The economic organization of southern Canaan in the Late Bronze Age: A synthesis of the textual and archaeological data Item Type text; Dissertation-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Cole, Lisa Marsio Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 05/10/2021 09:00:16 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/290060 THE ECONOMIC ORGANIZATION OF SOUTHERN CANAAN IN THE LATE BRONZE AGE: A SYNTHESIS OF THE TEXTUAL AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL DATA By Lisa Marsio Cole Copyright © Lisa Marsio Cole 2004 A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF NEAR EASTERN STUDIES In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 2004 UMI Number: 3132208 Copyright 2004 by Cole, Lisa Marsio All rights reserved. INFORMATION TO USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleed-through, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. UMI UMI Microform 3132208 Copyright 2004 by ProQuest Information and Learning Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest Information and Learning Company 300 North Zeeb Road P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA ® GRADUATE COLLEGE As members cf the Final Examination Cominittee, we certify that we have read the dissertation prepared by LISA MARSIO COLE entitled THE ECONOMIC ORGANIZATION OF SOUTHERN CANAAN IN THE LATE BRONZE AGE: A SYNTHESIS OF THE TEXTUAL AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL DATA and reconimend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement for the Degree of Doctor of Phllosophj^ NOVEMBER 4, 2003 WIL Date NOVEMBER 4, 2003 J. EDWARD WRIGHT Date NOVEMBER 4, 2003 BETH ALPERT NAKHAI Date NOVEMBER 4, 2003 ALBERT LEONARD JR. Date Date Final approval and acceptance of this dissertation is contingent upon the candidate's submission of the final copy of the dissertation to the Graduate College. I hereby certify that I have read this dissertation prepared under my direction and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement. NOVEMBER 4, 2003 Dissertation Director Date WILLIAM G DEVER 3 STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This dissertation has been submitted In partial fulfillment of requirements for an advanced degree at The University of Arizona and Is deposited In the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this dissertation are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgement of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the copyright holder. j SIGNED: 4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Eighteen years, thousands of dollars, 3 deaths and countless sleepless nights have passed since I began down the path that has led to this dissertation. Along the way many people have assisted me In my quest. My first thanks go to my college roommate and best friend, Vlckl Helsmcin. Her positive outlook on life pulled me out of some dark places. I wish to thank Seymour Gltln of the W.F. Albright Institute of Archaeological Research In Jerusalem who first turned my attention toward ancient economics. Thanks also go to the United States Information Agency whose funding allowed me to spend extended time in Israel as a Research Fellow. I must thank the members of my doctoral committee, William G. Dever, Beth Alpert Nakhal, A1 Leonard, Jr. and J. Edward Wright for putting up with numerous extensions and seeing this project to Its completion. Additional thanks go to my dissertation advisor, William G. Dever, who watched me grow up and was in many ways a surrogate father. 1 benefited greatly from the research done by Michael Sugerman and Lawrence Stager. Unbeknownst to them, they Influenced my work tremendously and 1 look forward to future conversations with them on this subject. A big thank you is due to my father-in-law, Joe Cole, who painstakingly edited this document several times and now knows more about the Late Bronze Age than any layperson should. Finally, thanks go to my personal "guffa grunt", my husband Greg, for schlepping books, photocopying hundreds of articles, cooking dinner and providing financial and moral support. If it wasn't for him, I would still be hiding under the bedcovers. 5 DEDICATION This document is dedicated to the spirit of two extraordinary women, Aunt Tootie and Aunt Nava, who died before I could show them the final product. They will continue to inspire me. With that said, this document is also dedicated to all those who never believed 1 could do it, including myself. The demons have been tamed. 6 TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT 12 1. INTRODUCTION 13 1.1 INTRODUCTION 13 1.2 THE LATE BRONZE AGE: AN OVERVIEW 16 1.3 THE GOALS OF THIS STUDY 24 1.4 THE STRUCTURE OF THIS STUDY 27 1.5 CONCLUSIONS PRESENTED IN THIS STUDY 29 2. SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC THEORY: A HISTORY 30 2.1 INTRODUCTION 30 2.2 LATE BRONZE SOCIAL SYSTEMS 30 2.2.1 Historical Scholarship 30 2.2.1.1 Feudalism and Sjola-Palestine 30 2.2.1.2 Asiatic Mode of Production (Marxist Economics) 35 2.2.2 Recent Scholcirship 37 2.2.2.1 Schloen's "Patrimonial Household" Model 37 2.3 LATE BRONZE ECONOMIC SYSTEMS 39 2.3.1 Historical Scholarship 39 2.3.1.1 Economic Anthropology 39 2.3.1.2 Substantivist v. Formalist Models 44 2.3.1.3 Redistributive Economies 45 7 TABLE OF CONTENTS - Continued 2.3.1.4. Palace Economies 46 2.3.1.5 Staple and Wealth Finance 48 2.3.2 Recent Scholarship 48 2.3.2.1 Organization of Trade in the Late Bronze Age 50 2.3.2.2 City-State v. Dendritic-Trade Network Models 52 2.4 SUMMARY 62 3. NEIGHBORING ECONOMIC SYSTEMS 63 3.1 INTRODUCTION 63 3.2 MYCENAEAN GREECE 63 3.2.1 Organization of Kingdoms 64 3.2.2 Land Tenure 66 3.2.3 Palaces as Centers of Administration and Production 66 3.2.4 Collapse of Palace Organization 68 3.3 CRETE 69 3.4 CYPRUS 72 3.5 UGARIT 77 3.5.1 The Royal and Private Archives 79 3.5.2 Social Stratification & Royal Service System of Ugarit 80 8 TABLE OF CONTENTS - ConUnued 3.5.3 The Kingdom and Land of Ugarit 83 3.5.4 The Economy of Ugarit 85 3.5.4.1 Royal Subsistence Economy 85 3.5.4.2 Royal Exchange Economy 87 3.4.5.3 Temple Economy 89 3.4.5.4 Private Economy 90 3.5.5 Ras Ibn Hani 91 3.6 EGYPT 92 3.6.1 Egypt's Foreign Relations 92 3.6.2 Egypt's Internal Organization 94 3.7 RECENT SCHOLARSHIP 97 3.7.1 Mycenaean Greece 98 3.7.2 Schloen's "Patrimonial Household" Model Revisited 101 3.8 SUMMARY 107 4. THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE 108 4.1 INTRODUCTION 108 4.2 THE GEOGRAPHY OF CANAAN 109 4.3 PROLEGOMENA - THE MIDDLE BRONZE AGE 111 4.4 THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND TEXTUAL EVIDENCE: DETERMINING POLITIES 114 9 TABLE OF CONTENTS - Continued 4.4.1 Introduction 114 4.4.2 Historical Scholarship 114 4.4.3 Recent Scholarship 119 4.5 THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE: LATE BRONZE AGE SITES 120 4.5.1 Introduction 120 4.5.2 The Sites 121 4.6 THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE: SHIPWRECKS 177 4.7 THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE: CERAMIC ARTIFACTS... 180 4.7.1 Cypriot Pottery 180 4.7.2 Mycenaean Pottery 186 4.8 SUMMARY 188 5. THE TEXTUAL EVIDENCE 189 5.1 INTRODUCTION 189 5.2 THE AMARNA TABLETS 191 5.2.1 The Amama Correspondence 194 5.2.2 Summary 205 5.3 THE UGARITIC ECONOMIC TEXTS 205 5.3.1 The Ugaritic Material 207 5.3.2 The Ras Ibn Hani Documents 210 10 TABLE OF CONTENTS - Continued 5.3.3 Summary 211 5.4 THE ALALAKH TEXTS 211 5.4.1 Selected Texts 214 5.4.2 Summary 218 5.5 MISCELLANEOUS TEXTS 220 5.6 SUMMARY 229 6. SYNTHESIS 230 6.1 INTRODUCTION 230 6.2 SOUTHERN CANAAN COMPARED TO NEIGHBORING CIVILIZATIONS 231 6.2.1 The Aegean and Mediterranean World 231 6.2.2 Ugarit and Alalakh 232 6.3 THE ECONOMIC ORGANIZATION OF SOUTHERN CANAAN AS SEEN IN THE TEXTUAL AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE (CITY-STATE MODEL) 234 6.3.1 The Capital Cities 237 6.3.2 Summary 251 6.4 THE ECONOMIC ORGANIZATION OF SOUTHERN CANAAN AS SEEN IN THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL RECORD (DENDRITIC- TRADE NETWORK MODEL) 252 6.4.1 Common Characteristics 253 6.4.2 The Drainage Networks 256 11 TABLE OF CONTENTS - Continued 6.5 SUMMARY 277 7. CASE STUDIES 279 7.1 INTRODUCTION 279 7.2 CASE STUDIES 280 7.2.1 Megiddo 280 7.2.1.1 Texts 280 7.2.1.2 Archaeology and the Dendritic-Trade Model 282 7.2.2 Yavneh-Yam 291 7.2.2.1 Texts 291 7.2.2.2 Archaeology and the Dendritic-Trade Model 293 7.3 SUMMARY 294 8.