DOCSLIB.ORG

Acid-Sodium Hydroxide Solutions at 250C

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Acid-Sodium Hydroxide Solutions at 250C Geochemical Journal, Vol. 25, pp. 377 to 385, 1991 Boron isotope fractionation accompanying boron mineral formation from aqueous boric acid-sodium hydroxide solutions at 250C TAKAO OI, JUNPEI KATO, TOMOKO OSSAKA and HIDETAKE KAKIHANA Department of Chemistry, Sophia University, 7-1 Kioicho, Chiyodaku, Tokyo 102, Japan (Received November 22, 1990; Accepted October 31, 1991) A series of experiments was carried out in which boron minerals were precipitated from pH and chemical composition-controlled solutions at 25°C and boron isotope fractionation accompanying the mineral deposition was measured. Borax, sassolite and sborgite were synthesized from aqueous boric acid-sodium hydroxide solutions. Borax was obtained from solutions with higher pH and sassolite from solutions with lower pH, irrespective of the mole ratio of B and Na in the solution. The fractionation factor, S, defined as S = ("B / 10B)minerai/ ("B /'OB)s°luti°nincreases with increasing the pH of the solution for both borax and sassolite. A cross-over point at which S=1 was found at about pH=9.5 for borax, while S was always larger than unity for sassolite. The present results of boron isotope fractionation are consistent with theoretical prediction of equilibrium isotope effects, although the experimental equilibrium constant of the boron isotope exchange reaction between B(OH)3 and B(OH)4 at 25'C is larger than that theoretically predicted (1.03-1.05 compared to 1.0194). In a previous paper (Oi et al., 1989), we show INTRODUCTION ed that evaporite boron minerals with the same Variations in boron isotopic compositions in geologic origin but with different structural for nature are of geochemical and cosmochemical mulae have different boron isotopic composi importance. They are utilizable for studying tions. That is, minerals with higher B03/1104 nucleosynthetic mechanism at the early stage of ratios (the ratio of the number of B03 triangle the solar system and the galaxy (Ishikawa and units to the number of B04 tetrahedron units in Nakamura, 1989), and are also used for studying the structural formula of a mineral) have higher the sedimentary cycle of boron (Spivack et al., "B/10B ratios . This observation is consistent 1987), hydrothermal and geothermal processes with prediction from the theory of isotope effects (Spivack and Edmond, 1987), the interaction of based on the isotopic reduced partition function magmas with sea water (Kanzaki et al., 1979; ratios (RPFRs) (Bigeleisen and Mayer, 1947). Nomura et al., 1982; Oi et al., 1991) and the However, a quantitative approach is still re genesis of ore deposits (Palmer and Slack, 1989; quired. The previous study showed that the type Slack et al., 1989). To make full use of boron of mineral formed and its boron isotopic ratio isotopes as a tracer in natural systems, it is are strongly dependent on the chemical composi necessary to have a good understanding of tion and pH of original solution from which the boron isotope effects which occur at each step of mineral was deposited. Therefore, to elucidate boron reaction in nature. quantitatively boron isotope fractionation in the 377 378 T. Oi et al. boron mineral formation from boron-bearing Table 1. The initial conditions of the solution phase solutions, we carried out a series of synthesis ex B:Na B concn. Volume periments with chemical composition and pH Run No. pH mole ratio (moldm-3) (Cm') controlled boric acid-sodium hydroxide solu B17 11.52 1 1 0.885 199.3 tions. The boron isotopic ratios of solutions and B08 11.01 1 1 0.812 203.6 minerals were then measured. In this paper, we B18 11.01 1 1 0.880 200.7 report the results of these experiments and B09 10.01 1 1 0.785 211.1 B10 9.01 1 1 0.761 217.6 discuss the boron isotope fractionation accompa B23 8.01 1 1 0.851 223.3 nying boron mineral formation from aqueous B25 8.00 1 2 0.680 252.0 solution. B24 7.01 1 2 0.775 226.0 B27 8.99 2 1 0.851 202.3 B29 7.00 2 1 0.809 212.5 B30 EXPERIMENTAL 6.00 2 1 0.797 215.8 The experimental procedures are briefly as follows. A saturated boric acid solution was first (Nomura et al., 1973; Oi et al., 1989). In brief, prepared at 23'C. To this solution was added boron was extracted from liquid samples and sodium hydroxide so that the mole ratio of purified by methyl borate distillation and ion-ex boron to sodium becomes 1:1, 1:2 or 2:1. The change. Sodium hydroxide was then added so pH of the solution was then adjusted by 5 M that the mole ratio of B to Na became about (1 M =1 mol / dm') HCl and then used as the 1:1.5. The resultant solution was loaded on a initial solution of each experiment (Table 1). boat-shaped rhenium filament. The boron About 200 cm3 of this initial solution contained isotopic ratio was determined by measuring the in a beaker was placed in a water bath tempera height ratio of Na210BO2and Na211BOi peaks . ture-controlled at 25±0.2°C. While the beaker In the case of solid samples, the samples were was in the bath, it was not shaken nor was the first dissolved in pure water and the subsequent solution stirred, but the pH of the solution was procedure was the same as that for the liquid monitored frequently. Minerals were samples. The 95% confidence limit of measure precipitated from the solution by concentration ment was typically about ±0.2%. Each sample of the solution due to water evaporation, was measured 2 or 3 times and the average was without any artificial manipulation such as inser taken as the isotopic ratio of the sample tion of a seed crystal. Upon the mineral deposi (Nomura et al., 1973). tion, the pH of the solution phase was measured and the solid and the liquid phases were separated by suction filtration using a chilled RESULTS glass filter. The precipitate was air-dried and the Experimental results are summarized in mineral phase was identified by X-ray powder Tables 2 and 3. It took about 2 days to 3 weeks diffraction using a Rigaku Denki X-ray spec to precipitate minerals. Any correlation was not trometer. The amounts of boron precipitated found between the conditions of initial solutions and remaining in solution were determined by and the time that elapsed before mineral deposi conventional acid-base titration or by induc tion started (deposition time). For each experi tively coupled plasma atomic emission spec ment, the pH of the solution was fairly constant trometry. until the initiation of mineral precipitation . The The boron isotopic ratios of the solution and pH of the solution after precipitation became minerals were measured by the surface ioniza slightly higher than that of the initial solution tion method with a Varian MAT CH-5 mass spec when the latter was above 10 but became slightly trometer at Tokyo Institute of Technology . The lower when the latter was below 9. The mole frac details of mass spectrometry are given elsewhere tion of boron transferred from the solution B isotope fractionation 379 Table 2. Experimental results other than isotopic data Deposition Approximate Solution phase Solid phase Run time (h) Volume of water No. evaporated B conc. Deposited Mole (cm3) pH (moldm-3) mineral fractions B17 280.3 109 11.54 1.969 borax 0.173 B08 280.5 110 11.48 1.766 borax 0.189 B18 174.0 78 11.02 1.156 borax 0.272 B09 40.0 27 10.32 0.459 borax 0.499 B10 40.0 27 8.75 0.456 borax 0.425 B27 503.1 135 8.22 1.115 borax 0.611 B25 195.3 83 7.58 0.942 borax 0.183 B23 259.5 104 7.35 1.637 borax 0.138 B24 476.2 168 5.44 1.625 sassolite +sborgite B29 140.0 39 5.91 2.190 sassolite 0.063 B30 331.9 88 5.48 1.254 sassolite 0.115 a=the amount of B in the mineral divided by the amount of B in the initial solution , calculated using the B contents in the solid phase and in the initial solution. Table 3. Isotopic data Solution phase Solid phase Run S Mineral 11B/10B No. 11B/ 10B a"B a"B B17 borax 4.031±0.009 -3 .0 4.087 ±0.009 +10.8 1.0138 B08 borax 4.028±0.009 -4 .0 4.067 ±0.006 +5.7 1.0097 B18 borax 4.040±0.008 -0 .9 4.087 ±0.008 +10.8 1.0118 B09 borax 4.046±0.003 +0.5 4.065 ±0.009 +5.3 1.0048 -3 B10 borax 4.072±0.003 +7.1 4.028 ±0.004 .9 0.9890 -2 B27 borax 4.056±0.001 +3.0 4.033±0.006 .7 0.9943 -6 B25 borax 4.069±0.006 +6.4 4.019±0.004 .2 0.9875 -7 B23 borax 4.053 ±0.001 +2.3 4.015 ±0.005 .0 0.9907 B24 sassolite 4.038 ±0.006 -1 .4 4.052±0.006 +2.0 1.0034 -3 sborgite 4.029±0.002 .6 0.9978 B29 sassolite 4.043±0.002 -0 .1 4.061±0.003 +4.2 1.0044 B30' sassolite 4.045 ±0.003 +0.3 4.047 ±0.004 +0.9 1.0006 phase to the solid phase ranges from 0.063 to Chloride ions were not found in the minerals.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Living up to Life Special Stain Kit Modified Grocott's Methenamine
    Living up to Life Special Stain Kit Modified Grocott’s Methenamine Silver Stain Catalog No: 38016SS12 Intended Use 16. Rinse slides briefly in deionized water. For In Vitro Diagnostic Use. For Laboratory Use. 17. Dehydrate slides in three changes of absolute alcohol. The reagents in this kit are intended for “In Vitro“ use only. The Modified Grocott’s Methenamine 18. Clear slides in two changes of xylene and mount in a xylene miscible medium. Silver Stain when used with appropriate histological protocols may be used for the demonstration of defined fungi and infectious agents such as Aspergillus sp., Pneumocystis Staining Protocol (Microwave) carinii and Cryptococcus neoformans in formalin fixed, paraffin embedded tissue sections. Exercise caution when using the microwave oven to heat any solution or reagent. The microwave must be properly ventilated to prevent the accumulation of fumes in the laboratory. Probable Mode of Action Microwave transparent Coplin jars and caps should be used during the staining process. The The mechanism of action of Modified Grocott’s Methenamine Silver Stain is based upon the caps should be loosely attached to prevent spills. Caps with ventilation holes also may be used. capacity of aldehyde groups to reduce cationic silver (Ag+) to metallic silver. Chromic acid is All microwave ovens should be used in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions. The used to generate aldehyde groups by the oxidation of 1-2 glycol groups within polysaccharide procedures described here were performed using an Energy Beam Sciences H2250 laboratory rich tissue components, e.g. glycogen, mucin, reticulin and fungal cell walls. When cationic microwave.
    [Show full text]
  • Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety SCCS
    SCCS/1249/09 Revision of 28 September 2010 Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety SCCS OPINION ON Boron compounds The SCCS adopted this opinion at its 7th plenary meeting of 22 June 2010 SCCS/1249/09 Opinion on boron compounds ___________________________________________________________________________________________ About the Scientific Committees Three independent non-food Scientific Committees provide the Commission with the scientific advice it needs when preparing policy and proposals relating to consumer safety, public health and the environment. The Committees also draw the Commission's attention to the new or emerging problems which may pose an actual or potential threat. They are: the Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety (SCCS), the Scientific Committee on Health and Environmental Risks (SCHER) and the Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risks (SCENIHR) and are made up of external experts. In addition, the Commission relies upon the work of the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), the European Medicines Evaluation Agency (EMA), the European Centre for Disease prevention and Control (ECDC) and the European Chemicals Agency (ECHA). SCCS The Committee shall provide opinions on questions concerning all types of health and safety risks (notably chemical, biological, mechanical and other physical risks) of non-food consumer products (for example: cosmetic products and their ingredients, toys, textiles, clothing, personal care and household products such as detergents, etc.) and services (for example: tattooing, artificial sun tanning, etc.). Scientific Committee members Jürgen Angerer, Ulrike Bernauer, Claire Chambers, Qasim Chaudhry, Gisela Degen, Gerhard Eisenbrand, Thomas Platzek, Suresh Chandra Rastogi, Vera Rogiers, Christophe Rousselle, Tore Sanner, Kai Savolainen, Jacqueline Van Engelen, Maria Pilar Vinardell, Rosemary Waring, Ian R.
    [Show full text]
  • BORON Boron Compounds Are Used in the Manufacture of Glass, Soaps and Detergents and As Flame Retardants
    BORON Boron compounds are used in the manufacture of glass, soaps and detergents and as flame retardants. Naturally occurring boron is present in groundwater primarily as a result of leaching from rocks and soils containing borates and borosilicates. The borate content of surface water can be increased as a result of wastewater discharges, but this use has decreased significantly, and levels of boron in wastewater discharges continue to fall. Guideline value 2.4 mg/l Occurrence Concentrations vary widely and depend on the surrounding geology and wastewater discharges. For most of the world, the concentration of boron in drinking-water is judged to be below 0.5 mg/l. TDI 0.17 mg/kg body weight, based on a BMDL 05 of 10.3 mg boron/kg body weight per day for developmental toxicity (decreased fetal body weight in rats) and an uncertainty factor of 60 (10 for interspecies variation and 6 for intraspecies variation) Limit of detection 0.15 µg/l by ICP/MS; 6–10 µg/l by ICP/AES Treatment performance Conventional water treatment (coagulation, sedimentation, filtration) does not significantly remove boron, and special methods need to be installed in order to remove boron from waters with high boron concentrations. Ion exchange and reverse osmosis processes may enable substantial reduction but are likely to be prohibitively expensive. Blending with low-boron supplies may be the only economical method to reduce boron concentrations in waters where these concentrations are high. Guideline derivation • allocation to water 40% of TDI • body weight 60 kg adult • consumption 2 litres/day Additional comments Because it will be difficult to achieve the guideline value of 2.4 mg/l in some desalinated supplies and in areas with high natural boron levels, local regulatory and health authorities should consider a value in excess of 2.4 mg/l by assessing exposure from other sources.
    [Show full text]
  • Synthesis, Characterization and Fungicidal Effects of Some
    Journal of Manmohan Memorial Institute of Health Sciences (JMMIHS) Synthesis, Characterization and Fungicidal Effects of some Organoborates Shaheen Akther1 Khanal DP2 Ullah SS3 Abstract Synthesis of benzoyl borate, phthasloyl borate and oxyl borate was done and characterized by infra red, ultraviolet and mass spectra. All newly synthesized and characterized organoborates were tested for their antifungal activity against pencillium that spoilt mostly celluloid materials stored in museum. All synthesized organoborates are unstable in room temperature and quickly degraded on exposure to air. Benzoyl borate found to be most active antifungal compound of the series against penicillium. The fungicidal activity increases in hydrophobicity and electron withdrawing nature of the benzene ring substituents. These compounds may be good fungicidal for the conservation of celluloid materials lying in the museum. Key words: Organoborates, Silver metaborate, Acyl chloride, spore, Antifungal. Introduction All organoborates are synthesized with the used of silver metaborate (AgBO2) and boric acid [1] with organic halides such as 3,5, dinitrobenzoyl chloride and p-nitrobenzoyl chloride. Since the silver atom in AgBO2 in photo activated state the reaction with organic halides having a polarized halogen atom will readily takes place with the formation of silver halides. Steric effect is an important factor in determining the course of reactions well as the stability of the product. It is observed that acyl chloride reacts more readily than sterically hindered pyrollium chloride [2]. The reaction of silver metaborate with organic halides may be ascribed to an ionic mechanism. Indeed acyllium [3] ion have been recognized as possible intermediate in acid catalyzed etherification in Friedel- Crafts reactions through the universality of such mechanism in doubt and the ion is assumed to resonate between the below structures: R – C O+ R – C+ O The presence of CO group polarizes the carbon halogen bond to great extent.
    [Show full text]
  • Trace Elements and Minerals in Fumarolic Sulfur: the Case of Ebeko Volcano, Kuriles
    Hindawi Geofluids Volume 2018, Article ID 4586363, 16 pages https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/4586363 Research Article Trace Elements and Minerals in Fumarolic Sulfur: The Case of Ebeko Volcano, Kuriles E. P. Shevko,1 S. B. Bortnikova,2 N. A. Abrosimova,2 V. S. Kamenetsky ,3,4 S. P. Bortnikova,2 G. L. Panin,2 and M. Zelenski 3 1 Sobolev Institute of Geology and Mineralogy, SBRAS, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia 2Trofmuk Institute of Petroleum Geology and Geophysics, SBRAS, No. 3, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia 3Institute of Experimental Mineralogy RAS, Chernogolovka 142432, Russia 4EarthSciencesandCODES,UniversityofTasmania,PrivateBag79,Hobart,TAS7001,Australia Correspondence should be addressed to M. Zelenski; [email protected] Received 25 June 2017; Revised 13 October 2017; Accepted 14 December 2017; Published 20 March 2018 Academic Editor: Joerg Goettlicher Copyright © 2018 E. P. Shevko et al. Tis is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Native sulfur deposits on fumarolic felds at Ebeko volcano (Northern Kuriles, Russia) are enriched in chalcophile elements (As- Sb-Se-Te-Hg-Cu) and contain rare heavy metal sulfdes (Ag2S, HgS, and CuS), native metal alloys (Au2Pd), and some other low- solubility minerals (CaWO4, BaSO4). Sulfur incrustations are impregnated with numerous particles of fresh and altered andesite groundmass and phenocrysts (pyroxene, magnetite) as well as secondary minerals, such as opal, alunite, and abundant octahedral pyrite crystals. Te comparison of elemental abundances in sulfur and unaltered rocks (andesite) demonstrated that rock-forming elements (Ca, K, Fe, Mn, and Ti) and other lithophile and chalcophile elements are mainly transported by fumarolic gas as aerosol particles, whereas semimetals (As, Sb, Se, and Te), halogens (Br and I), and Hg are likely transported as volatile species, even ∘ at temperatures slightly above 100 C.
    [Show full text]
  • The Effects of Borax on Milk Yield and Selected Metabolic Parameters in Austrian Simmental (Fleckvieh) Cows
    Veterinarni Medicina, 60, 2015 (4): 175–180 Original Paper doi: 10.17221/8104-VETMED The effects of borax on milk yield and selected metabolic parameters in Austrian Simmental (Fleckvieh) cows M. Kabu, C. Uyarlar Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Afyon Kocatepe University, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey ABSTRACT: This study was conducted to determine the effects of orally administered borax on milk yield and on several blood variables related to metabolism in early lactation in Austrian Simmental cows (Fleckvieh). Twenty primiparous cows were selected at parturition and then assigned to one of two groups, the control group or the borax group. The study lasted for four weeks. Borax was administered orally at 0.2 mg/kg/day (Boron group) to all treatment cows shortly after the noon milking, whereas cows in the control group were not treated. All cows consumed the same diet. All feeds in the diet were analysed for crude cellulose, protein, ether extract, ash, and dry matter according to the Weende Analysis Systems, in addition to ADF and NDF, according to Van Soest. Blood samples were collected from all cows via the vena jugularis on lactation Days 0, 7, 15, 21 and 28 and ana- lysed for the following: serum boron (B), non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), beta-hydroxybutyric acid (BHBA), total cholesterol (TChol), high density lipids (HDL), total protein (TP), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), albumin (ALB), creatine (CRE), uric acid (UA), glucose (GLU), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotrans- ferase (ALT) and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) concentrations. Serum B concentration was higher in the borax group than in the control group at Weeks 1, 2, 3, and 4 of the experiment.
    [Show full text]
  • Download PDF (402K)
    Geochemical Journal, Vol. 41, pp. 149 to 163, 2007 Boron isotope fractionation accompanying formation of potassium, sodium and lithium borates from boron-bearing solutions MAMORU YAMAHIRA, YOSHIKAZU KIKAWADA* and TAKAO OI Department of Chemistry, Sophia University, 7-1 Kioi-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-8854, Japan (Received March 18, 2006; Accepted June 22, 2006) A series of experiments was conducted in which boron minerals were precipitated by water evaporation from solutions containing boron and potassium, sodium or lithium at 25°C, and boron isotope fractionation accompanying such mineral precipitation was investigated. In the boron-potassium ion system, K2[B4O5(OH)4]·2H2O, santite (K[B5O6(OH)4]·2H2O), KBO2·1.33H2O, KBO2·1.25H2O and sassolite (B(OH)3) were found deposited as boron minerals. Borax (Na2[B4O5(OH)4·8H2O) was found deposited in the boron-sodium ion system, and Li2B2O4·16H2O, Li2B4O7·5H2O, Li2B10O16·10H2O, LiB2O3(OH)·H2O and sassolite in the boron-lithium ion system. The boron isotopic analysis was con- 11 10 ducted for santite, K2[B4O5(OH)4]·2H2O, borax and Li2B2O4·16H2O. The separation factor, S, defined as the B/ B isotopic ratio of the precipitate divided by that of the solution, ranged from 0.991 to 1.012. Computer simulations for modeling boron mineral formations, in which polyborates were decomposed into three coor- dinated BO3 unit and four coordinated BO4 unit for the purpose of calculation of their boron isotopic reduced partition function ratios, were attempted to estimate the equilibrium constant, KB, of the boron isotope exchange between the boric – acid molecule (B(OH)3) and the monoborate anion (B(OH)4 ).
    [Show full text]
  • UCLA Electronic Theses and Dissertations
    UCLA UCLA Electronic Theses and Dissertations Title Use of Boron in Detergents and its Impact on Reclamation Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2rw7k2r7 Author Ghavanloughajar, Maryam Publication Date 2015 Peer reviewed|Thesis/dissertation eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Los Angeles Use of Boron in Detergents and its Impact on Reclamation A thesis submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Master of Science in Civil Engineering by Maryam Ghavanloughajar 2015 ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS Use of Boron in Detergents and its Impact on Reclamation By Maryam Ghavanloughajar Master of Science in Civil Engineering University of California, Los Angeles, 2015 Professor Michael K. Stenstrom, Chair Many parts of the world are experiencing severe water drought and it affects societies both economically and environmentally. Therefore, conservation practices are essential to balance water supply and demand. Greywater or wastewaters from showers and luandries, if treated well can be a reliable source for activities such as irrigation, toilet flushing and car washing. Greywaters are not as contaminated as sewage but still may require treatment before reuse. The application of insufficiently treated water for irrigation can cause harm to plants and animals. Pollutant such as boron in greywater is of particular interest because many plants are sensitive to even low concentrations. High concentrations of boron can induce toxicity, reduce growth rate and yield in plants. Therefore, proposed greywater treatment systems need to consider the sensitivity of plant species and boron concentrations and potential removal. This thesis reviews boron chemistry, its effect on plants and currently available boron removal technologies.
    [Show full text]
  • Available At
    Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. IP address: 170.106.33.19, on 24 Sep 2021 at 18:25:48, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1755145500148705 VOL. IV.—1890. c THE JOURNAL OF LARYN GO LOGY AND RHINOLOGY; AN ANALYTICAL RECORD OF CURRENT LITERATURE RELATING TO THE THROAT AND NOSE. EDITED BY SIR MORELL MACKENZIE, M.D. Lond., AM) R. NORRIS WOLFENDEN, M.D. Cantab., WITH TUT'. CO-OI'EKAl IuN OF DR. JOHN N. MACKENZIE (BALTIMORE) DR. VALERIUS IDELSON (BERNE) DR. BRYSON DELAVAN (NEW YORK) DR. MICHAEL (HAMBURG) DR. W. PORTER (ST. LOUIS) PROF. RAMON DE LA SOTA Y LASTRA DR. JOAL (MONT DORE) (SEVILLE) PROF. MASSEI (NAPLES) DR. HOLGER MYGIND (COPENHAGEN) PROF. GUYE (AMSTERDAM) DR. SMYLY (DUBLIN) DR. CAPART (BRUSSELS) DR. DAVID COLLINGWOOD (SYDNEY; DR. CONSTANTIN KARWOWSKI (WARSAW) DR. G. W. MAJOR (MONTREAL) DR. BARCLAY J. BARON (BRISTOL) DR. MAXWELL ROSS (EDINBURGH) Dr. G. HUNTER MACKENZIE (Edinburgh). F. A. DAVIS, LONDON: PHILADELPHIA: 40, BERNERS STREET, \V. 1231, FILBERT STREET. Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. IP address: 170.106.33.19, on 24 Sep 2021 at 18:25:48, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1755145500148705 Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. IP address: 170.106.33.19, on 24 Sep 2021 at 18:25:48, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1755145500148705 CONTENTS.
    [Show full text]
  • The Influence of the Presence of Borax and Nacl on Water
    sensors Letter The Influence of the Presence of Borax and NaCl on Water Absorption Pattern during Sturgeon Caviar (Acipenser transmontanus) Storage Massimo Brambilla 1 , Marina Buccheri 2, Maurizio Grassi 2 , Annamaria Stellari 1, Mario Pazzaglia 3, Elio Romano 1 and Tiziana M. P. Cattaneo 2,* 1 Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e L’analisi Dell’economia Agraria–CREA–Centro di Ricerca Ingegneria e Trasformazioni Agroalimentari, Via Milano, 43–24047 Treviglio (Bergamo), Italy; [email protected] (M.B.); [email protected] (A.S.); [email protected] (E.R.) 2 Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e L’analisi Dell’economia Agraria–CREA–Centro di Ricerca Ingegneria e Trasformazioni Agroalimentari, Via G. Venezian, 26–20133 Milano, Italy; [email protected] (M.B.); [email protected] (M.G.) 3 Agroittica Lombarda S.p.A., Via Kennedy, 25012 Calvisano Brescia, Italy; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +39-02-239-557-212 Received: 10 November 2020; Accepted: 10 December 2020; Published: 15 December 2020 Abstract: Sturgeon caviar quality relies not only on the perfect dosage of the ingredients but also on the long sturgeon breeding cycle (about 12–15 years) and the exact timing of the egg extraction. For the improvement and the promotion of Italian caviar, the development of an analytical system dedicated to fish products, and caviar, in particular, is fundamental. The use of near-infrared spectrometry (NIRS) technology is auspicious. The aquaphotomics approach proved to be an adequate analytical tool to highlight, in real-time, the differences in caviar quality stored with, or without, borax as a preservative.
    [Show full text]
  • Design Rules for Discovering 2D Materials from 3D Crystals
    Design Rules for Discovering 2D Materials from 3D Crystals by Eleanor Lyons Brightbill Collaborators: Tyler W. Farnsworth, Adam H. Woomer, Patrick C. O'Brien, Kaci L. Kuntz Senior Honors Thesis Chemistry University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill April 7th, 2016 Approved: ___________________________ Dr Scott Warren, Thesis Advisor Dr Wei You, Reader Dr. Todd Austell, Reader Abstract Two-dimensional (2D) materials are championed as potential components for novel technologies due to the extreme change in properties that often accompanies a transition from the bulk to a quantum-confined state. While the incredible properties of existing 2D materials have been investigated for numerous applications, the current library of stable 2D materials is limited to a relatively small number of material systems, and attempts to identify novel 2D materials have found only a small subset of potential 2D material precursors. Here I present a rigorous, yet simple, set of criteria to identify 3D crystals that may be exfoliated into stable 2D sheets and apply these criteria to a database of naturally occurring layered minerals. These design rules harness two fundamental properties of crystals—Mohs hardness and melting point—to enable a rapid and effective approach to identify candidates for exfoliation. It is shown that, in layered systems, Mohs hardness is a predictor of inter-layer (out-of-plane) bond strength while melting point is a measure of intra-layer (in-plane) bond strength. This concept is demonstrated by using liquid exfoliation to produce novel 2D materials from layered minerals that have a Mohs hardness less than 3, with relative success of exfoliation (such as yield and flake size) dependent on melting point.
    [Show full text]
  • Safety Data Sheet
    Conforms to Regulation (EC) No. 1907/2006 (REACH), Annex II, as amended by Commission Regulation (EU) 2015/830 - Europe SAFETY DATA SHEET SECTION 1: Identification of the substance/mixture and of the company/ undertaking 1.1 Product identifier Product name : Borax decahydrate - Refining Grade Chemical name : Disodium tetraborate decahydrate Index number : 005-011-01-1 EC number : 215-540-4 REACH Registration number Registration number Legal entity 01-2119490790-32-0019 Rio Tinto Iron & Titanium GmbH (5) CAS number : 1303-96-4 Product type : Solid. Other means of : Borax decahydrate, Sodium tetraborate decahydrate, Borax 10 mol identification 1.2 Relevant identified uses of the substance or mixture and uses advised against Material uses : Refer to the table "Identified uses" below. Identified uses Binding agent Chemical production Complexing agent Corrosion inhibitors and anti-scaling agents Fertilisers Flame retardants Flux agents for casting Intermediate Laboratory chemicals Lubricants and lubricant additives Oxidising agents Photosensitive agents and other photo-chemicals pH-regulating agents Plating agents and metal surface treating agents Process regulator (other than polymerisation or vulcanization processes) Process regulator (used in polymerisation or vulcanization processes) Processing aid not otherwise listed Stabilisers Surface active agents Viscosity modifiers A complete list of uses is provided in the introduction to Annex - Exposure Scenarios Uses advised against Reason Consumer uses above the specific concentration limit. Annex XVII - Restrictions on the manufacture, placing on the market and use of certain dangerous substances, mixtures and articles Date of issue/Date of revision : 18/07/2018 Version : 1 1/16 Conforms to Regulation (EC) No. 1907/2006 (REACH), Annex II, as amended by Commission Regulation (EU) 2015/830 Borax decahydrate - Refining Grade SECTION 1: Identification of the substance/mixture and of the company/ undertaking 1.3 Details of the supplier of the safety data sheet Borax Europe Limited 6 St.
    [Show full text]