ANNUARIO DELL’ISTITUTO ROMENO DI CULTURA E RICERCA UMANISTICA DI VENEZIA XII–XIII, 2010–2011 Copyright © Editura Academiei Române, 2015
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ANNUARIO DELL’ISTITUTO ROMENO DI CULTURA E RICERCA UMANISTICA DI VENEZIA XII–XIII, 2010–2011 Copyright © Editura Academiei Române, 2015 Toate drepturile asupra acestei ediţii sunt rezervate Editurii Academiei Române şi Institutului Român de Cultură şi Cercetare Umanistică de la Veneţia EDITURA ACADEMIEI ROMÂNE Calea 13 Septembrie nr. 13, Sector 5 050711 Bucureşti, România Tel.: +4021 318 81 46; +4021 318 81 06 Fax: +4021 318 24 44 E-mail: [email protected] Webpage: www.ear.ro ISTITUTO ROMENO DI CULTURA E RICERCA UMANISTICA Palazzo Correr, Campo S.ta Fosca Cannaregio 2214, 30121 Venezia (VE), Italia Tel.: +39 041 52 42 309 Fax: +39 041 71 53 31 E-mail: [email protected] Webpage: www.icr.ro/filiale/venetia Cure redazionali: VIRGINIA PETRICĂ, ANA BOROŞ Cure tecniche: MARIANA MOCANU Copertina: CRISTIAN ALEXANDRU DAMIAN AANNNNUUAARRIIOO DELL’ISTITUTO ROMENO DI CULTURA E RICERCA UMANISTICA DI VENEZIA XII–XIII, 2010–2011 EDITURA ACADEMIEI ROMÂNE Bucarest, 2015 Comitato scientifico: Prof. CESARE ALZATI, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore di Milano Prof. MIRCEA ANGHELESCU, Università degli Studi di Bucarest Prof. GRIGORE ARBORE POPESCU, Istituto di Scienze Marine/Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Accad. Prof. DAN BERINDEI, Presidente onorario della Sezione di Scienze Storiche e Archeologia dell’Accademia Romena Prof. SMARANDA BRATU ELIAN, Università degli Studi di Bucarest Prof. ION BULEI, Università degli Studi di Bucarest Prof. DOINA CONDREA DERER, Università degli Studi di Bucarest Prof. Arch. NICOLAE LASCU, Università di Architettura e Urbanismo «Ion Mincu» di Bucarest Prof. BRUNO MAZZONI, Università degli Studi di Pisa Accad. Prof. IOAN–AUREL POP, Università degli Studi «Babeş–Bolyai» di Cluj- Napoca/Centro di Studi Transilvani di Cluj-Napoca dell’Accademia Romena Prof. LORENZO RENZI, Università degli Studi di Padova Accad. Prof. MARIUS SALA, Istituto di Linguistica «Iorgu Iordan» dell’Accademia Romena Prof. BIANCA VALOTA CAVALLOTTI, Università degli Studi di Milano Redazione: Prof. RUDOLF DINU, Istituto Romeno di Cultura e Ricerca Umanistica di Venezia/Università degli Studi di Bucarest Prof. CRISTIAN LUCA, Istituto Romeno di Cultura e Ricerca Umanistica di Venezia/Università degli Studi del Danubio Meridionale di Galaţi Dr. AURORA FIRŢA, Istituto Romeno di Cultura e Ricerca Umanistica di Venezia/Università degli Studi di Bucarest Dr. ŞERBAN V. MARIN, Archivio Nazionale della Romania a Bucarest Dott. CRISTIAN ALEXANDRU DAMIAN, Istituto Romeno di Cultura e Ricerca Umanistica di Venezia INDICE IRINA–MARIA MANEA, The soldier empress of Rome. Three examples from the first half of the third century ............................................................ 7 ANCA MEIROŞU, Ipostasi di Eracle nelle fiabe romene ............................. 27 ŞERBAN MARIN, A New Beginning or New Beginnings? The Two Dandolian Chronicles and Their Influences. Two Different Paths Traditionally Originating in the Same Author: Doge Andrea Dandolo ......... 41 DORETTA DAVANZO POLI, Transilvania e Venezia: divagazioni sull’abbigliamento di corte e popolare .......................................................... 123 M. MARCELLA FERRACCIOLI, GIANFRANCO GIRAUDO, La Signoria di Ragusa nel diario di Antonio Paravia. Parole e immagini .......... 133 CRISTIAN LUCA, Il raguseo Stefano Ignatz Raicevich, diplomatico dell’Impero e promotore del progetto di espansione asburgica alla foce del Danubio .......................................................................................................... 157 ALINA DOROJAN, La comunità italiana di Bucarest. Alcuni aspetti della sua storia (1850–1918) ................................................................................... 171 CRISTIAN ALEXANDRU DAMIAN, Il padiglione Romania dei Giardini di Castello: dall’iniziativa di Nicolae Iorga del 1938 al 1978 ....................... 189 SILVIA BIASUTTI, Friuli–Romania–Friuli. Viaggio di andata e ritorno (XIX–XXI secolo) ............................................................................................ 219 THE SOLDIER EMPRESS OF ROME. THREE EXAMPLES FROM THE FIRST HALF OF THE THIRD CENTURY IRINA–MARIA MANEA University of Bucharest In this short contribution we will be focusing on three examples, i. e. Furia Sabinia Tranquillina, wife of Gordian III (238–244), Marcia Otacilia Severa, wife to Philippus Arabs (244–249) and Herennia Cupressenia Etruscilla, wife to Trajan Decius (249–251). To put it briefly, we seek to recover the identity of these imperial figures for whom there is very limited literature to consult and provide them an adequate historical and above all ideological context. We should mention that other examples would include Caecilia Paulina, wife to Maximinus Thrax (235–238) or Gaia Cornelia Supera, wife to Aemilianus (251), but they are not included in the study due to the precarious sources. Paulina dies before Maximinus’ reign, nonetheless one aspect is to be underlined for it is recurrent in this age: the high similarity between the emperor and empress, which creates an overall impression of visual harmony and may act as an iconographic counterbalance to the actual instability in the empire. This being said, we can tackle our first imperial example. Furia Sabinia Tranquillina, Gordian III wife, appears in short references in Historia Augusta and the work of Zosimos1. After the death of the senators Pupienus and Balbinus, the army chooses Gordian III as emperor, who was only 13 years old and mostly relied on the help of the praetorian prefect Timesitheus2, whose daughter he marries, probably in 241. Gordian focuses on a less militarised propaganda in the style of Maximinus Thrax, adding a classicising tinge to the veristic style. It was a fresh appearance and his fragile age was also in his favour. The memory of an Augustan era was reflected in Tranquillina’s image as well, which embodies the traditional aspects of the Roman empress. Tranquillina holds the record for the soldier-empress with the most inscriptions, an attempt to preserve the stability and power of Gordian’s reign, rather than promoting her own popularity. We find inscriptions in Italy (Grumentum, Signia, Mazara, Ameria, Ostia3, etc.), Spain (Ebora, Baetulo, 1 Scriptores Historiae Augustae, tr. D. MAGIE, London–Harvard, 1932: Gord., 23-26; Zos., 1-17. 2 D. KIENAST, Römische Kaisertabelle, Darmstadt, 1996, p. 195-197. 3 Corpus inscriptionum latinarum (hereafter CIL) X 209; CIL X 5965; CIL X 7203; CIL XI 4353, Dessau 2159. Annuario dell’Istituto Romeno di Cultura e Ricerca Umanistica di Venezia, XII–XIII, 2010–2011, p. 7-26. 8 IRINA–MARIA MANEA Gerunda4, etc.), Gaul (Lactora5), Pannonia (Daruvar)6, Dacia (Napoca7), Moesia (Civitas Montanensium, Dalmatia, Callatis8), Thrace (Arzi, Dionysopolis, Volujak, Tirizis9), Asia (Ephesus10), Africa (Sigus, Beruagia, Portus Magnus, Tepelense, Segermes, Uchi Maius11). The most frequent title associated with Tranquillina is that of Augusta. In the 3rd century it no longer rejoiced the same meaningfulness as in the early empire, but it was awarded more like a formality. Besides this title, the empress receives only one more, that of sanctissima, an epithet recurring in inscriptions at Rome and again the meaning is slightly deteriorated: if during the late republic it generally referred to a connection to the divine12, in the 3rd century it acquired a more wordly connotation, that of honest or good-willed. An impression of piety was probably the purpose and despite the fact that until the 3rd century the basic significance of term perishes, Tranquillina is the first empress to actually carry it on a regular basis. However, the title does not occur in other types of propaganda such as numismatics, perhaps suggesting the conservative character of imperial rhetoric which relies on the traditional role of the woman. A very original aspect of the age, which we encounter in epigraphic sources, is the association with the goddess Hera. An inscription from Ainos names her Nea Hera13 and she is in fact the last empress to be explicitly identified with a goddess14. The inscription is on a milestone, a rare occasion probably due to the empress accompanying Gordian in his campaigns, establishing a more direct connection to the local people. Milestones will from now on constitute a very important epigraphic source for the soldier-empresses, making them more visible to an army constantly on the road. An additional piece of evidence for her special 4 CIL II 110; CIL II 4607, respective CIL II 4620. 5 CIL XIII 511; CIL XIII 520. 6 L’Année épigraphique (hereafter AE) 1912 131. 7 CIL III 858. 8 CIL III 14211; CIL III 14976; AE 1972 545. 9 Inscriptiones graecae in Bulgaria repertae (hereafter IGBulg) III 1705; IGBulg I 18; IGBulg IV 2013 and IGBulg 5004. 10 AE 1983, 911; AE 1982, 883. 11 CIL VIII 5701; CIL VIII 9233; CIL VIII 9758; CIL VIII 12250; CIL VIII 23065; CIL VIII 26264. 12 B. V. VON HESBERG–TONN, Coniunx carissima: Untersuchungen zum Normcharakter in Erscheinungsbild der römischen Frau, Stuttgart, 1983, p. 106-107. 13 Supplementul Epigraphicum Graecum (hereafter SEG) 1984, 699. 14 B. KLEIN, Tranquillina, Otacilia, Etruscilla und Salonina: Vier Kaiserinnen des 3. Jahrhunderts n. Chr., Ph.D. Dissertation, Universität des Saarlandes, Saarbrücken, 1998, p. 58. The soldier empress of Rome. Three examples (the third century A. D.) 9 relationship to the army are the inscriptions from Britain15 and Germania16 which honour her as Augusta and coniunx, provinces where no other empress of the 3rd century benefits from such dedications. Beyond her conservative