Nuns, Rotten Boys and Rotten Girls

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Nuns, Rotten Boys and Rotten Girls Nuns, rotten boys and rotten girls The gendered representations of nerd identities in Japanese women’s comics Sari Manninen Pro gradu East Asian Studies, Department of World Cultures, University of Helsinki Instructor: Julie Chen April 2018 Contents 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 4 2. Background and Terminology ...................................................................................................... 6 2.1. Overview of Japanese gender history in the modern era ...................................................... 6 2.2. Overview of manga history and status in Japanese society ................................................. 11 2.3. Japanese nerd identities and names given to them ............................................................ 14 2.3.1. Otaku オタク .............................................................................................................. 14 2.3.2. Fujoshi 腐女子............................................................................................................. 17 2.3.3. Fudanshi 腐男子 ......................................................................................................... 19 3. Literature Review ...................................................................................................................... 21 3.1. Theories ............................................................................................................................. 21 3.2. Female-oriented manga and nerd identities ....................................................................... 23 4. Methods and Data..................................................................................................................... 25 4.1. Methods ............................................................................................................................. 25 4.2. Data ................................................................................................................................... 26 5. Analysis ..................................................................................................................................... 32 5.1. Non-fujoshi otaku women .................................................................................................. 33 5.1.1. The nuns of Kuragehime .............................................................................................. 33 5.1.2. Genders and love in Kuragehime ................................................................................. 39 5.1.3. Gamer otaku girl .......................................................................................................... 44 5.1.4. Comparing Wotakoi and Kuragehime .......................................................................... 46 5.2. Fujoshi ................................................................................................................................ 48 5.2.1. High school life of fujoshi ............................................................................................. 48 5.2.2. Fujoshi in the office ..................................................................................................... 57 5.2.3. Other fujoshi................................................................................................................ 58 5.2.4. Rotten girls in heterosexual relationships .................................................................... 59 1 5.3. Otaku men.......................................................................................................................... 65 5.3.1. Wotakoi and salaryman otaku ..................................................................................... 66 5.3.2. The stereotypical otaku of Watamote .......................................................................... 68 5.3.3. The non-otaku otaku of Kuragehime ............................................................................ 71 5.3.4. Otaku men loving rotten women ................................................................................. 72 5.4. Fudanshi ............................................................................................................................. 75 5.4.1. Fudanshi in same-sex love ........................................................................................... 75 5.4.2. Heterosexual fudanshi ................................................................................................. 81 5.4.3. Comparisons between the types of fudanshi, and with fujoshi .................................... 84 6. Conclusion................................................................................................................................. 87 7. References ................................................................................................................................ 90 8. List of Figures ............................................................................................................................ 98 9. Vocabulary Appendix ................................................................................................................ 99 10. Pictorial Appendix of the characters in the data .................................................................... 102 2 Tiedekunta/Osasto – Fakultet/Sektion – Faculty Laitos – Institution – Department Humanistinen tiedekunta Maailman kulttuurien laitos Tekijä – Författare – Author Sari Manninen Työn nimi – Arbetets titel – Title Nuns, rotten boys and rotten girls - The gendered representations of nerd identities in Japanese women’s comics Oppiaine – Läroämne – Subject Itä-Aasian tutkimus Työn laji – Arbetets art – Level Aika – Datum – Month and Sivumäärä– Sidoantal – Number of pages Pro gradu -tutkielma year 98 sivua + liitteet 14 sivua Huhtikuu 2018 Tiivistelmä – Referat – Abstract Tutkin japanilaisissa tyttöjen ja naisten sarjakuvissa esiintyviä sukupuolittuneita nörtti-identitteejä ja niiden representaantioita. Japanissa on useita erilaisia nörtti-identitteettejä, jotka on jaoteltu pääosin sukupuolen ja kiinnostusten kohteiden mukaan. Tutkielmassani tarkastelen otaku, fujoshi ja fudanshi -tyyppien edustajia. Otaku on kattotermi nörteille, mutta viittaa stereotyyppisesti heteroseksuaalisesti epäonnistuneeseen ja sosiaalisesti kyvyttömään miesnörttiin. Termi voi myös viitata naisnörtteihin. Fujoshi viittaa japanilaisesta naisille suunnatusta homoeroottisesta viihteestä kiinnostuneeseen naiseen ja sen suora käännös on mätä tyttö. Fudanshi on johdettu fujoshista ja viittaa biologiseen mieheen, joka harrastaa edellä mainittua stereotyyppisesti naisten viihteeksi miellettyä homoerotiikkaa, sen suora käännös on mätä poika / mies. Kaikki nämä erilaiset nörtit ovat kärsineet huonosta maineesta japanilaisessa valtavirta-ajattelussa ja stereotyyppisesti heidät on nähty poikkeavina ja sukupuolensa epäonnistuneina edustajina, joiden on vaikea päästä naimisiin tai saada töitä. Tutkimus perehtyy näiden kategorioiden kuvaukseen ja niiden kautta ilmeneviä mahdollisia muutoksia niin ajattelussa nörttejä kohtaan kuin normatiivisessa sukupuolellisessa käytöksessä ja odotuksissa. Aineisto koostuu kuudesta 2000–2010 luvuilla ilmestyneestä, suositusta naisten tai tyttöjen mangasta: Kuragehime, (Akiko Higashimura), Watashi ga motete dōsunda (Junko), Wotaku ni koi ha muzukashii (Fujita), Fudanshi kōkō seikatsu (Atami Michinoku), Sasaki to Miyano (Shō Harusono) ja Mashita no fudanshi-kun (Chihaya Kuroiwa), joiden kaikkien pää- ja sivuhahmoina esiintyy erilaisten nörttikategorioiden hahmoja. Sarjakuvien tarinat ovat luonteeltaan romanttisia, Fudanshi kōkō seikatsu'a lukuun ottamatta, sillä naisten ja tyttöjen manga on pääsääntöisesti rakkaustarinoihin nojaavaa, minkä lisäksi romanttiset suhteet paljastavat seksuaalisesti kyvyttöminä pidettyjen nörttikategorioiden konfliktin heteronormatiivisen yhteiskunnan kanssa. Tutkimus keskittyy eritysiesti naisnäkökulmaan, vaikka kaikki tutkimusaineiston nörtit eivät ole naisia, tutkimus keskittyy erityisesti nais-otakuihin fujoshien ohella. Fudanshit asettuvat stereotyyppisesti feminiiniseksi miellettyyn kategoriaan, joten he paljastavat osaltaan heteronormatiivisen yhteiskunnan rakenteita. Teoreettinen perusta tutkimukselle on Judith Butlerin teoria sukupuolen performatiivisuudesta, sukupuolen toisin toistamisesta ja sukupuolellisesta ymmärrettävyydestä. Japanilaiset nörttikategoriat paljastavat ulkopuolisuudellaan sukupuolen rakentuneen ja epä-essentiaalisen luonteen. Tämän lisäksi heteronormatiivisen yhteiskuntarakenteen kanssa konfliktissa olevat nörtti-identiteetit vastustavat valtavirtaiseen sukupuoliperformanssiin osallistumista. Tutkimuksen tuloksena on, että valtavirtayhteiskunnan kanssa konfliktissa olevat nörtit eivät parane poikkeavasta identiteetistään rakkauden voimalla ja assimiloidu valtavirtaan, vaan he pystyvät yhdistämään poikkeavan identiteettinsä ja suhteet toisiin ihmisiin. Nähtävissä on myös normatiivisen avioliittokeskeisyyden rapautumista ja parisuhderakeneteiden monipuolistumista. Suurin osa nörteistä joutuu kuitenkin pitämään identiteettinsä salaisuutena laajemmalta yhteiskunnalta. Avainsanat – Nyckelord – Keywords japanilainen sarjakuva, manga, otaku, fujoshi, fudanshi, sarjakuvantutkimus, naisten sarjakuva, sukupuolentutkimus Säilytyspaikka – Förvaringställe – Where deposited Keskustakampuksen kirjasto Muita tietoja – Övriga uppgifter – Additional information Tutkielma on englanninkielinen. 3
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