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Home , Aam Aadmi Party, Ohlin Report

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Aam Aadmi Party (AAP) 62, 164, 176, anti-discrimination law 25, 35, 125–6, 177 130–32, 134–5, 204, 218, 220, Aarhus Convention 183 222 Abhiram Singh v CD Commachen 116 anti-Semitic speech 200 abuse of power 88 appeasement adult suffrage 46, 108, 269 of minorities 21 affirmative action 22, 34, 40, 58, 65, 113, policy of 115 115, 119–23, 129, 132, 134, 158, Arumugam Servai v State of Tamil Nadu 231 207 Ahmed, Asad Ali 193 assembly, freedom of 56, 179 Air Statutory Corporation v United Assistant District Magistrate, Jabalpur v Labour Union 241, 244 Shivakant Shukla 180 Aiyar, Alladi Krishnaswamy 88 association, freedom of 175, 227, 232, Alliance Européene des Mouvements 235–7, 245, 247 Nationaux (AEMN) see Alliance asymmetric federalism 58, 65, 273–6, of European National Movements 279 (AEMN) Austin, Granville 200, 231 Alliance for Peace and Freedom (APF) authoritarianism, rise of 3, 36, 37, 98, 173 100, 180 Alliance of European National authoritarian rule, rise of 92 Movements (AEMN) 173 Autonomous District Councils (ADCs) Ambedkar, Bhimrao 29, 86, 113, 120, 273 152, 271 American Journal of International Law Babri Masjid, destruction of 66, 165 80 backward classes 86–7, 112 American political system 69 backwardness, notion of 104, 121, 153–4 American Revolution 75 Bajpai, Rochana 85–7 Amsterdam Treaty 95, 235 balance of power 86 ancien régime 91 Balkanization of India 275 Anglo-Indians, political safeguards for bandhs (general strike) 166 87 Bangalore Water Supply and Sewage anti-colonial movements 46 Board v Rajappa 240, 243 anti-colonial nationalist movement 99 Baragur Ramachandrappa v State of anti-colonial struggle, in India 11 Karnataka 197 Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement Basaveshwara, Saint 197 (ACTA) 184 basic structure, doctrine of 11, 78 antidiscrimination and equal protection Baxi, Upendra 11, 38, 78 under EU law 22–3, 35, 218 Bharatiya (BJP) 3, 12–13, as negative constitutionalization 37, 98–9, 115, 151, 277 132–3 electoral victories of 99 politics of welfare 131–2 169

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National Democratic Alliance anti-CAA movement 283 (NDA) 151 civic nationalism 22, 104 of 25 civil liberties 58 resurgence of 12 civil society 18 rise to a dominant power 189 civil society organizations 18, 25, 36, 89, stance on delimitation 151 179, 186–7, 221, 260 Bible Bandaram 198 participation in EU affairs 182–3 bicameralism public participation of 183 and federal distribution of power 57 class-conflict, solutions to 92 in India 56 coalition dharma, discourse of 168 notion of 52 coalition governments, practice of 12, 33, bi-cameral legislation 93, 95 79, 151, 266, 277 in federal polities 95 collective autonomy, ideal of 1 Bill of Rights (1931), India 11, 84, 85, collective bargaining 232, 234, 240, 230 247–8, 250 Brexit referendum (2016) 49, 62–3, 68, collective self-determination 31, 191, 101, 265 224 British colonialism 230 collective self-government 25, 193 British Empire, in Indian subcontinent colonial bureaucracy 48 10, 267 colonialism, legacy of 218, 221, 230, 266 British India 10, 267 colonial rule, in India 10, 12, 45, 86, 193 British judiciary, values of 89 common citizenship 108, 117 British Westminster, form of cost of 116 parliamentary democracy in India vision of 107 10 common market, of EU 4, 15–17, 21, 23, budgetary sovereignty 225 25–6, 29, 91, 94, 107, 132, 134, 200, 202–3, 210, 222, 256, 257, campaign finance 139 281 caste-based discrimination 110, 120, 207 common national identity, creation of caste, concept of 153 106, 115 caste identity 207 communal electoral representation 48 casteism and favouritism, rise of 119 communal hate crimes 66 caste-less society, idea of 88 communal hostilities, in India 20 centralized system, of effective communal ordering of society 99 governance 24, 145, 272 communal riots 195 CETA 184–5 (Marxist) challenges to democratic 165–6 constitutionalism community-based political demands 48 in Europe 101–2 community building 64–5 in India 98–100 in European Union 66–8 Chandhoke, Neera 215 in India 65–6 Charter of Fundamental Rights of the competences in the EU, centralization European Union (CFR) 126, of 27 201–2, 204 consensual democracies 33 Charter of Fundamental Social Rights consensus of apathy 48 234 Constituent Assembly of India 47, 85, Chatterjee, Partha 104, 134 196, 230, 267, 271, 275 Christian Europe 106 drafting of independence Citizenship Amendment Act (2019), Constitution 99 India 278 Muslim League boycott of 86

Philipp Dann and Arun K. Thiruvengadam - 9781789901573 Downloaded from Elgar Online at 10/01/2021 03:43:54AM via free access 288 Democratic constitutionalism in India and the European Union

policy of separate electorates 115 84–8 Constitution of India 10–11, 13, 252 politics of Public Interest Bill of Rights 85 Litigation 89–90 as blend of liberal and non-liberal projected role of the judiciary ideas 84–8 88–9 Chapter XV of 144 constitutional democracy 19, 137 delimitation under Articles 81 and development of 82 145 India versus EU 20–21 destruction of a secular constitution in European Union 19 98–100 in India 45 Directive Principles of State Policy India’s model of 13, 19 65, 117, 230–31 constitutionalism Drafting Committee 113 concept of 76 Fundamental Rights guaranteed in cultures of Part III of 78, 152 bi-legalism and 5 idea of national democracy 27 contextualized functionalism institutional structures of 12 6–7 Part III of 229–30 epistemological caution and Part IV of 230–31, 241 openness and 5–6 Part XI of 143 in India 2, 4 Part XV of 144 law of democracy and 5 politics of public interest litigation European see European 89–90 constitutionalism principles of socialism, secularism Indian see Indian constitutionalism and democracy 166 constitutional jurisprudence 83, 228, 231 projected role of the judiciary in constitutional systems, of India and the 88–9 EU 29 representation for minority groups continental polities 2, 18–19, 32, 160 86 cooperative federalism role of Supreme Court in shaping European system of 281 77–9 German model of 257 Sixth Schedule 273 Council of Europe 201, 263 social rights under 229–31 Council of Ministers 38, 281 Tenth Schedule 163 Council of the European members 171 Constitution of the EU 29 Council of the European Union 51 constitutional adjudication 76, 113, 231 Council, The 16–17, 94, 258 constitutional changes, in India and the resilience of 261–3 EU 82–98 Court of First Instance 186 democratic constitutionalism and Court of Justice of the EU (CJEU) 15, ECJ 90–98 17, 37, 76, 130, 209, 219 redistributive effects of prohibition on wearing an Islamic economic integration headscarf 131 96–8 Craig, Paul 48 supranational democratic creamy layer, concept of 121–2 politics 93–5 crimes against humanity 203, 217 supranationalism and its Criminal Procedure Code 197 interplay with social crisis of constitutionalism 100 constitutionalism 90–93 cross-border movement, rights of 235 democratic constitutionalism and cross-border trade 202 Indian Supreme Court 83–90 cultural identity 104, 134–5

Philipp Dann and Arun K. Thiruvengadam - 9781789901573 Downloaded from Elgar Online at 10/01/2021 03:43:54AM via free access Index 289 cultural nationalism 22, 107, 113–14, Indian versus European 44–50 123, 130, 133 inherent value of 53–68 in India 106 institutional system of 27 social unity and cohesion 106 instrumental value of 69–72 cultural nationalists 121 in European Union 71–2 in India 70–71 Dalits 12, 26, 87, 152–3, 214, 216, 222 judicial entrenchment of 51 Das, Seth Govind 115 law of see law of democracy Dawson, Mark 127 legal framework of 50–53 de Tocqueville, Alexis 13 in European Union 51–3 de Witte, Florin 127 in India 50–51 debt States 225 principle of 165 decentralization of India, dynamics of 27 theory and practice of 21 decentralized democracy 62 democracy-deficient systems 62 decision-making process 21, 26, 38, 137, representative institutions in 61 259 democratic accountability 51, 62, 73 co-decision procedure 94 democratic constitutionalism 4, 9, 37, in granting environmental clearances 223 in India 181 challenges to 22 intergovernmental modes of 184 in Europe 101–2 parliamentary 143 in India 98–100 political 95 elements of 21–2 supranational 93 and European Court of Justice degressive proportionality, principle of 90–98 24, 27, 35, 142–3, 154–8, 262, in European Union 14–18 264, 283 in India 10–14, 34 deliberation of citizens, process of 60 and Indian Supreme Court 83–90 deliberative democracy 66, 206–11, 213, political parties and social 215 movements in 24–5 concept of 60, 64 social dimension of 102 delimitation democratic credibility 57, 59 commission in India 149 democratic deficit 44, 49, 62–3, 72, 73, Delimitation Commission Act 74, 208–13 (1952), India 145 democratic equality 3, 22, 56, 104, 128 exercise of 148–51 in European nation state 125 law regarding 151 goal of 132 NDA’s stance on 151 pillars of 124 powers of apportioning seats 149 principle of 59 Delors, Jacques 234 democratic governance 3, 16, 27, 205, Demir and Baykara v Turkey 245, 247 223, 252, 254, 264–6, 282–4 democracy democratic institutions, in India 30, 58, challenges of 67, 224, 228, 284 duplication risk 43 conduct of 21 indeterminacy risk 43 evaluation of 69 theoritical and practical 43–4 functioning of 73 concept of 10, 21, 43–74 legitimacy of 57, 70 contending 53–5 monitoring of 175 development of 45 democratic legitimacy 95 European process of 21, 49–51 in European Union 52–3, 140 governance deficit 21 in India 50–51

Philipp Dann and Arun K. Thiruvengadam - 9781789901573 Downloaded from Elgar Online at 10/01/2021 03:43:54AM via free access 290 Democratic constitutionalism in India and the European Union democratic participation 27, 57, 67, 71, with regard to welfare and social 111, 207, 282–3 policies 257 democratic processes dualism of law and politics 37–9 contending concepts of democracy 53–5 Company 10 and degree of responsiveness 59–64 economic competition, regulation of 133 in European Union 62–4 economic constitution 29–31, 80, 131, in India 60–62 232 first past the post system (FPTP) 56 economic democracy 230 freedom and equality, issue of 55–6 economic development 2, 11, 13–14, 20, in India 56–8 21, 38, 40, 47–8, 89, 281 method of decision-making 54 economic disparity 56, 119 for political integration/community economic freedom, protection of 29, 128, building 64–5 131, 224, 226, 232, 245, 249–50 in European Union 66–8 economic globalization 36, 40 in India 65–6 economic integration, of EU 23, 49, 134 political parties and social redistributive effects of 96–8 movements 24–5 spill-over effects of 93 quality of 53–68 economic liberalization, policies of 13 regulation of in European Union 23 hate speech 25–6 economic wealth, distribution of 107 public sphere 25–6 education, right to 61 representation and election law 23–4 EEC Treaty 81, 91 democratic representation, theory of 23, Election Commission of India 57, 163, 128, 137–40, 146, 156, 160–61 165–6, 174 democratic self-government 28, 82–3, 98 power to withdraw recognition of democratic society 71, 125, 133, 201, political parties 166–7 202, 208–9 on regulation of political parties 168 democratic systems 18, 30, 107, 175, 284 election of lawmakers, laws governing credibility of 44 137 of government 44 elections and electoral laws 137–9 democratic welfare nationalism 127 comparative analysis of 146, 157–61 democratically elected institutions, pluralism, diversity and quality of 61 equality 157–9 Depressed Classes 86 political unity 157 Dicey, Albert Venn 124 in European Union 140–43 diplomacy 38 in India 143–4 Directive Principles of State Policy issue of fair representation see fair (DPSP), India 65, 112, 117, representation, issue of 230–31 , legitimacy of 58 expansion of right to work under electoral accountability 49 240–42 electoral alliances 168 discriminatory speech 217–19 electoral democracy 50, 57, 65–6, 71, 73 disproportionate electoral weight, electoral federalism 277, 280, 283 principle of 59 electoral finance 58 distributive justice 111 electoral legislation, competences for equality and 127–8 24, 146 politics of 127 electoral politics 27, 45, 57, 148, 283–4 division of labour 30, 260 electoral power 12 electoral process, regulation of 23–4

Philipp Dann and Arun K. Thiruvengadam - 9781789901573 Downloaded from Elgar Online at 10/01/2021 03:43:54AM via free access Index 291 electoral systems, of EU 23–4, 140–43 political 114 concept of democracy 140 rights to 109–11 democratic legitimacy 140 socio-economic 23, 112 legal regime of 142, 143 substantive 112 minority representation, idea of 142 women’s equality 118 pluralist representation of the equality norms, in EU 123–33 constituencies 143 constitutional provisions second order theory 141 equality and distributive justice electoral systems, of India 23–4, 143–5 127–8 comparative analysis with EU equal political participation electoral system 146 124–5 Conduct of Election Rules (1961) rights to equality and 144 non-discrimination disqualification of candidates from 125–7 standing in elections 164 from economic integration to dual political membership of the political community 128–30 electorate 143 electoral gender quotas 124 Model Code of Conduct 144 limits of Part XV of the Constitution on 144 anti-discrimination law and plurality-based system 145 policy as ‘negative’ Registration of Electors Rules constitutionalization (1960) 144 132–3 representation of anti-discrimination law and the geographic identity 143 politics of welfare 131–2 pluralism 146 implementation by member political minorities 146 states and courts 130–31 Westminster model of the ‘package’ of four instruments 125–6 Parliamentary System 143 political agenda of 125 electoral victories 12–13, 99 political freedom and 128 eminent persons 174 equality norms, in India employer-employee cooperation 240 caste-centred affirmative action Employment Equality Directive 130 policies 119–23 employment protection 233 claims of 108 Environment Protection Act 1986 (EPA, Constitutional provisions on 107–13 India) 181 equal political participation Environmental Impact Assessments 181 108–9 equal opportunity, concept of 129 equality and distributive justice equal pay for men and women 126, 230 111–13 equal representation rights to equality and in Indian law 269 non-discrimination principle of 59, 152 109–11 equal treatment, principle of 80, 126, 128 cultural and linguistic rights 110 equality in matters of public employment 109 claims of 108 mediating equality and diversity concept of 21–3, 55–6, 59, 104 113–23 of EU citizen 22 accommodating religious guarantee of 110 difference 115–19 norms of caste and affirmative action in European Union 123–30 119–23 in India 107–23 participation in government 108–9

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against religious discriminating 110 status of 128 rights to 109–11 European collective identity 216 safeguards provided to linguistic and hate speech law 216–21 minorities 111 European colonialism, notion of 218 socio-economic obligations 112 51, 58, 59, 63, Special Officer for Linguistic 281 Minorities 111 anti-discrimination policy 126 universal adult franchise 108 decision on an Initiative against vision of a common citizenship 107 CETA 185 on women’s equality 118 White Paper on European Espace Sociale Européen project 234 Governance (2001) 183 ethnic peace, disruption of 201 European Community of Coal and Steel ethnic pluralism 147 14, 255 EU citizens 68 European Constitution, role of ECJ in duality of political membership of shaping 79–81 140 European constitutionalism 92, 190 equality for 22, 127 EU level of 102 identity of 218 first phase of 90–93 nationalist sentiments 63 pillars of 96 right to process of 94, 128 participate in elections 124 second phase of 93–5 vote 170 Treaty amendments 95 transnational European political European Convention of Human Rights identity of 141 (ECHR) 201 EU law-making process 182–5 Article 10 of 202 EU laws 142, 186 ruling in Hirst v United Kingdom of democracy 35 124 democratic legitimacy of 141 European Council 59, 142, 171, 263 against discriminatory speech 217 European Court of Human Rights freedom of expression law 202, 219 (ECtHR) 201, 232, 245, 247 on free speech 211 case law on hate speech 202 free speech law 202 European Court of Justice (ECJ) 28, 38, notion of equality under 125, 128 127–8, 134, 162, 185–7, 201, 226, procedural law 77 232, 234 remedies for breaches of 187 adjudication on Islamic headscarves secondary law 202 130 uniform interpretation of 76 case law on affirmative action for EU legislative acts, judicial review of 77 women 129 euro crisis 63, 72, 263, 265, 284 democratic constitutionalism and euro zone 97 90–98 Europe, idea of 258, 281 judgments on workplace headscarf Europe of Fatherlands 106, 134 bans 130 European Central Bank 72, 248, 284 Les Verts judgment (1986) 81, 172 European citizenry 95, 140–41, 143, 223, shaping of European Constitution 254, 265 79–81 plurality of political ideologies strategic litigation in 186 within 155 supranationalism and its interplay European Citizen’s Initiative 184–5 with social constitutionalism European citizenship 67, 140, 204, 216 90–93 development of 129 European currency zone 97

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European Defence Community 91 rise of 261–3 European defence policy 95 role with the Council 52 European democracy 21 European People’s Party (EPP) 171 democratic accountability 62 European Political Foundations 173 democratic processes in 58–9, 62–4 European political parties 18, 67, 169, development of 49 171–4 as fragmented democracy 52 European political public processing 68 idea of 49–51 European politics, politicization of 170 versus Indian democracy 44–50 European public sphere 208–13, 221 legal framework of 51–3 communicative processes in 216 legal institutionalization of European Social Charter 235, 247 democratic procedures 50 European technocracy 260 49 European transnational cooperation 260 pillars of 51–2 European Union (EU) 201 as representative democracy 49 Charter of Fundamental Rights 126, Schuman-Declaration 49 201–2 voter turnouts in national elections competence of 17, 51 63 centralization of 27 European democratic identity 126 competences, membership, and construction of 128 constitution 259–60 European Economic and Steel constitutional democracy in 19 Community 98 democracy deficit 183 European Economic Community 14, 125, democratic legitimacy of 17, 48, 258 128, 255 Economic and Social Committee European Enlightenment 194 183 European ‘high authority’ 16, 257 emergence of a federal democracy European identity 217, 218 259–64 national and racial difference 218 idea of supranational technocracy 27 European institutions, politicization of 68 institutional structure of 257–9 European integration 92, 128, 232 model of democracy in 49–50 process of 16, 23, 103 parliamentarization of 94–5 project for 233 political deficit of 38 redistributive effects of 96–8 Racial Equality Directive 219 spill-over effects of 93 resilience to Europe’s polycrisis European law of anti-discrimination 128 101–2 European national democracies 125 transformation of 259–64 European nation-state voting regulation 22 democratic equality in 125 Withdrawal Agreement with the rescue of 92 UK 101 European Parliament (EP) 16–17, 24, 27, European vs. non-European dichotomy 51, 59, 63, 64, 92, 94, 124, 140, 220 155, 169, 209, 212, 252, 257 European way of life 93 competencies of 17 Europeanization of the economy 93 election of 50 executive federalism, notion of 259 legitimacy of 258 expression, freedom of 191, 193–9, 201, Members of the European 202, 204–6, 209, 213 Parliament (MEPs) 142 powers of 52 fair representation, issue of 137, 147–8 representative structure and status in European Union 154–6 of 140 in India 148–54

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delimitation 148–51 versus federal democracy in India substantive equality 152–4 280–85 right to vote and equal availability German model of 257 147 present scenario of 264–5 Federal Constitutional Court of Germany structure of 52, 140–41, 209, 216 institutional structure and federal democracy 26, 252–5, 259, 261, legitimacy 257–9 264, 280, 285 purpose, mode of governance federal distribution of power 57 and division of federal structures, comparative frame and competences 255–7 guiding questions 253–5 felony disenfranchisement 124 federalism and democracy, in India Feryn case 219, 221 265–80 in India 272, asymmetric federalism 273–6 277–8, 280 and Centre’s power to rearrange finance referendum campaigns 175 state borders 273–6 financial crisis of 2008 62–3, 97, 101, colonial model of 266 184 ‘Coming Together’-model 268 first past the post system (FPTP) 48, 56, under leadership 268 144, 146 constitutional framework of Forest Rights Act of 2006 (India) 180 distribution of legislative power Framework Decision (2008) 203, 217 269–70 free movement of people, goods and Indian legislature and 269–70 services 67, 80, 140 state’s rights and 269–70 free speech 191–3 electoral federalism 277 anti-Semitic speech 200 emergency powers and fiscal EU law on 211 federalism 271–3 in European multi-level system evolution of 265 199–204 from the 1990s onwards governance in India 195 276–80 law in India and the EU 25, 191 versus federal democracy in EU violence of ‘progressive’ 280–85 universalist free speech historical background of 266–8 213–16 ‘Holding Together’-federal model freedom, concept of 55–6 268 freedom of religion, right to 87, 110, 116 influence of 266–8 French Front National 201 origins of 268 French Revolution 75 President’s Rule 271, 276 religious criterion for granting Gandhi, Indira 78, 86, 190 citizenship 278 declaration of emergency 78, 180 ‘state-nation’ model of 266 Gandhi, M. K. federalism and democracy, in the EU emphasis on self-rule 47 effects on the national institutions vision of a democratic India 47 263–4 General Court of the EU 184 emergence of General Data Protection Regulation 64, competences, membership, and 72 constitution 259–60 General Elections 12 European Parliament 261–3 General Sales Tax (GST) 273, 278 resilience of the Council 261–3 genocide 203, 217 executive federalism 259 German colonial army 218

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German-French reconciliation 92 restrictions on 201 gig economy 228 universalist jurisprudence on 208, Glasman, Maurice 226 215 global economy 13 xenophobic speech 201 Global North 1, 40 hereditary monarch, role of 267 Global South 1, 10, 14, 40, 186 Hindu nation state 167, 178 globalization, process of 223 Hindu nationalist movement 115 Golwalkar, M.S. 115 Hindu religious identity 115 gram sabhas 62, 282 Hindu Right nationalism 12 grassroots social campaigns 179, 184 Hindutva-led nationalism 99 Great Powers 92, 272 Hirst v United Kingdom 124 Green Parties, in Europe 177 Holocaust 200–201, 217–18, 221 group-based violence 203 homosexuality, criminalization of 66 group rights and privileges, evolution human dignity, protection of 204 of 85 human rights 53, 226 Hussainbhai, Calicut v Alath Factory Habermas, Jürgen 206, 210 Thozhilali Union 241 Habermasian public sphere 213, 215 Handyside v UK 201 identity-based inequalities 215 hartal (strike) 166 identity-based minority groups 217 hate speech 191–3 imperfect constitutionalisation 234 anti-colonial sentiment towards 199 independent India 44, 46 anti-discrimination law against 25–6 controversies in 117 casteist 221 elections in 12 and the challenge of identity 213–21 formation of 46 collective identity and 216–21 governments of 39 cross-border speech 211 legislative assemblies 237 ECtHR case law on 202 (IAC) 177 in European public sphere 208–13 Indian Civil Services 70 EU’s ‘democratic deficit’ and Indian constitutional jurisprudence 228, 208–13 231 Framework Decision 2008/913/JHA Indian constitutionalism 2, 66 203 British Westminster form of 10 harmonization of 211 challenges of 98–100 on internet and social media 203 colonial rule 10 by Islamic radicals 203 crisis of 100 judicial enforcement against 203 democratic model 12 judicial interpretation of 199 impact of Supreme Court on 83–90 liability of internet intermediaries national coalitions 12 against 204 origins of 10–14 and liberal democracy 204–8 ‘populist constitutionalist’ model nationalist 211 100 particularist jurisprudence on 199 post-independence 10 regulation of 25–6, 35, 191 and process of constitution-making in EU context 25, 199–204, 84 216–21 scholarship on 4 in India 26, 163, 193–9, 213, Indian democracy 221 anti-CAA protests and resolutions racialized 25 278 religion-based 25, 221 anti-colonial social movements 46

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as constitutional democracy 45 individual rights, idea of 76, 82, 113, democratic processes 56–8 128–9, 183, 186, 191, 199, 227, democratic upsurge 46 229 design of 48 industrial citizenship 224 disagreements on the nature of 47 industrial dispute settlement 230 evaluative tradition of 46 Industrial Disputes Act (India) 238–9, first past the post system (FPTP) 56 243 Gandhi’s vision of 47 informal economy 228 history of 46 information, freedom of 56 idea of 46–9 institutional democracy-deficiency 56 legal framework of 50–51 instrumental value, of democracy 69–72 nationalism, issue of 47 in European Union 71–2 Nehru’s vision of 47 in India 70–71 as parliamentary democracy 56 Internal Market 94 politicization of the populace 46 redistributive effects of 96 pragmatic tradition of 46 international crimes, notion of 218 pre-independence 46 International Labour Organisation (ILO) Presidential Ordinances 61 227, 235–6, 247, 250 as representative democracy 46 Internationale Handelsgesellschaft Swarajya Resolution 46 (1970) 80 Indian economy intra-group heterogeneity 118–19, 121, liberalization of 134 123 Nehruvian model of 13 intra-state equity 274 privatization of 134 Islamophobia, legitimization of 106, 218, regulatory framework of 13 220–21 Indian federalism 110, 266–8, 273–4, 277, 280 Jain Hawala diaries case 181 Indian Independence Movement 46 Jammu and Kashmir (India) 273, 275–6, objectives of 47 283 Indian legal system 39 judicial activism 179–80, 187 (INC) 12, judicial empowerment 36, 37 20–21, 46, 87, 150, 165, 180, 267, judicial enforcement, of basic individual 277 rights 76, 203 Bill of Rights (1931) 230 judicial independence 71, 88, 212 declaration of complete judicial redress, for public injury 180 independence (purna ) judicial review, of legislation 16, 43, 46 76–7, 89, 229, 235, 258 Lahore Conference (1929) 46 judicial self-empowerment 82–3 politics of presence 152 judicial supranationalism 94 protection to minority groups 86 judicialization of politics 28, 189 Swarajya Resolution (1931) 46 judiciary-led constitutional order 76–82 Indian nationalism 47, 169 EU Court of Justice 79–81 Indian nation-state, creation of 266 Indian Supreme Court 77–9 of 1860 164, 193, 196 parallels between Indian Supreme Indian public sphere 214–16, 222 Court and EU Court of Indian Young Lawyers Association v Justice 81–2 State of Kerala (Sabarimala) 118 judiciary, politicization of 28 individual dignity, ideal of 1 Juncker, Jean-Claude 170–71

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Kaviraj, Sudipta 252 Les Verts judgment (1986) 81, 172 Khosla, Madhav 83 liberal constitutionalism 1 liberal-democratic universalism 25, 221 labour laws, deregulation of 31, 225–6, liberal universalism 22, 34, 104–5, 107, 231, 233–5, 237, 238, 240, 245, 113, 116–17, 123, 129, 133 247–9 versus pluralism 129 labour rights 36, 233, 240, 247, 250 liberalization, policies of 90 labour standards, enforcement of 233, limited government, concept of 75, 92 245, 250 Lincoln, Abraham 69 law-making processes, participation of linguistic diversity, protection of 110, civil society in 25 126 law of democracy 19–31 linguistic homogeneity 216 common exposure and reaction to linguistic reorganization, phenomenon global trends 36–7 of 275 and competing paradigms of Lisbon Treaty 95, 127–8, 201, 216 legitimacy 20–21, 33–4 local affected persons 181 consensual democracies 33 (House of the People) 143–4, constitutionalization, juridification 269 and the interplay of Lower House of Parliament (India) 13, institutions 28–9 277 on democratic process Luxembourg Compromise of 1966 94 political parties and social movements 24–5 Maastricht Treaty (1992) 49, 94, 128, regulation of hate speech and 209, 234–5 the public sphere 25–6 Macron, Emmanuel 170 representation and election law Maneka Gandhi v Union of India 180 23–4 Maoist Communist Centre of India duality of 37–9 (MCC) 167 economic constitution and social marginalization of minorities 200 democracy 29–31 marginalized communities equality and diverse identities 21–3 in electoral politics 45 EU laws 35 of Indian society 12 political institutions in the market economy 277 multi-level federal balance market integration 16, 131, 155, 211, 26–7 232–3, 251 representation, political dynamics effects of 225 of 34–6 goal of 190 research agenda 39–41 transnational 82 legal framework, of democracy Marshall, Thomas 224 in European Union 51–3 mass democracy 30 in India 50–51 material inequality 29 legal pluralism 117 mathematical equality of votes, concept legislation, judicial review of 76 of 147–8 legislative powers, distribution of 56, Mehta, Uday 11 269–71 member states of EU legitimacy, paradigms of 20–21 competence of 17, 260 distrust legitimacy 20, 21 discriminated against their own India versus EU 20–21 nationals 125 input legitimacy 20 electoral representation for 59 output legitimacy 20

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implementation of European law of non-discrimination, rights to 109–11, equality 130–31 113, 125–7, 204, 229 social benefits in 127 non-governmental organizations (NGOs) Members of the European Parliament 179, 184 (MEPs) 142 non-nation-state-polities 2 migration crisis 52, 62–3, 72 non-party political movements 179–80 militant non-racism, ethos of 220 N. Veerabrahmam v State of Andhra minority representation, idea of 142 Pradesh 198 Modi, Narendra 3, 12–13, 33, 99, 190, 273, 276, 283 Ohlin Report 233 abrogation of Article 370 278 one person one vote, principle of 56, 114, views on six decades of Congress 137, 145, 147–8, 154, 161 rule 20–21 opinion, freedom of 56 moral and political disagreement, in Other Backward Classes (OBCs) 121–2 India 66 criteria for 122 multiculturalism, recognition and protection of 3, 40, 116 Panchayats 62 multinational democracies 2 pan-European movement 91 multi-party systems 33 252 Muslim community 86 Lok Sabha (House of the People) Muslim League 86 143–4 Muslim reservations, case of 153 (Council of States) 143, 150 National Advisory Council (India) 180 Westminster model of 143 national citizenship 140, 215 parliamentary democracy, in India 10, national coalitions, in India 12, 143 50, 56 national democracy, idea of 2–3, 21, 27, parliamentary legislation 235 125, 265, 282 parliamentary representation 51, 155 National Democratic Alliance (NDA) Parliamentary sovereignty 89 151, 168 participatory rights 56, 58 stance on delimitation 151 (1947) 10, 266 National Employment Guarantee (India) forced migration 267 180 transfer of power 267 168 violence associated with 86, 267 national identities 19, 47, 96, 106, 113, party finance 139 115, 141, 156, 159, 210, 216, 274 party system, regionalization of 19, 35, national inequality, in voting 24 141, 156, 158, 160, 168, 169, 282 National Population Policy Statement Pasmanda Muslims 119 (India) 150 People’s War Group (PWG) 167 national sovereignty 68 personal empowerment 154 nation-building Pirate Parties, in Europe 177 effects of 85 Planning Commission of India 277 process of 48 pluralism nation state in Europe, evolution of 85 legal 117 nationalism in Europe 15 liberal universalism versus 129–30 Nehru, Jawaharlal 78, 89, 266, 275 politics of 105–7, 113, 123, 133, desire to industrialize India 276–7 157–9 slogan of unity in diversity 48 plurality representation, system of 146 vision of a democratic India 47 political bargaining, process of 151, 156 Nice Treaty 172

Philipp Dann and Arun K. Thiruvengadam - 9781789901573 Downloaded from Elgar Online at 10/01/2021 03:43:54AM via free access Index 299 political Catholicism, universalism of 92 freedom of association and political democratic discourse 37 pluralism of 175 political discourse funding of 172, 174 in Europe 29, 40, 63, 67, 84, 106, ideology of 169 127, 133 legal framework of 172–5 in India 104, 113, 168 organization of elections 170 political dissenters, instruments to politicization of European politics appease 65 170 political empowerment 137, 160 Regulation No 1141/2014 172 political empowerment, of citizens 137, Regulation (EC) No 2004/2003 172 160 regulation of 169, 175 political equality, idea of 114, 137, 147, rights of Union citizens to vote 170 156, 158–9, 161 Spitzenkandidaten-approach 171 political freedom and equality 128 political parties, in India 163–9 political goals, of democracy 69–72 (AAP) 62, 176, in European Union 71–2 177 in India 70–71 allotment of election symbols 165 political gravity, centres of (BJP) see in Europe 18–19 Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) in India 19 Communist Party of India (Marxist) political institutions 165–6 in multi-level federal balance 26–7 conduct of organizational elections relationship between the Union and within 165 the states 26 de-registration of 165–6 separation of powers 26, 28 electoral alliances 168–9 system of democracy 27 federalization of 168–9 political integration 64–5 functioning of 165 in European Union 66–8 Indian National Congress (INC) see in India 65–6 Indian National Congress political intergovernmentalism 94 (INC) political landscape, in India 12–13, 122, Model Code of Conduct during 157 elections for 166 political membership, of European parliamentary politics 164 citizens 140, 143 power to withdraw recognition of political parties 166–7 in democratic constitutionalism recognition of 166 24–5 regulation of 163–4, 169 of Europe see political parties, in regulatory limitations on activities Europe of 163 of India see political parties, in India 165 political parties, in Europe 18, 169–77 political representation Alliance for Peace and Freedom group-specific guarantees of 139 (APF) 173 notion of 138 Alliance of European National structure of 23, 139 Movements (AEMN) 173 political system, legitimacy of 20 comparison with Indian political political unity, idea of 53, 134, 157, 267 parties 175–7 polycrisis, in Europe 101–2 European People’s Party (EPP) 171 Popular Front 93 finance referendum campaigns 175 Populist movements 68, 139 formation and recognition of 170

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Pravasi Bhalai Sangathan v Union of hate speech 216 India 206 purna swaraj 46 precolonial Indian society 99 presence, politics of 152 queer theory 106 Presidential Ordinances, in India 61 quota system, for minorities 86–7 President’s Rule, in India 271, 276 quotas of representation, to marginalized Princely States of India 10, 143, 145, 267 groups 24 privacy, right to 66 privatization of education 122 Racial Equality Directive (EU) 219 problem-solving 20, 68, 258–9 racism, expressions of 203 procedural democracy 46 raison d’être 29, 200, 211, 217, 220 pro-European referenda campaigns 175 Rajya Sabha (Council of States) 143, property, right to 78, 113 150, 269–70 proportional allocation of seats, principle Ram Janam Bhoomi-Babri Masjid of 24, 148–9 dispute 66, 165 proportional representation, principle of Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) 24, 48, 142–3, 157, 170 167, 178, 180 proportionality principle 146 RC Poudyal and others v Union of India protection to minority groups and others 151 under colonial rule in India 86 redistributive justice 112 cultural rights and privileges for 86 redistributive legislation, agenda of 30 educational rights for 86 redistributive welfare policies 92 group-differentiated rights 87 reflexive constitutionalization, process ‘political’ safeguards for 86 of 95 quota system for 86 reformist labour movement 92 rights for religious minorities 86 refugee crisis 129, 195 public authorities, power of 18, 20, 29, regional economic integration 91, 96, 33, 181, 197, 256 129, 131, 135 public discourse 19, 129, 197–9 religion-based hate speech 221 public employment religious denominations 110, 198 on basis of merit and qualification religious discriminating 110 120 religious doctrine (blasphemy) 200 case-based reservations in 121 religious freedom and equality 118 equality in 109 religious identity of citizens 114 public funds, redistribution of 30 religious minorities public interest litigation (PIL) 25, 58, 77, cultural and educational rights of 78, 162, 179, 181, 186 116 against policies of liberalization 90 political safeguards for 86–7 politics of 89–90 Representation of the People’s Act public law, principles of 228 (1950), India 144 public morals 200 Representation of the People’s Act public opinion, Europeanization of 210 (1951), India 144, 163–4 public order, disruption of 198 representation, political dynamics of public sector enterprises, privatization 34–6 of 48 representative democracy 46, 49 public sphere demands for 46 European 208–13, 221 reservation of seats, idea of 152 Habermasian 215 reservations, in public employment Indian 215–16, 222 caste-based 121–2 regulation of 25–6

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‘creamy layer’ exclusion 122 separation of powers 3, 47, 52–3 resources, redistribution of 107 in political institutions 26, 28 Right to Information movement 61 September 11 attacks 203 right to work shared sovereignty, model of 52 employer-employee relationship 240 Shayara Bano v Union of India 118 in European Union 245–8 Shiv Sena 164–5, 168 expansion under directive principles Sikh Panthic Party 86 of state policy in India Simmenthal II (1978) 80 240–42 Singh, Kuldeep 149 in India 237–45 of 1986 94 Indian versus European 249 Social Action Programme 233 interrupted constitutionalization of social and economic programmes, in 236–49 India 12 labour law 238–40 social capital 40 social rights as 226–9 social conflicts 221 right-wing populism 12, 220 social constitution 223, 225 rise of 37 social constitutionalism 92, 96, 97, 103, Rome Treaties of 1957 91, 125, 232–3 223, 224, 225, 226 Rule of Law Crisis 102 social democracy 29–31, 228, 243 Scandinavian model of 93 Savarkar, V.D. 115 social devastation 225, 251 Savarnas, domination of 214–16 social dialogue, constitutionalization of Scharpf, Fritz 20, 69, 97, 246 234 Scheduled Castes 86, 112, 152–3, 207 social equality 28, 103, 132 ‘creamy layer’ exclusion 122 Social Europe, sustainable model of 97 equal political participation 108–9 social inequality 97, 105, 121, 224 political safeguards for 87 social justice 11, 20, 29–30, 87, 187, 281 representation in electoral processes social movements 177–89 121 access to justice 185–7 Scheduled Tribes 112, 152–3, 207, 273 comparison between Indian and ‘creamy layer’ exclusion 122 European movements 187–9 equal political participation 108–9 in democratic constitutionalism political safeguards for 87 24–5 representation in electoral processes in Europe 182–7 121 in India 179–82 Schengen agreement 260 litigation 36 Schmidberger v Austria 202 mobilization of 188 Schuman Declaration of 1950 49, 93, 98 Right to Information movement 61 Scottish Referendum 62 strengthening of 187 Secretary, Ministry of Information social protections 36, 224 Broadcasting v Cricket decoupling with economic Association Board 205 integration 232 secularism market integration and 232 principle of 165 social revolution 84, 181 violation of 165 social rights 36 self-governance, powers of 274 civil and political rights 230 self-rule, principle of 46–7, 56–7, 62 constitutionalism of 226 sense of belonging 64–6 of cross-border movement 235 sense of community, amongst citizens 66 democracy and 226–9 separate electorates, system of 86–7, 115 enforcement of 236

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in European Union 232–4 state sovereignty 96 imperfect constitutionalization of Stein, Eric 80 235–6, 249 Stepan, Alfred 269 implementation of 231 Streeck, Wolfgang 234 in India 229–31 Structural Adjustment of the Indian Indian versus European 234–6 economy, policies of 90 notion of 223 substantive democracy 46, 62, 71 right to work 226–9 substantive equality 147 in European Union 245–8 concept of 112, 134, 152–4, 161 in India 237–45 Supiot, Alain 227 Indian versus European 249 supranational democratic politics, interrupted constitutionalization emergence of 93–5 of 236–49 supranational market 34 rollback of 242–5 supranational organization 98 sanctioning of 236 supranational political space 141, 156 sustainable lives for voters 223 supranational technocracy, idea of 27, violations of 282 by national courts 232 supranationalism social security 14, 89, 127, 227, 228, judicial 94 235, 236 as pillars of European social segregation 56 constitutionalism 96 social stratification 153 and social constitutionalism in social welfare 127, 233 Europe 90–93 policies 107, 132 transformative dimension of 93 rights to 233 21, 25, 28, 39, socialism, principle of 165 76–7, 186, 226, 231, 234 societal exclusion and discrimination 110 Abhiram Singh v CD Commachen socio-economic development 47, 150, 116 273 ‘basic structure’ doctrine (1973) 78 socio-economic equality 112 democratic constitutionalism and socio-economic rights 83–90 law on 80 on enforcement of Fundamental legislation on 180 Rights 78 socio-political linkages 137 Indian Young Lawyers Association v South-North comparison 2, 5, 6 State of Kerala (Sabarimala) sovereign debt 225, 248 118 sovereign states 49, 51, 234 PIL jurisdiction 78, 89–90 233 power to amend the Constitution 78 Special Officer for Linguistic Minorities on projected role of the judiciary 111 88–9 speech, freedom of 193, 195–8, 205, 208, on protection to minority groups 229 84–8 spillover, concept of 49, 93 as protector of rights of Indian State assemblies 12, 271 citizens 83 state institutions in India, legitimacy of shaping of Indian Constitution 77–9 48 Shayara Bano v Union of India 118 State of Kerala v N.M. Thomas 231 views on hate speech 206 State of U.P. v Jai Bir Singh 243 vision of a ‘transformative state representation, in India 27, 35, 59, constitution’ 88 151, 283 Swarajya Resolution (India) 46

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Swaran Singh and Others v State 207 Unite the Union v United Kingdom 247 168 tax states 225 United Progressive Alliance (UPA) 168 taxation, power of 22 universal adult franchise 12, 108 technocracy 27, 38, 260, 282 Universal Declaration of Human Rights television broadcasting 202 85 temple entry rights, to women 66, 118 universal suffrage 2, 124–5, 142 tentative democracy 2 electoral principles of 142 terrorism, glorification of 201 universalism, politics of 22, 25–6, 34, 92, Tillin, Louise 266, 279 104–7, 113–14, 116–17, 123, 129, trade unions 97, 236, 240, 246–8, 250, 132–4, 221–2 255 untouchability transformative constitution 14, 41, 83, practice of 88, 110 88, 92, 96 removal of 11 transnational untouchables, social category of 152 communication 210 urban municipalities 282 public spheres 210, 222 solidarity in production 93 varna, Hindu social doctrine of 152 Treaty establishing the European Veerabhadra Chettiar v Ramaswami Community (TEC) 128 Naicker 198 Treaty of European Union (TEU) 75 village republics 47 Article 2 of 126, 142 voter turnouts 57, 63 Article 3(3) of 126 voting rights 12, 22, 24, 269 Article 10 of 50–51, 59, 140, 142 in European Union 124 Article 10(4) of 172 national inequality in 24 Article 14 of 262 Article 15 of 263 war crimes 203, 217 Treaty on the Functioning of the Weiler, Joseph 38, 81, 94 European Union (TFEU) 75, welfare, politics of 131–2 126–7 welfare state Article 15 of 183 constitutionalism 96 Article 20 of 140 democratic 93 Article 224 of 172 western liberal democracy 47 Article 230 of 186 Westminster model of the Parliamentary Tribal Advisory Council (India) 273 System 33, 143–4 tribal communities 152 women’s equality 118 Triple Talaq system 118 World Bank 90, 188 World War II 14, 45, 125, 200–201, 217, UN Convention on the Elimination of 221 Racial Discrimination (1965) 200 unemployment 224, 236, 243 xenophobia 203 unification, of Europe 49, 281 xenophobic speech 201 Uniform Civil Code (UCC) 117–18 unitary public sphere, idea of 214–16 Zachariah, Benjamin 11

Philipp Dann and Arun K. Thiruvengadam - 9781789901573 Downloaded from Elgar Online at 10/01/2021 03:43:54AM via free access Philipp Dann and Arun K. Thiruvengadam - 9781789901573 Downloaded from Elgar Online at 10/01/2021 03:43:54AM via free access