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An Analysis of Britain's Influence in the Deterioration of Zimbabwe

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An Analysis of Britain's Influence in the Deterioration of Zimbabwe Midlands State University Faculty of Social Sciences Department of Politics and Public Management An Analysis of Britain’s Influence in the Deterioration of Zimbabwe-Botswana Bilateral Relations, 2000-2013 By Fungayi Promote Maraire R11225w Supervisor: Dr Sadiki Maeresera Submitted to Midlands State University in partial fulfilment of the requirements of Master of Science in International Affairs Degree Gweru, Zimbabwe 2015 DECLARATION I hereby declare that all material in this dissertation submitted to Midlands State University for the purposes of attaining a Master of Science in International Affairs Degree is my own work. Any material in this dissertation which is not my own work has been identified and acknowledged as such. …………………………… Fungayi Promote Maraire …………………………… Date i APPROVAL FORM The undersigned certify that they have read and recommended to the Midlands State University for acceptance a dissertation entitled, An Analysis of Britain’s influence in the Deterioration of Zimbabwe-Botswana Bilateral Relations, 2000-2013, submitted by Fungayi Promote Maraire (R11225w) in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the Master of Science in International Affairs Degree. ----------------------------------- ----------------------------- Dr Sadiki Maeresera Date ---------------------------------- ----------------------------- Prof Percyslage Chigora Date ii DEDICATION I dedicate this work to my parents for the support and encouragement they have given me to get to this stage of my academic life. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank the Almighty God for affording me the opportunity to further my academic career through this study. It was through His guidance and protection that I was able to make it through this difficult period. My profound appreciation goes to my supervisor Dr Sadiki Maeresera for the advice and firm guidance provided in the completion of the study. His support proved invaluable and I salute him for his patience and dedication. I am greatly indebted to the staff and students at the Midlands State University‘s Department of Politics and Public Management for the advice and motivation. I further extend my gratitude to Dr Sara Van Hoeymissen (now with University of Botswana) for the insights, comments and material. I would like to thank the following people for their input and contributions towards the research: the Zimbabwean Minister of War Veterans Affairs and former Zimbabwean Ambassador to China Ambassador Cde Christopher Mutsvangwa, Professor Hasu Patel (University of Zimbabwe, Department of Political Science), Dr Heather Chingono (University of Zimbabwe, Department of Political Science), Mr Mediel Hove (University of Zimbabwe, History Department), Colonel Cosmore Kaondera (Zimbabwe Staff College, Academic Division) and the Staff at Zimbabwe‘s Ministry of Foreign Affairs and several others whom I could not mention by name. To my wife Tariro and the kids Tawananyasha and Tadisa, thank you for enduring those long periods without my comfort. I am also hugely indebted to my parents for without their support none of this would have been possible. iv ABSTRACT The study analyses the deteriorating bilateral relations between the two Southern African Development Cooperation (SADC) member states of Zimbabwe and Botswana as from the year 2000 to 2013. The research aims to establish the extent of Britain‘s liability in the deterioration of Zimbabwe-Botswana bilateral ties. Therefore, the major objectives of the study are to analyse Britain‘s influence in the deterioration of Zimbabwe-Botswana bilateral relations as from 2000 to 2013 as well as evaluate the political, economic, military/security and social dynamics surrounding Britain‘s influence in the deterioration of these relations in the deterioration of Zimbabwe-Botswana bilateral relations during the period under study. In addition, the research seeks to proffer scholarly and policy recommendations on the normalisation of Zimbabwe-Botswana bilateral relations. The research study adopts a qualitative methodology in both data collection and analysis. Primary data derived mainly from interviews and questionnaires is utilised extensively throughout the study and this is used in collaboration with data derived from secondary sources such as published books and journal articles. Data collected is analysed using content analysis and discourse analysis as the main analytical tools. The theoretical framework of the study is based upon theconstructivist approach to international relations as propounded by Alexander Wendt. Theresearch study establishes that, indeed bilateral relations between the two SADC states were frosty during the period under study with land policies, governance and sovereignty being some of the contested issues. Furthermore, the study notes that, while Britain could be held as partially liable for the state of bilateral relations between Zimbabwe and Botswana post year 2000, the two African states were ultimately responsible for their unsound bilateral relations. The study recommends the initiation of dialogue and the strengthening of African institutions as a means of normalising and maintaining cordial bilateral ties between the two African states. Furthermore, the study notes that the resuscitation of the Zimbabwean v economy would go a long way in thawing the frosty bilateral ties between the two states. This is due to the fact that some of the contested issues such as the influx of Zimbabwean economic refugees into Botswana have their roots in the declining Zimbabwean economy. vi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ACP African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States AU African Union BDF Botswana Defence Forces BIPPA Bilateral Investment Promotion and Protection Agreement BMATT British Military Advisory Training Team BSAC British South Africa Company CIA Central Intelligence Agency EU European Union FDI Foreign Direct Investment FLS Front Line States FTA Free Trade Agreement FTLRP Fast Track Land Reform Programme GPA Global Political Agreement HDI Human Development Index ICC International Criminal Court IHRL International Human Rights Law IR International Relations MDC Movement for Democratic Change MDC-T Movement for Democratic Change - Tsvangirai vii NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organisation OAU Organisation of African Unity RSF Rhodesian Security Forces R2P Responsibility to Protect SADC Southern African Development Cooperation SADCC Southern African Development Coordination Conference UDI Unilateral Declaration of Independence UK United Kingdom UN United Nations USA United States of America USSR Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ZANU (PF) Zimbabwe African National Union (Patriotic Front) ZDF Zimbabwe Defence Forces ZIDERA Zimbabwe Democracy and Economic Recovery Act viii TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION ........................................................................................................................ i APPROVAL FORM .................................................................................................................. ii DEDICATION ......................................................................................................................... iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...................................................................................................... iv ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................... v LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS .................................................................................................. vii CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................ 1 1.1 Background to the study ...................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Research hypothesis ............................................................................................................. 5 1.3 Statement of the problem ..................................................................................................... 5 1.4 Literature review .................................................................................................................. 5 1.4.1 Understanding bilateral relations ...................................................................................... 7 1.4.2 National interests in the context of bilateral relations .................................................... 10 1.4.2.1 Democracy ................................................................................................................... 13 1.4.2.2 Human rights ................................................................................................................ 15 1.4.2.3 Sovereignty .................................................................................................................. 16 1.4.2.4 Land ............................................................................................................................. 18 1.4.3 Existing views on Zimbabwe-Botswana bilateral ties .................................................... 19 1.5 Research justification ......................................................................................................... 22 1.6 Research objectives ............................................................................................................ 23 1.7 Research questions ............................................................................................................. 24 1.8 Theoretical framework ......................................................................................................
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