legumes Three major characteristics Three major characteristics 2. Legume - follicle but with 2 2. Legume - or modified as one- lines of suture seeded fruitlets (loments, articles) 9 *Fabaceae - legumes *Caesalpinoid legumes Three major characteristics trifoliolate Caesalpinoid legumes form a paraphyletic grade at base of 3. Alternate, compound leaves - family - the tropical Bauhinia is (rarely simple) one of the first palmately comp. pinnately comp. simple Bauhinia Caesalpinia *Caesalpinoid legumes *Caesalpinoid legumes CA 5 CO 5 A 10 G 1 • flowers 5 merous with 10 unequal stamens • topmost petal = banner sits in front of the 2 lateral or wing petals banner carpel Senna marilandica - southern wild senna 10 *Caesalpinoid legumes *Caesalpinoid legumes Gleditsia triacanthos - honey locust Gymnocladus dioica Kentucky coffee tree Cercis canadensis - eastern redbud [dioecious!] *Mimosoid legumes *Mimosoid legumes Mimosoid legumes are tropical or ∞ subtropical shrubs and trees, often with CA (5) CO (5) A ( ) G 1 doubly compound leaves - large genera are taxonomically messy • flowers small, but Calliandra Calliandra in showy “powder puff” inforescences • calyx, corolla, and numerous stamens each show connation Inga Albizzia 11 *Mimosoid legumes *Mimosoid legumes Mimosa - 500 species of Acacia - giant genus of 1/3 of mimosoid species shrubs and herbs • arid species show phyllode leaves = petiole? • modified stipules for Azteca ants • extrafloral nectaries and Beltian bodies for ants Acacia cyclops Mimosa pudica sensitive plant *Faboid legumes *Faboid legumes CA (5) CO 3+(2) A (9)+1 G 1 Apios americana - • calyx often fused groundnut • banner petal behind lateral (wing) petals • bottom keel petals often fused • stamens diadelphous = 9 fused + 1 separate Baptisia bracteata - Desmodium canadense - banner petal 2 keel petals 2 wing petals creamy wild indigo ticktrefoil 12 *Faboid legumes *Faboid legumes Robinia pseudo-acacia - black locust Lathyrus japonicus - beach pea • native to further south, but invasive in Great Lakes Lupinus perennis - region lupine, blue bonnet *Faboid legumes *Faboid legumes • three important legume crops • three important “clover” or “alfalfa” species from Eurasia - now naturalized Trifolium pratense red clover Medicago sativa alfalfa Pisum sativum - Phaseolus vulgaris - Glycine max - Melilotus alba pea common bean soybean White sweet clover 13 *Faboid legumes • other Eurasian species brought in for soil stabilization - and now naturalized Coronilla varia - crown vetch Lotus corniculata - bird’s foot trefoil 14.
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