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Sea Fisheries TIYCNCAL ASSiSTANCE PROGRAM USOM AGRICULTURAL REPORT No. 13 SEA FISHERIES Report- to the Government of israel Prepared by DR. ALFRED PERLMUTTER Sea Fisheries Specialist THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA OPERATION1 MISSION TO ISRAEL Tel-Aviv - October, 1956 INTERNATIONIL COOPERATION ADMINISTRATION UNITED STATES OF AMERICA OPERATIONS MISSION TO ISRAEL TEL AVIV, ISRAEL 12-14HAAKEVET ST. Tel Aviv, Israel October 26, 1956. His Excellency The Minister of Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, Jerusalem. Excellency: I have the pleasure and honor of transmitting herewith the report "Sea Fisheries" as prepared by Dr. Alfred Perlmutter. The report points out the potentialities of Israel's fisheries resources, recommends a program to obtain better utilization of these resources and summarizes progress to date on the program. Dr. Alfred Perlmutter has had extensive training in the field of Fisheries Biology and has worked on fisheries problems for the past eighteen years, both with the United States Bureau of Fisheries and the New York State Departmunt cf Conservation. He is in charge of fisheries research in the Marine District of New York and an adjunct assistant professor in the graduate school of New York University where he teaches ichthyology and fisheries biology. He presently is on leave of absence from these two posts. Results of his research have been published in various scientific and trade journals. I have read this report and commend it to you with my endorsement and approval. It offers practical and sound procedures for the more complete development of Israel's fisheries resources. Sincerely yours, N-' Lincoln B. Hale Director U,S. Operations Mission to Israel Report on SEA FISHERIES Project 71-18-062 Submitted Technician's Completion Report by Dr. Alfred Perlmutter Sea Fisheries Specialist The United States Operations Mission to Israel Tel Aviv October 1956 TABLE OF CCNTENTS PREFACE Page INTRODUCTION 1 SEA FISHERIES POTENTIAL 3 Total Catch Otter Trawl Fishery 3 Pelagic Fishery 8 Inshore Fishery 11 Sponge Fishery 16 Sea Turtle Fishery Shellfish 16 Fishery 17 Grey Mullet Fry Fishery 18 Miscellaneous Fisheries 18 Eylath Fishery 19 A PROGRAM FOR THE DEVELOPMEnT OF ISRAELIS SEA FISHERY RESOURCES 21 Otter Trawl Fishery Utilization of little used or discarded fishery products 23 Location of new fishing grounds 23 Seasonal availability of fish 23 Improvenents of gear 24 Improvements in handling mthods 25 Pelagic Fishery Better utilization of the present catch of sardines 26 Inshore Fishery Sponge 30 Fishery 31 Sea Turtle Fishery 31 Shellfish Fishery 31 Grey Mullet Fry Fishery 32 Miscellaneous Fisheries Eylath 32 Fisheries 33 RESPONSIBILITYT FOR THE PROGRAM 34 PROGRESS ON THE DEVELOPMENTAL PROGRAM 39 Otter Trawl Fishery Utilization of little used or discarded fishery products 39 iv Location of new fishing grounds 41 Improvement of gear 41 Improvement in handling methods 42 Pelagic Fishery Better utilization of present catch 43 Improvements in present fishing methods 45 Inshore Fishery 45 Sponge Fishery 45 Sea Turtle Fishery 51 Shellfish Fishery 51 Grey Mullet Fry Fishery 54 Miscellaneous Fisheries 54 Eylath Fisheries 54 BIBLIOGRAPHY 56 ACKNOWLEDGEIENTS 58 APPENDIX I List of Commercially Important Fish I - . 2) APPENDIX II List of Commercially Important Invertebrates and Plants I - (1 - 2) APPENDIX III Use of Estuarine and Sea Fish of the Family Mugilidae, Grey Mullets, for Pond Culture in Israel I1 -'(1 - 27) v PREFACE The following report is written after a twenty two month aasignmet in Israel, as a member of the Research Foundation of the State University of New York contract, working in close affiliation with the United States Operations Mission to Israel. It involves not only conclusions resulting from the work during this period but also results obtained from investigations initiated by the writer in 1951, when he had been invited by the Government of Israel as a consultant on a development of their sea fisheries. During nY stay in Israel I was ably assisted in my work by various Governmental Agencies, kibbutzim, and private scientists. I should like to thank especially, Mr. Moshe Shavit, Mr. Otto Oren, Mr. Eliazor Gottleib, Dr. B. "omarovsky, Dr. Adam Ben-Tuvia, Miss Lyka Bograd, Mr. Zvie Fried, Mr. Yoel Pruginin, Mr. Jonathan Chervinsky, and Mr. Zvie Arielli, members of the Sea Fisheries Research Station. My appreciation and thanks to Mr. Albin D. Molohon, former Chief, Agricultural Division and Water Resources, United States Operations Mission to Israel, Mr. Paul B. Orvis, Chief, Israel Project, State University of New York, and the secretarial staff, for their able assistance in carrying on the project. The work on development of the Sea Fisheries has just begun and I hope to be able in the next few years to return at periodic intervals to assist in this task. INTRODUCTION Israel, like many other nations of the world is seeking to develop its fishery resources to obtain a much needed supply of animal proteins for food as well as products suitable for foreign exchange. Both the Mediterranean, and to a limited extent the Red Sea, are available for harvesting. These seas are sub­ tropical and tropical in character and contain numerous species of delicate flavor and incidentally of indescribable beauty. However, few if any of the fishes are found in quantities comparable to the great fisheries of more temperate seas as for example, the cod, haddock and herring fisheries of the North Atlantic Ocean. Despite employment of the most modern fishing equipment and techniques, the yield-per-vessel and total catch-per-unit of fishing ground will continue to be relatively low in the Mediterranean and Red Sea compared with the rich temperate northern seas. Thus the Israel Fisherman's Union reports that in the Hebrew year 1953/1954 the average annual catch of an otter trawler was 74 metric tons. Boats of a similar size and engine power fishing out of Gloucester, Massachusetts, U.S.A. on the rich grounds of the Gulf of Maine and the Nova Scotian Banks regularly take this quantity of fish in at most two weeks fishing, and have commonly taken as much or more fish in one trip of from four to ten days. For this reason it is essential that fishing operations in Israel be carried on with maximum efficiency, with a minimum of capital investment and that a use be found for most of the aquatic forms captured. All edible products must be utilized and no aquatic orgarLism having commercial potential can be ignored. Where possible the unique environmental conditions existing in the Easter Mediterranean and Red Sea must be exploited and attempts made to culture aquatic organisms, specific for or adaptable to these areas, which are in demand in the world markets. 3 SEA FISHERIES POTENTIAL Total Catch From the comparatively crude and incomplete information on the history and statistics of the fisheries collected both by the Mandate Government and the present State of Israel, certain conclusions can be drawn as to the potential of the sea fisheries on ground adjacent to the Israeli coast. Since 1927/1928 1/ the total Israeli sea catch has risen from less than 500 metric tons to almost 2700 metric torw in 1954/1955 2_/ (Fig. 1) Otter Trawl Fishery This increase in catch has been due largely to the introduction of the otter trawlers which have been gradually increasing both in numbers and efficiency. Thus in 1935/1936, seven Italian trawlers were reported to be fishing in Jaffa and two fishod for the first time out of Haifa. By 1949/1950, nine Israeli and five Italian trawlers, worked by a mixed Italian and Israeli crew, were fishing off the Israeli coast and 1093 tons of fish were captured. In 1953/1954, seventeen trawlers took 1294 ton3 of fish. At the end of 1954/1955 there were twenty­ seven trawlers in the Israeli fishing fleet. Ten of these were new German built vessels of the latest design. Engines of 1/ Mandate Government Statistics (before 1948) is given by fiscal year: April 1 - March 31 2_/ State of Israel Statistics (1948 and later) is given by Hebrew calendar year: approximately September 1 - August 31. tfoo ?4jaic. &a *rS6m~P .o.0 I000 000 P~~i..dON ON~,A.. all Y e April 1 - March 31; 19 94 - 1954, Hebrew yar, approximately September 1, - August 31.) 1. Hake 2. Maigre 3. Red Bream 4. Red and Yellow - stripped Mullet 5. Barracuda 6. Misce.lane ous. greater horsepower enabled these vessels to increase or maintain the towing speed while using larger nets and thus to increase their efficiency. As a result the otter trawl catch in 1954/1955 was 1656 tons or 63 percent of the total sea catch. It must be noted that in 1954/1955 all of the ten new trawlers did not fish the entire year but some started in February and others in March and April of 1955 so that the yearly catch probably would have been higher if the new vessels had fished the total year. Insofar as the adjacent Israel grounds and Turkish grounds are concerned, the bulk of the trawler catch, 63 to 80 percent during the period 1950/1951 - 1954/1955, was comprised of three species of fish !_/: The red bream, Pagellus erythrinus; the hake, Merluccius merluccius; and the yellow stripped mullet, Upeneus moluccensis, (Table 1); Page 8. This latter species which entered the Mediterranean from the Red Sea, has in the past two years almost completely replaced the Mediterranean species, the red mullet, Mullus barbatus in the trawl catch. Also during 1955, for the first time another Red Sea species, the lizard fish, Saurida grandisquamis became an important part of the trawler catch. Figures are not yet available regarding the extent of its contribution to the catch nor can it be predicted whether it will continue to be an important part of the future catches.
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