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Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-46076-8 - The New Cambridge Medieval History: Volume VII c. –c. Edited by Christopher Allmand Index More information

INDEX

Note: concepts such as army, monarchy and trade Agricola, Rudolf 228, 270 are indexed as general concepts and also under agriculture individual countries and regions. arable 107–8, 112–13, 114, 117, 154, 421, 571 crop rotations 119 Abelard, Peter 262 industrial crops 114, 119, 154 Aberdeen University 221 n. 4, 234, 530 intensive husbandry 117 Absentee Acts, Ireland 499 and nobility 117–19 absolutism pastoral 107–8, 112–13, 114, 117, 118, 508, 571, growth of 407, 408, 644, 837–8 609, 673, 780 and law 19, 81 and population decline 107–12, 157, 369, 421, ‘mystical’ 418–19 671 papal 78, 83 productivity 119–20, 157, 421 and taxation 417 regional variations 110–13 Acceptatio of Mainz (1439) 72 sharecropping 112, 158 Acciaiuoli, Angelo 565 smallholdings 110, 112, 117, 759 Acciaiuoli, Donato 252 subsistence 757 Accolti, Benedetto 251–2, 257 and trade 113, 154 Achaea, Latin principality 780, 801–2 see also landholding; peasants; transhumance Der Ackermann aus Böhmen 279 Agrippa of Nettesheim 313 Act of Accord (1460) 474 aides (taxes) 399, 403, 417, 436 Act of Revocation 527 Ailly, Pierre d’ 13 Act of Union (1536) 532, 546 geographical treatise 184 Adalbert of Brudzewo 746 and Papacy and councils 66, 79–80, 83, 85, 329 Adolf VIII, duke of Holstein, count of Alamire, Pierre 326 n. 22 Schleswig 680, 684, 687, 689 Albania, and Ottoman Empire 716, 810, 819, 821, Adolf I of Cleves 440, 442 824, 826 Adolf IV of Cleves 94 Albanians Adorno of Phocaea 819 and Byzantium 780–1, 784, 794 advertising, and printing industry 297 and Venice 816 Aegean islands, and Latin settlements 798, 805–6, Albert II, king of the Romans 3, 73, 348, 389, 440 810–11 as Albert I of Hungary 713–14, 735, 738 Aelian, Tactics 173, 174 and Ottoman Empire 343, 355–6, 714 Afonso III of Portugal 630 Albert I of Austria 650 Afonso V of Portugal 630, 632, 639, 641–2, 644 Albert IV of Austria 356 Africa, European exploration of 160, 176, 187, Albert V of Austria see Albert II, king of the 189, 190–2, 637, 641–3 Romans Agen, and representation 47 Albert I of Hungary see Albert II, king of the Agincourt, battle of (1415) 3, 437, 458, 461–2 Romans Agnadello, battle of (1509) 429 Albert Achilles of Brandenburg 359, 363, 390 Agricola, Alexander 325 Albert the Brave of Saxony 344 995

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-46076-8 - The New Cambridge Medieval History: Volume VII c. –c. Edited by Christopher Allmand Index More information

996 Index

Alberti, Leon Battista 142, 250, 255, 275, 276, 301, Amboise, Louis d’ 419 306, 311 Amerbach, Hans 294 Momus 25 Americas and nature 313–15, 316 and Columbus 196–7, 616, 618 treatises 306–7, 314 pre-Columbian discoveries in 183, 193 Albrecht of Sweden 674, 675–6 Spanish colonisation in 197, 200 Albret, Alain d’ 413, 414 and trade 160 Albret, Jean d’, king of Navarre 417 and Vespucci 198 Alcántara, Order of 595, 615 see also Atlantic Aled, Tudur 538 Amiroutzes, George, of Trebizond 783, 786, Aleksii, Metropolitan 766–7, 768, 769 791–3, 795 Aleman, Louis 329 Anatolia and Papacy and councils 71, 76, 81 and civil unrest 817–19, 829 Alençon, Jean, duc d’ 403, 406, 409 and crusades 824 Alexander V,Pope (Peter Philarge) and defeat of Ottomans 774, 812–13, 815 and Council of Pisa 66, 351 and interregnum period 816–20 education of 810 organisation of state 820–2 Alexander VI, Pope (Rodrigo Borgia) 78, 428, Ottoman rule in 781, 796, 800, 805, 815–22 569, 575, 586 and trade 811 Alexander Jagiel--lo of Lithuania 739, 756 Andalusia Alexios III, Grand Komnenos 791 and exploration 185, 200 Alfonso V of Aragon 442, 595, 613 and trade 611–12 and Barcelona 603 Andlau, Peter von 20 and Byzantium 801 Andrew of Wyntoun 515–16 and court culture 578 Angeli, Jacques 230 and Mediterranean expansion 595–6 Angelico, Fra 312 and Naples 73, 557, 558, 574–5, 576–81, 595–6, Angevin Empire 394, 454 604–5 as extended state 5, 409 and ‘pactism’ 597 and Hungary 352, 709, 712, 729–30 and Papacy 73, 577, 578–80 and Naples 550, 558, 565, 567, 568, 573, and politics 594 575–80, 586 and serfs 598 and Poland 729–30 Alfonso X of Castile–León, and succession 40 and Sicily 40–1 Alfonso IX of León, and representation 39, 43 Anghiari, battle of (1440) 557 Alfonso VII of Spain, and representation 39 Anjou Alfonso ‘XII’ of Castile 616 and French kingdom 4, 394–5, 398, 411–12, Alfonso of Naples 413, 451 as duke of Calabria 583–5, 586 and Provence 341 and warfare 168, 170 see also Angevin Empire Algirdas of Lithuania 731 Ankara, battle of (1402) 3, 771–4, 778, 800 Aljubarrota, battle of (1385) 629, 635, 636 aftermath of 812–15 Allmand, C.T. 403 annates 71, 74, 357 Almain, Jacques, and conciliar supremacy 84, 85 Anne of Brittany 413, 414, 424, 492–3 almshouses, founding 143 Anne of Burgundy 93, 397 Alsace annuities, in France 418 and Burgundy 452, 454, 455 Antequera, capture from Moors 3, 612 and Empire 337, 346–7, 354–5 Anthony of Brabant 431 and Swiss Confederation 662, 663 anti-clericalism 216, 569 Alsatian League 649 Antipodes, mapping and discovery 182, 184, 195 Alvisio (architect) 767 antiquarianism, and humanism 265 Alvsson, Knut 696–7 Antoine, Bastard of Burgundy 441, 442, 444, 445 Amadeus VIII of Savoy 556, 562 Antoninus of Florence, St and marriage 93, 433 Opera a ben vivere 209 see also Felix V,Pope Summa confessionum 289 ambassadors 7, 171, 836 Antonios IV,Patriarch 771, 774, 776 and conciliarism and Papacy 76 Antwerp Amboise, Georges d’ 416, 428 and Burgundy 451

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Index 997

development of 125, 133–4, 446 aristocracy see nobility and trade 148, 152, 153, 160, 424, 448–9 Aristotle Appenzell war 351, 654–5 and education 229 apprenticeship 228, 241 and ethics 262 and the arts 304, 330–1 influence of 81, 233, 266, 268, 271, 273, 563 Aquinas, Thomas and politics 11, 24, 37, 263 influence of 12, 251, 262 and scholasticism 777 and politics 11, 13, 19, 263 Arkinholm, battle of (1455) 525 see also scholasticism Armagnacs 4, 392, 395, 400, 403, 411 Aquitaine, and Anglo-Burgundian monarchy and Burgundy 411, 437–8, 462 394, 463 and Charles VII 392, 395, 405, 437 Arab world, and trade 177 and Lancastrians 400, 462–3 Aragon 588–605, 589 Armenian Church 786, 788, 825 absolutism in 598, 604, 618–19, 838 army, private, France 399–400 agriculture 593, 596 army, professional 162, 163–6, 173 and Castile 4, 35–6, 600–1, 604–5, 613–15 and centralisation of command 162–3 consejo of 604 and desertion 165 and economy 603 and Empire 354 industry 596 length of service in 165 and Italian city-states 550–1, 557–8 and taxation 6 Mediterranean expansion 595–6, 605 see also artillery; cavalry; infantry; mercenaries; monarchy of; and authority 604; confederation soldiers 591–3; dual 600–1, 604–5, 606, 616; and Arnolfini, Giovanni 405 household 592, 594; and ‘pactism’ 596–8, Arras 599, 604; and representation 40–1; Peace of (1435) 71, 397, 439, 440, 450, 465–6, residence in Naples 577–8, 596, 597; and 662 succession 588–91, 613 Treaty of (1482) 411, 455, 488 national history 27 Ars praedicandi 206–7 nobility of 96, 588, 590–1, 593, 597 art and Papacy 66, 67–8, 72, 73, 577–80 and Antiquity 316–18 peasantry of 601 commemorative 307–10 political structure 591–5 and diversity of styles 299–300 and Portugal 638, 639 Gothic 213, 299, 301–2, 303, 313, 747 and representation 35–6, 40–1, 50, 592–4 Italian 305–7, 313–14, 563, 584 and taxation 602 music as 321 towns and cities of 40–1, 602 and nature 300, 302–3, 307, 313–16 and trade 131, 549, 596 neo-classical 299 war with Castile 50 northern European 213, 283–4, 285, 300–4, see also Alfonso V; Castile; Catalonia; 312, 313–14 Ferdinand V; Fernando I; Joan II of Polish 747 Aragon; Naples; Sicily; Valencia and realism 283, 300 archers, in warfare 166, 167, 172, 399–400, 415 religious 213–14, 303–4, 312–13 architecture 299–318 Russian 755, 757, 767–8 ecclesiastical 301, 314 secular 310–12 English 301, 313 see also perspective; proportion Gothic 213, 301, 313, 723, 747, 809 Arthur, prince of Wales 492, 544, 545 Italian 75, 305–7, 310, 563, 572, 584 artillery 5, 167, 168–9, 171–2, 173, 174, 401, 415, military 130, 169, 809 643, 693, 809 northern European 301, 426 artisans Perpendicular 301 Burgundian 446–7 Russian 755, 757, 767 French 424 and sculpture 302 artist, status 307, 315, 835 Arezzo, Filippo di 259 Artois Arezzo, Geri d’ 253 and Burgundy 431, 433, 435–6, 455 Argyll, Archibald, earl of 521 and Empire 5, 342, 413 Argyll, Colin, earl of 521, 524 and representation 51 Argyropoulos, Johannes 268–9 extent of 133

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998 Index

Arundel, Thomas, Archbishop 236, 460 Baltic trade 145, 150, 152, 160, 449 Asia, routes to 195–7 and England 132–3 Åsle, battle of (1389) 674, 675 and Hanseatic League 170, 673, 680, 684–6, astrology 10, 22, 317, 445 696, 704–5, 750 astronomy 233, 746 and Livonia 750, 757 Atlantic and Moscow 750–1, 757 central route 195–7 and Scandinavia 688, 691, 692, 695, 698 eastern archipelagoes 188–9 Balue, Jean 416 and exploration 180, 186, 199–200, 636–7, banking 640–1, 643 and trade 150–2, 154, 423–4, 449, 547, 568 and marine charts 182–3 and urban development 130–1 northern routes 188, 192–5 baptism 210, 374 southern route 198–9 Barbaro, Ermolao 268, 270, 271 and trade 160, 809, 811 Barbaro, Josafo 748 Auberino, Caio 272 Barbour, John 515, 516, 517 Aubert, David 281 Barcelona Aubusson, Pierre d’ 805 factions in 598 Augsburg, industry in 131–2, 152 and monarchy 588, 590, 603 Augustine of Hippo plague outbreaks in 157 and Church and state 13–15, 16–17 and representation 35, 54 and cities 121 extent of 125 and humanism 267, 289 and trade 131, 593 Austria Barcelona, Treaty of (1493) 600 and Burgundy 663 Barnet, battle of (1471) 482 and Empire 343, 346, 350, 356–7, 361 Baron, Hans 245, 246, 263, 264, 268, 551 n. 2 and Papacy 66, 67 Barsbay, Sultan 800 and Swiss Confederation 649–51, 652, 654, barter 154–5 659, 662–4 Bartolus (Bartolo di Sassoferrato) 18, 24 see also Habsburgs and nobility 90, 103 Austro-Hungarian Empire 343, 361 Bartosˇ, Frantisˇek 375 authority Barzizza, Gasparino 227, 247 collegiate 77 Basin, Thomas 165, 401, 405, 406 conciliar 78–9, 355 Basle, Council of (1431–49) lay 29 and canonists 18, 83 levels 6 and episcopal elections 681 see also Church; Papacy; power and Germany 340, 355 Autrand, F. 404 and Greek Church 71–2, 81 Averroism 230 and Hussites 46, 70, 71, 82, 381, 388, 390 Avignon, and Papacy 65, 72 and Papacy 70–4, 75, 77, 81–3, 85–6, 205, 348, Avis, Order of 629–30 575, 576, 578–9 Avis dynasty 357, 629–30, 633, 634–7, 643, 837 and Swiss Confederation 667 Axelsøn, Aage 691 and University of Paris 235 Axelsøn, Erik 688, 689, 691–2 and university reform 231 Axelsøn, Iver 691–2 Basle, Peace of (1499) 664 Ayala, Pedro d’ 521 Bastidas, Rodrigo de 197 Aydin, emirate 813 Bataille, Nicolas 444 Azo, Portius 24 Battista da Verona 271 Azores Bauﬀremont, Guillaume de 447 and Atlantic exploration 193–4 Bauﬀremont, Pierre de, lord of Charny 442 discovery of 183, 185, 189, 637 Baugé, battle of (1421) 395, 528 and trade 150 Bautier, R.-H. 121 Aztecs, and exploration 175 Bavaria and agriculture 119 Badoer, Giacomo 799 and Empire 136, 347, 362 Baisen, Hans von 737 nobility of 100 Baldus de Ubaldis 18–19 organisation 5, 364 Balsac, Robert de 173, 174 and Papacy 66

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Index 999

and peasantry 116, 119 Berne, Council of (1489) 660 and representation 43–4, 52, 60, 365 Berry Herald see le Bouvier, Gilles (Berry Bayard, Chevalier 173 Herald) Bayazid I, Sultan 170, 771, 776, 777, 800–1, 812, Berthold of Henneberg, archbishop of Mainz 815 363 Bayazid II, Sultan 776, 779, 793, 827–30 Bertochus, Dionysius 293 Bayonne, Treaty of (1463) 599 Bessarion of Trebizond, Cardinal 783, 791, 793 Beatriz, wife of Fernando of Portugal 629, 634, Béthencourt, Jean de 186, 189 636 Béthune, Evrard de, Graecismus 229, 260–1 Beatriz of Naples 722, 724 Bianco, Andrea 182, 183 Beauchamp, Richard, earl of Warwick 129–30, Bible 464, 467 Complutensian Polyglot 626 Beaufort, Edmund, duke of Somerset copying of 284, 287 and Henry VI 468, 469, 470–4, 475 printed 288–9, 290 and Ireland 504 textual analysis of 266, 626 and Wales 533, 534–5 vernacular 284, 340, 371, 375, 387, 747, 755 Beaufort, Henry, bishop of Winchester 397–8, Biblia pauperum 279 459, 465, 467 Biel, Gabriel 230 Beaufort, Joan 524 Expositio canonis Missae 205–6 Beaufort, John, earl of Somerset 459, 467–8, Binchois, Gilles 320, 324, 330, 444–5 469 biography, of artists 307, 835 Beaufort, Margaret 487, 540, 543 Biondo, Flavio 26, 255, 257, 258, 265 Beaufort, Thomas 459 birthrate 106, 125 Beaujeu, Pierre de 412–13 bishops Beaune, Jean de 424 and apostolic succession 77 Beaupère, Jean, and Council of Basle 70 and collegiate authority 77 Becerro de las Behetrías 610 education of 239 Beckenhaub, Johann 294 election of 681 Beckensloer, Johannes 722 Irish 501 Bedford, John, duke of 93, 282, 478 and monarchy 419, 681 and France 8, 395–6, 397, 399, 401 power of 211 as regent 394, 438, 464–5, 466 as representatives 33, 43, 44, 58 Bedr ed-din, Sheyh 817–19 Black Death, population eﬀects 106–7, 109, 115, Behaim, Martin 182, 194 126, 129, 369, 571, 609, 627, 671–3, 777 Belges, Jean Lemaire des 426 Blackheath, battle of (1497) 491–2 Belgrade Blanche of Navarre, wife of Enrique IV 615 and Ottoman Empire 710, 717–18, 826 Blanche of Navarre, wife of Juan II of Aragon siege of (1521) 707, 726 and Navarre 598, 613, 620 Bellini, Gentile 564, 787 Blind Hary 515, 516, 517 Sultan Mehemmed II 307, 809, 827, plate 24 Blois, Treaty of (1504) 414 Bellini, Giovanni 312, 314 Blondel, Robert 165 Virgin and Child with Saints and Angels plate 18 Boccaccio, Giovanni 22, 189, 266, 295, 406, 445 Belluga, Pere 597–8 Bodin, Jean, and sovereignty 82 Benedict XIII, Pope (Pedro de Luna) Boethius, Anicius Manlius Severimus and Aragon 590, 595 Consolation of philosophy 260, 295 and Council of Constance 67–9 De institutione musica 331–3 and Council of Pisa 65–6 Bohemia 367–91, 368 support for 350, 530 agriculture 369, 371–2 Benivieni, Antonio 247 armies 371 Berenguela, right of succession of 39–40 Church and state 16, 71, 74, 369 Bergen, Treaty of (1450) 687 diplomacy 390 Berland, Pey 402 and Empire 343, 352, 353, 355, 356, 360, 369, Bernardino of Siena 208 388–91 Berne and Four Articles 380, 388 as imperial city 645–7, 649, 664, 670 justice 372 and Swiss Confederation 650, 652–3, 654, monarchy 46, 372–3, 378–9, 388–9, 391 658–9, 661, 663–4 national diets 378–82, 384, 389

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1000 Index

Bohemia (cont.) bourgeoisie nobility 97; and Hussites 367, 370, 371, Burgundian 442–3, 446–7 377–81, 391; and monarchy 369, 372–3, 382, and French urban development 135, 423–4 391; and Tabor 383, 385–6 Bourges, and Valois monarchy 394 peasants 371, 378 Bourgogne, Jean de 442, 445 plague outbreaks 369 Bouts, Dierec 304 political system 5, 369, 372–3, 377–8, 380, Portrait of a Man 308, plate 8 384–6, 391, 831, 839 Bouvet, Honoré, Arbre des batailles 4 and representation 45–6, 47, 60, 367, 379, Bower, Walter 515–16, 517, 518, 523 386–7, 831–2 boyars society 367–72, 380, 384 in Lithuania 735, 736, 744 Taborites 371, 377, 380, 382–7, 391 in Moscow 752, 753, 759–64, 767 and taxation 369, 372, 387 in Novgorod 754–5 towns and cities 371–2, 381–2, 385–7 Brabant, duchy of 9, 38, 446, 448 and trade 159, 369, 371–2 and Burgundy 353, 431, 440 see also George of Podeˇbrady; Hus, Jan; industry in 126 Hussite movement; Sigismund; Vladislav I population 111 of Bohemia; Vladislav II of Bohemia; and representation 44–5, 47, 53, 57, 60 Wenceslas IV Braccesi, Alessandro 252 Bolde, Bartholomew de 540–1 Braccio da Montone 573, 574–5 Böll, Heinrich 831 Bracciolini, Poggio 26, 184 Bologna 572, 585 see also Poggio, Gian Francesco Bracciolini University 220, 221, 229, 231, 234, 237–8, 397, Bradwardine, Thomas, and predestination 13–14, 572, 630, 746 15 Bolt, Amund Sigurdsson 682 Brady, T.A., Jr 655 Bom-Viagem, Martin Anes 642 Bragança, dynasty 633, 643–4 Bonfini, Antonio 721 Brandenburg Boniface VIII, Pope (Benedetto Caetani), and and Empire 343, 348, 352, 360, 390 France 51 organisation 5, 363 Boniface IX, Pope (Petrus Tomacelli), and and Poland 679 Empire 350, 709 and representation 44, 60 books 278–86 Branković, George, of Serbia 715, 790 collection 282–3, 445 Branković, Mara 790–1, 792, 793, 794, 821 illustrated 279–80, 281–2, 283–5, 288, 294, ‘Brasil’, legend of 183, 186, 188, 194–5 295–7 Bratislava (Preßburg), Treaty of (1491) 343 importance 833 Braudel, Fernand 134 production 279–81, 284–5, 287–9 Bray, Reynold 494 trade 148, 160, 278, 281, 284, 288, 291, 293–6 Brethren of the Common Life see also manuscripts; printing and book production 217, 284–5, 287 Books of Hours 283, 284, 313, 406, 526, 833 and education 206, 228, 232, 240 Borgia, Alfonso see Calixtus III, Pope Breydenbach, Bernard von, Peregrinatio in terram Borgia, Lucrezia 586 sanctam 297 Borgia, Rodrigo see Alexander VI, Pope Brittany Boris Aleksandrovich of Tver’ 756 and army 165 boroughs, and representation 49, 62–3 and French kingdom 4, 401, 410–14, 469, 478, Bosnia 488 and Hungary 707, 710, 716, 719, 826 and Henry VII 491, 492–3 and Venice 159 and Lancastrian monarchy 394 Bosworth, battle of (1485) 488, 489, 490, 491, and nobility 93, 96, 102 544–5 and taxation 52–3 Botticelli, Sandro 308, 315, 564, 584 Broederlam, Melchior 444 Birth of Venus 317–18 Bromyard, John, Summa praedicantium 207 Primavera 317, plate 23 Broughton, Thomas, of Furness 490 Venus and Mars 310–11 Bruges, Louis de 295 Vision of Saint Augustine 311 Bruges Boucicault, Jean de 800, 809 and book production 280–1, 282, 295 Bourbon, and French kingdom 4, 398, 409, 410, development of 124, 133, 134 412, 414 and representation 54, 56, 57

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Index 1001

revolt in (1436–7) 439, 451 and Empire 5, 341–2, 353–4, 358, 360, 431, and trade 145, 148, 150–2, 156, 160, 448, 449, 439–41, 451–6 798 and England 451–2, 488; Edward IV 452, urban society in 141, 446 478–9, 482; Henry V 392–4, 397, 437–8, Brunelleschi, Filippo 124, 301, 305 462–3; Henry VI 395–7, 438–9, 464–6; and perspective 306, 311, 314 Henry VII 491; see also Troyes, Treaty of see also Manetti, Antonio expansion of 404, 431, 439–40, 451–2, 454 Bruni, Leonardo and French monarchy 431–4, 437, 445, 462, and education 227, 233 529, 663; Charles VI 392, 433, 437–8; Historia florentini populi 26, 139 n. 28, 257–8, 305 Charles VII 392–4, 398, 402–3, 404, 437–9, and humanism 247, 248, 251, 254, 268, 316 440, 465–6; Charles VIII 455; Louis XI Isagogicon moralis disciplinae 263 402–5, 410–11, 428, 433, 450–2, 455, 478, Laudatio florentinae urbis 24–5, 264 482, 488; and Mary of Burgundy 412, 413, and republicanism 138, 263–4 455–6; see also Arras, Peace of tomb 309 and heraldry 91, 93, 443 Brunkeberg, battle of (1471) 690, 691, 693 historiography 26, 445–6 Brunswick, duchy of 119, 362 and Italy 566 Brut (chronicle) 26 justice 434–5, 453 Buchanan, George 517 and Levant 441 Budé, Guillaume 417, 427 navy 170, 441 Bueil, Jean de, Le Jouvencel 161, 173 nobility 398, 441–3, 446 Bugislaus VIII of Stolp 678 and Ottoman Empire 441, 800 Bugislaus IX of Stolp 678–9, 683 and Papacy 67, 72 Bulgaria partition 431–2 and Ottoman Empire 735, 771, 782 paternalism 838 and trade 799 peasantry 447 Bulgnéville, battle of (1431) 454 political literature 22 Bulkeley, William 541 and representation 45, 51, 52, 436 bullion, shortages 113, 124, 130, 156, 158–9, 160, and revenue and taxation 433, 435–6, 447, 453 405, 609–10 and Scandinavia 684 Buonaccorsi-Callimachus, Filippo 746 social structure 441–3, 446 Buondelmonti, Cristoforo 806, 809 survival 455–6 Burckhardt, J. 243–7, 249, 250, 251, 265, 299 and Swiss Confederation 3, 411, 454–5, 659, Burdach, K. 244 663–4 bureaucracy towns and cities 446–7, 450–1 Aragonese 581, 593 and trade 447–9 English 31, 494 and Yorkists 452, 478–9, 482 French 404 see also Artois; Charles the Bold; Flanders; Hungarian 719 history; John the Fearless; literature; Low imperial 364–5 Countries; music; Philip the Bold; Philip the papal 582, 584 Good burgesses Busnois, Antoine 325 English 49 Bussone, Francesco, count of Carmagnola 166, extent 431–3 556 and monasteries 127 Bustron, Georgios 810 Burgos 309 Buti, Francesco da 259 and trade 611–12 Butler, Sir John 506 Burgundy 431–56, 432 Byzantium 771–95, 772–3 administration 433–5 agriculture 780 army 163, 164, 166–8, 453 chronology and definition 771–6 and chivalry 94 civil war 777 collapse 4, 5, 454–5, 663 culture 810 county and duchy 431, 433–6, 438, 442, 446, and humanism 266, 268–9 453 and Latin Church 774, 775, 782–3, 823 court culture 405, 426, 441–2, 444–6, 613 and Moscow 769, 771, 775 diplomacy 452–3, 465 and Mount Athos 790–1, 793 ducal household 443–4 and Ottoman Empire 736, 771–81, 786–92, dynasticism 837 812, 814–17, 819–20, 824–5

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1002 Index

Byzantium (cont.) Carthusian Order population 779, 788 and book production 285 and Salonica 776–9, 801, 815, 817, 823 and reform 74, 83–4 and Trebizond 786, 788, 789, 790–4, 826 Cartier, Jacques 135 see also Christendom, Orthodox; Levant; cartography 177, 181–4, 200–1, 297 Morea, the Casimir, son of Casimir IV 738 Casimir III the Great of Poland 727, 729–30, 746 Caboche, Simon 7 Casimir IV of Poland 736–9, 741, 745, 747 Cabot, John 187, 194–5 and Bohemia 735 Cabral, Pedro Alvares de 199, 643 and Hungary 390, 721–2 Cade, Jack 470, 503 and Jagiellonian dynasty 737–9 Caesar, Gaius Julius, and historiography 27 and Moscow 754, 755–6, 768 Cajetan, Thomas de Vio, and Papacy and Casimir of Sl-upsk 729 councils 84 Cassirer, E. 245 Calais cassoni (marriage chests) 310–11, plate 13, 316 English possession 403, 412, 458–9, 461, 465, Castagno, Andrea del, David 316 473, 474, 487, 498–9 Castiglione, Baldassare 173, 311 French attempt to recapture 397, 439 Castile 606–26, 607 as garrison town 127–8 and absolutism 618–20, 838 Calatrava, Order of 595, 614, 622 administration 619–20 Calco, Tristano 258 agriculture 118, 120, 609 Calixtus III, Pope (Alfonso Borgia) 566–7, and Aragon 4, 35–6, 591, 600–1, 604, 613–15 579–80, 586, 641, 737 civil disorder 3, 606–9, 622, 623–4 Callís, Jaume 597 court culture 613 Calvin, John, and man 250 and crusades 441 Cambridge, earl of 462 diet 108 Cambridge University and exploration 191, 197 growth 221, 224, 227, 240–1, 833 extent 609 and humanism 269, 272 and history 27 and music establishments 325 industry 612 reform 233, 236 and Jews 622–5 Caminha, Pedro Alvares da 187 monarchy 112; and court intrigues 40, 615–16; Campin, Robert 302, 307–8, 312 dual 600–1, 604–5, 606, 607–8, 616; and Canary islands representation 39–40; and rivalries 613–14 discovery 185, 186, 189 nobility 90, 91, 98, 103, 105, 112; incomes and trade 150, 186, 612 611–12; and monarchy 614, 615–16, 620; cannon see artillery numbers 96; and representation 619 canon law and Papacy 66, 67–8, 72–3 and conciliar supremacy 18, 76–9, 81–3 peasantry 610 and episcopal appointments 681 plague outbreaks 111 and Roman Orthodox 787, 792 population 111, 609 and theology 239 and Portugal 614–15, 616, 635, 642 and universities 229, 239, 365 reconquest of Granada 5, 131, 162, 171, 609, Canyngs, William 149–50, 155 611, 615, 616–18 Cão, Diogo 185, 192 and representation 35–6, 39–40, 47, 55, 60, capitalism 611, 619 and mercantile organisation 150–3, 423–4 and revenues and taxation 609–11, 619 and state expenditure 549 tithes 611 Caracciolo, Sergianni 574–5 and trade 609, 611–12 Caravaggio, battle of (1448) 557 and urban lineages 621–2 careers, and education 833 war with Aragon 50 Carignano, Giovanni di 190 see also Andalusia; Enrique III; Enrique IV; Carlos of Viana 284, 598–9, 620 Isabel of Castile; Juan II; Navarre carol, English 328 Castillon, battle of (1453) 169, 402, 472 Carpaccio, Vittore 306, 564 Castriotes, George see Skanderbeg Carrillo, Alfonso 616 Castro, Paolo di 230 Carrillo, Gonzalo 608 Catalina of Lancaster 612

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Index 1003

Catalonia library 282 civil war (1462–72) 115, 598–600 and succession 394, 457 and economy 603 Charles VII of France institutional reform 602–3 and absolutism 19, 407, 476 and the Levant 798, 800, 803, 805, 806 and army 354, 399–400, 415, 468 and monarchy 115, 590–3, 596–7, 615 and Burgundy 392–4, 402–3, 404, 437–9, 440, and nobility 117, 590–1, 598, 601 465–6 and peasantry 115, 116, 119, 601 coronation 396, 465 and representation 35, 37, 40, 50, 592–4 court culture 405–6 towns and cities 129, 131 household 394–5 and trade 131, 151, 576, 595–6, 598, 603, 798, and Italy 558, 565 800 and Lancastrian monarchy 394, 396–404, uprising (1484–5) 115 438–9, 465, 467–9, 472, 478, 693 see also Aragon and nobility 94, 398, 409 Caterina Cornaro of Cyprus 800, 802 and Pragmatic Sanction 72, 73 cathedrals and representation 51, 407 and collegiate authority 77 and revenues and taxation 395, 399, 401, 403 and music 328–9, 330 and Scandinavia 693 and urban economy 127 and Scotland 528, 529 Catherine of Burgundy 433 and universities 231, 235, 236 Catherine of France 438, 463, 543 Charles VIII of France Cauchon, Pierre, bishop of Beauvais 396 and absolutism 408 cavalry 166–8, 171, 415, 710, 721, 762–3, 827 and Burgundy 455 Cavriani, Peace of (1441) 557 and Church and state 419 Caxton, William 281–3, 293, 296 and England 413, 491, 492–3 Book of the order of chyualry 95 and house of Bourbon 412 Celtis, Conrad 271, 294, 341, 746–7 and Italian Wars 428–9, 493, 529, 568, 569, Cely company 152 586–7, 600, 605 Cˇ eneˇk of Vartemberk 370 and Ottoman Empire 429 Cent, Siôn 539–40 and Papacy 428 Centurione II Zaccaria of Achaea 802 and political symbolism 10, 416 Cesarini, Giuliano 70, 71, 715 and unity of kingdom 413–14 Ceuta, capture (1415) 627–9, 635, 636–7, 638 Charles III of Navarre 613, 620 Chacón, Gonzalo 621 Charles of Blois 52 Champier, Symphorien, Dialogue de noblesse 425 Charles the Bold of Burgundy change, social, and diﬀerentiation 48 and army 163, 164, 168, 444, 453 chantry chapels 143, 211, 216 and book collecting 295, 445 and art 301, 313 and collapse of state 450, 454–5, 663 charity 215, 219, 832 and court and household 444 Charles, duke of Orleans 398, 401, 467, 469 and ecclesiastical princes 363 Charles IV,Emperor and England 451–2, 482 and Arles 341 and Frederick III 358, 360, 452, 454, 663 and capitals 713 and institutional reform 450–1, 453 and Prague 128, 379 and Italy 566 and representation 44 and Louis XI 3, 237, 411, 434, 450–1, 455, 664 and succession 345 and Low Countries 450–1 and Swiss Confederation 651 and music 326, 330, 331 see also Golden Bull and Philip the Good 450 Charles V,Emperor, and Burgundy 342, 414, 429 and succession 341–2 Charles V of France, and Somnium Viridarii 13 and Swiss Confederation 411, 454–5, 659, Charles VI of France 663–4 and Burgundy 392, 433, 437–8 Charles of Durazo 709 civil conﬂict 392, 398, 462 Charles of France, and War of the Public Weal and conciliarism 66 99, 410–11, 412, 450 and Empire 341 Charles of Lorraine 454 and Henry V 463–4 Chartier, Alain 21–2, 23 insanity 392, 462 Bréviaire des nobles 95

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1004 Index

Chartres, Regnault de, archbishop of Rheims 396 Church charts, marine 181, 182, 183, 189, 193 and art see art, religious Chastellain, Georges 403, 426, 446 and authority 77–82, 84–6, 831; see also Papacy, Chaucer, Geoffrey, Canterbury Tales 22, 296, 809 authority Chelcˇický, Peter 384 decline in importance 832 Cheng Ho 177–80 and ecclesiology 77–8, 79–81 Chevalier, B. 135 and Empire 352–3 Chevalier, Etienne 405, 406 and Hus 374–5, 377–8, 380, 382 Chevalier sans reproche 424 and music see music, religious Chevrot, Jean, bishop of Tournai 443, 444 and nobility 89, 104 Chiliasts 383, 384 and representation 29–30, 33, 42, 44 China, trade and exploration 177–80, 187, 194 and universities 238–9 Chioggia, war of 553 and urban economy 127, 142–3 Chios and wealth 14–15, 382 Genoese settlement 796, 798, 801, 804, 808 see also Basle, Council of; conciliarism; Ottoman capture 811 Constance, Council of; Florence, Council and trade 799 of; Great Schism; Papacy; Pisa, Council of; chivalry 92, 94–5, 105, 494, 832, 835, 838 reform, Church; sacraments and exploration 186–7 church building in literature 445 hall church 301 military 92, 166 see also chantry chapels; parish church orders 94, 99–100, 442, 613 Church and state 86, 836, 840 Christendom, Latin Bohemia 369 and eastern communities 796–811, 797 Byzantium 771, 775–6, 786–90 and the Empire 340, 341 and Empire 357 and Europe 4 France 418–19, 427–8 and exploration 175–9, 180–1, 185, 188, 192, Hungary 709 199–200 Moscow 764–5, 766–7 and nobility 89, 93–5 and national church 86 Christendom, Orthodox and papal power 12–17 and Byzantium 771–95, 811 Poland–Lithuania 16, 732 and Council of Basle 71–2, 81 and political symbolism 8 and Council of Florence 72, 743, 774, 775, Portugal 630, 632–3, 637, 639, 642 782–3, 787, 793, 795, 801, 808, 823 Scandinavia 676–7, 681, 685, 688–90, 691–2, and Hus 16 700, 702–3, 705–6 leadership 793 Chval of Machovice 380, 384 and the Levant 808 Cibo, Franceschetto 567, 585 and Moscow 764–5 Cicero, Marcus Tullius 138, 263, 270, 277, 289 and Ottoman rule 777–9, 784, 786–95, 819, 825 and humanism 248, 251, 255–6, 258, 260 and Papacy 782 letters 260, 265 and Poland–Lithuania 735, 743, 756 orations 255–6, 267, 276 Christian I of Denmark 687, 688–90, 694 and politics 11, 18, 24, 263 and the Baltic 691, 692 Cilli, Ulrich von 718 and Empire 344 Cipolla, Bartolomeo, and nobility 91 and England 692–3 Cipolla, C.M. 547 n. 1 and Norway 689, 692 Ciriaco of Ancona 809 revenues 689 Cisneros, Francisco Jiménez de 617, 626 and Sweden 46–7, 689–90, 692 cities 121–44 Christian II of Denmark–Norway 697–705 as administrative centres 127 Christian III of Denmark–Norway 705 decline and recovery 125–35 Christina of Denmark 697 and history 834–5 Christoffer III of Denmark–Norway–Sweden imperial 346–7, 349, 351, 355, 358–60, 452, 649, 680, 683–7 664, 670; development 124, 132 Christoffer of Oldenburg 705 and regional leagues 35, 37, 44, 58–9, 63–4 Chronicle of the Morea 780 and representation 39–46, 49, 52–61, 62, 64, Chronicles of London 26 381–2 Chrysoloras, Manuel 24, 266, 276 see also towns and under individual countries

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Index 1005

city-states, Italian 5, 7, 9, 143, 547–70, 548 Colleoni, Bartolomeo 558, 566 and balance of power 564–9 Colonia, Henricus de 293 demographic crisis 547 Colonia, Johannes de 294 economy 547–50, 559, 568 Colonna family 573, 574, 575, 578–9, 584–5 and elitism 552–3, 559–64, 568, 569, 570 Columbus, Christopher 144, 181, 184, 185, 186 and expansionism 550–1 and Atlantic crossing 194–7, 200, 616, 618 expenditure and resources 549–51, 568–9 patronage 187–8 and historiography 26–7 commerce 145–60, 146‒7 and humanism 23–5, 244, 563–4 and nobility 101–2 and Italian Wars 569–70 and specialisation 154 and localism 550 see also banking; trade and representation 36, 54, 137 commercialisation rivalries 159, 161–4, 167, 171, 547, 550–1, and representation 48, 54, 56–7, 59, 61 555–9, 564–9 and rural life 113–15 see also Florence; Genoa; Italy; Milan; Venice Common Penny 354 Ciudad, Juan de 624 communalism 654–5 civil society 137–8, 144 communes Clarence, George, duke of 478, 479–82, 483, 484, Italy 54, 136–7, 263, 264, 277 489 Moscow 758–9, 761 Clarence, Thomas, duke of 395, 500 and representation 30, 33–4, 38, 41–3, 49, class 53–61, 63–4, 116 conflict 140 rural 57, 59, 61, 63, 366, 645, 653–4 see also bourgeoisie; elites; nobility; peasants see also cities; towns classicism, and humanism 23–4, 243–5, 247, Commynes, Philippe de 252–3, 256, 305, 809 and Burgundy 449 Claude de France 414, 421 and France 400, 428, 449 Clavijo, Ruy González de 618 Mémoires 4, 28, 90 Clement V,Pope, Constitutiones 289 and Scotland 530 Clement VII, Pope 65 and warfare 166, 167, 173 Cleope Malatesta 784 Compère, Loyset 325 Clérée, Jean 208 competition, between states 30 clergy Compiègne, Edict of (1429) 398 and ecclesiastical courts 416 conciliarism 13, 17, 28, 205, 746 education 206–7, 225, 239 effects on European culture 84–6 Hussite 370, 386 and Empire 352–3, 357 Irish 501 and ideology 76–84 payments to Rome 357 and Papacy 65–84, 428, 573–4, 681 Poland–Lithuania 732 and politics 65–76 and reform 205, 218, 373 and reform 68–74, 76–7, 79, 83, 86 and representation 29, 33, 38, 43, 49, 58 and representation 30 and synods 79, 86 and role of laity 86, 833 Welsh 541 and supremacy 72–4, 76–84 clerk musicians 320–5, 327–31 concordantia 80–1 clientage concordats, papal 16–17, 69, 73, 86, 418 Milanese 562 condottiere 166–7, 550, 551, 556, 562, 573, 575, 577, and monarchy 417, 419, 466–7, 468, 475, 484, 579, 581, 722 838 see also Gattamelata; mercenaries; Sforza and nobility 98–9, 425, 564 dynasty climate, changes 110, 193, 671, 729 confession of sins 209, 210, 211, 212 Closener, Fritsche 337, 341 Conflans, Treaty of (1465) 450 Coelho, Gonçalo 198 confraternities 143, 215, 219, 313 Coëtquis, Philippe de 71 Connecte, Thomas 208 Coeur, Jacques 153, 155, 424 Conomines, Pere 602 confiscation of property 401, 404 Conrad of Dhaun 354 house 124, 310 Conrad of Hohenstaufen, marriage 39–40 and the Levant 800 consensus Colet, John 272 in theology 17, 80–1, 86

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1006 Index

consensus (cont.) corts see also consent Aragon 35, 40–1, 50, 590, 592–3, 597, 602 consent Barcelona 54 and law 18–19 Catalonia 35, 37, 41, 592–3, 598, 602 and legitimacy of ruler 10–11, 12, 17, 24, 831 Valencia 35, 41, 54, 592–3 and taxation 6, 7, 20, 51–2, 55, 56, 60 Cossa, Francesco 317, 564 see also consensus Counter-Reformation 626 consilia 20–1 counties Constance, Council of (1414–18) 329 English 33–4, 49, 53, 63 and Anglo-French war 4, 68 Flemish 56 and canonists 18, 79 Hungarian 712, 714, 715, 716, 721, 725 and Empire 340, 353, 355, 573, 650–1 countryside 106–20, 834 and Hungary 713 and clergy 207 and Hus 353, 370, 375, 377 and markets 113–15, 120 and Papacy 67–9, 74, 77, 79–80, 83, 86, 205, and nobility 117–19 353, 573–4 and population levels 106–13, 157, 571 and Poland 12, 733–4 productivity 119–20, 422 and Swiss Confederation 351, 667 and religious life 207, 210, 219 and University of Paris 67, 83, 235 see also agriculture; industry, rural; peasants Constantine XI Palaiologos 775, 780, 783–4, 785 courtier Constantinople and music 331 and the Levant 798–9, 801, 810 and nobility 104 Ottoman capture of (1453): and Byzantium courts 771–5, 824–5; and crusades 75, 441; and ecclesiastical 416 Empire 441, 717; and Italy 558, 565; and papal 574 Moscow 764, 769 royal 416, 420; French 424–5; and music population 788 320–1, 324–5, 329–30; Savoyard 329–30, as Roman Orthodox capital 784, 787–8 838 and Salonica 776–7 Covilhã, Pedro de 199 constitutions Cozzi, G. 554 n. 4 Florence 264, 560–1 Cracow and representation 37–8, 45, 47–8, 264, 345, and intellectual life 221, 233, 238, 746–7 657 and representation 60 and Scottish monarchy 525–6 and trade 148, 729, 742 Contarini, Ambrogio 750 University 732, 734, 746 Contarini, Antonio and Marin 555 craftsmen Conti, Nicolò 184 urban 132 contubernia 227, 232, 240 see also guilds conversos 604, 622–5, 835 Crantz, Martin 292 Conyers, Sir John 490 credit, and trade 158 Copenhagen, as capital 685 Crete Copenhagen, Peace of (1509) 697–8 culture 809–10 Copenhagen, Treaty of (1441) 684 Ottoman capture 811 Copernicus, Nicolas 233, 746 and trade 802, 804 Corbinelli, Antonio 275 Venetian settlement 796, 799, 802, 803–4, 805, Córdoba, Gonzalo Fernández de 605 811 Corfu, Venetian control of 802, 811 Crimea Coron and Ottoman conquest 788, 789, 826 Ottoman conquest of 811, 828 and trade 799 Venetian control of 802, 804 Crimean Horde 750, 751, 755–6, 775 corporations, as cultural patrons 834–5 Crinito, Pietro 260 Corpus Christi festival 8, 211, 311 Crispi, Jacomo 809 Corsica, and Aragon 574, 595 criticism, textual 266, 273 cortes 29, 31, 32 Croatia, and Hungary 711, 724 Castile–León 35, 40, 55, 60, 611, 619 Croce, B. 245 Portuguese 630–1, 633–4, 636, 637–42 Cromwell, Ralph 465, 467, 472–3 Cortesi, Paolo 254 Cromwell, Thomas 546

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Index 1007

crossbows 48, 132, 167, 168 Castile 609–11, 612 crown, imperial 837, 839 Ottoman Empire 827 crusades Decembrio, Pier Candido 24–5 against Hussites 3, 43, 70, 340, 353–4, 379 Declaration of Arbroath (1320) 520, 529 against Ottomans 75, 428–9, 579, 641, 717–20, defence, and representation 56, 60 725, 782, 823–4; defeat at Nicopolis 94, 441, Dei, Benedetto 190 710, 800; defeat at Varna 162, 715, 783, 824 Delaissé, L.M.J. et al. 278, 285 and eastern Latin settlements 796, 809–10 Delft, Treaty of (1428) 439–40 and exploration 181, 185 Delicado, Francisco, La Lozana Andaluza 625 Crusino Summaripa 809 della Rovere family 582–3, 584–5, 586 culture democracy and exploration 184–7, 200 and humanism 264 and national identity 426–7 Swiss 657, 668–9 and urban development 124, 143–4 Taborite 385–6, 391 currency demographic crisis see population common 390 Denmark stability 60 administration 685, 694, 704 customs duties agriculture 114, 671 Aragon 593 and the Church 705–6 Castile 611 civil war 674, 705 England 49 climatic change 671 France 423 domestic policies 676 Hungary 717, 719 education 693 Norway 695 and Empire 343–4 Swiss Confederation 653 and exploration 200 custumals (Weistümer) 366 and France 529 Cyprus and Holstein 677, 679–80, 689, 694, 706 government 807–8 monarchy 517, 674, 675–7, 682, 683–5, 687, Latin nobility 803 694–5, 698–700, 703–6 Latin settlements 796, 800, 802–3, 805, 811 and Moscow 756 Ottoman capture 776, 811 navy 693, 698 and trade 799 nobility 97, 677, 699, 704, 705–6 Czech language 46, 367, 371, 373, 375–6, 377, 379, and Papacy 67 385, 387 peasantry 97 revolt 703–4 Dafydd ab Edmwnd 538 and Schleswig 674, 677, 679–80 Dalberg, Johann von 363 and taxation 676, 678 Dalmatia towns 673, 678, 685, 694, 706 and Hungary 707, 710, 711, 816 and trade 114, 673, 678, 694, 695–6, 704 and Venice 565 union of crowns 673, 674, 675–6, 683–8, 693, Daniilovich dynasty 752–3 698–9, 705–6 Dante Alighieri 251, 254, 305, 317 see also Hanseatic League; Norway; Danzig Scandinavia; Sweden and Poland 344, 733, 737, 742 Derby, Thomas, earl of 495 and trade 114, 133, 151–2, 686, 692, 704 Despars, Jacques 230 Dauphiné, and representation 51 despotism, and Renaissance 245 David, Grand Komnenos 790, 791 Desprez, Josquin 324, 325 de la Broquière, Bertrandon 441 Destorrent, Jaume 603 de la Cosa, Juan 197 determinism, and predestination 13–14 de la Huerta, Jean 444 Deutsche Reichstagsakten 31 de la Trémouïlle, Georges 396, 398 devotio moderna 284–5, 287, 626 De potestate papae 11 and education 228 De Sanctis, F. 245 and humanism 269 ‘De stabilimento concilii’ (conciliar decree) 70 and popular religion 206, 209, 212 de Vere, John, earl of Oxford 484 devotion, personal 832–3 debasement/devaluation Dias, Bartolomeu 192, 198–9 Bohemia 369 diet 108, 508

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1008 Index

Dietrich of Moers, archbishop of Cologne 359, and exploration 192 363, 365 regional 549 Dietrich of Niem 13 rural 110, 119, 423, 568, 571–2, 593, 609, 659, Dionissii (icon painter) 766, 767 671, 678 diplomacy urban 124, 125–35, 141–3, 158, 424, 547–50, and chivalric orders 94 559, 678 and nobility 94, 104, 564 ‘world’ 148, 160 and Papacy and councils 85 see also commerce; industry; population, and trade 154 demographic crisis; recession; trade and war 170–1, 174, 465, 466, 569 Edgecombe, Sir Richard 512 discovery see exploration and discovery Edgecote, battle of (1469) 480–1 Dithmarschen, and Empire 344, 366 Edinburgh 128, 522–3 Djandarlı, Ali 814, 815–16 Edirne–Szegedin, Treaty of (1444) 824 Djandarlıoghlu, Halıl 785, 786, 822, 823, 824–5 education 220–42 Djem (brother of Bayazid II) 805, 811, 827–8 clergy 206–7, 209, 746 Djüneyd 814, 816, 817, 819 curricula 228–34, 236, 258, 260–1, 266, 269, Dl-ugosz, Jan (Longinus), Annales seu cronicae inclyti 271, 277, 365 regni Poloniae 747, 748 and elites 27, 836 Dmitrii Shemiaka 752, 753, 754 and humanism 226–8, 258–62, 272, 275–7, doctores see intellectuals 836–7; contubernia 227, 232, 240; curricula doctrine, and Papacy 76–84 23–4, 26, 231–3; and universities 221, 227, Doket, John 233 238 Dominican Order, and Papacy 78, 84 and impact of printing 833–4 Donatello (Donato di Niccolò) 155, 305, 316 institutions and authorities 234–8 Lamentation over the Dead Christ plate 21 musical 330–2 Feast of Herod 307, plate 7 and nobility 104, 240, 242 St Mark 305 religious 205–6, 209–10, 218, 225 statue of Gattamelata 309, plate 11 vocational 228, 241 Donation of Constantine 15, 18 see also contubernia; schools; studia generalia; Donatus 229, 258–9 universities Donskoi, Dmitry Ivanovich 731, 766, 767, Edward, earl of March see Edward IV of 768–9 England Döring, Mathias 13 Edward, earl of Warwick 489 Dorothea of Brandenburg 687, 688, 689 Edward I of England Doubera, and Ottoman rule 791, 792–3, 795 and representation 43, 49, 50 Douglas, Sir James 518–19 and Scotland 515, 516, 520, 529 Douglas family 524, 525, 526, 527, 528 and Wales 532–3 Dragon, Order of 709 Edward II of England 47, 466, 477, 524 dress, Irish 496, 507–8, 510 Edward III of England 31, 394, 463, 518, 529 Du Boulay, F.R.H. 281 Edward IV of England Duarte of Portugal 630–2, 634, 638–9 advice to 518 Loyal counsellor 637 and book trade 282 Ducas Michaelis 822 and deposition of Henry VI 477 Dufay, Guillaume 320, 323, 325, 326, 328–30, 331 as earl of March 474–5, 477, 504 Dunbar, William 515, 519, 521 and France 411, 452, 478–9, 488 Duns Scotus 13 household 479–80, 485, 487 Dunstable, John 323 n. 10, 327, 330, 333 and Ireland 506–7, 511 Durandus, Guillaume, Rationale 289 and Lancastrians 477–8, 480–3, 506, 543 Dürer, Albrecht 294, 307, 309, 311, 314, 315 marriage 478–80 Dwnn, Gruﬀydd 542 and nobility 479, 483, 485–6, 489 dynasticism 837 and personal rule 458, 481–2, 483–6, 838 rebellions 480–1, 482–3, 484 Ebendorfer, Thomas 76 regional power 484–5 Eberhard of Württemberg, and Church reform restoration 26, 483 76 and Scotland 477, 485 economy and taxation revenues 480, 485 and eﬀects of war 48, 172, 400–1, 421–2, 834 and Wales 534, 535–6, 545

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Index 1009

Edward V of England 486–7, 489, 536, 543 Constance 67–9, 79, 86, 340, 353; Council of Edward of Lancaster (son of Henry VI) 20, 473, Florence 72; Council of Pisa 66 474, 483 regnum (Reich) and imperium 341–2, 344, 347–50, egalitarianism 9, 116, 383–4 352–8, 361, 366 Egypt, Mamluk rule 796, 799–800, 802, 809 and representation 31, 34–6, 47, 52, 58, 347–9, Ehrbarkeit 31 361 Eiximenis, Francesc, Regiment de la cosa publica 21 and revenues and taxation 5, 52, 340, 347, 350, Eizinger, Ulrich 717 n. 3 354–5, 357–8, 362, 365 Eleanor, wife of Frederick III 357 and Scandinavia 700 election see monarchy; Papacy schools and universities 365 elites types of states 5–6 Burgundian 442–3, 446–7 see also Albert II; king of the Romans; education 27, 836 Bohemia; Burgundy; Charles IV,Emperor; Florentine 552–3, 559–61, 563 Charles V,Emperor; cities, imperial; estates; and humanism 27, 264, 269, 274–7 Frederick III of Habsburg; Germany; and literacy 209 Habsburgs; monarchy; principalities; Milanese 561–2, 568 reform, imperial; Sigismund, king of the Muscovite 752, 753, 756, 760–3 Romans; Swiss Confederation and representation 46, 53, 54–5, 64 Emre, Yunus 818 rural 422–3 Engel, P. 715 n. 2 and social change 835 Engelbrektson, Olav, archbishop of Trondheim in Swiss Confederation 647, 651, 653, 655, 657, 705–6 667–8 Engelbrektsson, Engelbrekt 681–2 Taborite 386–7 England 457–76, 477–95 and trade 424 agriculture 113, 114, 117, 118, 119 Venetian 554–5, 562–3 army 164, 167–8 Elizabeth, regent of Poland 729 and book production 285, 292, 293, 295–6 Elizabeth of Austria 738 and chivalry 94 Elizabeth of Bosnia 730 and Church and state 15–16 Elizabeth of Görlitz 352, 440 civil conﬂict 3, 457–8, 471, 475–6 Elizabeth of York 487 commerce 836 Elphinstone, William, bishop of Aberdeen 515 diet 108 Empire, Holy Roman 337–66, 338‒9 and diplomacy 171, 465, 466, 478, 493 army 354 dynasticism 837 and Binnenreich 345–6, 352, 355–7, 360 and Empire 353–4 consolidation 345, 347, 354, 362, 366 and exploration 187–8, 194–5, 200 and de jure/de facto sovereignty 19 historiography 25–6, 27 diets see Reichstag and humanism 269–70, 272 and diplomacy 651 imports 133 electors 17, 47, 345, 347–50, 352, 354–7, 359, industry 113, 126 361–3, 389, 429 justice 6, 20–1, 459 extent 341–4, 347, 352 monarchy 835, 837, 838; and acts of foreign policy 350–4 resumption 470, 484; authority 476, 483–6, and France 341–2, 353–4, 427–30 495; Lancastrian see Lancastrian dynasty; and imperial power 17, 344–7, 351, 357, 361 and nobility 101, 458, 459, 461–2, 467, internal conﬂict 3, 352, 359–60 471–3, 475–6, 479, 485–6, 494–5; and and Italy 342–3, 346, 350, 352, 428 prerogative 493–4; pretenders 489, 490–3, justice 6, 354–5, 359–60, 361, 364 511–12, 545; Yorkist see Yorkist dynasty and Latin Christendom 340, 341 navy 170 monarchy 341, 344–58, 361 nobility 96, 98, 100–1, 105; creations 494; nobility 354–6 factionalism 459, 460–1; and monarchy 101, and Ottoman Empire 340, 346, 349, 390, 441; 458, 467, 471–3, 475–6, 479, 485–6, 494–5; under Albert II 343, 355–6; under Frederick and representation 33 III 343, 360; under Sigismund 343, 351–2, and Papacy 66, 67–9, 72 710–11 peasantry 115, 117 and Papacy 345, 350, 352, 357; Council of Basle plague outbreaks 106, 499 70–1, 72–4, 340, 348, 355; Council of and political theory 19–21

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1010 Index

England (cont.) Ernuszt, John 719 population 107, 111, 499, 834 Erpingham, Thomas 459, 460 and Portugal 636 Estaing, François d’ 419 protest literature 10, 23 estates 31, 32, 33, 48–9 rebellion of 1381 7, 23 Bavaria 44 rebellion of 1450 10, 469–71 Bohemia 45–6, 376, 380–2, 389 religious life 207, 209–10 Brabant 45, 52, 57 and representation 20, 29, 31, 33–4, 47, 48–9, Brittany 52–3 60, 124, 831 Burgundy 436, 453, 455 and revenue and taxation 458–61, 462, 464, Castile 60 475, 480, 491 England 63 and Scandinavia 692–3, 694 Flanders 41–2, 56–7 schools and universities 225, 227, 233, 239, France 31, 38, 52–3, 62, 63, 399, 410, 419, 420, 272; see also Cambridge University; Oxford 838 University Hungary 714, 716 stability 458, 460, 475–6, 487–8 imperial 34, 136, 347–8, 349, 352, 357, 359–61, towns and cities 124, 125, 127 364–6 and trade 145, 149–50, 151–2, 153, 155, Poland 740–1, 742–4 158–60, 694, 798; textiles 149, 152, 156, 160 Prussia 58 see also architecture; Burgundy; Calais; Edward estates general IV; gentry; Henry IV; Henry V; Henry VI; France 409, 411–12, 418, 421, 429, 463; and Henry VII; Hundred Years War; Ireland; representation 31, 32, 33, 36, 38, 51–2, 62, 63 Lancastrian dynasty; literature; music; Low Countries 57, 60, 455 parliament; Richard II; Richard III; Wales; Este, Borgo d’ 562 Yorkist dynasty Este, Isabella d’ 312, 317, 809 English language, in Ireland 496, 502 Este, Niccolò d’ 575 engraving 311, 317 Este dynasty 573, 584 Enrique III of Castile 91, 595, 612 Estonia Enrique IV of Castile and Scandinavia 679, 691 and Aragon 600–1 and Teutonic Knights 344, 679, 686 and Catalonia 599, 615 Etaples, Treaty of (1492) 413, 491, 493 court intrigues 615–16 ethics, and humanism 262–5, 268, 274, 277, 746 and disorder 606, 608, 624 Ethiopia, and Ottoman Empire 775 and messianism 618 Eugenikos, John 783 and revenues 611 Eugenikos, Mark 783, 787 and succession 642 Eugenius IV,Pope (Gabriel Condulmaro) Epicureanism 262 and Council of Basle 70–3, 81, 82, 83, 85, 575 epistolography 23, 252, 256–7, 259, 564 and crusade 782, 823–4 Erasmus, Desiderius 86, 144 deposition 329, 348, 575 and humanism 250, 251, 266, 270, 271, 272, 626 and Empire 357–8, 735 and learning 228, 259, 834 and Naples 576–8, 581 and man 250 and Rome 127, 575, 578 and peace 4, 840 Europe, growing awareness of 839 Ercole of Ferrara 583 Evﬁmii of Suzdal’, archbishop of Novgorod Erfurt, library 233 755, 765 Erik of Norway–Denmark–Sweden 675–83 Evrenos, Bey 813, 815, 821 and the Church 677, 681 exchange rate, France 423 and Denmark 682, 688 excommunication and Gotland 686, 691 contestation 702 and Norway 683 for debt 216 and Philip the Good of Burgundy 684 as political weapon 632, 701 and Schleswig 679–81 Exeter, Henry Holland, duke 472–4 and succession 683, 687 expenditure, military 48 and Sweden 681–4, 690 exploration and discovery 160, 175–201, 176, and Teutonic Order 675, 677, 679, 686 178–9 Erik of Pomerania 674 and cartography 181–4, 200–1 Eriksen, Jens (Jösse Eriksson) 681 and culture 184–7, 200

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Index 1011

and eastern Atlantic 188–9 Ferrara finance and patronage 187–8 and papal states 572, 575 and Latin Christendom 175, 177–81, and Venice 549, 562, 566–7 199–200 see also Florence, Council of eyre, in Scotland, 522 Ferrara, war of (1482–4) 563, 568 Eyton, Fulk 400 Ferrer, Vincent 208, 590, 623 fertility rates 111 Faber, Felix 809 feud, in Scotland 521, 523–4, 527–8 Facio, Bartolomeo 249 feudalism De rebus gestis Alphonsi I commentarii 27 Aragonese 593, 596–7, 598, 601 factions, aristocratic 99, 459, 460–1, 510–12, 514, and armies 48, 453 525, 526, 689–92, 707, 709, 725–6 ‘bastard’ 98, 527 fairs, and trade 56, 114, 153, 422, 423 and Empire 345–6, 357, 366 Falkenberg, Johann, and politics 12 French 408 family Italian 562, 573 peasant 117 and loyalty 38, 39 and printing industry 294 and nobility 105 and public life 141–2 Portuguese 640–2, 644 and trading companies 152 and representation 29–30, 33, 38–9, 42–3, 48 famine 834 Scottish 527 (1437–9) 110, 120 in Swiss Confederation 652, 653, 670 Fastolf, Sir John 10, 397 Fichet, Guillaume 233, 271, 292 Fazio, Bartolommeo 302–3 Ficino, Marsilio 233, 247, 252, 268–71, 317–18, Fazlullah, vizier of Murad II 822, 823, 829 564 Febvre, Lucien 219 Fiennes, James, Lord Say and Sele 468, 470 Felix V,Pope 72, 329, 576–8 Filarete, Antonio 309, 316 and Empire 357 Filelfo, Francesco 255, 262, 266 see also Amadeus VIII of Savoy Filipec, John 722 Feltre, Vittorino da 138, 206, 227 Fillastre, Guillaume, bishop of Tournai 66, 443, Ferdinand V of Aragon 445 and Catalonia 599 Finet, Nicholas 284 and dual monarchy 600–1, 604–5, 606, 616 Finland institutional reform 601–3, 604 agriculture 671 and Italian Wars 429, 600 economy 671 and messianism 616–18 education 693 and Naples 27, 566, 567, 585, 587, 605 and Russia 697 and peasants’ revolt 601 and Sweden 674, 684, 689, 690–2, 693, 696, 706 and Seville 131 towns 694 see also Granada; Isabel of Castile and trade 673 Ferdinand II ‘the Catholic’ see Ferdinand V of Fioravanti, Aristotele Rodolfi767 Aragon firearms 48, 129, 156, 168–9 Ferdinand of Austria 343, 726 Fisher, John, bishop of Rochester 272 Ferdinand of Spain, and Papacy 76 Fitzgerald, Thomas, seventh earl of Desmond Fernando, son of Berenguela 40 506–7 Fernando I of Aragon Fitzralph, Richard consolidation of power 595–6, 642 De pauperie salvatoris 14 election 41, 588–91, 592 n. 6, 597, 613 and predestination 14–15, 16 and ‘pactism’ 597 Flanders and politics 594 and Burgundy 342, 397, 402, 431, 433–6, 437, as regent of Castile 3, 595, 612–13 439, 448, 451, 453 Fernando of Portugal 629, 634–5 and Empire 5, 342 Ferrante (Ferdinando) of Naples 569, 582, 585, and exploration 200 604–5 and music 326–7, 426 and Alfonso V 577, 579–81, 596 and painting 300–4 and Charles VIII 586–7 rebellions 436 and Florence 568, 583 and representation 41–2, 45, 53, 54, 55–7, and Papacy 567, 583–4, 586 58–9, 60, 436

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1012 Index

Flanders (cont.) Fornovo, battle of (1495) 428 towns and cities 133, 136, 140, 446 Fortescue, Sir John 228, 489 and trade 448 and law 18, 19–20, 21, 28, 831 see also Ghent; Low Countries Fortune, as theme 7, 22, 174, 483 Flemish language 434 Foscari, Francesco 555, 563 Flemyng, Robert 270 Fotii, Metropolitan 752 Flodden, battle of (1513) 522 fouage (hearth tax) 52–3, 399, 436 Florence 551–3, 612 Fouquet, Jean 285, 304, 406 art and architecture 124, 305–6, 308, 310, 313, France 392–407, 408–30, 393 314–16, 552, 563 and absolutism 19, 407, 408, 417, 418–19 book production 279, 280–1, 284, 285, 295 agriculture 107–8, 120, 421 and civic humanism 24, 138–9, 274 and Anglo-Burgundian agreement 392–8, Council of One Hundred 560 437–8 Council of Seventy 560–1 army 6, 48, 164, 165, 407; artillery 167–9, 415; defence 551, 568 cavalry 166–7, 354, 415; and Charles VII development 124, 129–30 354, 399–400, 415, 468; infantry 399, 415; expansion 137, 549, 550–1, 553, 556, 559–70 and Louis XI 412, 415, 418; soldiers 165 expenditure and resources 551, 552–3 and book production 282, 285, 292, 295–6 and gentility and learning 275–6, 563 and bourgeoisie 135 historiography 26, 257, 552 and Burgundy 71, 392–7, 402–3, 462–5, 663–4 households 141 civil conﬂict 3, 19, 392, 437–9, 460, 462–3 and individual wealth 139 consolidation 404, 408, 414–21 and Latin east 149, 798–9, 802, 811 court culture 405, 426–7 and Milan 161, 264, 551, 556, 557–8, 559, and diplomacy 465, 466, 478 566–7, 579 and economy 421–2 and Naples 550, 551, 578, 579, 581, 583, 585, 596 eﬀects of Hundred Years War 159, 392–407, and nobility 92 393 and Papacy 557, 565–6, 569, 583, 585; and and Empire 341–2, 353–4, 427–30 Council of Basle 576; and Council of Pisa and exploration 200 66–7, 72 extent of 4, 409, 420 and philosophy 268–9 and Gallican liberties 68 and politics 5, 9, 264–5, 268, 274, 551–3, historiography 25–6, 405, 408, 427 559–61, 568 and humanism 252, 269–70, 271–2, 425, 426–7 population 107, 125, 552 and Italy 565–6, 574, 581, 664–5; see also Italian records 121 Wars and religion 569 justice 6, 415–16, 422 renaissance 138, 143, 551 monarchy 8, 19–20, 86, 407, 427, 836, 837, 838; republicanism 24–5, 138, 305, 550, 552–3, and bureaucracy 404; and Church 418–19; 559–61, 568 and Empire 427–30; extinction 101; shipping 149 integrality 409–14; Lancastrian see extent of 125 Lancastrian dynasty; and nobility 94, 394, and taxation 171, 552–3 398, 409–14; and principalities 409–14, textile industry 126, 547–9, 559 419–20, 425, 427; and service 417–18; Valois trade and banking 130, 149, 199, 547–9, 566 392–404, 408 and war 549, 553, 556–8, 663 nobility 90–1, 93, 105, 838; and armed forces see also elites; Medici, Cosimo de’; Medici, 415; divisions 392, 394, 403–4, 425, 462; and Lorenzo de’; Medici company; oligarchy extinction 100–1, 103; and monarchy 94, Florence, Council of (1438–45) 72, 81, 184, 281, 398, 409–14; noblesse d’épée 104, 425; noblesse 577, 743, 768 de robe 104, 404–6, 425, 838; numbers 96; and and Roman Orthodox Church 72, 774–5, poverty 101; Praguerie 398, 409; and 782–3, 787, 793, 795, 801, 808, 823 professions 102, 109; and rural life 118, 422 Flüe, Niklaus von 662 ordonnances 7, 20, 164, 399–400, 415 Foma (elder) 756 and Ottoman Empire 429 Fondaco dei Tedeschi 151 and Papacy 65, 66–9, 71–3, 75–8, 86, 350, 351, Fordun, John of 515, 516, 520, 521 353, 357 Forli, Tito Livio da 27 peasantry: landholding 117, 422, 423; risings Formigny, battle of (1450) 169, 469 116, 399; and taxation 118, 417

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Index 1013

plague outbreaks 157 Frederick I of Brandenburg see Frederick VI of political symbolism 8, 408 Hohenzollern population 107, 111, 113, 421, 834 Frederick III of Habsburg recovery after war 408–30 and Austria 356–7, 361 and regionalism 403–4, 407 and Bohemia 389–90 religious life 207–8, 210, 218 and Burgundy 358, 440, 452, 454, 663 and representation 34, 36–8, 47, 51–3, 407, and extent of Empire 343–4, 346, 356, 360–1 831; nobility 62, 420–1; regional assemblies and Hungary 343, 346, 356, 360, 715, 716, 718, 31, 32, 36, 51, 420–1; see also estates general; 720 parlement and imperial peace ordinance 358–9 rural 107–8, 116, 118, 422–3 and Italy 558, 562, 566 schools and universities 224, 226–7, 228, 230, and justice 359–60 231–3, 234–7, 239, 242; see also Paris, and Maximilian 3, 343, 345 University and Ottoman Empire 360 social structure 421–5 and Papacy 73, 74, 75, 345, 348, 357–8 and Swiss Confederation 665–6, 670 and Reichstag 349 and taxation 395, 399, 401–2, 403, 407, resources 358 416–18, 423; direct 50; indirect 50, 52–3; and and Teutonic Knights 344 peasants 118–19; and representation 50–3 Frederick II of Hohenzollern 360 tithes 421 Frederick VI of Hohenzollern towns and cities 124, 125, 129, 134–5, 410, and Sigismund 348, 352, 353, 355 423–4 and urban liberties 136 and trade 135, 151, 153, 422, 423–4 Frederick VII of Toggenburg 654–5, 661 and tyrannicide 12, 839 Frederick the Victorious of the Palatinate 360, and war 168–9 363 see also Bourbon; Burgundy; Charles VI; Frederik I of Denmark–Norway 703–4, 705 Charles VII; Charles VIII; Francis I; French Free, John 270 language; history; Hundred Years War; French language 407, 426–7 Lancastrian dynasty; Languedoc; literature; ‘Frequens’ (conciliar decree) 69, 72, 74, 75, 79, 83, Louis XI; Louis XII; music; nobility; Paris; 353 Valois dynasty Fribois, Noël, Chronique abrégée 405–6 Franche-Comté Friburger, Michael 292 and Burgundy 431, 454 Frisia and Maximilian 5, 341–2, 413, 455 and Denmark 680 franchise, Italy 137–8 and Empire 337, 344, 366 Francis I of France 392 and representation 31, 34 and the Church 530 Friuli, and Venice 550, 553, 565 and Empire 429–30 Froissart, Jean 25, 166, 173 and French language 407 Frontinus, Stratagemata 172 and Italy 423 fueros (customary rights) 55 and Le Havre 135 Fugger company 152–3 library 282 Fust, Johann 289, 292 marriage 414, 421 and nobility 414 gabelle (salt tax) 52, 91, 399, 417, 436 Franciscan Observants 208, 626 Gad, Hemming 696, 702, 703 Franciscans Gaelic language 521 and evangelical poverty 14–15 Gaguin, Robert 271, 427 and mysticism 626 Galdora, Antonio 577 and pilgrimages 809 Galicia, peasantry 116 François II of Brittany 412, 450, 478, 492 galleys 149, 568, 798, 807 Franke, Sebastian, and religious art 313 Gallican Church 418–19 Frederic of Aragon 43 Gama, Vasco da 187, 188, 198–9, 200, 643 Frederick II, Emperor, and representation 38–9, Garin, E. 246, 268 42–3, 49–50, 54 Garter, Order of the 94 Frederick I ‘Barbarossa’ 19, 54 Gascoigne, Thomas 207 Frederick IV of Austria, and Sigismund 353, 355, Gascony, English wars in 49, 159, 400, 402, 458, 650 461, 467, 472

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1014 Index

Gaston IV of Foix 620 art and architecture 301–2, 313 Gattamelata (Erasmo da Narni), mercenary and book production 281–2, 285, 288–94 captain 309, 557, plate 11 Bundschuh risings 116 Gaucourt, Raoul de 396 and chivalric leagues 99 Gaza, Theodore 173 deﬁnition 337–8 Gebhart, E. 244 and Empire 340–1, 345–7, 360–1 Gediminas of Lithuania 730, 765, 769 extent 341–3 Gellius, Aulus 248 historiography 26, 34, 35, 341 Gennadii, archbishop of Novgorod 755 and humanism 270–1, 341 Gennadios II Scholarios 771, 783–4, 790, 792, industry 131–2 793, 795, 825 monarchy 341, 345–50 Genoa nobility 90, 100, 103, 105, 109, 117–18 and Council of Pisa 66 peasantry 119, 655 development 124, 129, 137 population 107 and exploration 185, 189, 190–1, 196, 200, 809, religious life 209–10, 219 811 religious reform 75–6 and France 565 and representation 34, 35, 37–8, 58–9, 124; see and Levant 796, 798–9, 800–2, 804–5, 808–9, also nobility; Reichstag; Stände 810–11, 814–15, 828 rural industry 113 and Milan 549, 556–7, 566 towns and cities 121, 125, 128, 131–3, 136, 139 and Naples 557, 576, 577, 579–80, 665 and trade 151, 152–3, 156 nobility 102 universities 128, 221, 224, 230, 233, 234, 241, and Ottoman Empire 738, 785, 801, 826 365 politics 555 and war 168 shipping 149, 576 see also Empire, Holy Roman extent of 125, 555 Germiyan, emirate 812 and trade 130, 131, 149, 156, 423, 547–9, 553, Gerolama da Vicenza, Assumption and Coronation 555, 576, 751, 798–7 of the Virgin plate 6 Gentile, G. 245–6 Gerson, Jean 289, 518 gentry and absolutism 19 and agriculture 118 Ars moriendi 212 Bohemian 370–1, 373, 377–9, 381–2, 385 and conciliarism 67–8, 76, 77, 80, 83, 85 English 62, 96, 101–2, 458, 475–6, 487, 494–5 and education 205–6, 210, 231, 233, 241 and learning 275–6 and law 21 Muscovite 756, 761 and politics 10, 12, 13, 235 Polish–Lithuanian 744, 745 and popular piety 214, 215, 218 revenues 102 Geschlechtsbücher 279 Welsh 537–41 Gethin, Sir Richard 542 Geoﬀrey de Vinsauf, Poetria novella 260 Ghent geography, and exploration 181–4, 185 and representation 41–2, 54, 55–6 George, duke of Clarence see Clarence, George, revolts 7, 451, 455 duke of extent of 125, 133 George, mayor of Kanina 781 and trade 152 George of Podeˇbrady, king of Bohemia 74, 837, urban society 126, 141, 446–7 840 Ghibellines 568 and Hussite movement 4, 343, 386–7, 388–90 Ghiberti, Lorenzo 305, 307 and Mátyás Corvinus 390, 718, 720, 738 Ghirlandaio, Domenico 308, 311, 316, 584 George of Saxony, and Church reform 76 Gilbert of the Haye, Boke of the ordre of knychthede George of Trebizond 24, 27, 783 95, 518 Rhetoricorum libri V 256 Giles of Rome Gerald of Wales 507 De regimine principum 21 Gerhard VI of Holstein 677 and papal power 13 Gering, Ulrich 292 and political language 11 Germain, Jean, bishop of Chalon 443 Gilles, Nicole, Annales et chroniques de France 427 German language 337–40 Gilmore, M.P. 833 Germany 337–66, 338–9 Giovanna II of Naples 573, 574–5, 576, 595 agriculture 108–9, 110, 114 Girard, Laurent 405, 406

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Index 1015

Glabas, Isidore 777, 778, 779 Great Horde 750, 751, 755–6 Glasgow University 221 n. 4, 234, 530 Great Regensburg company 152 Gloucester, Humphrey, duke of Great Schism 12, 16, 85, 205, 215, 812, 831 arrest 468–9, 472 and Council of Basle 83 and France 397–8, 464–5, 467 and Council of Constance 67–9, 79, 573–4 and humanism 27, 270 and Council of Pisa 65–6, 68, 351, 376 and Low Countries 438, 439, 464 and Empire 340, 350–1 as protector 464 and Paris 221, 235 and Wales 535 and political literature 12 Gloucester, Richard, duke of see Richard III Greek Glyn, Guto’r 538, 542–3 in education 227, 231, 232–3 Glyn Cothi, Lewis 535, 538 and humanism 266–7, 270, 272, 273, 277, 809 Glyn Dwˆr, Owain 532–3, 536–7, 541, 542–3 printing 296 and Henry IV 458, 461 Greek Church see Christendom, Orthodox and Henry V 460 Gregory XII, Pope (Angelo Correr) Goetz, W. 244 and Council of Constance 68 gold and Council of Pisa 65–6, 351 and exploration 185, 189, 190, 191–2 Gregory III Mamme 783, 786 and trade 158, 609–10 Gregory Palamas, St 777, 779, 789, 790 Golden Bull (1356) 345, 347–8, 363 Gregory of Sanok 233, 746 Golden Fleece, Order of (Toison d’Or) 94, 442, Grey, Sir John 500 443, 445 Grey, William 270 Golden Horde see Kipchak khanate Griﬃth, William III of Penrhyn 537, 546 Goldthwaite, R.A. 547 n. 1 Grocers Company 152 Gombrich, E.H. 245, 274, 277 Grocyn, William 272 Gomes, Fernão 187, 188, 191, 641–2 Groote, Gerhard 284 Gonzaga, Giovan Francesco 562 Grotniki, battle of (1439) 735 Gotland Gruﬀydd ap Nicholas 535, 537, 538, 542, 544 and Axelsøn faction 691–2 Grunwald (Tannenberg), battle of (1410) 3, 352, and Erik of Denmark 683, 686, 687–8, 691 364, 733 and Teutonic Order 675, 677, 686 Gualbes, Bernard de 590 Gough, Matthew 400, 542 Gualbes, Ferrer de 590 government Guarino da Verona 206, 227, 255, 259, 261, and educated class 833 270–1, 276 growth 835–6 Guelphs 568 and trade 154 Guerra, Cristóbal and Luis 197 see also legitimacy; monarchy; oligarchy; Guicciardini, Francesco 567, 605 politics; power; republicanism; state and history 258 Gower, John, Confessio amantis 23 and political liberty 137 Gozzadini, Giovanni, and Papacy and councils guilds 76, 84 and art 302, 304 grammar and book production 280 in education 227, 229, 232 as cultural patrons 834–5 and humanism 23–4, 247–8, 251, 252–3, Flemish 56, 141, 446–7 258–61, 265, 268, 269–70 merchant 694 grammar schools 225, 226, 227, 228, 261, 270, and royal ritual 9 272, 541, 693 and urban society 140–1 Granada, Moorish kingdom Gustav I Vasa of Sweden 703, 704, 705, 706 and Aragon 602 Gutenberg, Johann 144, 280, 288–90, 298 and Castile 611, 615 Guyenne, and English monarchy 398, 400–2, 403 defeat of 5, 131, 162, 171, 609, 616–18, 779 Guzmán, Fernán Gómez de 622 Grand conseil 416 Guzmán, Fernán Pérez de 606 Grandes chroniques de France 26 Gyllenstierna, Christina 702–3 Grandson, battle of (1476) 167, 455, 664 Gråtop, Harald 682 Habsburgs Gravelines, Peace of (1439) 397, 439, 467 and Austro-Hungarian Empire 343, 361, 649 Gray, Hanna 273, 277 and Burgundy 342, 455–6, 664

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1016 Index

Habsburgs (cont.) Henry V of England and centralisation 382 administration 461 and Hungary 714, 718, 725, 726 and France 397–8, 399, 401, 457, 464, 475, 529, and Poland 735, 738 541; and Agincourt 3, 437, 458, 461–2; and and Reich 350 Normandy 392, 394–5, 438, 462–3, 466 and succession 345 and Henry IV 460–1 and Swiss Confederation 136, 342, 353, and Ireland 500 648–51, 652, 661–2, 668, 670 law and order 461 uniﬁcation of territory 5, 361 and national history 27 and Valois dynasty 343 and nobility 461–2, 475 see also Albert II, king of the Romans; Empire, and revenues 461, 462, 464, 467 Holy Roman; Frederick III of Habsburg; and Wales 533–4 Maximilian of Habsburg see also Agincourt, battle of; Lancastrian ‘Haec Sancta’ (conciliar decree) 68, 69, 70, 76, 79, dynasty 83–4, 353 Henry VI of England Hainault, county 431, 439–40 coronation 465, 466 Håkon VI of Norway 674 defeat 474–5, 478 Halevi, Solomon (Pablo de Santa María) 623 deposition 457, 477 Hallum, Robert, bishop of Salisbury, and and education 26 Council of Constance 68, 69 and Edward IV 482–3 Hans of Denmark–Norway 692, 694–8, 700 and France 394, 396–8, 400, 402, 438, 458, Hanseatic League 464–6, 467–9, 471–2, 475 and Baltic trade 151, 170, 673, 680, 684, 750 household 466, 468, 470–1, 475, 480, 534–5 and economic decline 132–3, 136 and Ireland 503–6 and Empire 344 and magnate councils 472, 473 and England 151, 159, 160 and minority council 464–5, 466, 534 and German language 337–40 and ‘Mirror of Princes’ 21 and Livonia and Estonia 344 and rebellion 469–71, 503 and Low Countries 145, 149, 170, 449 and revenues 458, 464, 465, 467–8, 470, 475, and Novgorod 132, 145, 151, 750, 754 484 and representation 35, 37, 58, 64 and Richard of York 467–8, 469, 470–5, 503–6 and Scandinavia 673–5, 679–80, 682, 684–6, and Wales 532, 534–5, 536–7 688, 692–9, 701, 703–5 and Yorkist rebellion 473–5 and Stockholm 675 Henry VII of England and trade 149, 151–2, 154, 159, 160, 694, 750 administration 493–4 and urban leagues 35, 59 claim to throne 487, 489 see also Lübeck; Wendic towns Cornish rebellion 491–2 Harﬂeur, siege (1415) 168, 170, 462 and Europe 492–3 Hastings, William, Lord 484 and exploration 187 Hausbücher 279 and France 491 Hebrew, and humanism 271 as Henry Tudor 483, 487–8, 543–4 Hegel, G.W.F. 245–6, 251, 265 household 494–5 Hegius, Alexander 270 institutional rule 523, 838 Heimberg, Gregor 74 and Ireland 511–13 Henrique of Portugal (`the Navigator’) 185–6, and nobility 494–5 187–8, 190–1, 637 opposition to 489–92 Henry IV of England and prerogative 493–4 and Council of Pisa 66 pretenders to throne 490–1, 492, 493, 511–12, household 459–60 545 and magnate council 459, 460 and revenues 489, 493–4 and nobility 458–9, 461, 472, 475 support for 489, 490–1, 544–5 and parliament 459–61 Henry VIII of England revenues 459–60, 491 and Ireland 498 and Scandinavia 677 navy 519 seizure of throne 457–8, 459–60, 524 revenues 494 support for 459–60 and Wales 546 and Wales 458, 460 Henry of Carinthia 45–6

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Index 1017

Henry of Marlborough, Chronicle 509 holy war see crusades; Ottoman Empire Henry of Settimello, Elegies 260 Honorius III, Pope, and representation 49 Henry Tudor see Henry VII of England Horodl-o, Union of (1413) 733, 751 Henryson, Robert 515, 518 Hospitallers of St John of Jerusalem 94 heralds/heraldry on Rhodes 796, 800–1, 804–5, 807, 809, 811, and architecture 301 814–15, 827 and nobility 91, 92–3 hospitals, founding 143 Herbert, William, first earl of Pembroke 482, 535, House of Commons see parliament, English 537, 542–3, 546 household Herbert, William, second earl of Pembroke 484 extended 141–2 heredity size of 141 and English monarchy 457–8 Hrvoja of Bosnia 710 and nobility 89, 90–1, 100–1, 103, 484, 631–2 Hugonet, Guillaume 455 and tenure 109, 759 Huizinga, J. 244, 299 heresy humanism 4, 10, 76, 138–9, 144, 206, 243–77 and Papacy and councils 66, 72, 78–9, 83–4 achievements 253–67, 272–3, 282 and Scandinavia 702–3 and ars dictaminis 23, 247–8, 252–3, 254, 255–7 and schism 65, 66, 78–9, 83–4 and art 302–3, 305–7, 308–11, 316–18 significance of 216, 832 and book production 292, 294–5 and Swiss Confederation 668 ‘civic’ 24, 246, 263, 268, 273–4, 622 and vernacular literature 23 and education 23–4, 26, 221, 224, 226–8, see also Hussite movement; Joan of Arc; 231–3, 238, 240, 258–62, 272, 275–7, 836–7 Lollards; Waldensians; Wyclif, John and European awareness 839 Héricourt, Burgundian defeat 454 expansion of 269–72, 273 hermandades 40, 55, 602 and exploration 184 Hesse, principality 362, 365 and gentility 274–6 Hesychasts 777, 778, 790 and history 25–8, 251, 257–8, 265, 341, 809 Hexham, battle of (1464) 477 and national consciousness 425, 667 Heydon, John 468 origins of 243–53 hierarchy and Papacy 582 court 441–3 and peace 4, 840 and papal authority 80, 82 and philosophy 245–7, 250, 267–9 social 89, 95, 275 and printing 287, 297 Hintze, Otto 29–30, 34–5 and universities 221, 224, 226–8, 231–3, 238, history 240, 582 and cities 834–5 see also individualism; politics; Renaissance; European 839 republicanism; studia humanitatis and humanism 25–8, 251, 257–8, 265, 341, 552, Humphrey, duke of Gloucester see Gloucester, 809 Humphrey, duke of national 25–7, 29 Hundred Years War 3–4, 7, 19, 68, 837, 839 parliamentary 29 and changes in warfare 162, 168 and politics 25–8 economic effects 110, 134, 400–1 Hoccleve, Thomas, Regement of princes 21 effects on France 392–407 Hohenzollern dynasty 362 effects on society 404–5 Hojeda, Alonso de 197 and nobility 102, 475 Holland, county and representation 50–1, 60–2 and Burgundy 431, 439–40 and Scotland 528 and representation 34, 57, 60 and trade 153, 159 towns and cities 133 see also Agincourt, battle of; Lancastrian Holland, Richard, Buke of the Howlat 521 dynasty; Troyes, Treaty of; Valois dynasty Holstein hundreds and Denmark 677, 679–80, 689, 694, 706 in England 33, 53 and Empire 343–4 in Sweden 47 and Wendic towns 680 Hungary 707–26, 708 Holy League 428–9 administration 711–12, 714, 724 Holy Roman Empire see Empire, Holy Roman; agriculture 114 Germany army 163, 164, 166, 710–11, 721–2, 724, 726

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1018 Index

Hungary (cont.) Hussite league 377 and Bohemia 46, 360, 382, 720 Hussite movement 4, 16, 82, 216, 235, 343, and Church 709 388–91, 734 court culture 722–3 and communion in both kinds 377, 380, 381, diplomacy 719 388–9 and economy 707, 717 and Council of Basle 70–1, 82, 381, 390 extent 707, 726 and Empire 340, 346, 348, 352, 353–4, 372, and Frederick III 343, 356, 360, 715, 716, 718, 710 720 internal divisions 380–1 and humanism 722–3 and national Diets 378–82, 384, 389 and Hussites 710 and national identity 162, 340, 367, 373, 376–7, justice 712, 713, 722 379, 387, 734 monarchy 707, 713; and crown of St Stephen and nobility 370–1, 373, 377–81, 383, 385–6 714, 716, 718; and nobility 47, 709, 714, 719, and peasantry 371, 378, 385 721–2, 724; prerogative 719; and regency and Poland–Lithuania 16, 734, 735 716; and succession 723–4 and property redistribution 382 nobility 99, 104; and army 711, 724–5; factions and representation 46 707, 709, 725–6; and monarchy 47, 709, 714, and Taborites 371, 377, 380, 382–7, 391, 734 719, 721–2, 724; and noble diets 713–15, 716, and vernacular literature 10, 371, 375 721, 723, 725; numbers 97, 98; and Hussite Wars representation 33, 47; rural revolt 713 and crusading ideal 3, 43, 70, 340, 353–4, 379 and Ottoman Empire 714–17, 719–20, 800, effect on trade 159 815, 819, 828; and battle of Mohács 707, effects on agriculture 110 726; and Belgrade 710, 717–18, 826; defences 710–11, 712, 713, 715, 717, 724, Iazhelbitsy, Treaty of (1453) 754 725–6; and Serbia 707, 715, 716, 719, 821 Iceland and Papacy 67, 709, 719–20 agriculture 673 peasantry 712, 713, 717, 725 and Atlantic exploration 193 and Poland 712, 720, 721–2, 735 education 693 political system 5 plague outbreaks 673 population 707 and Reformation 705 and representation 33, 47, 60, 712, 714 and Scandinavian crown 674, 692, 706 and revenues and taxation 712–13, 717, and trade 145, 150, 152, 155, 188, 194, 678, 694, 718–19, 721, 724, 725 695, 699 rural revolt 713 iconography tithes 713 political 8, 406, 416, 429 towns and cities 712, 713, 716 religious 209–10, 213–14 and trade 707, 712 icons see painting universities 233, 723 idealism, and Renaissance 245–6, 249, 251 and Venice 707, 710, 817 identity, national see national identity see also Albert II, king of the Romans; Immaculate Conception of Mary 214 Belgrade; Bosnia; Ladislas V Posthumous; Incarnation, perceived significance 833 Ladislas of Naples; Louis I; Mátyás India, and European exploration 187, 188 Corvinus; Serbia; Sigismund, king of the Indian Ocean, and exploration 177 , 180, 182–4, Romans; Transylvania; Wallachia; 192, 198–200 Wl-adysl-aw II Jagiel--lo individualism, and humanism 243–5, 299, 564 Hunyadi, János 163, 164, 715, 716, 717–18, 719, indulgences 74, 211–12, 215, 217, 611 823–4 opposition to 376–7 Hunyadi, Ladislas 718 printed 298 Hunyadi, Mátyás see Mátyás Corvinus sale 626, 641 Hus, Jan 373–8 industry call for reform 367, 369, 371–2, 373–7 rural 112–13, 114–15, 118 and Council of Constance 353, 370, 375, 377 specialisation 148, 154, 448–9 De ecclesia 16, 374 urban 126–7, 128, 129, 131–2, 140, 152, 156, execution 216, 219, 353, 370, 377 172, 540 and Poland 733–4 and war 172 and Wyclif 16, 17, 28, 374, 375 see also printing Húska, Martin 383, 384 infantry 48, 164, 166, 167, 399, 415

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Index 1019

inflation Isabel of Portugal, wife of Juan II of Castile in Castile 612 614–15 in Hungary 713 Isabel of Portugal, wife of Philip the Good 441, in Portugal 636 442, 450 inheritance Isalguier, Anselme d’ 190 integrity 5, 484, 546 Isfendiyar, emirate 813, 816, 819, 821 in Moscow 762 Isidore of Kiev 743, 764, 783, 791, 793 in Portugal 631–2 Islam see also heredity; primogeniture attitudes to 75, 81, 441 Innocent III, Pope and conversions 777–9, 781, 785–6, 791, 794, and man 249–50 821 and representation 42 and crusades 162 Innocent VIII, Pope (Giambattista Cibo) 567, and exploration 179, 187 569, 585–6, 602 see also Ottoman Empire; Tatars Inns of Court 228, 239, 505 Italian League 558, 564–6, 569–70, 579–81, 596 Inquisition 218 Italian Wars (1494–1559) 839 in Castile 624–5, 626, 835–6 and Charles VIII 138, 428–9, 493, 529, 568, in France 396 569–70, 586–7, 600, 605 institutions, representative 6–8, 30–2 and Ferdinand V 429, 600 intellectuals (doctores) first 3–4 influence 85–6 and Francis I 414 and Papacy 70, 76, 83–4, 85 and French army 169 inventions 130, 289–90 and French unity 408 investment and Habsburg concern 343 in banks 547 and lack of Italian unity 164, 174, 569 in printing 288, 289–91 Italy 547–70, 571–87, 548 in shares 150, 612 agriculture 571–2 Ioasaph I Kokkas 792 armies 163–4, 166, 551, 569 Iona, metropolitan of Moscow 764, 766–7 and art 305–7, 308, 426 Iranzo, Miguel Lucas de 624 and book production 279, 280–1, 283–4, 285, Ireland, John, Meroure of Wyssdome 518 287, 292–3, 295 Ireland 4, 496–513, 497 and diplomacy 171, 565, 569 agriculture 508 and Empire 342–3, 346, 350, 352, 428, 573 and Anglo-Irish 496–8, 499–503, 505–6, expenditure and resources 571 509–13 industries 126, 129–30, 581 and the Church 509–10 judicial institutions 6 coyne and livery 500–1, 507 national history 26 English neglect of 498–9 nobility 90–1, 92, 102–3, 104–5, 113, 138, 277; and English Pale 502, 504, 507, 509–11 and rural life 118; and trade 155 factionalism 501–2, 510–11 northern states see city-states Gaelic Irish 496–8, 499, 501, 503, 506–11 and Ottoman Empire 558–9, 826, 827 lieutenantcy 470, 500–1, 503–4 and Papacy 69, 71, 353 nobility 498, 501, 506, 510–12 peasantry 117 and parliamentary independence 504–5 plague outbreaks 106, 571 and Poynings’ Law 512 and political symbolism 9 and representation 34, 501 population 111, 571–2 and revenues 498, 499–500, 513 regional states 5, 549, 553 and Richard, duke of York 470, 474, 503–6 and representation 32, 37, 54–5, 136–7 towns 128, 502 schools and universities 221, 226–7, 230, and trade 510 232–3, 236–8, 240, 572 and war 169, 498 towns and cities 23, 125, 127, 128–9, 136–8, and Yorkists 503–6, 511–13 140, 571–2 Irish language 501 and trade 130–1, 150–2, 156, 162, 423–4, 572 Isabeau of Bavaria 463 see also Florence; humanism; Milan; Naples; Isabel of Castile (`the Catholic’) nobility; papal states; Renaissance; Savoy; and Ferdinand V 530, 600–1, 604–5, 606, 616, Venice 779 itineraries 181, 189 legitimacy 615, 616 Iurii of Galich 752

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1020 Index

Ivan III of Moscow and national history 516–17 and boyars 763 and remissions 523 and Byzantium 769, 775 and Scandinavia 693 and centralisation 763–4 and succession 526 and landholding 762 and war 529 and Lithuania 739, 754 James IV of Scotland 514 and military architecture 130 court culture 518, 519 and Moscow as capital 128 and Edinburgh 522 and Novgorod 754–5 and Europe 529 and saints and heroes 766 and feud 524 and succession disputes 752–3 and monarchy 521, 522, 526–7 and trade 132–3, 696 and navy 170 and Tver’ 756 and parliament 525 Ivan IV of Moscow and remissions 523 and boyars 763 and Scandinavia 694 and centralisation 764 James VI of Scotland and I of England and succession disputes 753 Basilikon Doron 518 Ivan of Mozhaisk 752, 753 and monarchy 520, 527 James of Viterbo, and Thomism 13 Jacqueline of Bavaria 439–40 Jan Olbracht 724, 738, 739, 741 Jadwiga (Hedwig), ‘King’ of Poland 730, 731–3 Janus of Cyprus 800, 802 Jadwiga (Hedwig) of Poland 352, 353, 679 Jaume of Aragon 40–1 Jagiellonian dynasty Jaume of Sicily 42 and elective monarchy 740 Java, and exploration 177 and Empire 343, 725 Jean, count of Nevers 403 and extended state 5, 727 Jean II of Bourbon 450 and representation 44 Jean I of Cleves 442 and Teutonic Order 3, 12, 731–3, 734, 737 Jean III of Namur 439 see also Casimir IV of Poland; Wl-adysl-aw II Jeanne of Brabant 431 Jagiel--lo of Poland; Wl-adysl-aw III Jagiel--lo Jeanne de France 214, 411–12, 414 of Poland Jenson, Nicolas 294, 296 Jakoubek of Stˇríbro 377 Jerome of Prague 376 James II of Jerusalem 802 Jerusalem James III of Jerusalem 802 and Ferdinand V of Aragon 617–18 James I of Scotland and France 413, 428 captivity of 4, 518, 527 and Latin settlements 796, 809 and Edinburgh 522 pilgrimage to 799, 809 and England 527 Jews and feud 523–4 in Empire 354, 358 and monarchy 518, 521 in Granada and Castile 5, 616, 622–5, 779, 835 murder of 524, 526 in Hungary 717 and parliament 525 Karaite 745, 775, 779 and poetry 515, 519 in Ottoman Empire 779, 786, 788, 794, 820, and remissions 523 825, 829 James II of Scotland in Poland–Lithuania 743–4, 745 court culture 518–19 see also conversos and Edinburgh 522 Joachim (Armenian patriarch) 825 and feud 524, 525, 526 Joan I of Aragon 508, 588, 594 n. 9 and France 529 Joan II of Aragon 580, 596, 613 and remissions 523 and Catalonia 598–600, 615 James III of Scotland as king of Navarre 614, 615, 620 and the Church 530 Joan of Arc 207, 210, 218, 235, 353, 398, 465 court culture 519 as mystic 10 defeat and death 524, 530 and political symbolism 8, 396 and Edinburgh 522 João I of Portugal 629–31, 633, 838 and feud 524 authority 637–8 and monarchy 522–3 election 629, 634–5

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Index 1021

and expansionism 636–7 Jost of Moravia 352 and paternalism 838 Jouﬀroy, Jean, bishop of Arras 281 war with Castile 635–6 Jouvenel des Ursins, Guillaume 405, 406 João II of Portugal Juan I of Castile 41, 588, 629, 635, 636 authority 642 Juan II of Castile 595, 610, 612–15, 618–19, 624 centralism 630–1, 640, 643–4 and nobility 91, 614, 615–16, 619 conspiracy against 633 and political literature 21, 23 and exploration 187, 191, 630, 642–3 Juan II of Navarre 598, 614, 615 and nobility 632, 643–4 see also Joan II of Aragon Jogaila (Jagiel--lo) of Lithuania 731–2 Juan of Peñaﬁel 595 see also Wl-adysl-aw II Jagiel--lo of Poland and Sicily 595 John, duke of Bedford see Bedford, John, duke of Juana Enriques 599 John, earl of Lincoln 490 Juana ‘la Beltraneja’ 600, 615, 616 John XXII, Pope (Jacobus Arnaldi Duesa) Juana of Portugal 615 and ecclesiastical wealth 14 Julius II, Pope (Giuliano della Rovere) Extravagantes 229 and conciliarism 75–6 John XXIII, Pope (Baldassare Cossa) 66–8, 353, and imperialism 429 573 and Naples 584–5 John I of Brabant, and representation 45, 52 Jungingen, Ulrich von 733 John III of Brabant, and representation 52 jurists 20–1, 27–8 John IV of Brabant 38 and conciliarism and Papacy 76, 78–9, 82, 85 John IV of Burgundy 45 see also Azo, Portius John V of Brittany 442 jus armorum (law of arms) 94 John II of Jerusalem 802 Juvénal des Ursins, Jean 10, 19, 165, 392, 405 John II of Nassau 350–1 John VIII Palaiologos 774, 782–3, 784, 808 Kalmar agreement (1438) 683 John of Anjou 580 Kaminsky, Howard 386 John of Bavaria 436 Kaníˇs, Peter 384 John of Capistrano 208, 717–18 Kanizsai, Johannes, Archbishop 709, 713 John of Castile 41 Kápolna Union (1437) 713 John Corvinus of Hungary 723–4 Kapsali, Moshe 825 John of England Karaman, emirate 813, 816, 817, 819, 821, 823–4, and Magna Carta 48–9 826 and representation 33, 55 Kazan’ khanate, and Russia 750–1, 752 John the Fearless of Burgundy 392, 431–3, 446, Kemp, John, archbishop of Canterbury 472 450 Kempis, Thomas and Council of Pisa 66 Chronicle 285 and English invasions 438, 462, 463 Imitation of Christ 217, 284 and Flanders 434 Kestutis of Trakai 731, 732, 735 and France 437–8, 439 Kettil, bishop of Linköping 690 and Nicopolis 441, 800 Kherotikia, battle of (1426) 802 and political speeches 10 Kiev and taxation 436 and Moscow 764, 768–70 John of Gaunt, and Wyclif 15 and Rus’ 743, 748, 768 John of Jesenice 376 and trade 751 John of Luxemburg, and representation 46 Kildare, Gearóid Mór, Fitzgerald, eighth earl 490, John of Paris 511–13 and papal power 13 Kilkenny, Statute of (1366) 496, 498, 509 and popular consent 11 Kinizsi, Paul 724 John of Salisbury, Policraticus 21 Kipchak khanate (Golden Horde) 732, 750, 756, John of Segovia 758 and Islam 75, 81 see also Tatars and Papacy and councils 76, 81, 83 Kirill of Beloozero 766 John Sigismund of Hungary 726 kızılbash movement 829 Jöns, archbishop of Uppsala 688 Knapton, M. 554 n. 4 Jonsson, Bo 674 knights Josseaume, Guillaume 208 imperial 347, 352, 355

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1022 Index

knights (cont.) and Yorkists 403, 451, 473–5, 477, 504 of the Shield of St George 351, 355, 655 see also Henry IV of England; Henry V of of the shires (England) 33–4, 49, 63 England; Henry VI of England see also Teutonic Order Landesrat 58 Knutsson, Karl 682, 683–4, 686, 687, 688–90, landholding 691 and absentee landlords 499 and representation 46–7 ecclesiastical 109, 181, 369, 382, 633 Koberger family 294 effects of demographic crisis 109–10 Kolda of Zˇ ampach 387 and inalienability 5, 539, 762 Korostyn’, Treaty of (1471) 754 noble 109–10, 112, 117–18, 370, 382, 483–4, Kosmidion, Ottoman victory 3 571, 742 Kosovo peasant 109–10, 116–17, 371, 422, 423, 759 first battle of (1389) 710, 771 see also tenure second battle of (1448) 162, 716, 824 Landino, Cristoforo 268, 306–7, 312, 313 Krevo, Union of (1385) 731–2 Landtag 45–6, 61 Kristeller, P.O. 246–9, 252, 273 language Krumlov, Wenceslas 388 impact of printing 296 Krummedige, Henrik 697 and national identity 337–40, 367, 373, 426–7 Krumpen, Otte 701 political 10–11, 25, 28, 839 Kutná Hora, battle of (1421) 168 Languedoc Kyeser, Conrad, Bellifortis 173 agriculture 108, 117 Kyriel, Sir Thomas 469 and representation 43, 51, 53, 57, 417 and trade 422 la Caballeria, Alfonso de 604 and Valois monarchy 394–5, 401 la Cueva, Beltrán de 615–16 Languedoil, and representation 51 la Marche, Olivier de 99, 446, 456 Lannoy, Guillebert de 441, 748 la Salle, Gadifer de 185–6, 189 Laon, Colart de 444 labour Laonikos Chalkokandyles 804 division 280 Laski, Jan 739 shortage 106–13, 117, 120, 142, 369, 609, 671 Lateran Council, Fifth (1512) 76 Ladislas V Posthumous of Hungary 356, 360, Latin 389, 714–15, 716–18 in Church 379 Ladislas of Naples in education 226, 231, 258–9, 261, 276 and Florence 550 and humanism 28, 206, 254–5, 265, 269, 276–7, and Hungary 709, 816 747, 836 and Papacy 66–7, 573 and royal officials 62 laity Latin east see Levant and book trade 278, 284, 287 Latini, Brunetto 263 and Church reform 205, 833 law and Hussite movement 372, 374–5, 377, 388 civil 19–20, 365 increased importance 86, 143, 832–3 common 20 and popular piety 143, 212–16, 569, 832 customary 365, 712 and religious education 207–10, 239–40 divine 18 Lalain, Jacques de 518–19 education for 228, 229, 230, 233, 746 Lancastrian dynasty 457–76 Irish Gaelic 502 crisis 469–73 Islamic 788, 794, 827 and Edward IV 477–8, 480–4, 506, 542–3 and judicial institutions 6, 354 and finance 458, 475 and monarchy 404–5, 415–16, 619, 838 and France 394–404, 437–8, 451, 457–8, natural 18 462–9, 471–2, 475 and politics 11, 17–21, 27–8 and Ireland 506, 511 positive 15 legitimacy 18, 26, 458, 462 Roman 7, 18, 20, 30, 49, 82, 365, 630 and nobility 459, 461–2 Scottish 521, 530 and Richard III 487, 543–4 Welsh 538–9 and service 459–60, 475 see also canon law; courts and Wales 542–4 Laxmand, Hans, archbishop of Lund 684 and warfare 458–9, 475 Lazarillo de Tormes 626

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Index 1023

le Bouvier, Gilles (Berry Herald), Livres de la liberty, political description des pays 89, 93 in Florence 24, 552 le Franc, Martin, Le champion des dames 320 in Germany 139, 358 le Maçon, Robert 396 in Italy 137–8, 264–5, 274 le Roy, Guillaume 293 libraries, and humanism 233, 265, 281, 282, 295, le Roy Ladurie, E. 421 445, 564, 582, 723 League of Cambrai 75–6 Liddale, Sir James 516 League of Constance 342, 454, 649 Liège, revolt 436, 437, 450, 451 League of Marbach 351 Lily, William 272 League of Nevers 409 Linacre, Thomas 272 League of Zurich 647 Lindholm, Treaty of (1395) 675 leagues Lippi, Filippino, Expulsion of the Dragon 316 of city-states 171 Lisa, Gerardus de 293 European 390 Lisbon regional urban 35, 44, 55, 58–9, 63–4, 136, extent of 125, 131 656 and trade 148 see also Hanseatic League lit de justice, France 8 Lefèvre d’Etaples, Jacques 233, 271–2 literacy legitimacy and the book trade 278, 284, 294 and conciliarist theory 84, 831 and eﬀects of printing 144, 240, 693–4, 833 and dynasticism 837 and elites 209, 226 and genealogy 26 levels 21, 137, 144, 206, 541 and popular consent 10–11, 12, 17, 18, 831, literature 837 Burgundian 445–6, 456 and representative institutions 37–8 and conversos 625 Leo of Rozmital 606 English 23 León French 426–7 and Castile 35, 40 Gaelic 521 and representation 35, 39, 40, 55 and history 25–6 Leonardo da Vinci 299, 314, 315–16 Polish 746–7 Leonor of Navarre 620 political 11, 12, 21–5 Leopold III of Austria 649, 652 protest 23, 139 Leopold IV of Habsburg 94, 433 Scottish 515, 519 Lepe, Díego de 197 travel 183–4, 200 Leto, Pomponio 271, 582 vernacular 10, 23, 27–8, 282, 289, 296, 836–7 Levant 796–811, 797 and warfare 172–4 culture 809–10 Lithuania 727–47, 728 defence 807 and conversion to Catholicism 12, 352, 364, government 807–8 731–2 historiography 809, 810 as independent state 730–1 indigenous elites 804, 805, 807–8 and monarchy 744–5 and Latin Church 808 and Novgorod 686, 738, 751, 753, 754 Latin settlement 796–811, 797 and Poland see Poland–Lithuania and Mamluks 800 population of 727–9 navies 798, 807 and Russia 696, 748, 750–3, 755–7, 765, 768–9 and Ottoman Empire 800–2, 805, 807, 809, and succession 752 810–11, 812, 814; tribute payments 798, 815, see also Rus’; Teutonic Order; Vytautas (Vitold) 821 of Lithuania and piracy 805–6, 811 liturgy and taxation 808 and Hussite movement 374, 377–8, 385 tithes 808 and music 321, 324 and trade 149, 153, 158, 609, 796–800, 804, Scottish 515 806–7, 811, 830; and Ottoman Empire living standards, rise 834, 835 159–60, 553, 568, 801–2, 814–15, 823, Livonia 828–9; and Venice 156, 160, 553, 565, 798–9 and Baltic trade 750, 757 Leyden, industry in 133 and Scandinavia 679, 686, 691, 696–7, 756 Libelle of Englyshe polycye 836 and Teutonic Order 344, 364, 731, 734

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1024 Index

Livorno, and Florence 549, 550 and urban development 134 Livy (Titus Livius), influence on historiography and War of the Public Weal 99, 410–11, 450 26–7, 257, 267, 271, 747 Louis XII of France Lizard League 737 and Charles VIII 412, 413, 414 Lodehat, Peder Jensen 676, 678 and conciliarism 75–6 Lodi, Peace of (1454) 3, 137, 163–4, 171, 558, 579, and economy 421 596 and Italy 423, 428–9, 665 Logofet, Pakhomii 755, 765, 766 and law 416 Lollards 216, 235 and Louis XI 411–12 failure of 15–16 and paternalism 838 opposition to 236, 835 and patronage 419 rebellions of 461, 532–3 and regions 420 and vernacular literature 10, 23 and stability of French state 4, 408, 409 Lombard, Peter, Sentences 11, 229 and universities 237 Lombard League, and representation 54 Louis I of Hungary 709 Lombardy as king of Poland 729–30, 740 and the Empire 343 Louis II of Hungary and Bohemia 725 and France 429, 558 Louis III of the Palatine 354 and Milan 549, 550, 557, 558 Louis III of Provence 574 and Venice 137, 553 Louis of Anjou London and Aragonese succession 588 guilds of 9 and Papacy 66, 576 and representation 49 Louis of Bavaria size and influence 125, 128 and Papacy 12, 43 and trade 145, 150, 160 and representation 43–4 London, Treaty of (1474) 452 Louis de Bruges 282, 295 López, Inéz 625 Louis of Luxemburg 396 Lopez, R.S. 547 n. 1 Louis of Orleans, assassination 10, 12, 392, 437, Lorraine 438, 839 and Burgundy 411, 440 Louis of Orleans (Louis XII) 412, 413, 414 and Charles the Bold 3, 342, 454–5 Louis the Rich of Bavaria–Landshut 360 and nobility 100 Lovati, Lovato 253, 260 Loschi, Antonio 24, 25 Lovell, Francis, Viscount 490 Louis VII of France 394 Low Countries Louis VIII of France, and representation 43 and agriculture 110, 112, 114, 117, 119–20 Louis IX of France, St 181, 427 and book production 280–1, 283–5, 287–8, Louis XI of France 292, 295 and absolutism 408, 418, 838 and Burgundy 342, 394, 397, 404, 409, 437, and Aragon 412, 599 439–40, 448, 451, 453, 491 army 412, 415, 418 and Empire 337, 342, 455 and Burgundy 402–5, 410–11, 428, 433, 450, guilds 121, 446–7 478, 482, 488 and humanism 270 and Charles VII 402–3, 404, 529 industry 126 and Charles the Bold 3, 237, 411, 434, 450–1, and Maximilian 5 455, 664 plague outbreaks 106 and Church and state 418–19, 427–8 religious life 209 and court 424–5 and representation 35, 37, 57, 60, 453 and England 411, 493 and Scandinavia 684, 685, 704–5, 706 and Guyenne 402 schools and universities 227–8 and Italy 428, 565 shipping and trade 133–4 and nobility 90, 95, 409, 410–12, 425, 427 social structure 446 and Papacy 418, 419, 428 towns and cities 121, 124, 125, 133, 446, and postal system 420 450–1 and taxation 418 and trade 149, 157, 448, 695, 697–8, 704 and trade 153, 422, 423 unification 57, 685 and universities 236, 237 urbanisation 133–4

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Index 1025

and war 168 and exploration 183, 185, 189, 200 see also Antwerp; Bruges; Flanders; Ghent; peasants 116 Liège; music; painting Malatesta, Pandolfo 556 Lower Union 342 Malatesta, Roberto 581 Lübeck Malatesta, Sigismondo Pandolfo 580, 784 and Denmark 674, 703–6 Malatesta dynasty of Rimini 66, 329, 573, 574, and German language 339–40 580–1, 584 and Hanseatic trade 133, 151–2, 159, 679, Malfante, Antonio 190 684–7, 692–8, 704 Malla, Felip de 597 Lucerne, and Swiss Confederation 645, 649, 652, Malmø, Treaty of (1512) 698, 699, 701 654, 658, 661 Malocello, Lanzarotto 185 Luder, Peter 270 Malta, agriculture in 114 Luke Notaras, Grand Duke 782, 786 Mamluks Lull, Ramon and Latin settlements 796, 799–800, 802, 805, Libre de Evast e Blanquerna 190 809 Libre del orde de cauayleria 95 and Ottoman Empire 811, 813, 827 Luna, Alvaro de 613–15, 618–19, 621, 623 man Lüneberg, and representation 60 and Reformation 250 Luther, Martin 86, 206, 219 and Renaissance humanism 245–7, 248–50, and German Bible 340 299 and humanism 250, 266 Mande, Henrik 285 Lutheranism, in Scandinavia 673–4, 685, 705–6 Mandeville, Sir John, Travels 184 Luxemburg Manetti, Antonio, Life of Brunelleschi 307, 835 and Burgundy 440 Manetti, Bernardo 275 and Empire 342, 343, 352 Manetti, Giannozzo 249, 267, 835 as extended state 5 Mansion, Colard 281, 283, 295 Luxemburg dynasty 372, 379 Mantegna, Andrea 311, 316, 564 see also Sigismund, king of the Romans The Gonzaga Court 9, 308–9, plate 10 luxury goods, trade in 126–7, 129, 148, 157, 449, The Life of St James 316–17, plate 22 834–8 Parnassus 317 Lydgate, John 21 Manthen, Johannes 294 Lyons, and trade 422, 423 Mantua Congress of secular rulers 75, 281, 580, 839 Macdonald, Alexander 521 as princely state 549, 562 Machairas, Leontios 810 Manuel II Palaiologos 771, 777, 778, 781, 800 Machiavelli, Niccolò manufacture, regulation of 836 Discourses ... on Livy 92 manumission charters 7 and humanism 252, 316 manuscripts 278–86, 287–8, 291 and political liberty 137 costs 289 The Prince 274 illumination 283–4, 285, 294, 295 and Spain 605 importance 833 Maclodio, battle of (1427) 556 and printed book 278, 281, 294–6 Madeira Manutius, Aldus 144 discovery of 189, 637 maps and trade 150, 154 and exploration 181–4, 190–1, 199, 200–1 Magna Carta, and military service 48–9 mappae mundi 182–3 Mahmud pasha 786, 791, 793 and trade 177 Maillard, Olivier 208 see also charts, marine Maine Marcatellis, Raphael de 295 French recovery 403, 412 March, Edmund Mortimer, earl 462 Lancastrian control 394, 397–400, 468 Marche, Giacomo delle 208 Mair (Mayr), Martin 360, 362 Maredudd ab Owain 532 Majano, truce of (1430) 614 Margaret of Anjou, wife of Henry VI of Major, John, and conciliar theory 84, 85 England 468, 473–4, 477, 542 Majorca Margaret of Austria 456 and Aragon 592 n. 7, 599 and Charles VIII 411, 413

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1026 Index

Margaret of Bavaria 431, 433 and Louis XI 411 Margaret of Burgundy 431 and Low Countries 7, 491 Margaret of Denmark 529 Mary of Gueldres 529 Margaret Tudor 519 Masaccio (Tommaso di Ser Giovanni di Mone) Margaret of York 284, 326, 452, 455, 478, 490, 305, 313–14 491 Brancacci chapel 305, 306–7, plate 5 Margrete, daughter of Christian of Denmark Holy Trinity 310 693 Mass 211, 216, 217 Margrete, regent of Denmark 674, 675–7, 679, cyclic 323, 324 680–1, 687 and Hussite movement 377, 380, 381, 384, Maria, wife of Sigismund 730 388–9 María of Aragon 595, 613 mathematics, and music 331–3 María of Castile 595, 613 Matthew of Cracow 746 María de Santo Domingo, Sor 616–17 Matthew of Janov 375 Maria-Gulbahar 793–4 Mátyás Corvinus of Hungary Marignano, battle of (1515) 167, 429, 666 and army 99, 163, 164, 721–2, 724 Marini, Antonio 4, 390 and Bohemia 46, 360, 382, 720 Mariono, Zanobi di 281 and books 284, 295, 723 markets court culture 722–3 and commodities 148, 153, 157 and Frederick III 343, 346, 358, 360–1, 720 rural 113–15, 134 gains of 718–20 urban 118, 126, 129, 424 and George of Podˇebrady 390, 718, 720, 738 Marongiu, Antonio 30, 32 law code 722 marriage and nobility 99, 721–2 age 106–7, 111, 141 and succession 723–4 dynastic 5, 36, 93–4, 100, 478–9, 577–8, 581, and Vladislav II 382 595, 790 Mauro, Fra 183 intermarriage 498, 509–10, 564, 818 Maximilian of Habsburg religious 210–11 and Anne of Brittany 413 Marseilles, and trade 135, 145, 422, 423 and Bruges 134 Marsilius of Padua and Burgundy 5, 342, 360, 411, 412, 446, 452, Defensor pacis 12–13 455, 664 and history 251 and England 491, 492 and law 18 n. 64 and Frederick III 3, 343, 345 and politics 263 and Frisia 344 and sovereignty 24, 77, 79–80 and Germany 341 Marsuppini, Carlo 269 and humanism 271 Martellus, Henricus 182 and Hungary 723–5 Martí I of Aragon 588–90, 594, 597, 613 and imperial crown 429 Martin IV,Pope (Simon Mompitus), and and Italy 346, 664–5 Castilian succession 40 and Papacy 76, 345 Martin V,Pope (Oddo Colonna) and representation 45 and conciliarism 69–70, 353, 573 and Swiss Confederation 664 and Hussite movement 379 and uniﬁcation of Habsburg territories 5, and Naples 575 361 and papal states 573–4 and Venice 343 and Rome 572 Maximos IV,Patriarch 775–6 Martínes, Ferrant 622 Mecklenburg, and representation 44 Martini, Johannes 325 medallion, portrait 308, plate 9 Martorell, Joannot, Tirant lo Blanch 810 Medici, Cosimo de’ Marville, Jean de 444 and banking 130, 150–1, 153 Mary, devotion to 214–15, 613, 832 and Milan 557–8 Mary of Burgundy (wife of Amadeus of Savoy) and patronage of the arts 155, 247, 281, 310, 433 781 Mary of Burgundy (wife of Maximilian) 446, and politics 552, 553, 559–61, 567 455–6 Medici, Giovanni de’ 567, 585 and Charles the Bold 342, 360, 452, 664 Medici, Giovanni di Bicci de’ 150, 151 n. 2

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Index 1027

Medici, Giuliano de’ 583 and Enrique IV 618 Medici, Lorenzo de’ 150, 308, 316, 569 and Ferdinand V 616–18 and Florentine politics 9, 561 Messina, Antonella da 308, 314 and Naples 567, 583, 585 Mézières, Philippe de 94 Medici, Maddalena de’ 567, 585 Michael III of Anchialos 782 Medici, Pierfrancesco 317–18 Michel, Jean 428 Medici, Piero de’ 561, 569, 585 Michelangelo Buonarotti 299, 314, 315 Medici company 129–30, 150–1, 153, 154, 449, Michelozzo di Bartolommeo, Michelozzi, 553 Palazzo Medici-Riccardi 310, plate 12 medicine, and education 229, 230 Michiel, Francesco 563 medievalism, and Renaissance humanism 244–7, Middle Ages 273–4 and education 259–61, 276 Medina del Campo, Treaty of (1490) 492–3 and ethics 262 Mehemmed I, Sultan 774 and history 251 and civil unrest 818–19 and humanism 244–7, 252, 256, 265, 272–3, and interregnum 814, 816–17 276–7, 299–300 Mehemmed II, Sultan 583, 783, 824 and politics 264 conquest of Constantinople 565, 774, 784–5, migration 810, 824–5 from Ireland 499 conquest of Mistra 780 peasant 117, 125, 133, 140, 157 conversion and resettlement policy 778, 784–6, and printing industry 293 791, 794, 825 Mikhail Borisovich of Tver’ 756 court culture 827 Milan expansion and consolidation of Empire agriculture 119 825–6, 829 army 164, 551, 557 naval force 170 development 129 and Orthodox Church 771, 786–9, 790, 793, and Empire 342–3, 566 825 expansion 137, 555–7, 558, 559 portrait 307, 809, 827, plate 24 and Florence 161, 264, 551, 556, 557–8, 559, and Serbia 719, 826 566–7, 579 siege of Belgrade 717 and France 565, 581, 664–5 Meissen, and princely revenues 35 and Genoa 549, 556–7, 566 Melozzo da Forlì 584 and industry and trade 156, 423, 549 Memling, Hans 155, 537 and Italian Wars 414, 423, 428, 570 men, and religion 219 and Naples 578, 581, 584–6 Mena, Juan de 21, 23, 27 and Papacy 66, 72, 569, 576, 583, 585–6 mendicant orders and politics 5, 25, 264–5, 561–2, 568, 578–9 and education 206, 227, 238–9, 269 population 125 and political theology 14, 21 and Swiss Confederation 645, 648, 661 and popular piety 213, 216 and taxation 562 and preaching 207–8, 210, 269 and trade 823 urban role 142–3 see also Sforza dynasty; Visconti, Filippo Maria; Mendoza, Luis Vélez de 197, 198 Visconti, Giangaleazzo Menhart of Hradec 381, 389 militias 48, 711, 712, 724 Mental Law (Lei Mental), Portugal 632, 638 Mino da Fiesole, Pieco de’ Medici 309 Menteshe, emirate 813 minstrels 319–21, 331 mercantilism Mircea of Wallachia 710, 816, 817, 819 and Italian city-states 130–1, 578 ‘Mirror of Princes’ 21–2, 25, 28 and Ottoman Empire 827–30 Miskimin, H.A. 547 n. 1 mercenaries 48, 166–7, 453, 550–1, 652 missionaries, and exploration 181, 189 Hungarian 163, 721–2 mobility Swiss 167, 415, 652, 661, 663–6, 670 geographic 110, 111, 117, 666, 673–4, 743, see also condottiere; Gattamelata 762–3 merchants see trade social 110, 155, 241–2, 404–5, 559 Meschinot, Jean 410 Mocenigo, Tommaso 547 messianism Modon and Charles VIII 428 Ottoman conquest 811, 828

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1028 Index

Modon (cont.) Montefeltro, Guidantonio da 574 Venetian control 129, 802 Montefeltro dynasty 573, 574, 584 Mohács, battle of (1526) 707, 726 Montemagno, Buonaccorso da, Controversia de Moldavia nobilitate 95 and Byzantium 775 Montlhéry, battle of (1465) 410 and Ottoman Empire 720, 739, 826, 828 Montreuil, Jean de 269–70 Moleyns, Adam 469 Montrocher, Guy de, Manipulus curatorum 206 Molinet, Jean 446, 456 Moors, defeat 3, 5, 131, 162, 164, 609, 611, 615, monarchy 616–18, 779 and absolutism 408 Mora, Joan de 185 and army 163–4 morality, political 28 authority 82–3, 344–5, 476, 483–6, 495, 831, Morat (Murten), battle of (1476) 455, 664 837 Moraw, Peter 347 n. 2 and centralisation 34, 838 More, Thomas and consecration 418 and Papacy and councils 84 and deposition 47, 348, 369, 457, 458, 474, 477, Utopia 667 484, 486 Morea, the 779–82 and disputed succession 39–47, 61, 389, agriculture 780 588–91, 752 Chronicle 802 and divine power 12 Ottoman rule 780, 784, 788, 794, 821, 824, 826 and election: Aragon 590–1, 597; Bohemia 46, population 780–1 389–90; Denmark 383, 676, 687–8, 694–5; and Venice 129, 167, 565, 805–6, 808, 810 Empire 345, 355–6; Hungary 714; Poland Morineau, M. 421 740; Sweden 46–7, 676, 683, 685, 687–9, 695 Moro, Cristoforo 563 and extended state 5 Morocco, and Portugal 629–30, 636, 638, 640–3 and humanism 264 mortality rates 106–7, 125, 140–1 and law 19–20, 838 Mortimer’s Cross, battle of (1461) 542 and nobility 98–9, 101, 112, 119, 838 Morton, Robert 324 and papal power 13, 81–2, 84, 85 Moscow and peace 840 administration 760–1 and peasantry 115, 119 agriculture 757, 758–9, 763 personal 83, 494, 522–3, 528–9, 534 art and architecture 130, 767–8 and political symbolism 8–9, 408 and the Baltic 696, 750–1, 757 and power of towns and cities 55, 59, 64, 136 boyars 752, 753, 759–64, 767 recognition of 38–47 as capital 128 and representation 34–5, 82 and the Church 764–5, 766–7, 775 and revenues 5–6, 48–53, 55, 61–2, 64 climate and geography 757–8 see also legitimacy consolidation 753 monasteries diplomacy 768 and agriculture 109 expansion 750–8 Byzantine 781, 790, 791–2, 793, 794 history 764–5, 768–70 and maps 181 justice system 761, 762 and peasants 116 landholding 759–63 Portuguese 633 and Lithuania 696, 748, 750–3, 755–7, 768–9 and printing 288 and military service 758, 760–1 reform 685 and Orthodox Church 758 and representation 52 peasantry 758–9, 761–3 Russian 767 power of 3 and schools 225 and representation 761 and urban economy 127 revenues 761–2 Welsh 541 saints and heroes 765–7, 768, 769–70 monopoly, in printing 836 social structure 758–61 Monstrelet, Enguerrand de 10, 445–6 and succession disputes 752–3 Monte, Piero da 17, 18, 25 and trade 132–3, 750–1, 752, 755, 770 and Papacy and councils 73, 76, 78 and the Volga 750–1, 752 Montefeltro, Federigo da 311, 314, 579–81, 583, see also Kiev; Novgorod; Pskov; Rus’; Russia; fronstispiece and plate 14 Tver’ and book collecting 281, 282, 295 Mosto, Alvise Da 191

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Index 1029

motet, isorhythmic 322–3, 324, 325, 332, 333 organisation 5 Mount Athos 777, 790–1, 793 and Ottoman Empire 565, 583 mudejares, expulsion from Granada 5 and Papacy 73, 574–6, 578–86 Müller, Johannes (Regiomontanus) 233 and politics 568, 569, 573 Münsingen, Treaty of (1482) 363 population 125, 572 Müntz, E. 244 and trade 578, 581 Münzer, Hieronymus 194 see also Alfonso V; Ferdinand V; Fernando I; Murad II, Sultan 790, 809, 819–21, 822–4, 829 Ferrante; Ladislas of Naples Murner, Thomas 337 nation-states Musa, son of Bayazid I 816–17 and consolidation 362, 408 music 319–33 types 4–6 and Burgundy 326, 328–30, 331, 426, 444–5 national identity circulation 326–7 Aragonese 594, 597 education in 330–2 Burgundian 456 and England 324 n. 13, 325–6, 327–8, 333 Czech 367, 373, 376–7, 379, 387, 389 ephemeral 319–20 French 408, 425–30 and France 326–7, 426 German 337–40 Franco-Flemish style 327 imperial 337–40, 347–8 and Low Countries 326, 444–5 Ottoman 828 and mathematics 331–3 and religion 221 and Papacy 325, 327, 329 Russian 766–70 polyphonic 322, 324, 325, 329, 330 Scottish 516–17 religious 319, 321–7, 328–30, 445 Swiss 667–70 secular 327–8, 445 nationalism musicians see clerk musicians; minstrels Czech 734 Mussato, Albertino 253 English 462 Mustafa of Karaman 817, 819 French 395 mystery plays 210 German 271, 340–1, 360–1 mysticism 10, 74, 83, 233, 626 Portuguese 629 and art 312 Russian 758 German 209 Scottish 515–18, 530 Roman Orthodox 777 Swedish 690, 691, 696 Swiss 669 Naddo, Filippo di 259 and war 162 Nanmor, Dafydd 538 nature, and art 300, 302–3, 307, 313–16 Na’od of Ethiopia 775 Navarre 606–26, 607 Naples 571–87, 548, 589 and Achaea 801–2 and absolutism 838 and Aragon 613 and Angevins 550, 558, 565, 567, 568, 573, and Castile 609, 620 575–80, 586 and France 413, 414, 417 and Aragon: and Alfonso V 73, 557, 558, nobility of 96 574–5, 576–81, 595–6, 604–5; and revenue 620 Ferdinand V 27, 566, 567, 585, 587, 605; and see also Charles III of Navarre; Juan II of Fernando I 594, 595; and Ferrante 549, 550, Navarre 557, 558, 566–7, 568, 574–87, 594, 596, navies 170, 171, 568 604–5 navigation 150, 177–8, 180, 182, 189, 192 army 163, 164, 165, 168 and Columbus 196–7, 200 court culture 578 Naxos, Latin settlements 805–6, 814–15 expenditure and resources 568, 581–2, 584, Nebrija, Antonio de 272 585 Negroponte 798, 802 and Florence 550, 551, 578, 579, 581, 583, 585, war of (1470) 565, 810, 826 596 neoplatonism 233, 272, 781 and France 412, 413–14, 428–9, 574, 586–7, and art 314, 316, 317–18 664 and hierarchy 80, 82 and Italian Wars 570 Netherlands see Low Countries navy 170, 572 Neumarkt, Johannes von 270 nobility 92, 573, 574–5, 577–8, 581; barons’ Neumeister, Johann 292 revolt 567, 568, 585 Neveux, H. 422

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1030 Index

Neville, George 491 as universal order 89 Neville, John, earl of Northumberland, and virtue 22–3 Marquess Montagu 481–2 weakness 100–1, 103, 105 Neville, Ralph, earl of Westmorland 459 see also chivalry; gentry; heralds/heraldry; Neville, Richard, earl of Salisbury 473, 474, 503 slazchta;war;and under individual countries Neville, Richard, earl of Warwick Noli, Antonio da 187 and Edward IV 458, 474, 479–82, 483 nominalism 205, 229–30, 236, 746 and Henry VII 490, 492 and humanism 267 and Ireland 504–6 and realism 12–17 and Wales 472, 535, 542 Norbury, John 459 Neville family, and Percies 472–4, 481 Normandy New World see Americas; Atlantic eﬀects of war 400–1 Niccoli, Niccolò 275, 281 and Henry V 392, 394–5, 438, 462–3, 466 Nicholas III, Pope (Caietanus Ursinus), and and Henry VI 396–401, 465, 468, 469 ecclesiastical wealth 14 peasants 116, 117 Nicholas V,Pope (Thomas Sarzana) 73, 247, 357, population 111 558, 578–9, 582 and representation 51, 60 Nicholas of Cusa 228, 241 Valois conquest 401–2, 403, 469, 470–1 De concordantia catholica 74, 80–1, 361 Northampton, battle of (1460) 474, 506 De docta ignorantia 80 Norway and mapping 181 agriculture 110, 114, 671, 695 and Papacy and councils 71, 76, 80–1, 86 and Church 689, 692, 700 and politics 10, 17, 75 climatic change 671 and popular religion 218 and economy 671, 695, 700 and reform 74, 83 education 693 Nicholas of Dinkelsbühl, Ars moriendi 212 and Hanseatic League 685–6 Nicholas of Hus 370–1 monarchy 674, 675–7, 683, 684–5, 687, 689, Nicholas of Lynne 193 694–5, 697–8, 704–6 Nicholas Ujlaki of Bosnia 715 navy 680, 693 Nicopolis, battle of (1396) 4, 94, 352, 441, 709, nobility 97, 695, 699, 706 710, 800 peasantry 97 Nilsson, Olav 692 plague outbreaks 671 Nilsson, Sten ‘Sture’ 698, 700–2 population decline 107 Nilsson, Svante 696–7, 698 and Reformation 705 Niño, Peralonso 197 revolt 682 Niño, Pero, El Victorial 186, 618 and Scotland 530 Niphon II, Patriarch 793 towns 128, 694, 706 nobility 89–105 and trade 114, 673, 678, 685–7, 692, 694–5, 699 and agriculture 109–10, 112 union of crowns 673, 674, 675–6, 682–8, comparative approach 89–95, 105 693–5, 698, 705–6 creation 103–4 see also Denmark deﬁnition 89–91, 96 Novara, battle of (1513) 429 and Empire 345, 355, 358, 367 Novgorod and exploration 185 climate and landscape 757 and humanism 277 decline 750–1 levels 90, 96, 97–9 history 765 military 5, 832, 835 landholding 760, 763 and monarchy 98–9, 101, 112, 119, 838 and Lithuania 686, 738, 751, 753, 754 and music 324, 325, 331 and Moscow 132, 748, 752, 753–6, 758, 762, numbers 95–6 765, 768 and political literature 22 saints and heroes 765–6 and representation 7, 33, 38, 44–6, 52, 56–8, and trade 145, 151, 686, 696 62, 104, 365–6, 381, 420 Nuremberg revenues 101, 104, 109–10, 113, 115 households 141 and rural life 115–16, 117–19 industry 131–2 titled 97–100 Nuremberg, Diet 345–6 and towns 136 Nuremberg globe 182

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Index 1031

Oath of the Pheasant (1454) 94, 162, 441 and internal unrest 817–20, 827–8, 829 Obrecht, Jacob 325 interregnum 815–20 Ockeghem, Johannes 320, 323 n. 12, 326 and Islam 818 Ockham see William of Ockham and Latin east 798, 800–2, 805, 807, 809, O’Hedian, Richard, archbishop of Cashel 509 810–11, 814, 821; and trade 159–60, 830 Olbracht, Jan 724, 738, 739 and Naples 565, 583 Old Czech Annalist 371 navy 170, 798, 819, 828 Oldcastle, Sir John 461, 532, 541 nobility 89 Oldhall, Sir William 471 organisation 83, 820–2, 829 oligarchy and Poland 429, 735–6, 739 Iberian 598–9, 602, 603, 608, 612, 614, 619 and revenues and taxation 822, 827 Italian city-states 54–5, 264, 552–3, 560–1, revival 3–4, 75, 839 567–8 and Rumelia 781, 813–18, 820–1 Poland–Lithuania 739 tithes 822 Swiss Confederation 657–9, 662, 665–7 towns and cities 822 urban 125, 133, 135–6, 158, 420 and trade 129, 568, 822–3, 827–30 Olmedo, battle of (1445) 614 and Venice 129, 553, 558, 563, 565–7, 719–20, Olmen, Ferdinand von 194 736, 816, 828–9 Oluf of Denmark and Norway 674, 691 war-mongers versus moderates 822–4, 825–7 O’Neill, Niall 508–9 see also Bayazid I, Sultan; Bayazid II, Sultan; Orhan (rival of Mehemmet II) 785 Constantinople; Empire; Mehemmed I, Orkney, William Sinclair, earl of 518 Sultan; Mehemmed II, Sultan; Murad II, Orleanists Sultan and Milan 398, 409, 565 Ovid, inﬂuence of 22, 297 and Valois monarchy 392, 395, 398, 403, Owain, Gutun 538 411–12, 445 Owen, George 545 Orleans, siege of 396, 465 Oxford University 220–1, 242 Ormond, James Butler, fourth earl of 499, growth of 224, 240–1, 833 500–1, 503–4, 511 and humanism 227, 269, 272 Ormond and Wiltshire, James Butler, earl of 504, and Lollardy 235, 236 506 and music establishments 325 Orsini, Giovanni Antonio del Balzo 573 and nominalism 13–15, 230 Orsini, Virginio 586 and political theology 13–15, 235 Orsini family 573–5, 577–9, 585 Orthographia Bohemica 375 Pacheco, Juan 615–16 Otluk Beli, battle of (1473) 826 Pacioli, Luca 314, 315 Otranto, Ottoman capture of 565, 583, 810, 826, ‘pactism’ 827 in Aragon 596–8 Otto of Holstein–Pinneberg 689 in Catalonia 598–9 Ottoman Empire 812–30, 772–3 in Valencia 597 agriculture 822 Padua army 166, 820–1, 824–5, 827, 828 University 221, 230, 232–3, 237, 238, 316, and battle of Ankara 3, 771–4, 778, 800–1, 810 812–15 and Venice 550, 554 and Byzantium 771–81, 784, 814–17, 819–20 pageants 835 and child levy 777–8, 784, 820–1 painting 299–318 consolidation 827–8 and antiquity 316–18 and crusades 75, 94, 162, 428–9, 441, 579, 641, and book illumination 283–4, 285 725, 782 Burgundian 444 expansion 825–7, 828–9 commemorative 307–10 and exploration 177 French 406–7, 426 and Genoa 738 icons 755, 756, 757, 766–8 and Greek Church 71, 775–6, 786–92, 819 Italian 305–7, 310, 312, 313–14 historiography 828 and naturalism 300, 302–3, 307, 313–16 and holy war 162, 813, 816, 818, 823, 826, 827 Netherlandish 213, 283–4, 285, 299–304, and Hungary 707, 710–11, 714–17, 719–21, 307–8, 312, 313–14 725–6, 815, 819, 826, 828 in oil 302–3, 313–14

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1032 Index

painting (cont.) and Paul II 581–2 religious 312–13 and Pius II 580 Russian 767–8 and representation 42 Palatinate and Sixtus IV 582–3 and Empire 342–3, 345, 347–8, 350–1, 352, towns and cities 571–2 354, 360 and trade 572 organisation 5, 363, 365 see also Bologna; Ferrara; Rome Palencia, Alfonso de 27 paper, production 279, 288, 291, 295 Palmieri, Matteo, Della vita civile 24–5 Pappenheim, Heinrich von 358 Pandolﬁni, Agnolo 275 Paradiso, Iacobus de 746 Pankratios of Trebizond 792 parchment 278, 279, 291, 294 Pannartz, Arnold 292 Paris Pannonius, Janus 721–2, 723 and Hundred Years War 392–4, 397, 404, 439, Panofsky, E. 251, 300, 303 463, 465–6 Papacy and plague outbreaks 157 authority 11, 16–17, 18, 77–84, 205, 211, 530, and politics 139 573, 575, 681, 782, 831, 839 population 125 and Byzantium 774 revolt (1355) 62 and city-state rivalries 557, 565–7 revolt (1413) 62 and College of Cardinals 69, 428, 575, 582 and trade 423 and concordats 16–17 Paris, University 220–1, 224, 229, 234, 240 and Council of Basle 70–4, 77, 81–3, 85–6, change and reform 231, 233, 235, 236, 238 355, 575, 576, 578–9 and conciliarism 67, 70–1, 73, 76, 83–4, 734 and Council of Constance 67–9, 77, 79–80, 83, and Joan of Arc 396 86, 573–4 and John the Fearless 437 and Council of Pisa 65–6, 79, 86 and nominalism 230 and election 69 parish churches and Empire 72–3, 75–6, 79, 345, 348, 350, architecture 301 352–3, 357–8, 388 and episcopate 685 and humanism 582 noble patronage 370 and Hussite movement 4, 70, 374–5, 376–7, and urban development 142–3 390 parlements, Burgundian 434, 453 and Italian Wars 428–9 parlements, French 19, 32, 394, 404–5, 407, 420 opposition to 12–13, 17, 73–4, 569 and universities 236 and Ottoman advance 75, 719–20, 735–6 parliament papal bulls see Summis desiderantes; Unam and monarchy 20, 82 sanctam as representative institution 31, 32 papal court 574, 577 parliament, Danish 679 and Poland 735, 736 parliament, English and reform 68–74, 76–7, 79, 83 development 29, 31, 34, 49 revenues 65, 68–9, 574, 576–7, 578, 580, 582, and House of Commons 49–50, 62, 63, 584–6 459–61, 464, 471 and Scandinavia 700–1 and Ireland 498 and schism 12, 65–9, 79, 83–4, 85, 831 ‘Long Parliament’ (1406) 459 and secular authorities 86 and monarchy 47, 49–50, 62–3; Lancastrian succession 575, 584–5, 586 459–61, 464–5, 470–1, 474, 504; Yorkist supremacy 13, 72, 76–84, 782 484, 485, 487 and universities 234–5, 241 and nobility 96 and wealth 14–15 and taxation 50, 458, 459–60, 462, 475 see also conciliarism; music; Vatican parliament, Irish 496, 498, 500–2, 504–5, 507, papal states 571–87, 548 509–10, 512 and Eugenius IV 72, 577–8 parliament, Italian 30 and Florence 566 parliament, Polish, see sejm and Julius II 76 parliament, Scottish 98, 523, 525 and Martin V 573–4 parties, political, and representation 55 and Naples 66–7, 577–9, 581–3, 665 Passion, Order of the 94 organisation 5 paternalism, and monarchy 838

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Index 1033

patris, and Byzantium 775, 781, 783, 789–95 Péronne, Treaty of (1468) 411, 451 patronage Perotti, Niccolò 259 in Byzantium 775, 789, 791–3 Perpetual Accord (1474) 342, 650, 663–4 civic 305 perspective, in art 300, 306, 311, 314–15 ecclesiastical 100 Peru, and exploration 175, 177 of education 233, 241 Perugia 572, 573–5, 585 and exploration 187–8, 191–2, 194 Perugino 584 mercantile 155 Peter, Metropolitan 766–7, 768, 769 and monarchy 187, 417, 419, 466–7, 468, 475, Peter of Spain, Summulae 229 484, 519, 723, 838 Petit, Jean 437 of music 320, 324, 325, 330 and politics 10, 12 noble 98–9, 282, 370, 405–6, 444, 538, 539 Petrarch (Francesco Petrarca) 189, 305 papal 71, 584 and humanism 23–4, 248–50, 251, 252, 254, and parliament 63 265–6, 267 princely 444 Trionﬁ 309, 310 Paul II, Pope (Pietro Barbo) Petrucci, Antonella 581, 585 and George of Podˇebrady 390, 837 Peurbach, Georg 233 and Naples 581–2 Peutinger tables 181 Pavia, Council of (1423) 69–70 Pﬁster, Albrecht 279, 289 Payo, Juan 603 Philip III of France, and army 48 Pazzi, Messer Andrea de’ 275 Philip IV (`the Fair’) of France 13, 51, 394 Pazzi War (1478–80) 428, 567, 568 Philip II of Spain, and religious orthodoxy 626 peace, contemporary concerns with 4, 22, 24, Philip ‘Augustus’ of France 394 839–40 Philip the Bold of Burgundy peasants and Empire 441 and agriculture 115–17, 158, 422 and Flanders 451 enserfment of 111, 116, 118 and French monarchy 437 and landholding 109–10, 116–17, 371, 422, and Henry V 463 423, 759 and representation 53 and radicalism 371, 372, 378, 385 territories of 431–3, 435 rebellions 115–16, 399, 601 and trade 448 regional variations 117 Philip of Castile 605 and representation 31, 34–5, 47, 56–7, 61, 366, Philip the Good of Burgundy 423 and the arts 282–3, 310, 324, 329, 445–6 and rural industry 112–13, 114 court and household 441–3, 444, 450 and taxation 115–16, 118, 417, 761–2 and the Empire 352, 353, 355, 439–41 see also nobility; serfs; and under individual and French monarchy 394, 396–7, 402–3, 404, countries 437, 438–9, 456, 465–6 Peasants’ Revolt (1381) 16 and Low Countries 397, 404, 440, 451 Pedro, constable of Portugal 599 and taxation 453 Pedro, infante of Portugal 630–1, 633, 639–41 and wine trade 448 Pedro I of Portugal 629, 634 Philip the Magnanimous of Hesse 365 Pedro de San Superan of Achaea 801 Philip of Rethel and Nevers 431 Pelagianism 14, 205 Philippa of Lancaster, and Portugal 638 Pelbartus of Temeswar 207 Philippa of Lancaster, wife of Erik of Denmark Pensionenbrief 660, 666 677, 678, 683 Percy, Henry, earl of Northumberland 481 Philippe le Beau 446, 491, 492 Percy, Sir Ralph 478 philology, and humanism 233, 250–1, 257, 261, Percy family 265–6 and Lancastrians 457, 459, 461, 481 philosophy and Neville family 472–4, 481 and humanism 245–7, 250, 267–9, 273 Pere IV of Aragon 50, 590, 594, 599 moral 262–5, 268, 274, 277 Pere I of Sicily, and representation 42 study 227, 229, 233, 746 Pereira, Nun’Alvares 633, 635, 638 see also Aristotle; nominalism; realism Perellós, Ramon de 508–9 Piast dynasty 727, 729, 737 Perestrelo, Bartolomeu 186 Picardy Perjés, G. 726 n. 5 and Burgundy 450, 451, 455, 488

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1034 Index

Picardy (cont.) plague, eﬀects 106, 111, 126, 142 and England 394, 438–9, 488 see also Black Death Piccinino, Jacopo 579–80 plainchant 319, 321–3, 329 Piccinino, Niccolò 556 Platonism 11, 24, 262, 268–9, 271–2, 564 Piccolomini, Aeneas Sylvius play writing 835 and education 233 Plethon, George Gemistos 781–2, 783–4 and Europe 839 Book of Laws 781, 784 and Frederick III 349, 357 Pleydenwurﬀ, Wilhelm 294 and geography 184 Plunkett, Edward 507 and law 18, 85 poetry political writings 17 court 519 see also Pius II, Pope and humanism 262 Piccolomini, Antonio 580 Welsh 538, 539, 542, 543, 544 Pico, Giovanni, Oration 268–9, 270–1 Poggio, Gian Francesco Bracciolini, and Picquigny, Treaty of (1475) 411, 493, 542 humanism 24, 248, 249–50, 251, 255, 265, Piero della Francesca 315, plates 19 and 20 270 piety 212–19, 312–13, 832 Poland–Lithuania 727–47, 728 and Hus 374 administration 739, 740, 745 lay 143, 212–16, 569, 668 agriculture 114, 743 see also devotio moderna Angevin rule 729–30 Pikartism 384 and Bohemia 46, 353 pikes 48, 167 and the Church 16, 732, 743, 746 Pilavaine, Jacquemart 281 climate 729 pilgrimages culture 746–7 and exploration 181, 190 diplomacy 732, 738 and indulgences 212, 218 and Empire 344, 352, 353 in Ireland 508 extent 727, 737, 739 to Jerusalem 799, 809 Great Poland (Polonia Maior) 729, 730, 733, to Rome 578–9, 584 736, 741, 746 in Wales 541 and ‘Great War’ (1409–11) 3, 352, 364, 733 Piloti, Emmanuele 799 historiography 747 Piltown, battle of (1461) 506 and humanism 746–7 Pinturrichio, Bernardino 584 and Hungary 712, 720, 735 Life of Pius II 308 and Hussites 16, 734, 735 Pinzón, Vicente Yáñez 197, 198 and Jews 743–4, 745 Pirckheimer, Willibald 294 justice 741 Pirenne, Henri 134 Little Poland (Polonia Minor) 729–30, 735, Pisa 736, 741, 743, 746 and Florence 549, 550–1 monarchy: and estates 740–1; Lithuania 744–5; French capture 570 and nobility 729–30, 732–3, 735; and Pisa, Councils of succession 734–5 (1408–9) 65–8, 72, 77, 79, 86, 351, 376 nobility 98, 741–2: and culture 746; and Koˇsice (1511) 75–6, 86, 428 charter 730; and Lithuania 731–2, 744; and Pisan, Christine de 4, 22, 431 monarchy 47, 729–30, 732–3, 734, 735, 736, Livre des faits d’armes et de chevalerie 95 740–1; numbers 97, 742; and Privilege of Livre du corps de policie 105 Brest 734; and representation 33, 47 Pisanello, Antonio, portrait medallion 308, plate and Ottoman Empire 735–6, 739, 828 9 and Papacy 66, 67, 72, 73, 735, 736 Pisano, Lorenzo 269 peasantry 742–3, 744–5 Pius II, Pope (Aeneas Sylvius Piccolomini) plague outbreaks 727 and Church and state 418, 582 political system 5, 98, 739 and conciliarism 74, 75 population 111, 727–9, 742 and Congress of Mantua 75, 580, 839 and Prussia 44, 58, 364 and crusades 4, 94, 720, 810 and representation 33, 47, 60, 736, 739, 740–1, and Hussites 4, 388 742, 745 and Naples 567, 580–1 and revenues 730, 739 and Poland 737 and Royal Prussia 727, 737, 746 see also Piccolomini, Aeneas Sylvius and Scandinavia 679, 697

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Index 1035

schools and universities 233, 732, 746 increase 113, 160, 421, 834 and Teutonic Order 12, 58, 677, 679, 686, and nobility 100–1 730–2, 733–5, 736; and battle of Grunwald rural 106–13, 157, 571 3, 352, 364, 733 and trade 156–8, 160, 292, 547 Thirteen Years War 364, 737 urban 124, 125–7, 128–9, 131, 134, 158, 571 tithes 743 see also under individual states towns and cities 60, 729–30, 736, 740, 742, 745 Porcari, Stefano 579 and trade 729, 730, 742 Porto, Luigi da 173 see also Casimir III the Great; Casimir IV; portolan charts 150 Cracow; Lithuania; sejm;Wl-adysl-aw II portraiture 307–9, 406 Jagiel--lo; Wl-adysl-aw III Jagiel--lo ports, and trade 834 Pole, Edmund de la 492 Portugal 627–44, 628 Pole, William de la, earl of Suﬀolk 330, 464–5, absolutism 644 466, 468, 469–70, 475, 503 administration 636, 637 Polish language 747 and Castile 599, 614–15, 616, 635–6, 642 politics 3–28 and the Church 630, 632–3, 639, 642 and categories of power 4–6 climate 627 and history 25–8 consolidation 630, 636 and humanism 263–5, 268, 273–4 and Council of Pisa 66 and law 11, 17–21, 27–8 dynasticism 837 and literature 11, 21–5 and Empire 638 and nobility 98–9 and England 636, 638 and Papacy 65–76 and Europe 638 and political dialogue 6–8, 564 and expansion 627–9, 635, 636–7, 638, 640–1, and social structure 37, 61, 98–9 642–3 symbolism 8–9 exploration 177, 184, 194, 198, 830; Africa 187, systems 5, 34–6, 831–2; see also absolutism; 189, 190–1, 637, 641–3; Atlantic 182–3, 188, monarchy; republicanism 199–200, 630, 636–7, 640–1, 643; the and theology 7, 8, 11–17, 27–8 Azores 183, 185, 189, 193, 637 theory and practice 10–11 independence 629, 638 and universities 235–6, 746 ‘Indies Plan’ 630, 643 urban 124, 125, 128, 135–44 landownership 631–3 and war and peace 3–4, 48 and law 630–2, 640 see also authority; diplomacy; language, monarchy 629–31, 837; authority 637–8, 642; political; power; representation and landowners 633, 643; and nobility Poliziano, Angelo 233, 255, 260, 261, 265–6, 272 631–3, 637–8, 642, 643–4; and revenue 638; Giostra 317 seignorialism 640–2, 644 Pollaiuolo, Antico del 311 navy 643 Pollaiuolo, Antonio del nobility 93, 98, 629–30; and monarchy 631–3, Hercules and Antaeus 311, plate 15, 314 637–8, 642, 643–4 Labours of Hercules 314, 317 population 627, 834 Polo, Marco 182, 184 and represention 634, 640–1, 643 Polynesians, and exploration 175, 177 and taxation 631, 634, 636, 638 Pomerania tithes 641 and Empire 343 towns and cities 131, 627, 630–1, 633–4 and representation 44, 47, 60 see also Afonso V; Avis dynasty; Duarte; João I; and Teutonic Order 737 João II; Morocco Pomponazzi, Pietro 230 postal system, France 420 Ponce de León, Rodrigo 617–18 Pot, Philippe 10 Poncher, Etienne de 419 potestas absoluta/ordinata 12, 13, 16, 597 Pontano, Giovanni 247, 581 poverty Pontos and the Church 14–15, 374 and Byzantium 703, 789–90, 791, 794, 810 and nobility 91, 97, 101, 102–3, 109, 185 and trade 799 and peasantry 117, 372, 540, 568 Ponza, battle of (1435) 557, 576, 593 power population balance 200 demographic crisis 106–13, 115, 119–20, 199, categories 4–6 240, 369 concentration 5, 6, 7

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1036 Index

power (cont.) and education 239–40 divine 12–16, 18 and gentry 102 imperial 344–7 and nobility 90–1, 102–3 papal 11–12, 13, 16–17, 18, 77–8, 205 progress, royal 8–9 reciprocal 29–30 Prokop the Shaven 386–7 royal 12, 19, 30 propaganda see also authority; sovereignty papal 78 Power, Leonel 323 n. 10, 330 n. 30 political 10, 26, 138, 444, 456, 544, 552, 834, Poynings, Sir Edward 512–13 837 Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges (1438) 72, 73, 357, royal 517–18, 519, 637 418 property Prague and evangelical poverty 14–15 and architecture 124, 301 and law 18 as cultural capital 46, 128, 369, 381–2, 391 redistribution 382 and Hussite movement 376, 379–82, 383, 388 see also landholding; wealth and trade 145, 369, 379 prophecy, political 10, 361 University 16, 128, 221, 235, 376, 746 proportion preaching 206–9, 212, 218, 269 and art 314–15 Hussite 371–2, 374, 377, 390 and music 332–3 predestination, and divine power 13–14, 16, 374 protest, literature of 23, 139 Pˇribík of Klenová 385 Protestantism, Scandinavian 673–4, 685, 705–6 prices, agricultural 108–10, 113, 157, 369, 421, 612 Provence Prilutskii, Dmitrii 766 and Empire 341 primogeniture and French kingdom 412 and entailments 100, 526 population decline 107 and succession disputes 40, 362–3, 457, 526, and representation 51 752, 758 Prussia principalities and nobility 94, 105 Burgundian 434–5, 439, 450, 453 and representation 44, 47, 57–8, 60, 737 and de facto sovereignty 19 and Scandinavia 675, 677, 679, 687, 692 French 408, 409–14, 415, 419–20, 425, 427; see and Teutonic Knights 44, 344, 364, 679, 686, also Anjou; Armagnac; Bourbon; Burgundy; 727, 731, 734, 737 Lorraine; Orleanists; Savoy Prussian Union 344, 737 German: ecclesiastical 31, 38, 44, 350, 355, 357, Pskov 359, 361, 363–4, 365–6; secular 5, 346–9, history 765 355, 357, 359–60, 362–5 and Lithuania 751 Russian 764 and Moscow 748, 754, 757, 758 Swiss, ecclesiastical 648, 652 and Scandinavia 686 printing 287–98 trade 750, 751 centres 233–4, 288–9, 582, 693–4, 747, 835 Ptáˇcek, Hynek 389 and chivalry 95 Ptolemy (Claudius Ptolemaeus), Geography 182, impact on language 296, 340 184, 199, 791 impact on learning 144, 207, 226, 233–4, 240, Ptolemy of Lucca 24, 251, 263 295, 298, 833–4 Public Weal, War of the 99, 410, 412, 414, 450 impact on religious life 209, 212–13, 217 publishing houses 278, 280–1 impact on trade 148, 160, 288, 293–4 Pullois, Jean 325 and ink 290–1 Pupilla oculi 206 and manuscript production 278, 281, 294–6 purgatory 211–12, 215, 782 monopoly 836 and paper 279, 288, 291, 295 Quintilian (Marcus Fabius Quintilianus), and pilgrimage 809 Institutiones 255–6, 270, 276, 277 and population levels 292 Quirini, Giovanni 806 and type 289–91, 295 Priscian, Ianua 229, 259, 261 Radewijns, Florent 284 privateering 170, 185, 675, 688, 805 radicalism proctors 33, 43, 501 and Hussite movement 370–1, 372, 377–81, professions 391 development of 143–4 and Taborites 382–7, 734

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Index 1037

Raimondi, Cosma 262 and book production 284–5, 295, 298 Rammung, Matthias von 363 freedom of 46, 388, 743 Ranchicourt, Pierre de 330 and humanism 250, 626 Rangoni, Gabriel 722 see also bishops; Church; Church and state; Rapondi, Dino 433, 449 clergy; laity; Papacy; piety Ratingk, Amplonius 233 Renaissance Ratisbon, Congress of (1471) 75 and art 299–300 Ravenna, battle of (1512) 429 and Byzantium 781 Ravensburg, industry 131–2 expansion 269–77 reading see literacy and exploration 184 realism 85 Italian 138–9, 143, 243–69 in art 283, 300 and Middle Ages 244–7, 252, 256, 265, 272–3, and humanism 244–5 276–7, 299–300 and nominalism 12–17 see also humanism recession Renan, E. 244 and demographic crisis 106–10, 157, 547 René of Anjou and trade 150–1, 153, 156 and book production 283, 285 Redon, Treaty of (1489) 492 and Catalonia 600 reform, Church and Henry VI 468 and councils 65, 68–74, 76–7, 79, 83, 86, 352–3, and Lorraine 440, 454 427–8 and Naples 401, 576–7 and Empire 352–3, 357 rents in capite 205 ‘assize’ 115 in membris 205 ‘black’ 510–11 and laity 205, 240, 833 cash 109, 114, 371 and monasteries 288, 685 champart 109 and religious imagery 313 decline 109, 112 and scholarship 228, 231–2, 236–7 in kind 612 and secular authorities 86, 419, 836 representation 6–8, 29–64 see also Hus, Jan; Hussite movement and centralised states 30, 34, 367 reform, imperial 74, 340–1, 355–6, 361–3, 390 and communal interests 53–61 Reformacio Friderici 358–9 concepts and terminology 30–2 Reformation and conciliarism 30, 77–8, 81–2, 86 and appetite for the divine 219 development 61–4 and Church and state 16 and monarchy 34–5, 82; imperial 347–9; and humanism 250 recognition 38–47; support for 48–53, 61, and impact of printing 834 832 see also Calvin, John; Hus, Jan; Hussite and nobility 7, 33, 38, 44–6, 52, 56–8, 62, 104, movement; Luther, Martin; Wyclif, John 365 Reformation of Emperor Sigismund (Reformatio and political system 20, 34–6, 831–2; analytical Sigismundi) 74, 361 framework 36–8 regency, powers of 45 and representatives and constituencies 32–4 regions and towns and cities 124, 136, 379 Burgundian 435 see also Church; conciliarism; estates; estates English 473–4, 484–5 general; nobility; parliament; peasants French 31, 32, 36, 51, 403–4, 407, 420–1 republicanism Muscovite 762, 765, 770 and humanism 24, 138, 245, 263–4, 274, 305 see also state, regional noble 5, 98 Reichstag, German and oligarchy 552–3, 560–1, 567–8 and diplomacy 85 see also Florence; Swiss Confederation and monarchy 345–6, 348–51 Resende, Garcia di 643 and Papacy 72–4 resistance, right of 44, 52 and political thought 10 respublica 839, 840 and representation 29, 31, 32, 61 Reuchlin, Johann 270–1 Reinhart, Johann 292 Revolutionary of the Upper Rhine, Booklet of One religion Hundred Chapters 361 and art 213–14, 303–4, 312–13 rhetoric belief and practice 205–19 in education 227, 232–3

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1038 Index

rhetoric (cont.) Rood, Theoderic 293 and humanism 24, 247–8, 251, 252–3, 255–7, rosary 212, 214 265, 268, 269, 564 Roselli, Antonio, Monarchia 17–18 and language 28, 426–7 Rosselli, Cosimo 584 Rhodes Rossi, Roberto 275 culture 810 Rouserge, Bernard de, Miranda de laudibus Francie earthquake 806 19 government 807–8 Roussillon, and Spain 412, 413, 419, 599, 602 and Knights Hospitaller 796, 800–1, 804–5, routes 807, 811, 827 exploration 175–80, 188–201 and Ottoman Empire 810–11, 814–15 trade 145–8, 153, 156, 179–80, 199 Rhys ap Thomas 544–6 Roxburgh, siege of (1460) 519 Riario, Girolamo 582, 583 Rucellai, Giovanni 142 Riario, Raﬀaello 583 Rud, Otte 697 Riccio, Andrea 311 Rudolf of Habsburg, and representation 45, 50, Richard, Brother 208 52, 58 Richard, duke of York see York, Richard, duke of Ruﬀo, Marco 767 Richard II of England Rufus, Mutianus 270 deposition of 47, 457, 458, 474, 477, 484 Rumelia 781, 813–14, 815–18, 820–1 and Ireland 496, 498, 499, 501, 509 Rupert of Bavaria, and Papacy 66 Richard III of England Rupert of the Palatinate 264 as duke of Gloucester 482, 484, 535–6 as anti-king 345, 348, 350 and Edward V 486–7, 489, 543 and Dietrich of Moers 363, 365 and Henry Tudor 487–8, 490–1, 493, 544 and League of Marbach 351 and Ireland 507, 511 and Milan 342–3, 350 and prerogative 494 and Sigismund 352 and rebellion 486–7 Rus’ Rickel, Denis 83–4 and art 747 Riemenschneider, Tilman 302 and the Church 764 rights, communal 33, 34 climate 757 Rinuccini, Alamanno 247, 252, 267–8 and Lithuania 731, 737, 738, 747, 765 ritual, and political symbolism 8–9, 10 and Moscow 748, 753, 764–5, 768–9, 770 rivers, and transport 148, 170, 553, 757 and Poland 727, 729–30, 743 Rizzo, S. 254, 255 sources 750 roads 148–9, 181, 553 and Tatars 756 Robert II of Scotland 516, 524 and trade 751 Robert III of Scotland 514 see also Kiev; Moscow; Russia Robin of Redesdale 480 Russia 748–70, 749 Rohan, Pierre de 425 expansion 738 Rojas, Fernano de, Celestina 625 extent 748 Rokycana, John 388, 389 historiography 764–5, 768–70 Rolandino of Padua 263 and Lithuania 696, 731, 734, 737, 739 Rolin, Antoine, lord of Aymeries 443 and Scandinavia 696–8, 701, 704 Rolin, Nicolas 304, 397, 435, 439, 443, 444 sources 748–50 Romana, Francesca 217 and trade 696 Romania, and Ottoman Empire 814 see also Moscow; Rus’ Rome rutters (routiers) 150 art and architecture 75, 584 Rylo, Vassian 756 and Byzantium 774 historiography 26 sacraments, decline in importance 832 immigration to 571–2 Sahara, routes 190–2 and Papacy 74–5, 127, 574, 575, 578–9, 582 St Albans and representation 42 battle of (1455) 471, 473–4, 504 extent 125, 127, 572 battle of (1461) 474 University 572, 582 St Andrews University 221 n. 4, 234, 530 see also Vatican Saint-Aubin-du-Cormier, battle of (1488) Rome, Council of (1412) 66, 67 412–13 Roncaglia, Diet of (1158) 19 Saint-Omer, Treaty of (1469) 452

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Index 1039

saints, cults of 215, 515, 765–6, 768, 833 see also Denmark; Finland; Iceland; Norway; Sala, Pere Joan 601 Sweden Salic Law 427 Scarbimiria, Stanislaw de 746 Sallust (Gaius Sallustius Crispus), inﬂuence 257, Schedel, Hartmann, Nuremberg Chronicle 294 263 schism see Great Schism Salonica (Thessalonica) 776–9, 815 Schleswig and the Church 777–8 and Empire 344 Ottoman conquest 777–9, 813, 817, 823 and Protestantism 705 politics 776–7 and Scandinavian crown 674, 677, 679–80, 684, population 779, 788, 794 694 Venetian conquest 778, 801, 823 Schlick, Kaspar 258, 355–6 salt mines 710, 717 Schoeﬀer, Peter 289, 290, 292, 297 Salutati, Coluccio 24, 25, 138, 247–8, 263–4, Scholarios, George see Gennadios II Scholarios 267–8, 275–6 scholarship Sánchez, Garci 606 expansion of 27, 206, 689 Sanchez de Arevalo, Rodrigo, and Papacy and and humanism 246–7, 251, 262, 263, 267, 269, councils 73, 78 272–4 Sancho, son of Alfonso X of Castile–León 40 and impact of printing 298, 833–4 Sandaeus, Felinus 78 scholasticism 229–30, 233, 777 Sangorgio, Giovanni Antonio 78–9 and Papacy 13, 17, 77 Sanguin, Guillaume 433 in Spain 626 Santiago, Order of 595, 613–14, 615, 633 Schongauer, Martin 304 Sanudo, Marino 181 schools 220–42 Sardinia ecclesiastical 225, 234, 541, 746 and Aragon 50, 574, 588, 595, 603 growth and change 225–8, 365, 833, 836 and demographic crisis 112 and humanism 260–2, 271 Sarmiento, Pero 623–4 as musical establishments 325 Sarukhan, emirate 812 pupils 226 Sauchieburn, battle of (1488) 523, 524 and reform 232, 234 Saulx, Jean de, lord of Courtivron 435 social role 238–42 Savona, Lorenzo Traversagni di 233 see also education; grammar schools; teachers Savonarola, Girolamo 86, 208, 313 Scolari, Pipo 710 Savonarola, Michele 92 Scotism, and humanism 230, 267 Savoy Scotland 514–31, 497 court 329–30, 838 centre and periphery 520–3, 527 and Empire 341, 648, 653, 663 and community of the realm 529 expansion 137 court culture 518–19 and Milan 556, 557, 566, 665 and Edward IV 477, 485 organisation 5, 562 and Europe 529–31 and Papacy 66, 72 factions 514, 525, 526 and Swiss Confederation 648, 652, 658, 661, and France 395 663 and Henry VII 488, 491 Saxony, organisation 5, 362, 364, 365 ‘Highland problem’ 521 Scala, Bartolomeo della, and history 26, 258 historiography 515–17 Scandinavia 671–706, 672 institutions of government 525–6 administration 693 justice 518, 521–5, 527–8 and Church 676–7, 681, 685, 688–90, 691–2, and Lancastrian dynasty 461, 477 700, 702–3, 705–6 monarchy 4, 517–21, 838; and justice 522, education 693 523–4, 525; marriage alliances 529–30; and nobility 97, 681–2, 693, 699 minorities 4, 514, 526–7; overthrow of political system 5 individuals 514, 524–5; and succession population 674 526–7, 529 and representation 31 navy 519 and revenues 678, 685, 689, 695 nobility 93, 105; and extinction 100; tithes 685, 700 maintenance and manrent bonds 527–8; towns 128, 694 and national identity 516–17; as proportion triple monarchy 674–87, 693, 706 of population 97, 98 Union Charter 676, 682–5, 688 and Papacy 66, 67–8, 530

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1040 Index

Scotland (cont.) extent 125, 131, 611 and political theory 524–5 and trade 160, 186, 612 and Scandinavia 529–30, 693, 694 and urban unrest 622 schools and universities 221 n. 4, 224–5, 234, Seyssel, Claude de 417, 419 365, 530 Sforza, Ascanio 586 stability 529 Sforza, Francesco and taxation 525, 528 and balance of power 565, 566, 567 towns 128 and Filippo Maria Visconti 556–7 Wars of Independence 50, 458, 515–16, 526 and Milanese politics 137, 558, 559, 561–2, see also feud; James I; James II; James III; 568, 578–9 James IV; James VI and I; Robert II; Robert and Papacy 574, 575 III Sforza, Giangaleazzo 309, 568, 569 script, reform 253–4, 283–4 Sforza, Giovanni 577 Scudamore, Sir John 533 Sforza, Ludovico 428, 569, 584, 586 sculpture Sforza, Muzio Attedolo 556, 573 Burgundian 444 Sforza dynasty 27, 310, 325, 551, 566, 663 French 426 Sherwood, William, bishop of Meath 507 Italian 307, 309–10, 317 Shahrukh, successor to Timur 823 northern European 301–2, 313 shipbuilding sea-books 150 in China 180 Second Cities’ War (1448–53) 360 in Italy 130, 572 Secretum Secretorum 21, 22 in Java 177 Segeberg, agreement of (1507) 697 in Ottoman Empire 828 Segovia, Edict of (1475) 601, 604 and war 170, 172 Segovia, Peace of (1411) 636 shipping seignorialism Dutch 133 Hungary 717 English 149–50 Portugal 640–2, 644 and exploration 187, 190, 198 Scandinavia 681 and trade 145, 148–9, 154 sejm Sicily Lithuanian 745 agriculture 114, 118 Polish 29, 741, 742 and Aragon 42, 50, 576, 594, 595, 599 Selim I, Sultan 793, 794, 829 diet 108 Semblançay, Jacques de Beaune 424, 425 and nobility 92, 105 seminaries 206 population 111 Sempach, battle of (1386) 649, 655 and representation 42–3, 47 Sempacherbrief 649–50, 660 siege warfare 168–9 Senlis, Treaty of (1493) 342, 413, 455 Siemowit III of Mazovia 730 Sentence of Celada (1497) 601 Siena Register 710–11, 724 Sentence of Guadalupe (1486) 601 Sigismund, Archduke 342, 356, 372 Serbia Sigismund, king of the Romans 216, 325 and Hungary 707, 715, 716, 719, 821 and army 163 and Ottoman Empire 356, 710, 771, 786, 790, and Burgundy 353–4, 440 792, 814, 820, 821, 823, 826 court culture 713 and Salonica 776 and electors 347–8, 354 and Venice 159 and Frederick IV of Austria 353, 355, 650 serfs 118, 119, 744–5 and Frisia 344, 680 abolition 361, 447, 601 and imperial knights 347, 352, 355 and legal disputes 598 as king of Bohemia 216, 346, 352–4, 363–7, and population changes 109, 111, 116, 447 372, 377–87, 651 and representation 61 as king of Hungary 346, 352, 709, 710, 711–14, Sergii of Radonezh 766 715, 815–16, 819, 823 sermons and Ottoman Empire 343, 351–2, 710–11, impact 207–9, 212, 215, 312 814–16, 819, 823 political 10 and Papacy 388, 573; Council of Basle 70–1; Seville Council of Constance 4, 66–9, 86, 352–3, Casa de la Contratación 131 573

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Index 1041

and Poland–Lithuania 353, 730, 734, 735, 745, collective, in Church 77, 80 751–2, 819 de jure/de facto 19 and revenues 357–8, 712–13 and inalienability 18–19, 55 and Scandinavia 679, 680 national 391 and sovereignty 354–5 papal 82, 83 and succession 388–9, 713–14 popular 10–11, 77, 83, 367, 375, 385, 391, 657 and Swiss Confederation 342, 650–1 Spain and Teutonic Order 352, 733 agriculture 112, 114, 119, 154, 157 Sigismund, son of Kestutis 735 architecture 301 Sigismund, son of Koributas 734 army 164, 167 Silesia and book production 285, 293 and Bohemia 343, 387, 390, 734 colonisation of New World 197 and Hungary 720 and conquest of Granada 4–5, 162, 164, 171 and Poland 734, 735, 737, 738, 746 and England 492–3 Silva, Pedro de 608 and France 412, 413, 581, 599 silver and humanism 224, 272, 626 bullion shortages 158–9, 160, 609–10 and Italy 566, 574–87 mining 35, 132, 153, 159, 369, 712, 823 judicial institutions 6 Simnel, Lambert 490–1, 511, 512 and military chivalry 92 Simonetta, Cicco 561 national history 25–6 sin, and predestination 13–15 navy 170 Sixtus IV,Pope (Francesco della Rovere) 567, and nobility 98, 100, 103, 104 569, 582–4 plague outbreaks 111, 157, 609 Skanderbeg (George Castriotes) 810, 821, 826 and representation 39 Skelton, John 519 rural industry 113 slavery and Thomism 625–6 and exploration 186, 188, 192 towns and cities 125, 131, 136 Moscow 759 and trade 149 Poland–Lithuania 744–5 universities 220, 221 n. 4, 224–5, 234 Slavonia, and Hungary 711, 724 see also Aragon; Castile; León; Navarre slazchta, Polish 98 Spaventa, Bertrando 245 Sluter, Claus 301, 444 speeches, political 10 Smil, John, of Kˇremˇz 385 spice trade 148, 188, 199, 595, 798–800, 811 Smith, Adam 200, 382 Spira, Johannes de 292, 293, 835 society Spira, Vindelinus de 292 civil 425, 426–30 Spytko of Melsztyn 735 hierarchy in 380, 384 Staﬀord, Humphrey 481–2 organic view 77 Staﬀord, Humphrey, of Grafton 490 political 7, 8–9, 11, 424–5, 426, 476, 525, 745 Stände, German 31, 34 urban 139–41 Standonck, Jan 228, 419 see also clergy; nobility; peasants; serfs Stanley, Sir John 500–1, 544 Sokol, Nicholas, of Lamberk 385 Stanley, Sir Thomas 535 Solari, Pietro-Antonio 767 Stanley, William 491, 544–5 soldiers 164–6, 173 Stans, Compact of (1481) 647, 660, 662, 666 footsoldiers 166, 167 Staple Company 127–8, 151–2, 153 see also army; mercenaries state Somerset, Charles 546 and absolutism 83, 644 ‘Somme towns’ 439, 450 centralised 154, 835–6; in Aragon 594, 604;in Somnium Viridarii (Songe du Verger) 12–13 Bohemia 367, 382; in Burgundy 451, 455;in song, secular 327–8 England 494–5; in France 135, 407; in the Sophia of Holszany 734, 735 Italian city-states 137, 549–50, 562, 570;in Sophia Palaiologa 769, 775 Moscow 762–5; and Ottoman Empire 829; sorcery 218 in Portugal 630, 637–8, 640–1, 643–4; and Southworth, J. 319 representation 30, 34–6, 64; in the Swiss sovereignty Confederation 658–9, 662; and warfare 163, aristocratic 709 172 in city-states 24 and citizens 12

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1042 Index

state (cont.) Summis desiderantes (papal bull) 218 and communalism 654, 655 Surienne, François de 401 and costs of war 171 Suzdal’, and Moscow 748, 752, 754, 757, 763, 766, decentralised 407, 419–21, 520–3, 527–8, 594 769 and exploration 200 Sˇvitrigaila, grand duke of Lithuania 734–5, 752 extended 5, 559–60 Swabia, and Empire 136, 346–7, 351, 353, 354–5, and fiscal system 5, 6 359, 366 ‘modern’ 4–5, 6, 11, 28, 64; development of Swabian League 359, 649, 655, 664 647–8, 835–9; and representation 30; and Swayne, John, archbishop of Armagh 499, 502 social control 658; and state churches 86; Sweden and warfare 48 agriculture 673 monarchical 34–5, 407, 409–21 and the Church 677, 681, 688–90, 691–2, regional 5, 36, 54–5, 549, 553 702–3 and rural society 118–19 climatic change 671 territorial 5–6, 34–5, 36, 59, 559 domestic policies 676 and trade 153–4 education 693 utopian 361 monarchy 674, 675–7, 681–5, 687–92, 694–7, see also Church and state; city-state; monarchy; 699, 701–2, 704–6; and representation 46–7 seignorialism nobility 681–2, 689–92, 703 Stefan Urosh IV Dushan 776, 777 Oxenstierna–Vasa faction 689–91 Steno, Michele 553 peasantry 47, 689–90, 696, 700, 702, 706 Stephan Lazarević of Serbia 710, 823 plague outbreaks 673, 697 Stephen of Moldavia 739 population 107, 113, 673 Stewart, Sir David 516 and representation 34, 46–7, 694, 706 Stewart dynasty 514, 516–24 and revenue 685, 688 and overthrow of individuals 514, 524–5 revolts 681–2, 703 Stockholm and Schleswig war 680–1 development 128 and Stockholm massacre 703 massacre (Blodbad) 703 and taxation 142, 689 and Swedish monarchy 675, 677 towns 128, 694 Stoke, battle of (1487) 488, 490–1, 492, 511 and trade 673, 681, 691, 696–8, 701, 704 Stoss, Veit 302 union of crowns 674–6, 677, 682–90, 693, The Annunciation plate 1 694–701, 706 Cracow altarpiece 313, plate 17 see also Denmark; Finland; Hanseatic League; Strabo, Geography 184 Norway; Scandinavia Strata, Filippo de 295 Sweynhaim, Conrad 292 Strohm, R. 326 n. 19 Swiss Confederation 645–70, 646 Strozzi, Palla 275 agriculture 652, 653, 659, 667 Stuart, Bérault, Traité sur l’art de la guerre 173, 174 army 167, 171, 649, 687 studia generalia 206, 220–4, 235–8 and book production 292–3 studia humanitatis and Charles the Bold 3, 411, 454–5, 659, 663–4 development 227, 232 consolidation of 648, 651–3, 656–60 and history 23, 26, 257 and economy 653, 659 and humanism 247–9, 252, 265, 270, 305 and Empire 342, 353, 645, 648–51, 652, 670 and moral philosophy 262 extent 645–7, 652, 663 and philosophy 267–9 historiography 668–9 Sture, Nils 690 independence 5, 342 Sture, Sten 690, 691–2, 696–7 integration and conflict 660–3, 667 succession and mercenaries 652, 661, 663–8, 670 disputes 39–47, 61, 389, 588–91, 752 military service 658 and dynasticism 837 nobility 648, 650, 651–2, 654–5, 667 and fratricide 814 and Papacy 72 Suffolk, earl of see Pole, William de, earl of peasantry 59, 649–50, 655–6, 659, 668–9 Suffolk and Perpetual Accord (Ewige Richtung) (1474) Süleyman, son of Bayazid I 3, 814–17 342, 650, 663–4 Süleyman I, ‘the Magnificent’, Sultan 726, 793, political system 654, 656–8, 667–70, 831 794–5 population 659

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Index 1043

and representation 31, 59–60, 136, 366, 656–8, technology 660 and agriculutre 117 republicanism 657, 667 and exploration 175–7, 196, 200 rural communes 645, 653–6, 657–70 in Germany 132 and state formation 667–70 and mining 159 and taxation 658, 659 and trade 148, 153 Three Leagues 647, 656 and warfare 168–9 towns and cities 59, 649, 652–4, 656–60, 661–2 see also printing and trade 653, 661, 667 Teles, Fernão 194 unrest 659–60, 666 Tell, William 668 Swiss (Swabian) War (1499) 342, 664 Templars, dissolution 51 symbolism tenure and painting 318 changes 109, 115, 609 political 8–9, 396, 429, 765–6, 769–70 conditional 754, 760 Symeon, archbishop of Salonica 778, 779 hereditary 631–2 Symeon ‘of Trebizond’ 792–3 see also landholding Symonds, J.A. 244 Terracina, Peace of (1443) 577 Szapolyai, John 725, 726 Terrevermeille, Jean de 19 Székeky-Dózsa, George 725 Teutonic Order Szilágyi, Michael 717, 718 and Empire 344, 352, 364, 733 and Poland–Lithuania 12, 58, 677, 679, 686, Taborites 371, 377, 380, 382–7, 391, 734 727, 730–2, 733–5, 736, 752; battle of taille (tax) 51, 52, 399, 403, 417, 423 Grunwald 3, 352, 364, 733 Taine, H. 244 and privateers 675, 688 Talbot, John, Lord Furnival, earl of Shrewsbury Prussian opposition to 737 402, 464–5, 500, 501 and representation 35, 44, 57–8 ‘Tale of the Princes of Vladimir’ 769 and revenues 35 Tamerlane (Timur) and Scandinavia 675, 677, 679, 682, 686, 688, and alliance against Islam 618 696 defeat of Ottoman Empire 3, 771–4, 778, 785, see also Danzig; Estonia; Livonia 800–1, 812–13, 818 Tewkesbury, battle of (1471) 483, 543 and Great Horde 750 textile industry Tannenberg see Grunwald in Bohemia 369 Tatars in Florence 126, 547–9, 559 and Ottoman Empire 828 in the Low Countries 448 and Poland–Lithuania 730, 731, 732, 738–9, in Naples 581 745 and population levels 126–7 and Russia 750–2 and trade 148–9, 152, 156, 157, 160, 190, 448 see also Kipchak khanate and urban development 129 Tavernier, Jean 280 in Wales 540 taxation Thénaud, Jean 430 and cities 56–9 Theobald of Siena, Regule 259 collectors of 23, 611 Theodore II Palaiologos 93, 781 and consent 6, 20, 51–3, 55, 56, 60 Theodore III Palaiologos 784 and Empire 340, 349, 354, 358, 362, 365, 369 theology indirect 50, 52, 64, 436; see also aides; fouage; and conciliarism 76 gabelle and consensus 17, 80–1, 86 of Jews 358 and humanism 267–8, 271 and monarchy 62, 64, 399, 423 and Latin Church 81 papal 65, 68–9, 71, 74, 152 and law 17–18, 20–1 and peasants 115–16, 118, 417, 761–2 and mendicant orders 238–9 reform of 417 and politics 7, 8, 11–17, 27–8 on sales 611 and Roman Orthodox Church 777, 789 and warfare 50–1, 53, 159, 171, 399, 407, 528, and universities 13–15, 67, 83, 224, 229–31, 836 233, 746 teachers 225–6, 237–8, 240, 261 Thessalonica see Salonica technician, status 835 Thibault IX, lord of Neufchâtel 442

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1044 Index

Thirteen Years War 364, 737 effects of war 159–60, 422, 834 Thode, H. 244 and exploration 175, 181, 185–6, 188 Thoisy, Jean de, bishop of Tournai 435 export 448, 540, 611–12, 695, 780 Thomas Palaiologos 802 and infrastructure 153–5, 156 Thomism see scholasticism and mercantile organisation 150–3, 423–4 Thorn (Toruń) and nobility 90, 101–2, 155 First Peace of (1411) 352 and role of government 423, 836 Second Peace of (1466) 344, 364, 737 routes and commodities 145–8, 153, 156, 707, Thott, Axel Pedersøn 690–1 751 Thuringia, and princely revenues 35 and social status 155, 424, 447, 832 Tifernate, Gregorio 271 south Asia 179 Tifernate, Lilio 233 and transport 148–50, 153 Tignosi, Niccolò 269 and urban development 129, 130–1, 133–4 Timur see Tamerlane and urban representation 35, 37, 54, 59–61, Tiptoft, John, earl of Worcester 20, 270, 459, 460, 63 464, 507 and war 161–2, 568 tithes see also Baltic trade; banking; customs duties; and demographic crisis 109 fairs; Hanseatic League; Levant; luxury see also under individual countries goods; shipping; wine trade Toffanin, G. 245 tradition, and representation 37–8, 45, 47, 373 Toggenburg Inheritance, War 661–2 transhumance Toledo, rebellion 623–4 in France 107–8, 114 Toledo, Fernán Diáz de 623 in Italy 114 Torda Union (1438) 713 in the Morea 780 Tordesillas, Treaty of (1494) 643 and Papacy 578 Toros de Guisando Agreement (1468) 616 in Spain 112, 154, 157, 609, 611 Torquemada, Juan de, and Papacy and councils transport 76, 78–9, 82, 83 riverine 148, 170, 553, 757 Torun ´ see Thorn and trade 148–50, 153 Toscanelli, Paolo del Pozzo 194 see also roads; shipping Toscanelli, Pietro Paolo 182 Transylvania 711, 713, 715, 717, 721, 725, 726 tournaments, and nobility 100 salt mines 710 Tours, peace conference (1444) 400, 401, 468 travel towns 121–44, 122‒3 and elites 564 as administrative centres 127, 135, 420 literature 26, 183–4, 200 and agriculture 114–15, 118 and representation 36–7 and churches 142–3 Traversagni, Lorenzo 272 cultural role 834–5 Traversari, Ambrogio 247, 281 decline and recovery 125–35 Trˇcka, Nicholas, of Lípa 382 and demographic crisis 124 treason garrisons in 127 in England 468–70, 473, 483, 484, 491, 503–5, and political authority 6, 7, 135–44, 834 546 and religious life 207, 219 in France 403, 406, 409, 416, 425 and representation 33–5, 39–41, 56–8, 60–1, in Hungary 718 63, 366, 381–2, 410, 420 in Ireland 507, 512–13 and universities 240 in Scandinavia 679, 701 see also cities; industry; ports; textile industry; Trebizond trade; urbanisation; and under individual Ottoman rule 786, 788, 789, 790–4, 810, 826 countries and Roman Orthodox Church 783 Towton, battle of (1461) 475, 477, 481, 506, 511 trade 799 Tractatus de regimine principum ad regem Henricum Trent, Council of, and seminary education 206 sextum 21 Treviso, Ludovico da 577 trade 145–60, 146–7 Trieaudet, Jehan 809 and agriculture 113–14 Trithemius, Johannes, De laude scriptorum 291 in books 148, 160, 278, 281, 284, 288, 291, Trivulzio, Gian Giacomo 568 293–6 Trolle, Gustav, archbishop of Uppsala 700–1, as cause of war 161–2, 170 702, 703 and change 155–60 Tron, Niccolò 805

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Index 1045

Troyes, Treaty of (1420) 394, 397, 438, 457, Utraquists see Hussite movement 462–6, 474, 475 Uzun-Hasan, lord of the Akkoyunlu 826 Tsamblak, Grigorii 764 Tübingen, Treaty of (1514) 365 Vaclav of Bohemia 733 Tuddenham, Thomas 468 Vagad, Gauberte Fabricio de 594 n. 9 Tudeschis, Nicholas de (Panormitanus) 230 Valdemar IV of Denmark 687 and Papacy and councils 18, 76, 78 Valencia Tudor, Edmund 487, 542, 543 agriculture 115 Tudor, Henry see Henry VII of England and Aragonese monarchy 588, 590, 597, 599, Tudor, Jasper 483, 542–4 604 Tudor settlement 475–6 and national identity 594 Tunstall, Sir Richard 483 and representation 35, 41, 54, 592–3 Tura, Cosima 314, 317 extent of 125 Turell, Gabriel, Recort historial 597 and trade 131, 159, 603 Turin–Milan Hours 283 Valera, Diego de, Espejo de verdadera nobleza 90–1, Tursun Beg 825, 826 95 Tver’ Valerius Maximus, inﬂuence 22 history 765 Valla, Lorenzo 15, 231, 251, 254, 261, 262, 266–7 and Moscow 748, 752, 753–4, 756, 758, 762 Adnotationes in Novum Testamentum 250 saints and heroes 765–6 Collatio Novi Testamenti 250 social structure 759 De libero arbitrio 250 tyrannicide 12, 21, 68, 437, 839 De vero falsoque bono 250 Elegantiae 255 Uccello, Paolo 155 Historia de Ferdinando Aragoniae rege 27 Battle of San Romano 167, 310 Valois dynasty Ullman, B.L. 248 and Burgundy 404, 837 Ulrich of Roˇzmberk 389 and Habsburgs 343 Ulrich of Württemberg 365 and Lancastrian monarchy 392–403, 438, Unam sanctam (papal bull) 11 465–6 Ungut, Mainhart 293 see also Charles VI of France; Charles VII of universities 220–42, 222–3 France and authorities 234–6 Valturio, Roberto, De re militari 173 and book trade 281, 292, 297 van der Goes, Hugo, Portinari Triptych 304 and conciliarism 67, 70–1, 73, 76, 83 van der Weyden, Rogier 155, 283, 302, 303–4, criticisms of 230–1 307–8, 310, 444 curricula of 23, 26, 228–9, 236 Last Judgement 304, 444, plate 4 and diplomacy 85 Prado Deposition 304 growth and change in 206, 220–5, 227, 235, van Eyck, Hubert 283, 303 240–1, 365, 833, 836 van Eyck, Hubert and Jan and humanism 271, 272, 582 The Adoration of the Lamb 303, plate 3 and nominalism 205, 236 Ghent altarpiece 313 and popular religion 218 van Eyck, Jan 283, 302–3, 307–8, 444 and printing 233–4 The Virgin of Chancellor Rolin 303, plate 2, 444 reform of 231–2, 236–8 van Kempen, Jan 285 social and cultural role of 224, 238–42 van Lingen, Egbert 285 students in 236–8, 241–2 van Trier, Jakob 285 and theology 13–15, 67, 83, 224 van Weerbeke, Gaspar 325 and urban development 128, 240 Varie, Simon de 405, 406 see also education; intellectuals; Oxford; Paris; Varna, Ottoman victory (1444) 162, 715, 736, 783, scholarship; studia generalia; teachers 801, 824 Urban VI, Pope (Bartholomeus Prignanus), and Vasari, Giorgio 300, 302, 312–13, 317 Council of Pisa 65–6 Vasilii I Dmitrievich of Moscow urbanisation and Byzantium 771 and demographic crisis 125 and Vytautas of Lithuania 751 and markets 113–15 Vasilii II of Moscow 751, 752–3, 768, 783 and representation 54, 61, 64 and peasant mobility 763 see also towns Vasilii III of Moscow Urgel, Jaume, count of 588, 590, 599 and boyars 763

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Vasilii III of Moscow (cont.) in worship 379, 387 and centralisation 764 see also Bible and landholding 762 Verneuil, battle of (1424) 395, 464, 528 Vasilii Iaroslavich of Borovsk 573 Verntallat, Francesc 601 Vasilii Kosoi 752 Verona Vatican French capture 570 as centre of Church 579 and Venice 550, 553–4 library 582 Veronese, Gaspare 255 Sistine Chapel 584 Vesconte, Pietro 181 Vaughan, R. 663 Vespasiano di Bisticci 281, 282, 295 Veckinchusen company 152 Lives 307–8, 311 Vegetius, De re militari 161, 163 n. 7, 172, 174, 445 Vespucci, Amerigo 185, 197, 198 venality, France 417 Vicenza, and Venice 550 Vener, Job 361 Vienna, Concordat of (1448) 357 Venice 5, 553–5 Vilafranca Agreement (1461) 599–600 administration 554 Villari, P. 244 army 163, 165, 167, 168, 171 Villedieu, Alexandre de, Doctrinale 229, 260–1 and art and architecture 306, 314 virtue and book production 293–4, 295, 296 civic 92, 310 Council of Ten 563, 568 and humanist education 275–7 and Dalmatia 707, 710, 816 and nobility 22–3 defence of 551 princely 22, 25, 417 development 124, 129, 137 Visconti, Bianca Maria 556–7 and economy 547–9, 554 Visconti, Filippo Maria 25, 93–4, 550, 555–7, 576, and education 227, 237 578 and the Empire 343, 352, 566 Visconti, Giangaleazzo 138, 550 expansion of 137, 159, 162–3, 549–51, 553–4, and de facto sovereignty 19 556, 558, 566 defeat of 350 expenditure and resources of 551 and Florence 24, 264, 305 galleys 149 and humanism 24 Great Council 554–5, 563 Visconti, Giovanni Maria 550 and Milan 137, 556, 557–9, 665 Vitalienbrüder 675 and Naples 578, 579, 581, 583–6 Vitelleschi, Giovanni 575, 576–7 and nobility 92, 102, 105, 554, 563 Vitelli, Cornelio 272 and Ottoman Empire 129, 558, 715, 719–20, Vitelli, Niccolò 567 736, 816–17, 826; defeat 24, 814–15, 819;in Vitéz, John 717, 718, 721–2, 723 Levant 553, 565, 801–2, 814–15, 823, 828–9; Vitruvius Pollio, Marcus 314 and threat to trade 565–7 Vivaldi brothers 185, 189 and Papacy 66, 557, 567, 582, 586 Vives, Juan Luis 626 and political symbolism 9 Vlad of Wallachia 719 political system in 139, 553, 554–5, 562–3, 568, Vladimiri, Paulus 12, 734 831 Vladislav I of Bohemia population of 125 and Hussites 388 and printing 835 and Mátyás Corvinus 46, 382, 390, 720, 724, republicanism in 24–5 738 and Roman Orthodox 776, 778 and Maximilian 343 social structure of 554–5 Vladislav II of Bohemia 390 and trade 130, 145, 149, 151, 158–60, 162, 549; see also under Wladislas II of Hungary Levantine 156, 160, 553, 798–9 Vlora dynasty 781, 785 and war 162–3, 167, 811, 828 Vordingborg, Treaty of (1432) 680 see also elites; oligarchy Vorniken, William 285 Vérard, Antoine 295–6 Vrelant, William 280 Vergerio, Pier Paolo 713 Vˇreˇst’ovsk´y, Aleˇs 381 De ingenuis moribus 276 Vytautas (Vitold) of Lithuania De republica veneta 24–5, 227 and Jews 745 vernacular and Lithuanian borders 736, 751 in education 261–2, 387 and Moscow 734, 751, 765 literature 10, 23, 27–8, 282, 289, 296, 836–7 and nobility 744

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Index 1047

and Sigismund 353, 734, 751–2, 819 see also army, professional; mercenaries; navies; and Wl-adyslaw II Jagiel--lo 732–3, 734–5 soldiers Warbeck, Perkin 491–3, 512, 545 wage levels Wars of the Roses 458, 473–6, 477–92, 504 and population decline 108, 110, 158 and Wales 535, 542–4 and population increase 113, 422 Warwick, earl of see Beauchamp, Richard, earl of Wakefield, battle of (1460) 474, 506 Warwick; Edward, earl of Warwick Waldensians 216, 218, 369–70 Warwick, earl of see Neville, Richard, earl of Waldmann, Hans 659, 668 Warwick Wales 532–46, 497 Waterton, Hugh 459 administration 534–5, 536, 545 Wauquelin, Jean 281, 282–3, 445 agriculture 540 wealth and bondmen 539, 546 ecclesiastical 14–15, 374 and church-building 540, 541 and Hus 374 culture 538–9 mercantile 155 and Edward IV 477, 534, 535–6, 545 urban, inequalities 139–40, 275, 553, 560, 568 gentry 537–41 weaponry see artillery; crossbows; firearms; pikes and Henry V 533–4 Weinsberg, Konrad von 354–5 and Henry VI 532, 534–5, 536–7 Wemyss, Sir John 516 and Henry VII 543–6 Wenceslas IV,Emperor 345, 350, 352 justice 537 and centralisation 367 marcher lordships 533–5, 536–7, 540, 542, and Council of Pisa 66, 351, 376 545–6 deposition of 348, 369 and military service 541–2 and Hussite movement 376–7 penal statutes 533 and nobility 372–3 plague outbreaks 539 and representation 46, 376 public order 536–7 and Swiss Confederation 651 rebellion 458, 460, 461, 532–4, 536, 539, 542 Wendic towns 132, 679–80, 684–6, 695, 699 and religion 541 Werden, Jean de, Dormi secure 207 revenue 534, 536, 537, 539, 545–6 Werdenberg, Haug von 359 schools and universities 541 Wettin dynasty 362 and towns 533, 539, 540 Whittington, Richard 143 and trade 540 Wiener Neustadt, Treaty of (1463) 360 wars with England 49 William, count of Flanders 41–2 and Wars of the Roses 535, 542–4 William, count of Holland 58 see also Glyn Dwˆr, Owain William ap Thomas 535 Wallace, Sir William 516 William of Austria 730 Wallachia William of Bavaria 94, 431, 436 and Byzantium 775 William of Ockham 11, 12, 13, 19 and Hungary 707, 710, 715, 719 William of Saxony 440 and Ottoman Empire 814, 817, 819–20, 826 William of Wykeham 227 Walther, Marx 280 Willoughby de Broke, Lord 495 war 161–74 Wimpfeling, Jakob 217, 270, 337 and changes in warfare 162–7, 173, 832 Windsor, Treaty of (1386) 636 costs of 5–6, 50–1, 53, 166, 171, 418, 458, 549, wine trade 148, 152, 402, 448, 611 836 Winkelried, Arnold 649 in defence of trade 161–2, 170 Wittlesbach princes 26, 350, 360, 362, 390 economic effects of 172, 834 Witz, Konrad, The Miraculous Draught of Fishes effects on trade 159–60, 834 304, 312, plate 16 European 3–4, 27 Wladislas I of Hungary 714–15, 717, 724–5 and garrison towns 127 see also under Wl-adysl-aw III Jagiel--lo of Poland and literature 172–4 Wladislas II of Hungary 723–5 and mapping 181 see also under Vladislav II of Bohemia and military architecture 130 Wl-adysl-aw II Jagiel--lo of Poland and nobility 104, 110, 127, 165 and Ottoman Empire 429, 819 and religion 162 and Poland 729, 746 and representation 59 succession 734–5, 745 and state formation 48 and Teutonic Order 352, 731–2, 733

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-46076-8 - The New Cambridge Medieval History: Volume VII c. –c. Edited by Christopher Allmand Index More information

1048 Index

Wl-adysl-aw III Jagiel--lo of Poland 734, 735–6, 747, Yorkist dynasty 475, 477–95 824 and Burgundy 451–2, 478–9, 482 see also under Wladislas I of Hungary and France 403, 451–2, 478, 482 Wl-adysl-aw of Opole 730 and Henry VI 473–4, 477–8, 483 Wl-adysl-aw the White 729 and Henry Tudor 487–8, 489–90, 545 Wolﬀe, B.P. 466, 473 and Ireland 503–6, 511–13 Wolgemut, Michael 294 and legitimacy 26 women support for 479–80, 503–4 family role of 142 and Wales 535, 542, 545 and Hussite movement 375–6, 383–4, 386 see also Edward IV of England; Edward V of and religion 219, 832 England; Lancastrian dynasty; Richard III woodland, increase in 108 of England Woodville, Elizabeth 478–80 Young, Thomas 471 Woodville family 479–80, 486–7 Worcestre, William 194 Zabarella, Francesco 18 Worms, Diet of (1495) 341, 348, 354 and Papacy and councils 66, 69, 76, 77, 79 Wrocl-aw, 114,145 Zagonara, battle of (1424) 556 Württemberg Zawisza, bishop of Cracow 729 organisation 5 Zbigniew of Olesnica, bishop of Cracow 734, and representation 31, 45, 136, 365 735, 736, 743 Wyclif, John Zbynˇek, archibishop of Prague 376 and Hus 374, 375 Zdenˇek of Sˇternberk 389 and Oxford 235 Zeeland, county 431, 439–40 and Papacy 15–17, 28 Zel, Ulrich 289 and vernacular literature 23 Zˇ emaitija 731–4 Wynn, Sir John, of Gwydir 536, 541 Zeno, Carlo 553 Zˇ iˇzka, Jan York, Richard, duke of 467–8, 469, 470–2, 479, and Bohemia 167–8, 370, 380, 381, 384 480, 483, 494 and Hungary 714–15, 721 and Edmund, duke of Somerset 469, 470–1, Zosima, Metropolitan 769 472–3 Zurara, Gomes Eanes de 191, 638 and Ireland 470, 474, 503–6 Zurich, as imperial city 645–7, 651, 652, 655, and Normandy 467–8 658–60, 661–2, 670 as protector 472–4, 504 Zurita, Jéronimo 591 and Wales 534 Zwingli, Ulrich, and religious art 313 York, Richard, duke of, son of Edward IV 491 Zygmunt I ‘the Old’ 739

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