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KURUPPU Nihal-Thesis Nosignature.Pdf AN INDL\N PERSPECTIVE OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIA AND AUSTRALIA, 1947 TO 1975: PERSONALITIES AND POLICIES, PEAKS AND TROUGHS by Nihal Randolph Henry Kuruppu A THESIS SUBMITTED E^ TOTAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY E^ THE DEPARTMENT OF ASIAN AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FACULTY OF ARTS VICTORIA UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY NOVEMBER, 2000. STA THESIS 327.94 0 54 KUR 3000100728649^ Kuruppu, Nihal Randolph Henry An Indian perspective of the relationship between India TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT VI STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP vn ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS VIH PREFACE IX LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES xn LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS xm MAP XIV INTRODUCTION i CHAPTER ONE: WHAT IS BILATERALISM? 9 IDENTIFYING THE DETERMINANTS 11 BILATERALISM AND THE CONCOMITANT MULTI-LATERAL NETWORK 13 INFRA-STRUCTURE, MECHANISMS AND DIPLOMATIC PROPRIETIES 14 THE INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS DISCIPLINE AS A GUIDE TO BILATERALISM 17 REALISM: THE CORE ORTHODOXY 20 THE NATIONAL INTEREST: IDEALISM VS REALISM 28 CRITICAL THEORY APPROACH 3 3 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS THEORY AND THE MIND OF THE POLICY MAKER 3 4 BALANCE OF POWER CONCEPT 3 9 IDEOLOGICAL RIVALRY AND REGIONAL COMPETITION 42 DIVERGENCE OVER CONVERGENCE 44 CHAPTER CONCLUSION 47 II CHAPTER TWO : SETTING THE STAGE 52 REGIONAL ORIENTATION AND INDIA KNOWLEDGE 54 INDL\' S GLOBAL INTERESTS EXCLUDE AUSTRALL\ 5 8 MUTUAL INDIFFERENCE: BILATERALISM WITHOUT ENGAGEMENT 59 TOTALLY IGNORED OR TOTALLY DISTORTED 61 'WHITE AUSTRALIA' POLICY AND RACIAL DISCRIMINATION 67 NONALIGNMENT: A MANY-STRINGS-TO-THE-BOW POLICY 70 MISINFORMED IMAGES AND MUTUAL INDIFFERENCE 71 A QUESTION OF RESOURCES AND COMMITMENT 77 1947 - 1949: MAIDEN BILATERALISM, FLEETING CONVERGENCE 78 STIRRINGS OF INDEPENDENCE 81 COMMON INTERESTS AND MUTUAL ADMIRATION 8 7 1949 - 1964: MENZIES AND NEHRU, DISSONANCE AND REGRESSION 94 CASEY, EXTERNAL AFFAIRS AND THE MENZIES FACTOR 96 1972 -1975: FOREIGN POLICY REFORM AND A NEW BEGINNING 98 THE PERSONALITY FACTOR 100 CHAPTER CONCLUSION 104 CHAPTER THREE - NEHRU AND MENZIES: THE CLASH OF TITANS 109 PREAMBLE 109 THE INDIAN, AUSTRALIAN AND INT'ERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENT - A SUMMARY 110 PART I: NEHRU AND MENZIES - CONFLICTING PERSONALITIES, DIVERGENT POLICIES 114 ANGLOPHILIA VS NATIONALISM 120 PERSONALITIES AND POLICIES: THE IMPONDERABLES 123 THE COMMONWEALTH: A CHANGE OF FLAGS, FACES AND RACES 129 Ill TRADITION VS NATIONALISM 13 2 MENZIES' CRIDE COEUR 13 7 NEHRU'S RELENTLESS CRUSADE: ANTI-RACIALISM 140 APARTHEID THE BONE OF CONTENTION, SHARPEVILLE THE TURNING POINT 141 NEHRU DLARY: THE MAJORITY MOOD 144 NATURAL JUSTICE: THE AXE FALLS 146 INDO-CANADIAN LINKS: AN OBJECT LESSON 151 CHAPTER FOUR - NEHRU AND MENZIES: THE CLASH OF TITANS 155 PART H: MORALITY AND INTERNATIONALISM VS SELF-INTEREST 15 5 COLONIALISM 155 THE UN: A NEHRU - MENZIES COLOSEUM 161 THE SUEZ CANAL CRISIS 162 THE FIVE POWER RESOLUTION: A GLADIMOIOAL CONTEST 166 THE PEACEMAKER 171 INTERNATIONAL POLICY DIVERGENCE 172 KOREAN WAR 174 THE KRISHNA MENON PERSONALITY 178 SEATOPACT 185 CHAPTERS THREE AND FOUR CONCLUSION 190 CHAPTER FIVE: 'WHITE AUSTRALIA' AND 'NONALIGNMENT', CRUCIAL AND CONFLICTING POLICIES i98 (A) 'WHITE AUSTRALIA' POLICY 198 BACKGROUND 199 DIPLOMATIC ADVICE STRONG: GOVERNMENT RESPONSE WEAK 201 DEFENDING THE INDEFENSIBLE 204 SELECTION CRTTERM., AND NOT ADMISSION, THE ROOT CAUSE 207 THE MENZIES VIEW: MAINTAIN THE STATUS QUO 209 IV ' WHUE AUSTRALIA': A FUNDAMENTAL IDENTIFICATION 211 SOUTH AFRICA AND THE UNAVOIDABLE ASSOCIATION 212 THE MINIMALIST APPROACH TO REFORM: PUSH AND PULL 218 (B) INDIA'S NONALIGNMENT IN THE COLD WAR: A MULTI-FACETED WEAPON 221 BACKGROUND 222 POLICIES, TERMS AND MEANINGS 224 BANDUNG: A THIRD WORLD VOICE 225 POLICY UNDERPINNINGS: ECONOMIC, GEO-POLITICAL AND WORLD PEACE 229 AUSTRALIA'S RESPONSE: STRATEGIC INTERESTS AND MISPERCEPTIONS 230 THE SOVIET CONNECTION: INDIAN TILT OR CLEVER DIPLOMACY? 233 1962 AND BRUTAL COLD WAR REALISM: THE ULTIMATE TEST 239 CHAPTER CONCLUSION 241 CHAPTER SIX: A CASE OF BIAS 247 (A) INDIA - AUSTRALIA - PAKISTAN: A TRILATERAL CONUNDRUM 247 PARTITION, PREFERENCES AND MANAGEMENT OF ETHNICITY 248 AUSTRALIA'S ENGLISH VIEW 252 THE KASHMIR IMPASSE AND AN AUSTRALIAN TILT 254 THE MENZIES - CASEY VIEW 262 CHOICE BETWEEN WAR AND PEACE 264 AUSTRALIA'S STRATEGIC ALLIANCES: AN ANGLO-AMERICAN IMAGE 266 (B) COLOMBO PLAN: THE POLITICS OF AID 275 BACKGROUND 276 AUSTRALIAN AID: GENUINE SUCCOUR OR STRATEGIC TOOL? 278 A TWO EDGED SWORD 281 TIGHT FISTED AND EQUIVOCAL INTEREST 282 THE WINNING FORMULA: TRADE NOT AID 284 CHAPTER CONCLUSION 286 CHAPTER SEVEN: THEWHITLAMDEM/I/JCHE, 1972-1975, A NEW BEGINNING 292 AUSTRALIA 1966 - 1972: HOLT, GORTON, MCMAHON 293 INDIA 1966-1972: INDIRA GANDHI 297 THE MAIDEN INDLW PRIME MINISTERIAL VISIT 3 01 THE WHITLAM IMPACT 3 03 COLOUR-BLIND IMMIGRATION: THE TEST OF GOOD FAITH 308 COLONIALISM AND VESTIGIAL LINKS 311 REGIONALISM, COMMON CAUSES AND CONSISTENCY 3 15 MRS GANDHI AND WHITLAM: PERSONALITIES, AFFINITIES AND FRESH PROSPECTS 319 THE WHITLAM VISIT: A TURNING POINT 3 21 WHITLAM AND NEHRU: DIFFERENT TIMES, KINDRED SPIRITS, COMMON ASPIRATIONS 329 CHAPTER CONCLUSION 336 THESIS CONCLUSION 341 APPENDICES 354 APPENDIX A: A STATEMENT ISSUED BY JAWAHARLAL NEHRU AT A PRESS CONFERENCE IN NEW DELHI ON 26 SEPTEMBER 1946. 3 54 APPENDIX B: LIST OF INDIAN HIGH COMMISSIONERS TO AUSTRALIA AND AUSTRALIAN HIGH COMMISSIONERS TO INDIA. 355 BIBLIOGRAPHY 356 VI ABSTRACT This thesis is a study of the relationship between India and Australia from 1947 when India became a sovereign country, to 1975, which marked the end of the Whitlam Government's period in office. The prevaiUng view has been that the indifference that apparently characterised India-AustraHa relations largely has been the result of Australian neglect, the inattention explained as an aberration. India was Australia's 'blind spot'. It is from such assumptions that this thesis examines what was, in fact, a complex web of personalities, policies, alliances and Cold War imperatives that stood in the way of constructive bilaterahsm. The probing tells a rather different story, one that lays emphasis on the principal argument of the thesis: the bilateral relationship was clearly sensitive to the prevailing government in Canberra, being substantially influenced by the Prime Minister's \iew of the world, resulting in 'Peaks and Troughs' in the relationship. The distinctive personalities of Nehru, Chifley, Menzies, Mrs Gandhi and Whitlam, did have a major influence on foreign poUcy and, consequently, this factor helps explain the changing nature of the bilateral relationship. While not in the top job, Krishna Menon and Evatt were also influential. The thesis claims a degree of originality in its interpretive focus: the impact of personality on the making of foreign poUcy applied to the evolution of the India- Australia relationship. As well, the arguments used and conclusions reached have a greater Indian representation than has been previously present. In pursuing this claim, special attention is paid to Nehru and Menzies whose parallel periods as Prime Ministers, from 1949-1964, represent the major, but, least productive, period of the bilateral relationship examined in this study. The thesis also examines to what extent their psychological and operational environments influenced the shaping of their respective foreign policies. Another area not previously explored in great depth is the impact that the closeness of Whitlam's views (made exphcit from the time he took his seat in parliament in 1953) with those consistently articulated by Nehru, and continuing under Mrs Gandhi's Government, had on a reinvigorated relationship between 1972 and 1975, suggesting a new fliture for the bilateral relationship. vn STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP This thesis contains no material which has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma in any University or other Institution. To the best of my knowledge, this thesis contains no material previously published or written by another person, without due acknowledgement in the text of the thesis. NIHAL R.irKp.U?PU November, 2000 Vffl ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS During the research and finalisation of this study, I had the benefit of assistance from a number of people to whom I am most gratefiil. First I owe a debt of gratitude to my supervisor, Professor Allan Patience for his valuable guidance and encouragement and also to Dr Richard Chauvel for his critical comments and ideas, and to both of them for supporting my research visits to India and England. I express my very deep gratitude to co-supervisor Dr John Dalton, who was unsparing with his time, for his valuable ideas and interest in the project as well as for his good humour at all times. There were others who in numerous ways assisted me during my research to whom I owe a debt of gratitude. Among them, Mr V.K. Jain of India's Ministry of External Affairs who gave generously of his time and guided me on the best sources of information for my research in India; Mr. B.B. Tyaji, of the Indian High Commission in Canberra; Mrs. Aurora and Mr. Subash Chaudhary of the Lok Sabha Library; Mr S.K. Wickremasinghe, Sri-Lanka's High Commissioner, London; Mr. P.K. Fox for access to the Cambridge University Library; Staff at the Sir Robert Menzies Centre for Australia Studies, University of London; Dr. J. Kamnasekera and staff, at the Commonwealth Secretariat, London; Mrs. Thoradeniya of the Indian High Commission Library, Colombo; Mr. K.G.L. Chandrasena, Media Archives, Associated Newspapers of Sri-Lanka; and Irene Sullivan, Australian National Archives, Canberra. My thanks are also due to the following staff" at Victoria University: Jane Trewin (Administration), Mark Roper-Armstrong (Subject Librarian), Emily Wark (Inter-Library Loans) and Arts Faculty (Footscray Park), Admin, staff Barbara, Moira, Sam and Vicki. Also to Dr Kate White and NataUe Sciberras (Post Graduate Research Unit). I would also like to thank Mr. Bruce Grant, and Mr. Max Teichman, for their insightful comments on the bilateral relationship during interviews with them. On a personal level, I am grateftil to my wife Unie, but for whose faith and enormous support, the task would have been much harder.
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