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EÖTVÖS LORÁND UNIVERSITY FACULTY of LAW DOCTORAL SCHOOL of LAW Sára Fekete POSTED WORKERS' RIGHTS in the EU LABOUR MARKET

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EÖTVÖS LORÁND UNIVERSITY FACULTY of LAW DOCTORAL SCHOOL of LAW Sára Fekete POSTED WORKERS' RIGHTS in the EU LABOUR MARKET EÖTVÖS LORÁND UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF LAW DOCTORAL SCHOOL OF LAW Sára Fekete POSTED WORKERS’ RIGHTS IN THE EU LABOUR MARKET – TOWARDS A UNIFIED EUROPEAN LABOUR LAW? Ph.D. DISSERTATION Supervisor: Dr. Éva Gellérné Lukács President of the Doctoral School of Law: Dr. István Kukorelli Budapest 2020 2 1ADATLAP a doktori értekezés nyilvánosságra hozatalához I. A doktori értekezés adatai A szerző neve: dr. Fekete Sára MTMT-azonosító: 10023147 A doktori értekezés címe és alcíme: Posted Workers’ Rights in the EU Labour Market – Towards a Unified European Labour Law? DOI-azonosító2: 10.15476/ELTE.2020.075 A doktori iskola neve: ELTE Állam- és Jogtudományi Kar A doktori iskolán belüli doktori program neve: Állam- és Jogtudományi Doktori Iskola A témavezető neve és tudományos fokozata Dr. Gellérné Lukács Éva adjunktus A témavezető munkahelye: ELTE ÁJK Nemzetközi Magánjogi és Európai Gazdasági Jogi Tanszék II. Nyilatkozatok 1. A doktori értekezés szerzőjeként3 a) hozzájárulok, hogy a doktori fokozat megszerzését követően a doktori értekezésem és a tézisek nyilvánosságra kerüljenek az ELTE Digitális Intézményi Tudástárban. Felhatalmazom az ELTE Állam- és Jogtudományi Doktori Iskola hivatalának ügyintézőjét, Bencze Andreát, hogy az értekezést és a téziseket feltöltse az ELTE Digitális Intézményi Tudástárba, és ennek során kitöltse a feltöltéshez szükséges nyilatkozatokat. b) kérem, hogy a mellékelt kérelemben részletezett szabadalmi, illetőleg oltalmi bejelentés közzétételéig a doktori értekezést ne bocsássák nyilvánosságra az Egyetemi Könyvtárban és az ELTE Digitális Intézményi Tudástárban;4 c) kérem, hogy a nemzetbiztonsági okból minősített adatot tartalmazó doktori értekezést a minősítés ………………………-ig tartó időtartama alatt ne bocsássák nyilvánosságra az Egyetemi Könyvtárban és az ELTE Digitális Intézményi Tudástárban;5 d) kérem, hogy a mű kiadására vonatkozó mellékelt kiadó szerződésre tekintettel a doktori értekezést a könyv megjelenéséig ne bocsássák nyilvánosságra az Egyetemi Könyvtárban, és az ELTE Digitális Intézményi Tudástárban csak a könyv bibliográfiai adatait tegyék közzé. Ha a könyv a fokozatszerzést követőn egy évig nem jelenik meg, hozzájárulok, hogy a doktori értekezésem és a tézisek nyilvánosságra kerüljenek az Egyetemi Könyvtárban és az ELTE Digitális Intézményi Tudástárban.6 2. A doktori értekezés szerzőjeként kijelentem, hogy a) az ELTE Digitális Intézményi Tudástárba feltöltendő doktori értekezés és a tézisek saját eredeti, önálló szellemi munkám és legjobb tudomásom szerint nem sértem vele senki szerzői jogait; 1 Beiktatta az Egyetemi Doktori Szabályzat módosításáról szóló CXXXIX/2014. (VI. 30.) Szen. sz. határozat. Hatályos: 2014. VII.1. napjától. 2 A kari hivatal ügyintézője tölti ki. 3 A megfelelő szöveg aláhúzandó. 4 A doktori értekezés benyújtásával egyidejűleg be kell adni a tudományági doktori tanácshoz a szabadalmi, illetőleg oltalmi bejelentést tanúsító okiratot és a nyilvánosságra hozatal elhalasztása iránti kérelmet. 5 A doktori értekezés benyújtásával egyidejűleg be kell nyújtani a minősített adatra vonatkozó közokiratot. 6 A doktori értekezés benyújtásával egyidejűleg be kell nyújtani a mű kiadásáról szóló kiadói szerződést. 3 b) a doktori értekezés és a tézisek nyomtatott változatai és az elektronikus adathordozón benyújtott tartalmak (szöveg és ábrák) mindenben megegyeznek. 3. A doktori értekezés szerzőjeként hozzájárulok a doktori értekezés és a tézisek szövegének plágiumkereső adatbázisba helyezéséhez és plágiumellenőrző vizsgálatok lefuttatásához. Kelt: London, 2020. június 15. a doktori értekezés szerzőjének aláírása 4 ABSTRACT The objective and purpose of this PhD is to provide an overview to the reforms implemented and planned in relation to the regulation of posted workers, at EU and national level. Since the last economic crisis, the conflict between national autonomy and EU intervention has become a popular topic in the rhetoric of EU and national political leaders alike. Free movement, being at once the EU’s most and least popular achievement, is at the forefront of this debate. The contradiction in the evaluation of the success of the EU in the implementation of the free movement is the best illustrated through the phenomenon of ‘posting of workers’, which is itself a notion on the crossroad between three of the four EU economic freedoms: the freedom of establishment, the freedom to provide services, and the free movement of people. From the massive mediatisation of the Services Directive and the uproar following the Laval Quartet decisions to the open political conflicts surrounding the adoption of the Enforcement Directive (2014/67/EU) and the revision of the Posting of Workers Directive (ending with the recent adoption of the new PWD 2018/957), posting–related EU policy became one of the most highly politicised issues in recent European integration. Posting has become the symbol of the tension between East and West, between free trade and social protection, between employers and workers, and most of all, it has come to symbolise the struggle about what the EU should become: a competitive economic operator driven by the single market, or a supranational welfare state, promoting equal treatment and equal social and labour right to all the workers active on its territory? By issuing a series of decisions, the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) took the reins to drive the European integration of postings, ‘bypassing’ the legislative deadlock created by the conflict of political interests and competences between the EU and the Member States with regards to the regulation of employment law. By doing so, however, the CJEU ignited the tensions between social and labour rights on the one hand and economic freedoms and competition rules on the other hand, restarting the discussions about a potential re-regulation of national labour laws, and the creation of a more homogeneous European labour law applicable to cross border employment situations. According to the traditional distribution of competences, Member States remain the guardians of EU social and labour rights in the absence of EU legislation. National labour law however is often deemed as constituting a restriction on the market freedoms, especially the freedom of establishment and the freedom to provide services, which can be invoked by EU companies before the national court to challenge national labour law measures that protect employees. The posting of workers – a form of labour mobility that is crucial to the functioning of the internal market of services – illustrates well the difficulties in harmonising the differing national labour regimes with the economic goals of the EU. 5 The thesis follows a thorough analysis of the issues that are intrinsic to the current regulation of postings – i.e. the Posting of Workers Directive 96/71/EC and the Enforcement Directive 2014/67/EU – on the one hand, and the new Directive (EU) 2018/957 on the other, and also highlights wider issues such as the competing interests of the internal market and national labour law as well as the conflicting economic and social policy interests. Together with the review of the future impact on the European Pillar of Social Rights and the EU Mobility Package proposal, this analysis will constitute the requisite original contribution to knowledge. The thesis is composed of six parts, beginning with the Introduction and ending with the Conclusions. The central Parts review the main challenges encountered during the regulation of postings in the past 20 years, as follows: Part 1 provides a definition of the concept of ‘posted workers’ and highlights the difference in the freedom of movement of posted workers and EU workers in general. This Part also provides a high level overview of the history of the regulation of postings at EU level, from the Spaak Report paving the way to the creation of the European Economic Community to the adoption of PWD 96/71, and the shift towards a more social Europe since the early 2000’. Finally, this Part introduces the European Pillar of Social Rights and the principle of ‘equal pay for equal work’, both of which have significant impact on the latest regulation of postings at EU level. Part 2 analyses the the challenges encountered during the regulation of the phenomenon of posting of workers, at both ‘macro’ and ‘micro’ level, shedding light upon the conflict of interest between the European Union and the Member States, lying in the background of the regulation of labour law and social matters. Namely, prior to the adoption of the Lisbon Treaty, the general position rejected the idea of a Europe-wide harmonisation of national labour law markets as a precondition for the integration of industrial markets, and focussed on the economic integration of Member States. Consequently, this Part 2 attempts to first identify the core issues and political interests that prevent a sensible reform of the posting regulation, and concluding with the main legislative responses adopted to this date. Part 3 reviews the development of the legislative landscape almost two decades after the adoption of the PWD 96/71 and following the extensive of judicial review of the requirements applicable to postings within the EU by the CJEU. From the famous Rush Portuguesa case to the more recent Martin Meat ruling, this Part 3 reviews the main case law that established the position of ‘regulator’ of the CJEU with regards to establishing the ‘market access tests’ for postings and determining when a national legislation would restrict the EU economic freedoms.
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