DOCSLIB.ORG

Representation of Political Conflict in the Zimbabwean Press: the Case of the Herald, the Sunday Mail , Daily News and the Standard, 1999-2016

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Representation of Political Conflict in the Zimbabwean Press: the Case of the Herald, the Sunday Mail , Daily News and the Standard, 1999-2016 Representation of Political Conflict in the Zimbabwean Press: The Case of The Herald, The Sunday Mail , Daily News and The Standard, 1999-2016 by TEDDY MUNGWARI submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF LITERATURE AND PHILOSOPHY in the subject COMMUNICATION SCIENCE at the UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AFRICA SUPERVISOR: PROF K B KHAN NOVEMBER 2017 1 ABSTRACT This thesis explores the representation of political conflict in the Zimbabwean press with a specific focus on the The Herald, The Sunday Mail, Daily News and The Standard. The thesis sought to unpack the representation of political conflict in the four selected newspapers and to compare and contrast state-owned and privately-owned press representation of power, succession struggles and factionalism in ZANU PF and opposition MDC. The theory is undergirded by the framing theory and data was analysed using Critical Discourse Analysis. The thesis contends that the representation of political conflict in Zimbabwe was sensational and polarized. With clearly separate agendas, the government controlled press, The Herald and The Sunday Mail; and the privately owned Daily News and The Standard , have drawn upon different framing practices to represent political conflict in Zimbabwe. By selecting to report on a particular issue and silencing another, through choice of certain headlines, and vocabulary employed, they have produced a construction of events in political parties that satisfy their political agendas in an increasingly polarized political environment. The newspapers became associated with diverging political opinions, showing political parties they support. On the one hand, the state-funded media represented ZANU PF in positive light while the opposition, particularly the Movement for Democratic Change (MDC) was represented negatively, mainly depicting the party as harbouring a regime change agenda. On the other hand, the privately-owned press was critical of the ruling party, ZANU PF and blamed the party for economic problems, corruption, mis-rule, and abuse of human rights. As a result of this partisan representation of political reality by the two press camps, they became directly implicated in the conflicts thereby ceasing to be credible sources of information. This clearly illustrates the enormity of challenges faced by the press in political conflicts in politically polarised environments such as Zimbabwe. The thesis argues that when reporting political conflicts ideological considerations of the press take precedents at the expense of the informational and educational mandate of the press as ethics and professional interests of the press are pushed to the back stage. Contrary to the view that the press is a neutral and impersonal purveyor of information, it is an active participant in the framing of political conflicts and its framing is ideological. The study has broadened the body of knowledge on the framing of political conflicts in polarised political environments. KEY WORDS : Framing, factionalism, conflict, elections, succession, media, referendum, representation. i DECLARATION I, Teddy Mungwari, declare that Representation of Political Conflict in the Zimbabwean Press: The Case of The Herald, The Sunday Mail , Daily News and The Standard, 1999- 2016 is my own work and that all the sources that I have used or quoted have been indicated and acknowledged by means of complete references. Mr. T Mungwari DATE Student number: 55770681 ii DEDICATION To my late parents, Taurai Enock and Constancia Mungwari, my family, children and almighty God for their support and patience while undertaking this research. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First and foremost I give thanks to Almighty God for his guidance, protection and grace during the course of this academic journey. I would like to thank my supervisor, Prof KB Khan for her support and supervision. The indefatigable academic mentoring given by her made this study an insightful quest. I would like to extend special thanks to Dr. Ephraim Vhutuza, for the emotional support, wisdom and generosity especially for linking me to Prof KB Khan. Thank you for always understanding the difficulties I went through in this study. Times came when I needed insight from people who had firsthand experience of the situation in Zimbabwe and Prof Jonathan Moyo and George Charamba were really welcoming, particularly during the first stages of my studies. Thank you for your support. Special thanks to Prof S. Sondering and Prof Maurice T.Vambe, who were my PhD proposal readers, for their wonderful contribution in the early stages of my PhD proposal development. I would like to thank the content and language editors for generously and professionally editing the work. During the advanced stages of my PhD, I networked with many people who actually enriched the value of my study. I would like to extend special thanks to Dr.Tendai Marima of Aljazeera, particularly for her advice that I analyse gender issues and for linking me to the Conflict Studies Website as well as suggesting key authors on gender issues. Of course, a PhD comes with financial and emotional demands, this study materialised because of the generous support I got from UNISA Financial Aid Bureau. To the editors of The Herald , The Sunday Mail , Daily News and The Standard , you are all amazing. Thank you for giving me access to your libraries. Special thanks go to Kuda Mazuru, the Zimbabwe Newspapers Librarian for untiring support while analyzing the newspaper articles. I would also like to thank the entire personnel at Zimbabwe National Archives for allowing me easy access to newspaper articles I needed. To my family: Sharon, Natasha, Natalia, Karen, Michelle, Takudzwa and Teresa. Thank you all. Special thanks go to Pastor Lanslot Mpamba of Celebration Church Westgate for his encouragement. iv ABBREVIATIONS ZANU-PF: Zimbabwe African National Union-Patriotic Front ZAPU : Zimbabwe African People’s Union ZUM : Zimbabwe Unity Movement MDC : Movement for Democratic Change ZIPRA : Zimbabwe People’s Revolutionary Army ZIPA : Zimbabwe People’s Army ZIMPF : Zimbabwe People First GNU : Government of National Unity GPA : Global Political Agreement CDA : Critical Discourse Analysis v LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Stages of Splinter Party Formation .............................................................. 1627 Figure 2: Potential Reasons of Dissent ....................................................................... 16339 vi Contents CHAPTER 1: Introduction and Background to Study ....................................................... 1 1.1 Introduction ............... ...................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Context of Study ............................................................................................................. 3 1.3 Purpose of study .............................................................................................................. 4 1.4 Political Conflict in Zimbabwe: A Historical Background............................................. 6 1.5 Relevance of the topic ................................................................................................... 14 1.6 Relationship of the topic to the Discipline of Communication..................................... 14 1.7 Literature Review......................................................................................................... 15 1.8 Theoretical Framework ................................................................................................. 20 1.8.1 Theories of Media Representation ......................................................................... 25 1.8.2 Agenda Setting ....................................................................................................... 26 1.8.3 Framing ....................................................... ........................................................... 29 1.8.4 Discourse and Ideology.......................................................................................... 31 1.9 Goals and objectives of the study ................................................................................. 33 1.9.1 Objectives of the study........................................................................................... 34 1.10 Formulation of the research problems ....................................................................... 34 1.10.1 Formulation of the research questions ................................................................. 34 1.10.2 Formulation of the key assumptions .................................................................... 34 1.11 Methodology .............................................................................................................. 34 1.11.1 The research method ............................................................................................ 34 1.11.2 Population ........................................................................................................... 35 1.11. 3 Unit of Analysis .................................................................................................. 36 1.11.4 Sample........ ....................................................................................................... 36 1.11. 5 Sampling techniques .......................................... ................................................. 39 1.11.6 Purposive sampling ............................................................................................. 39 1.12 Feasibility
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Zimbabwe News, Vol. 26, No. 6
    Zimbabwe News, Vol. 26, No. 6 http://www.aluka.org/action/showMetadata?doi=10.5555/AL.SFF.DOCUMENT.nuzn199506 Use of the Aluka digital library is subject to Aluka’s Terms and Conditions, available at http://www.aluka.org/page/about/termsConditions.jsp. By using Aluka, you agree that you have read and will abide by the Terms and Conditions. Among other things, the Terms and Conditions provide that the content in the Aluka digital library is only for personal, non-commercial use by authorized users of Aluka in connection with research, scholarship, and education. The content in the Aluka digital library is subject to copyright, with the exception of certain governmental works and very old materials that may be in the public domain under applicable law. Permission must be sought from Aluka and/or the applicable copyright holder in connection with any duplication or distribution of these materials where required by applicable law. Aluka is a not-for-profit initiative dedicated to creating and preserving a digital archive of materials about and from the developing world. For more information about Aluka, please see http://www.aluka.org Zimbabwe News, Vol. 26, No. 6 Alternative title Zimbabwe News Author/Creator Zimbabwe African National Union Publisher Zimbabwe African National Union (Harare, Zimbabwe) Date 1995-11-00? Resource type Magazines (Periodicals) Language English Subject Coverage (spatial) Zimbabwe, South Africa, Southern Africa (region) Coverage (temporal) 1995 Source Northwestern University Libraries, L968.91005 Z711 v.26 Rights By kind permission of ZANU, the Zimbabwe African National Union Patriotic Front. Description Editorial. Letters. National News: ZANU PF urged to draw up election guidelines.
    [Show full text]
  • Canada Sanctions Zimbabwe
    Canadian Sanctions and Canadian charities operating in Zimbabwe: Be Very Careful! By Mark Blumberg (January 7, 2009) Canadian charities operating in Zimbabwe need to be extremely careful. It is not the place for a new and inexperienced charity to begin foreign operations. In fact, only Canadian charities with substantial experience in difficult international operations should even consider operating in Zimbabwe. It is one of the most difficult countries to carry out charitable operations by virtue of the very difficult political, security, human rights and economic situation and the resultant Canadian and international sanctions. This article will set out some information on the Zimbabwe Sanctions including the full text of the Act and Regulations governing the sanctions. It is not a bad idea when dealing with difficult legal issues to consult knowledgeable legal advisors. Summary On September 4, 2008, the Special Economic Measures (Zimbabwe) Regulations (SOR/2008-248) (the “Regulations”) came into force pursuant to subsections 4(1) to (3) of the Special Economic Measures Act. The Canadian sanctions against Zimbabwe are targeted sanctions dealing with weapons, technical support for weapons, assets of designated persons, and Zimbabwean aircraft landing in Canada. There is no humanitarian exception to these targeted sanctions. There are tremendous practical difficulties working in Zimbabwe and if a Canadian charity decides to continue operating in Zimbabwe it is important that the Canadian charity and its intermediaries (eg. Agents, contractor, partners) avoid providing any benefits, “directly or indirectly”, to a “designated person”. Canadian charities need to undertake rigorous due diligence and risk management to ensure that a “designated person” does not financially benefit from the program.
    [Show full text]
  • On the Shoulders of Struggle, Memoirs of a Political Insider by Dr
    On the Shoulders of Struggle: Memoirs of a Political Insider On the Shoulders of Struggle: Memoirs of a Political Insider Dr. Obert M. Mpofu Dip,BComm,MPS,PhD Contents Preface vi Foreword viii Commendations xii Abbreviations xiv Introduction: Obert Mpofu and Self-Writing in Zimbabwe xvii 1. The Mind and Pilgrimage of Struggle 1 2. Childhood and Initiation into Struggle 15 3. Involvement in the Armed Struggle 21 4. A Scholar Combatant 47 5. The Logic of Being ZANU PF 55 6. Professional Career, Business Empire and Marriage 71 7. Gukurahundi: 38 Years On 83 8. Gukurahundi and Selective Amnesia 97 9. The Genealogy of the Zimbabwean Crisis 109 10. The Land Question and the Struggle for Economic Liberation 123 11. The Post-Independence Democracy Enigma 141 12. Joshua Nkomo and the Liberation Footpath 161 13. Serving under Mugabe 177 14. Power Struggles and the Military in Zimbabwe 205 15. Operation Restore Legacy the Exit of Mugabe from Power 223 List of Appendices 249 Preface Ordinarily, people live to either make history or to immortalise it. Dr Obert Moses Mpofu has achieved both dimensions. With wanton disregard for the boundaries of a “single story”, Mpofu’s submission represents a construction of the struggle for Zimbabwe with the immediacy and novelty of a participant. Added to this, Dr Mpofu’s academic approach, and the Leaders for Africa Network Readers’ (LAN) interest, the synergy was inevitable. Mpofu’s contribution, which philosophically situates Zimbabwe’s contemporary politics and socio-economic landscape, embodies LAN Readers’ dedication to knowledge generation and, by extension, scientific growth.
    [Show full text]
  • Get Statement
    Debating Zimbabwe’s Land Reform IAN SCOONES This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivs 3.0 Unported License. Correct citation: Scoones, I. (2014). Debating Zimbabwe’s Land Reform. Brighton: Institute of Development Studies Photo credits: Photography is by B.Z. Mavedzenge. Front cover: Ruchanyu garden. Back cover: Rwafa maize crop ISBN: 978-1-4936-8062-7 iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Foreword vii About the author x Acronyms xi Section A: Agricultural and livestock production 1 1 Small farms, big farms 4 2 The golden leaf: boom time in Zimbabwe 9 3 The sweet smell of success: the revival of Zimbabwe’s 12 sugar industry 4 Farming under contract 17 5 Zimbabwe’s beef industry 21 6 Zimbabwe’s poultry industry: rapid recovery, but major 24 challenges 7 Mechanising Zimbabwean agriculture 27 8 Appropriate technologies? 30 Section B: The economy 33 9 Resource nationalism’: a risk to economic recovery? 36 10 Growth in jeopardy? Re!ections on Zimbabwe’s 2013 39 budget statement 11 An unbalanced economy 41 12 The new farm workers: Changing agrarian labour 44 dynamics 13 Transforming Zimbabwe’s agrarian economy 48 14 Credit and "nance 53 15 The whites who stayed in agriculture 55 iv Section C: Political dimensions 58 16 Robert Mugabe… what happened? 61 17 Missing politics? 65 18 Class and rural di#erentiation after land reform 71 19 Know your constituency: a challenge for all of 73 Zimbabwe’s political parties 20 Transforming the state: building security from below 77 21 Why nations fail: perspectives on Zimbabwe 81
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Daily Media Monitoring Report Issue 4: 3 June 2018 Table of Contents
    Daily Media Monitoring Report Issue 4: 3 June 2018 Table of Contents 1.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 2 1.2 Key Events .......................................................................................................................... 2 1.3 Media Monitored ................................................................................................................. 2 Methodology ............................................................................................................................. 3 2.0 Did the media represent political parties in a fair and balanced manner? .......................... 3 2.1 Space and time dedicated to political parties in private and public media ...................... 3 2.2 Space and time dedicated to political actors in private and public media ....................... 4 2.3 Tone of coverage for political parties .............................................................................. 5 2.4 Gender representation in election programmes ............................................................. 7 2.5 Youth representation in election programmes ................................................................ 8 2.6 Time dedicated to political players in the different programme types in broadcast media .............................................................................................................................................. 9 3.0 Conclusion .......................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • B COUNCIL DECISION 2011/101/CFSP of 15 February 2011 Concerning Restrictive Measures Against Zimbabwe (OJ L 42, 16.2.2011, P
    2011D0101 — EN — 20.02.2014 — 004.001 — 1 This document is meant purely as a documentation tool and the institutions do not assume any liability for its contents ►B COUNCIL DECISION 2011/101/CFSP of 15 February 2011 concerning restrictive measures against Zimbabwe (OJ L 42, 16.2.2011, p. 6) Amended by: Official Journal No page date ►M1 Council Decision 2012/97/CFSP of 17 February 2012 L 47 50 18.2.2012 ►M2 Council Implementing Decision 2012/124/CFSP of 27 February 2012 L 54 20 28.2.2012 ►M3 Council Decision 2013/89/CFSP of 18 February 2013 L 46 37 19.2.2013 ►M4 Council Decision 2013/160/CFSP of 27 March 2013 L 90 95 28.3.2013 ►M5 Council Implementing Decision 2013/469/CFSP of 23 September 2013 L 252 31 24.9.2013 ►M6 Council Decision 2014/98/CFSP of 17 February 2014 L 50 20 20.2.2014 Corrected by: ►C1 Corrigendum, OJ L 100, 14.4.2011, p. 74 (2011/101/CFSP) 2011D0101 — EN — 20.02.2014 — 004.001 — 2 ▼B COUNCIL DECISION 2011/101/CFSP of 15 February 2011 concerning restrictive measures against Zimbabwe THE COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN UNION, Having regard to the Treaty on European Union, and in particular Article 29 thereof, Whereas: (1) On 19 February 2004, the Council adopted Common Position 2004/161/CFSP renewing restrictive measures against Zimb­ abwe (1 ). (2) Council Decision 2010/92/CFSP (2 ), adopted on 15 February 2010, extended the restrictive measures provided for in Common Position 2004/161/CFSP until 20 February 2011.
    [Show full text]
  • Matebeleland South
    HWANGE WEST Constituency Profile MATEBELELAND SOUTH Hwange West has been stripped of some areas scene, the area was flooded with tourists who Matebeleland South province is predominantly rural. The Ndebele, Venda and the Kalanga people that now constitute Hwange Central. Hwange contributed to national and individual revenue are found in this area. This province is one of the most under developed provinces in Zimbabwe. The West is comprised of Pandamatema, Matesti, generation. The income derived from tourists people feel they have been neglected by the government with regards to the provision of education Ndlovu, Bethesda and Kazungula. Hwange has not trickled down to improve the lives of and health as well as road infrastructure. Voting patterns in this province have been pro-opposition West is not suitable for human habitation due people in this constituency. People have and this can be possibly explained by the memories of Gukurahundi which may still be fresh in the to the wild life in the area. Hwange National devised ways to earn incomes through fishing minds of many. Game Park is found in this constituency. The and poaching. Tourist related trade such as place is arid, hot and crop farming is made making and selling crafts are some of the ways impossible by the presence of wild life that residents use to earn incomes. destroys crops. Recreational parks are situated in this constituency. Before Zimbabwe's REGISTERED VOTERS image was tarnished on the international 22965 Year Candidate Political Number Of Votes Party 2000 Jelous Sansole MDC 15132 Spiwe Mafuwa ZANU PF 2445 2005 Jelous Sansole MDC 10415 Spiwe Mafuwa ZANU PF 4899 SUPPORTING DEMOCRATIC ELECTIONS 218 219 SUPPORTING DEMOCRATIC ELECTIONS BULILIMA WEST Constituency Profile Constituency Profile BULILIMA EAST Bulilima West is made up of Dombodema, residents' incomes.
    [Show full text]
  • African Union Election Observation Mission Report: Zimbabwe 2013
    AFRICAN UNION COMMISSION REPORT OF AFRICAN UNION ELECTION OBSERVATION MISSION TO THE 31 JULY 2013 HARMONISED ELECTIONS IN THE REPUBLIC OF ZIMBABWE DISTRIBUTED BY VERITAS Veritas makes every effort to ensure the provision of reliable information, but cannot take legal responsibility for information supplied. African Union Election Observation Mission Report: Zimbabwe 2013 CONTENTS List of Abbreviations ........................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined. I. INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................... 3 II. OBJECTIVE AND METHODOLOGY OF THE MISSION ..................................................... 3 Objective ........................................................................................................................................ 3 Methodology .................................................................................................................................. 3 III. BACKGROUND TO THE 31 JULY 2013 ELECTIONS ...................................................... 5 IV. LEGAL CONTEXT ................................................................................................................ 9 The Constitution ............................................................................................................................. 9 The Zimbabwe Electoral Commission Act .................................................................................... 9 Political Parties
    [Show full text]
  • The Mortal Remains: Succession and the Zanu Pf Body Politic
    THE MORTAL REMAINS: SUCCESSION AND THE ZANU PF BODY POLITIC Report produced for the Zimbabwe Human Rights NGO Forum by the Research and Advocacy Unit [RAU] 14th July, 2014 1 CONTENTS Page No. Foreword 3 Succession and the Constitution 5 The New Constitution 5 The genealogy of the provisions 6 The presently effective law 7 Problems with the provisions 8 The ZANU PF Party Constitution 10 The Structure of ZANU PF 10 Elected Bodies 10 Administrative and Coordinating Bodies 13 Consultative For a 16 ZANU PF Succession Process in Practice 23 The Fault Lines 23 The Military Factor 24 Early Manoeuvring 25 The Tsholotsho Saga 26 The Dissolution of the DCCs 29 The Power of the Politburo 29 The Powers of the President 30 The Congress of 2009 32 The Provincial Executive Committee Elections of 2013 34 Conclusions 45 Annexures Annexure A: Provincial Co-ordinating Committee 47 Annexure B : History of the ZANU PF Presidium 51 2 Foreword* The somewhat provocative title of this report conceals an extremely serious issue with Zimbabwean politics. The theme of succession, both of the State Presidency and the leadership of ZANU PF, increasingly bedevils all matters relating to the political stability of Zimbabwe and any form of transition to democracy. The constitutional issues related to the death (or infirmity) of the President have been dealt with in several reports by the Research and Advocacy Unit (RAU). If ZANU PF is to select the nominee to replace Robert Mugabe, as the state constitution presently requires, several problems need to be considered. The ZANU PF nominee ought to be selected in terms of the ZANU PF constitution.
    [Show full text]
  • Situation Report C U R I T Y
    Institute for Security Studies T E F O U R T I T S S E N I I D U S T E S Situation Report C U R I T Y Date Issued: 3 May 2004 Author: Chris Maroleng1 Distribution: General Contact: [email protected] Zimbabwe’s Movement for Democratic Change: Briefing notes Introduction Since attaining its independence from Britain in 1980, Zimbabwe has been ruled by one party, the Zimbabwe African National Union–Patriotic Front (ZANU-PF), led by the president, Robert Mugabe. Even though this country is considered a de jure democracy, credible opposition to ZANU-PF did not begin to emerge until the early 1990s, in a context of growing poverty and unemployment. The nationalist project represented by ZANU-PF in Zimbabwe has failed to provide the broad masses of its people with either human security or social peace. This deficiency is well treated by Patrick Bond and Masimba Manyanya in their most recent, comprehensive book, Zimbabwe’s plunge: Exhausted nationalism, neoliberalism, and the search for social justice, in which they observe that two decades after independence, fatigue associated with the ruling ZANU-PF’s misgovernment and economic mismanagement has clearly reached its nadir.2 The fact that Zimbabwe has reached a breaking point is also implied by Amanda Hammar and Brian Raftopoulos in their recent publication, Unfinished business: Rethinking land, state and citizenship in Zimbabwe. These authors note that the dramatic changes in Zimbabwe’s economic, political and social landscape since early 2000 have come to be known as the “Zimbabwe Crisis”.3 The steady decline in living standards throughout the 1990s is identified generally as one of the main reasons for the growing dissatisfaction with the government that in September 1999 galvanised civic groups and the Zimbabwe Congress of Trade Unions (ZCTU) into forming a political party, the Movement for Democratic Change (MDC), currently led by Morgan Tsvangirai.
    [Show full text]
  • Dismantling the System of Mugabeism
    Dismantling The System Of Mugabeism All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic or mechanical including photocopy, recording or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the author. ISBN 978-3-00-059482-3 First Edition © 2018 1 Dismantling The System Of Mugabeism Dedication. To my fellow Zimbabweans, we defeated Mugabe the person but Mugabeism is still intact. We must dismantle this system and bring total democratization of our country Zimbabwe. My children Lilly, Tanaka and Nkosilathi,Jr you don’t deserve to grow up in such a collapsed country which is now a shadow of itself. This is the little contribution I can make towards challenging a regime which is putting your future at stake. ‘This is the history of a failure’ (Che Guevara, The African Dream) 2 Dismantling The System Of Mugabeism Foreword. I feel refreshed and motivated to write this book in this new-old political dispensation. New in the sense that, this is the first time ever since I was born to see this country having another President who is not Robert Gabriel Mugabe and old in the sense that those who are now in power are the same people who have been in charge of this country for the past four decades working alongside Mugabe. Yes Mugabe has gone but the system he created is still intact. Are the Mnangagwas of this world going to reform and become ambassadors of peace, tolerance, democracy and respect of the rule of law? Or they will simply pick up the sjamboks from where Mugabe left them and perpetuate his legacy of brutality? Is corruption going to end considering that a few former Ministers who were arrested by Mnangagwa’s administration were being used as scapegoats, most of the criminals and kleptocrats who committed serious crimes against humanity and corruption are still serving in the post-Mugabe ZANU PF government? The same old people who bled Zimbabwe dry serving in the kleptocratic regime of Robert Mugabe are the same people who are serving under Mnangagwa.
    [Show full text]
  • Interpreting the Right to Administrative Justice in the Zimbabwean Constitution
    Towards Good Governance: Interpreting the Right to Administrative Justice in the Zimbabwean Constitution PAUL KASEKE Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in the School of Law of the University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg Supervisor: Dr. Fola Adeleke Co-Supervisor Prof. Victoria Bronstein March 2019 DECLARATION I, Paul Chidochashe Kaseke declare that this thesis is my own unaided work. It is submitted in fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) in the Faculty of Commerce, Law and Management at the University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg. It has not been submitted before for any degree or examination in this or any other university. __________________________________________ SIGNATURE 480549 STUDENT NUMBER 29th March 2019 DATE This study commenced in 2016 and wherever possible the law is stated as at January 2019. The citation conventions of the South African Journal on Human Rights (SAJHR) were used Acknowledgements Penning this thesis has been a character defining moment. There are times where I wanted to give up and indeed many sleepless nights which made me question whether this was something I wanted to do. I would have not done it without the assistance and support of several special people around me. Special thanks to my supervisor, Dr. Fola Adeleke, for his dedication, commitment and hands-on approach which made the writing process easier. Doc, as I often called him, made every attempt to accommodate me even where I missed deadlines. I am humbled to have had a compassionate supervisor who took an interest in my well-being during this process.
    [Show full text]