DOCSLIB.ORG

Seasonal Changes in Predator Community Switch the Direction of Selection for Prey Defences

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Seasonal Changes in Predator Community Switch the Direction of Selection for Prey Defences ARTICLE Received 18 Jun 2014 | Accepted 18 Aug 2014 | Published 23 Sep 2014 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6016 OPEN Seasonal changes in predator community switch the direction of selection for prey defences Johanna Mappes1, Hanna Kokko2, Katja Ojala1 & Leena Lindstro¨m1 Insect communities consist of aposematic species with efficient warning colours against predation, as well as abundant examples of crypsis. To understand such coexistence, we here report results from a field experiment where relative survival of artificial larvae, varying in conspicuousness, was estimated in natural bird communities over an entire season. This takes advantage of natural variation in the proportion of naive predators: naivety peaks when young birds have just fledged. We show that the relative benefit of warning signals and crypsis changes accordingly. When naive birds are rare (early and late in the season), conspicuous warning signals improve survival, but conspicuousness becomes a disadvantage near the fledging time of birds. Such temporal structuring of predator–prey relationships facilitates the coexistence of diverse antipredatory strategies and helps explain two patterns we found in a 688-species community of Lepidoterans: larval warning signals remain rare and occur disproportionately often in seasons when predators are educated. 1 Centre of Excellence in Biological Interactions Research, Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyva¨skyla¨, P.O. Box, 35, Jyva¨skyla¨ FI- 40014, Finland. 2 Centre of Excellence in Biological Interactions Research, Department of Evolution, Ecology and Genetics, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Australian Capital Territory 0200, Canberra, Australia. Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to J.M. (email: johanna.mappes@jyu.fi). NATURE COMMUNICATIONS | 5:5016 | DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6016 | www.nature.com/naturecommunications 1 & 2014 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved. ARTICLE NATURE COMMUNICATIONS | DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6016 nimal colouration, ranging from camouflage to conspic- Later in the season, the direction of selection switches back to uous warning signals, beautifully exemplifies the power of favour of warning signals, which suggests a role for declining Anatural selection in action1,2. Camouflage evolved to naivety in the predator community that has now undergone conceal prey in the presence of predators, while conspicuous learning in the natural environment where non-artificial larvae warning signals (aposematism) evolved to warn potential combine warning colours with unpalatability. Crypsis yields predators that a prey item is not profitable, that is, it has similarly temporally structured survival advantages and disad- defences against predation1. Explaining the evolution of vantages against both large and small warning signals. A separate aposematism has been challenging3,4, as only most effective experiment showed that warningly coloured prey is easier to visual warning signals function as an anti-predatory strategy2,5,6 detect from the vegetation than cryptic prey. Moreover, a seasonal and the associated conspicuousness places a warning-coloured pattern in warning colour occurrence was found among animal at risk7,8. To yield a net benefit, avoidance by educated macrolepidopteran larvae, an important prey of most passerine predators must outweigh the mortality costs by naive predators3. birds breeding in the area14,23. Among 688 investigated However, unless avoidance has evolved to be fully innate, every lepidopteran larvae (all relevant species that exist in Finland), predator generation has naive (young) predators9. If they target warning signals remain a rare strategy with o5% occurrence conspicuous prey and ignore the possible defence mechanism among all species as a larval colour pattern. They occur before the prey has been killed or injured, the problem of disproportionately often in seasons when adult birds dominate apparent altruism reappears continually: other prey individuals the predator community. with similar phenotypes benefit as the predator becomes educated, but the individual educating the predator suffers a Results cost4,5. If the predators’ innate avoidance or neophobic behaviour 7,10 Survival of artificial caterpillars in natural vegetation.The is weak or absent , explaining aposematism is challenging not survival of different prey types varied seasonally (Table 1 and only in its initial stages but in its maintenance phase too. The 5,11 Fig. 1a) with the pattern matching published data on fledging times problematic need to educate naive predators never disappears . of passerine birds (Fig. 1b), the main predators of larvae. We In seasonal environments, birds breed largely synchronously12. estimated seasonally varying survival differences among the three The age structure of the predator community therefore changes different larval types (cryptic, small warning signal and large predictably over the breeding season13. The proportion of juveniles warning signal) by fitting a set of candidate models to data and increases very rapidly as the progeny of the year start feeding estimating their support based on Akaike information criteria independently. Juveniles have little experience of warning signals. (AIC)24,25 (Table 1). All models with at least moderate support, If these naive predators have to learn to discriminate and avoid including the two models with clearly best support, agree on a warning-coloured prey5, we can predict seasonal changes in the general pattern in which the survival of warning-coloured prey efficacy of warning signals, with the lowest advantage coinciding increases over time and exceeds that of cryptic prey early and late with the peak abundance of inexperienced predators. It is in the season, but not in between (Table 1 and Fig. 1a). Thus, important to note that the advantages refer to relative survival. perfect and maximally strong signals are not required to yield the Absolute survival of prey may be additionally linked to variations 14,15 survival advantage once predators have started to avoid warning in alternative prey availability : in times of high insect signals in general. The model selection procedure leaves it open abundance, per capita survival can increase despite breeding whether large signals yield a consistent survival advantage over efforts of birds, also causing high predator activity. Although such small signals (model E: small and large signal type have different factors have an impact on the absolute values of survival that can intercepts) or not (model D: both warning-coloured prey types be expected, we focus here on changes in relative survival between have identical survival that increases linearly over time, presumably prey types, as this determines the direction of selection (that is, because of increasing protection offered by growing vegetation whether warning colours or crypsis is favoured16,17). and/or the availability of alternative prey). It is well known that a To test for seasonal variation in the survival of cryptic or large, strong warning signal can promote predator-avoidance warning-coloured individuals created by a naturally occurring 26–28 18 learning better compared with a small signal, but the relative changes in the predator community , we studied attack rates on benefit remains weak because of the detectability cost17,27. three artificial19,20 larval types, which were either completely black (effectively cryptic; non-warning coloured) or had a small (moderately conspicuous) or a large (conspicuous) orange patch. Changes in predator community structure. The changes in the We chose these three colour forms to investigate varying degrees survival of the artificial larvae match the temporal variation in the of warning signal expression but also to match the natural predator community structure, based on data of timing of young variation in the warning signal expression of Parasemia insectivorous birds leaving their nests and starting to feed on their plantaginis21. The black larvae are effectively cryptic as they own (Fig. 1b). The timing of naive predators in the predator blend into the shadows of natural vegetation. Our two choices for community was calculated from the insectivorous birds’ nestling orange signals (small and large) resemble naturally occurring ringing data of 29 species (Supplementary Table 1), by estimating warning signals differing in conspicuousness and presumably the the timing of fledglings leaving their nests (approximately 1 week benefits in the presence of educated predators22. The large-scale after ringing; The Finnish Ringing Centre). The same pattern can field experiment was conducted in Central Finland, a highly be found in a different data set of immature and mature birds (59 seasonal environment, continually from spring (21 May) to fall species, Supplementary Table 2) mist-netted throughout the (19 August), that is, before, during and after the nesting period of summer (Supplementary Fig. 2). As the latter data set comprises passerine birds (see Methods) in Finland. birds that were caught in flight, it reflects the activity of the birds We found that warning colours give relatively higher survival in each age group. From the nest-ringing data, the first passerine than crypsis early and late in the season. The survival of cryptic birds were estimated to leave their nests during week 21 (21–27 larvae peaks to exceed that of warningly coloured larvae in the May), while the mist-netting data (Supplementary Fig. 2) shows middle of the
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Fauna Lepidopterologica Volgo-Uralensis" 150 Years Later: Changes and Additions
    ©Ges. zur Förderung d. Erforschung von Insektenwanderungen e.V. München, download unter www.zobodat.at Atalanta (August 2000) 31 (1/2):327-367< Würzburg, ISSN 0171-0079 "Fauna lepidopterologica Volgo-Uralensis" 150 years later: changes and additions. Part 5. Noctuidae (Insecto, Lepidoptera) by Vasily V. A n ik in , Sergey A. Sachkov , Va d im V. Z o lo t u h in & A n drey V. Sv ir id o v received 24.II.2000 Summary: 630 species of the Noctuidae are listed for the modern Volgo-Ural fauna. 2 species [Mesapamea hedeni Graeser and Amphidrina amurensis Staudinger ) are noted from Europe for the first time and one more— Nycteola siculana Fuchs —from Russia. 3 species ( Catocala optata Godart , Helicoverpa obsoleta Fabricius , Pseudohadena minuta Pungeler ) are deleted from the list. Supposedly they were either erroneously determinated or incorrect noted from the region under consideration since Eversmann 's work. 289 species are recorded from the re­ gion in addition to Eversmann 's list. This paper is the fifth in a series of publications1 dealing with the composition of the pres­ ent-day fauna of noctuid-moths in the Middle Volga and the south-western Cisurals. This re­ gion comprises the administrative divisions of the Astrakhan, Volgograd, Saratov, Samara, Uljanovsk, Orenburg, Uralsk and Atyraus (= Gurjev) Districts, together with Tataria and Bash­ kiria. As was accepted in the first part of this series, only material reliably labelled, and cover­ ing the last 20 years was used for this study. The main collections are those of the authors: V. A n i k i n (Saratov and Volgograd Districts), S.
    [Show full text]
  • Condition of Designated Sites
    Scottish Natural Heritage Condition of Designated Sites Contents Chapter Page Summary ii Condition of Designated Sites (Progress to March 2010) Site Condition Monitoring 1 Purpose of SCM 1 Sites covered by SCM 1 How is SCM implemented? 2 Assessment of condition 2 Activities and management measures in place 3 Summary results of the first cycle of SCM 3 Action taken following a finding of unfavourable status in the assessment 3 Natural features in Unfavourable condition – Scottish Government Targets 4 The 2010 Condition Target Achievement 4 Amphibians and Reptiles 6 Birds 10 Freshwater Fauna 18 Invertebrates 24 Mammals 30 Non-vascular Plants 36 Vascular Plants 42 Marine Habitats 48 Coastal 54 Machair 60 Fen, Marsh and Swamp 66 Lowland Grassland 72 Lowland Heath 78 Lowland Raised Bog 82 Standing Waters 86 Rivers and Streams 92 Woodlands 96 Upland Bogs 102 Upland Fen, Marsh and Swamp 106 Upland Grassland 112 Upland Heathland 118 Upland Inland Rock 124 Montane Habitats 128 Earth Science 134 www.snh.gov.uk i Scottish Natural Heritage Summary Background Scotland has a rich and important diversity of biological and geological features. Many of these species populations, habitats or earth science features are nationally and/ or internationally important and there is a series of nature conservation designations at national (Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI)), European (Special Area of Conservation (SAC) and Special Protection Area (SPA)) and international (Ramsar) levels which seek to protect the best examples. There are a total of 1881 designated sites in Scotland, although their boundaries sometimes overlap, which host a total of 5437 designated natural features.
    [Show full text]
  • Download S24 Common Fan-Foot
    Common Fan-foot Pechipogo strigilata DRAFT Species Action Plan 1. Introduction The common fan-foot was included as a priority species within the UK BAP and subsequently listed in Section 41 of the Natural Environment and Rural Communities (NERC) Act 2006. 2. Current Status 2.1 Ecology and habitat requirements The common fan-foot is associated with open woodland and recently abandoned coppice, usually on heavy soils. Important habitat features for this moth seem to include the presence of leaf litter, humid conditions, and cover from understory, low branches of trees or mature coppice. Research on this species in Worcestershire, Staffordshire and Shropshire (Grundy, 2002, 2004, 2005a,b, and 2006a) showed that the larvae prefer feeding on the wilted leaves of oak (Quercus spp.) on dying or dead branches hanging from trees. 2.2 Population and distribution Globally the range of the common fan-foot extends through Western Europe to the Caucasus, through Russia and Japan (Waring et al., 1999). In Britain, it used to occur throughout much of England and parts of Wales but now persist in only a handful of oak woodlands in south-central England and the West Midlands. In Worcestershire the moth now appears largely confined to the Wyre Forest where it is still relatively widespread. 2.3 Legislation The common fan-foot is listed under Section 41 of the NERC Act. 2.4 Summary of important sites The Wyre Forest is one of the largest ancient semi-natural woodlands in Britain extending to over 2,400 hectares. Approximately half of the forest is in Shropshire and half in Worcestershire.
    [Show full text]
  • Occurrence and Biology of Pseudogonalos Hahnii (Spinola, 1840) (Hymenoptera: Trigonalidae) in Fennoscandia and the Baltic States
    © Entomologica Fennica. 1 June 2018 Occurrence and biology of Pseudogonalos hahnii (Spinola, 1840) (Hymenoptera: Trigonalidae) in Fennoscandia and the Baltic states Simo Väänänen, Juho Paukkunen, Villu Soon & Eduardas Budrys Väänänen, S., Paukkunen, J., Soon, V. & Budrys, E. 2018: Occurrence and bio- logy of Pseudogonalos hahnii (Spinola, 1840) (Hymenoptera: Trigonalidae) in Fennoscandia and the Baltic states. Entomol. Fennica 29: 8696. Pseudogonalos hahnii is the only known species of Trigonalidae in Europe. It is a hyperparasitoid of lepidopteran larvae via ichneumonid primary parasitoids. Possibly, it has also been reared from a symphytan larva. We report the species for the first time from Estonia, Lithuania and Russian Fennoscandia, and list all known observations from Finland and Latvia. An overview of the biology of the species is presented with a list of all known host records. S. Väänänen, Vantaa, Finland; E-mail: [email protected] J. Paukkunen, Finnish Museum of Natural History, Zoology Unit, P.O. Box 17, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland; E-mail: [email protected] V. Soon, Natural History Museum, University of Tartu, Vanemuise 46, 51014 Tartu, Estonia; E-mail: [email protected] E. Budrys, Nature Research Centre, Akademijos 2, LT-08412 Vilnius, Lithuania; E-mail: [email protected] Received 27 June 2017, accepted 22 September 2017 1. Introduction ovipositor with Aculeata (Weinstein & Austin 1991). The trigonalid ovipositor is reduced and Trigonalidae is a moderately small family of par- hidden within the abdomen and it is not known if asitic wasps of little over 100 species and about it is used in egg placement (Quicke et al. 1999).
    [Show full text]
  • Des Truppenübungsplatzes Haltern-Platzteil Lavesum (Kreis Recklinghausen Und Kreis Borken)
    Abhandlungen aus dem Westfälischen Museum für Naturkunde 67 (4): 29-54, Münster 2005 Die Großschmetterlinge (Insecta, Macrolepidoptera) des Truppenübungsplatzes Haltern-Platzteil Lavesum (Kreis Recklinghausen und Kreis Borken) Karsten Hannig, Waltrop Zusammenfassung Die Ergebnisse einer Untersuchung der Großschmetterlinge (im klassischen Sinne, inkl. Bohrern, Sackträgern etc.), die in den Jahren 1998 bis 2001 auf dem Truppenübungsplatz Haltern-Platzteil Lavesum (Westfälische Bucht, Kreise Recklinghausen u. Borken) schwerpunktmäßig mit Tagfang, Köderfang und manuellem Lichtfang erzielt wurden, wer­ den in Form einer kommentierten Artenliste präsentiert und ausgewertet. Weiterhin wurden mehrere große Privat- und Museumssammlungen, in denen umfangreiches, un­ publiziertes, historisches Material aus dem Untersuchungsgebiet vorliegt, sowie alle verfügbaren publizierten Daten in die kommentierte Artenliste und Auswertung miteinbe­ zogen, so dass naturschutzfachliche Vergleiche mit der aktuellen Datenlage ermöglicht werden. Insgesamt konnten in mehr als 70 Jahren faunistischer Forschung 518 Großschmetterlings• arten aus 22 Familien registriert werden, von denen auch 297 Arten aktuell noch nach­ gewiesen wurden. 133 Arten (25,7 % des Gesamtartenspektrums) werden in der Roten Liste der in NRW gefährdeten Schmetterlinge geführt (DuDLER et al. 1999). Der Anteil der Noctuidae an der Gesamtartenzahl beträgt 40 %, der Geometridae 32 % und der Notodon­ tidae 5 %, der aller anderen Familien weniger als 5 %. Die Gesamtzahl der nachgewiesenen Arten ist
    [Show full text]
  • Survey of Lepidoptera of the Wainwright Dunes Ecological Reserve
    SURVEY OF LEPIDOPTERA OF THE WAINWRIGHT DUNES ECOLOGICAL RESERVE Alberta Species at Risk Report No. 159 SURVEY OF LEPIDOPTERA OF THE WAINWRIGHT DUNES ECOLOGICAL RESERVE Doug Macaulay Alberta Species at Risk Report No.159 Project Partners: i ISBN 978-1-4601-3449-8 ISSN 1496-7146 Photo: Doug Macaulay of Pale Yellow Dune Moth ( Copablepharon grandis ) For copies of this report, visit our website at: http://www.aep.gov.ab.ca/fw/speciesatrisk/index.html This publication may be cited as: Macaulay, A. D. 2016. Survey of Lepidoptera of the Wainwright Dunes Ecological Reserve. Alberta Species at Risk Report No.159. Alberta Environment and Parks, Edmonton, AB. 31 pp. ii DISCLAIMER The views and opinions expressed are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the policies of the Department or the Alberta Government. iii Table of Contents ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................... vi EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ............................................................................................... vi 1.0 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 1 2.0 STUDY AREA ............................................................................................................. 2 3.0 METHODS ................................................................................................................... 6 4.0 RESULTS ....................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Redalyc.New and Interesting Portuguese Lepidoptera Records from 2007 (Insecta: Lepidoptera)
    SHILAP Revista de Lepidopterología ISSN: 0300-5267 [email protected] Sociedad Hispano-Luso-Americana de Lepidopterología España Corley, M. F. V.; Marabuto, E.; Maravalhas, E.; Pires, P.; Cardoso, J. P. New and interesting Portuguese Lepidoptera records from 2007 (Insecta: Lepidoptera) SHILAP Revista de Lepidopterología, vol. 36, núm. 143, septiembre, 2008, pp. 283-300 Sociedad Hispano-Luso-Americana de Lepidopterología Madrid, España Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=45512164002 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative 283-300 New and interesting Po 4/9/08 17:37 Página 283 SHILAP Revta. lepid., 36 (143), septiembre 2008: 283-300 CODEN: SRLPEF ISSN:0300-5267 New and interesting Portuguese Lepidoptera records from 2007 (Insecta: Lepidoptera) M. F. V. Corley, E. Marabuto, E. Maravalhas, P. Pires & J. P. Cardoso Abstract 38 species are added to the Portuguese Lepidoptera fauna and two species deleted, mainly as a result of fieldwork undertaken by the authors in the last year. In addition, second and third records for the country and new food-plant data for a number of species are included. A summary of papers published in 2007 affecting the Portuguese fauna is included. KEY WORDS: Insecta, Lepidoptera, geographical distribution, Portugal. Novos e interessantes registos portugueses de Lepidoptera em 2007 (Insecta: Lepidoptera) Resumo Como resultado do trabalho de campo desenvolvido pelos autores principalmente no ano de 2007, são adicionadas 38 espécies de Lepidoptera para a fauna de Portugal e duas são retiradas.
    [Show full text]
  • High Brown Fritillary Argynnis Adippe
    Drab Looper Minoa murinata DRAFT Species Action Plan 1. Introduction The drab looper moth was included as a priority species within the UK BAP and subsequently listed in Section 41 of the Natural Environment and Rural Communities (NERC) Act 2006. 2. Current Status 2.1 Ecology and habitat requirements The drab looper is most frequent in ancient woodland in open, sheltered, sunny situations and along ride edges where its larval foodplant wood spurge (Euphorbia amygdaloides) is abundant and present in large stands. The moth can also be found in other non-ancient woods with coppice plots or areas of clear-fell but here regular active management will be needed to retain the species in the long term, especially in woods where wood spurge has only a scattered distribution. 2.2 Population and distribution Drab looper is recorded in central and southern Europe (Waring et al, 1999). The moth has a restricted distribution in Britain with two main centres of population still remaining: a) central southern England (e.g. Dorset, Hampshire, Wiltshire and Berkshire) and b) the borders of England and Wales from Gloucestershire and Monmouthshire to Herefordshire and Worcestershire. Some colonies are also found in Kent. The species used to be more widespread and recorded in a number of other English counties. In Worcestershire the drab looper has been described as a local fairly common resident in open woodland containing wood spurge (Harper & Simpson, 2002) whereas Grundy (2006a) described it as rare in the Wyre Forest. 2.3 Legislation The drab looper is listed under Section 41 of the NERC Act 2006.
    [Show full text]
  • Forum He Rbulot Newslett Er
    VOL. 9, Issue 1 Editorial October 2019 This Newsletter is mainly intended to facilitate the early planning for those who plan to attend the International Congress of Forum Herbulot 2020 in Lund, Swe- den. Here we give more detailed information on this meeting. Another Newsletter is planned for late 2019 to concretize the plans and give some additional infor- mation if required. Invitation to Forum Herbulot XI Niklas Wahlberg (Lund, Sweden) would like to welcome you to the 11th Internation- al Congress of Forum Herbulot, entitled “The future of Geometridae systematics: from species descriptions to large scale phylogeny”. The key word here is the future, where are we going, how can we as a community continue to work together, what are the challenges, and how do we keep up with (or surpass!) the competition? In the coming congress the attendees have the opportunity to present new results from their research on geometrid moths, but also other Lepidoptera if they are in common interest. Additionally, we will have much time for discussions and for ‘social networking’. We invited several keynote speakers from around the world. The congress will be closed with an attractive sightseeing program. Date: 15-18 June 2020 (arrival 14 June, departure 19 June, conference 15-17 June, sightseeing program 18 June). Venue: Lund University, Lund, Sweden More information about online registration will be announced in the next newsletter and the homepage of Forum Herbulot: http://www.herbulot.de/ Contact Person: Niklas Wahlberg Email: [email protected] NEWSLETTER NEWSLETTER A newsletter for geometrid for specialists A newsletter FORUM HERBULOT FORUM HERBULOT The Forum Herbulot Newsletter appears regularly two times per year and will be posted on the webpage of Forum Herbulot: www.herbulot.de.
    [Show full text]
  • CHECKLIST of WISCONSIN MOTHS (Superfamilies Mimallonoidea, Drepanoidea, Lasiocampoidea, Bombycoidea, Geometroidea, and Noctuoidea)
    WISCONSIN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY SPECIAL PUBLICATION No. 6 JUNE 2018 CHECKLIST OF WISCONSIN MOTHS (Superfamilies Mimallonoidea, Drepanoidea, Lasiocampoidea, Bombycoidea, Geometroidea, and Noctuoidea) Leslie A. Ferge,1 George J. Balogh2 and Kyle E. Johnson3 ABSTRACT A total of 1284 species representing the thirteen families comprising the present checklist have been documented in Wisconsin, including 293 species of Geometridae, 252 species of Erebidae and 584 species of Noctuidae. Distributions are summarized using the six major natural divisions of Wisconsin; adult flight periods and statuses within the state are also reported. Examples of Wisconsin’s diverse native habitat types in each of the natural divisions have been systematically inventoried, and species associated with specialized habitats such as peatland, prairie, barrens and dunes are listed. INTRODUCTION This list is an updated version of the Wisconsin moth checklist by Ferge & Balogh (2000). A considerable amount of new information from has been accumulated in the 18 years since that initial publication. Over sixty species have been added, bringing the total to 1284 in the thirteen families comprising this checklist. These families are estimated to comprise approximately one-half of the state’s total moth fauna. Historical records of Wisconsin moths are relatively meager. Checklists including Wisconsin moths were compiled by Hoy (1883), Rauterberg (1900), Fernekes (1906) and Muttkowski (1907). Hoy's list was restricted to Racine County, the others to Milwaukee County. Records from these publications are of historical interest, but unfortunately few verifiable voucher specimens exist. Unverifiable identifications and minimal label data associated with older museum specimens limit the usefulness of this information. Covell (1970) compiled records of 222 Geometridae species, based on his examination of specimens representing at least 30 counties.
    [Show full text]
  • Diversity of the Moth Fauna (Lepidoptera: Heterocera) of a Wetland Forest: a Case Study from Motovun Forest, Istria, Croatia
    PERIODICUM BIOLOGORUM UDC 57:61 VOL. 117, No 3, 399–414, 2015 CODEN PDBIAD DOI: 10.18054/pb.2015.117.3.2945 ISSN 0031-5362 original research article Diversity of the moth fauna (Lepidoptera: Heterocera) of a wetland forest: A case study from Motovun forest, Istria, Croatia Abstract TONI KOREN1 KAJA VUKOTIĆ2 Background and Purpose: The Motovun forest located in the Mirna MITJA ČRNE3 river valley, central Istria, Croatia is one of the last lowland floodplain 1 Croatian Herpetological Society – Hyla, forests remaining in the Mediterranean area. Lipovac I. n. 7, 10000 Zagreb Materials and Methods: Between 2011 and 2014 lepidopterological 2 Biodiva – Conservation Biologist Society, research was carried out on 14 sampling sites in the area of Motovun forest. Kettejeva 1, 6000 Koper, Slovenia The moth fauna was surveyed using standard light traps tents. 3 Biodiva – Conservation Biologist Society, Results and Conclusions: Altogether 403 moth species were recorded Kettejeva 1, 6000 Koper, Slovenia in the area, of which 65 can be considered at least partially hygrophilous. These results list the Motovun forest as one of the best surveyed regions in Correspondence: Toni Koren Croatia in respect of the moth fauna. The current study is the first of its kind [email protected] for the area and an important contribution to the knowledge of moth fauna of the Istria region, and also for Croatia in general. Key words: floodplain forest, wetland moth species INTRODUCTION uring the past 150 years, over 300 papers concerning the moths Dand butterflies of Croatia have been published (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8).
    [Show full text]
  • Scottish Macro-Moth List, 2015
    Notes on the Scottish Macro-moth List, 2015 This list aims to include every species of macro-moth reliably recorded in Scotland, with an assessment of its Scottish status, as guidance for observers contributing to the National Moth Recording Scheme (NMRS). It updates and amends the previous lists of 2009, 2011, 2012 & 2014. The requirement for inclusion on this checklist is a minimum of one record that is beyond reasonable doubt. Plausible but unproven species are relegated to an appendix, awaiting confirmation or further records. Unlikely species and known errors are omitted altogether, even if published records exist. Note that inclusion in the Scottish Invertebrate Records Index (SIRI) does not imply credibility. At one time or another, virtually every macro-moth on the British list has been reported from Scotland. Many of these claims are almost certainly misidentifications or other errors, including name confusion. However, because the County Moth Recorder (CMR) has the final say, dubious Scottish records for some unlikely species appear in the NMRS dataset. A modern complication involves the unwitting transportation of moths inside the traps of visiting lepidopterists. Then on the first night of their stay they record a species never seen before or afterwards by the local observers. Various such instances are known or suspected, including three for my own vice-county of Banffshire. Surprising species found in visitors’ traps the first time they are used here should always be regarded with caution. Clerical slips – the wrong scientific name scribbled in a notebook – have long caused confusion. An even greater modern problem involves errors when computerising the data.
    [Show full text]