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The International Labour Organization and the Quest for Social Justice, 1919–2009

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The International Labour Organization and the Quest for Social Justice, 1919–2009 The International Labour Organization and the quest for social justice, 1919–2009 The International Labour Organization and the quest for social justice, 1919–2009 Gerry Rodgers, Eddy Lee, Lee Swepston and Jasmien Van Daele INTERNATIONAL LABOUR OFFICE GENEVA Copyright © International Labour Organization 2009 First published in paperback in 2009 by the International Labour Office, CH-1211, Geneva 22, Switzerland First published in hardback in 2009 by Cornell University Press, 512 East State Street, Ithaca, NY 14850, United States (available for sale in North America only) Publications of the International Labour Office enjoy copyright under Protocol 2 of the Universal Copy- right Convention. Nevertheless, short excerpts from them may be reproduced without authorization, on condition that the source is indicated. For rights of reproduction or translation, application should be made to ILO Publications (Rights and Permissions), International Labour Office, CH-1211 Geneva 22, Switzerland, or by email: [email protected]. The International Labour Office welcomes such applications. Libraries, institutions and other users registered with reproduction rights organizations may make copies in accordance with the licences issued to them for this purpose. Visit www.ifrro.org to find the reproduction rights organization in your country. The International Labour Organization and the quest for social justice, 1919–2009 Gerry Rodgers, Eddy Lee, Lee Swepston and Jasmien Van Daele International Labour Office. – Geneva: ILO, 2009 ISBN 978-92-2-121955-2 (paperback) ILO / role of ILO / ILO standard setting / tripartism / workers rights / quality of working life / social security / promotion of employment / poverty alleviation / decent work / history / trend 01.03.7 Also available in hardback: The International Labour Organization and the quest for social justice, 1919–2009 (ISBN 978-0-8014-4849-2), Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY, 2009. Also available in French: L’Organisation internationale du Travail et la quête de justice sociale, 1919–2009 (ISBN 978-92-2-221955-1), Geneva, 2009, and in Spanish: La Organización Internacional del Trabajo y la lucha por la justicia social, 1919–2009 (ISBN 978-92-2-321955-0), Geneva, 2009. ILO Cataloguing in Publication Data The designations employed in ILO publications, which are in conformity with United Nations practice, and the presentation of material therein do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the International Labour Office concerning the legal status of any country, area or territory or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers. The responsibility for opinions expressed in signed articles, studies and other contributions rests solely with their authors, and publication does not constitute an endorsement by the International Labour Office of the opinions expressed in them. Reference to names of firms and commercial products and processes does not imply their endorsement by the International Labour Office, and any failure to mention a particular firm, commercial product or process is not a sign of disapproval. ILO publications and electronic products can be obtained through major booksellers or ILO local offices in many countries, or direct from ILO Publications, International Labour Office, CH-1211 Geneva 22, Switzerland. Catalogues or lists of new publications are available free of charge from the above address, or by email: [email protected] Visit our website: www.ilo.org/publns Photocomposed in Switzerland WEI Printed in Switzerland GEN Contents Foreword . ix Authors’ preface . xiii 1. An international organization for social justice . 1 A “wild dream” . 1 The central ideas . 6 Tripartism . 12 The system of international labour standards . 19 The ILO in a changing world . 25 2. Human rights and rights at work . 37 Introduction . 37 Human rights and ILO history . 41 Major themes of the ILO’s human rights work . 45 Concluding remarks . 90 3. The quality of work . 93 Improving working lives . 93 A changing policy environment . 96 The impact of the ILO’s work – Some illustrations . 107 The challenges ahead . 137 v The ILO and the quest for social justice, 1919–2009 4. Social protection . 139 Social protection for all? . 139 The ILO social insurance model between the wars . 140 From social insurance to social security: The war as a transition period 150 The challenge of “universal” social security . 155 Crisis and controversy: The Chilean pension model as an example . 160 Social protection as part of an integrated ILO approach . 165 Conclusion . 169 5. Employment and poverty reduction . 171 The interwar period . 172 The Second World War and its immediate aftermath . 178 The 1950s and 1960s . 180 The World Employment Programme . 186 The 1980s . 195 The 1990s . 199 The 2000s . 203 6. Decent work and a fair globalization . 205 A social foundation for the international economy: The early decades 206 From planning to deregulation: The post-war decades . 209 The re-emergence of international social policy . 213 The Decent Work Agenda . 222 Looking ahead . 235 Appendixes Appendix I: A chronology of the ILO . 243 Appendix II: Selected official documents . 249 Constitution of the International Labour Organization: Preamble, 1919 . 249 General Principles from the Constitution, 1919 . 250 Declaration concerning the aims and purposes of the International Labour Organization (Declaration of Philadelphia), 1944 . 251 ILO Declarations . 254 vi Contents Appendix III: Selected further reading . 255 ILO history . 255 Papers prepared for the ILO Century Project (2008) . 258 International labour standards . 259 Index . 261 Figures Figure 1 International Labour Review articles on aspects of the quality of work, 1919–2008 . 109 Figure 2 Long-term trends in annual working hours: Selected countries, 1870–2000 . 111 Figure 3 Examples of danger symbols adopted by the ILO . 123 Boxes Box 1 The International Labour Organization today – A brief description . 11 Box 2 Poland, Solidarność and the ILO . 51 Box 3 Myanmar – A special situation . 64–5 Box 4 Social insurance versus social assistance . 145 Box 5 The Decent Work Agenda . 224 vii Foreword n the wall of the temple of Apollo at Delphi in ancient Greece were written Othe words, “Know thyself”. That 2,500-year-old lemma can be a guide for us all in our personal and professional lives. But it is equally important for institu- tions. And those of us who have the privilege to work with and for the Interna- tional Labour Organization have a rich heritage that informs our work and guides our actions, often without our knowing it. To know this heritage can help us understand both the responsibilities of today and the mission that our founders and successive generations have placed in our tripartite hands. When Dharam Ghai came to me with the proposal that we document better the ILO’s history and its achievements in time for its 90th anniversary in 2009, the idea was instantly appealing. Dharam, with whom I have worked in dif- ferent contexts and who headed my transition team after my election as Director- General, has been a source of inspiration and support to many of us who have been working to strengthen international social policy, and his understanding of our possibilities and our goals is second to none. He was sowing on fertile ground. Some years before, I had mentioned in my annual address to the ILO Conference the fact that we won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1969. Throughout that meeting, I was struck by the number of delegates who were unaware of a key facet of our history. Clearly, we needed to do some- thing about it. And so this book was conceived, and the idea of the “Century Project” to celebrate our 100th anniversary in 2019 was born. The ILO is a large community, more broadly based than the other United Nations organizations because we include not only governments, but also workers’ ix The ILO and the quest for social justice, 1919–2009 and employers’ representatives, each with their own global networks. Thousands of national and local organizations belong to the ILO through their representatives at our Conference. Then there are those who work in the ILO’s secretariat, and our loyal corps of former ILO officials and delegates around the world, as well as the many more who belong to a wider community concerned with work, with workers, with enterprises, with social justice, with decent work, with gender equality and non-discrimination, within each country and in the international system. This book is for that wider community and beyond. It explores some of the main ideas which the ILO has seized, developed and applied, examines their his- tory and tells how they were pursued in different geographical and historical set- tings. And, since the ILO revolves around ideas, that helps us understand why the ILO has sometimes thrived, sometimes suffered, but always survived and persisted to pursue its goals through the political and economic upheavals of the last 90 years. What lessons can we draw? First, the institutions on which the ILO is founded have proved their worth. That includes labour laws which frame national action; social dialogue which builds understanding and expands the common interest; and tripartism, the bed- rock of the ILO, which provides for the democratic participation in decisions of the key social and economic actors. Second, the effectiveness of the ILO – the role it can play and its ability to respond to the demands that are put upon it – depends on major world events: economic crises, social conflicts, war, and in recent years globalization policies which are inimical to ILO values. But, in all of these extreme situations, in the end the ILO is an indispensable partner because of the balance it brings between state and market, between society and individual and, today, between economic, social and environmental policies for sustainable development. Third, the ILO has often been swimming against the tide. Its mandate for social justice can be thwarted by economic and political forces, and pursuing its goals is often a long struggle, as is today the struggle for decent work.
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