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Fichtes Transzendentalphilosophie Fichtes Transzendentalphilosophie Ein urteilstheoretischer Ansatz zum Begriff des Objekts Inauguraldissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Philosophie an der Ludwig‐Maximilians‐Universität München vorgelegt von Chiu Yui Plato Tse aus Hong Kong 2017 Erstgutachter: Prof. Dr. Günter Zöller Zweitgutachter: Prof. Dr. Ives Radrizzani Datum der mündlichen Prüfung: 31.05.2017 2 Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 Einleitung ................................................................................................................................. 5 1.1 Philosophiegeschichtliche Hintergründe der Wissenschaftslehre .................................... 5 a. Kant ................................................................................................................................. 7 b. Reinhold ........................................................................................................................ 10 c. Maimon ......................................................................................................................... 13 1.2 Die Problematik des Objektbegriffs und ihre moderne Relevanz .................................. 16 1.3 Gang der Untersuchung .................................................................................................. 19 1.4 Reflexion als Methode .................................................................................................... 22 2 Die Grundsätze und ihr Bezug zum Urteil ............................................................................. 26 2.1 Überblick über die Struktur der GWL ............................................................................ 26 2.2 Der grundlegende Zusammenhang der Grundsätze ........................................................ 29 2.3 Der erste Grundsatz – Das Setzen der Urteilseinheit ...................................................... 32 2.4 Der zweite Grundsatz – Das Setzen des Gegenstandes .................................................. 38 2.5 Der dritte Grundsatz als Grundform der synthetischen Einheit ...................................... 42 Fazit....................................................................................................................................... 49 Exkurs – Ideale Merkmale der Wissenschaftlichkeit............................................................ 50 a. Einförmigkeit ................................................................................................................ 51 b. Kontrarietät versus Kontradiktion................................................................................. 55 c. Funktionsbegriff ............................................................................................................ 58 3 Der theoretische Teil der Grundlage und die Entstehung der Vorstellung ............................ 65 3.1 Kausalität, Substantialität und Wechselwirkung ............................................................ 66 3.2 Mittelbarkeit und Bestimmbarkeit .................................................................................. 82 3.3 Die Streitfrage des Realismus und Idealismus ................................................................ 85 3.4 Die Deduktion der Vorstellung ....................................................................................... 93 3.5 Der Zusammenhang der Vermögen ................................................................................ 99 Fazit..................................................................................................................................... 105 Exkurs – Kants Konzeption der synthetischen Einheit der Apperzeption und Fichtes urteilstheoretische Umsetzung ............................................................................................ 106 a. Kant ............................................................................................................................. 106 b. Fichte........................................................................................................................... 114 3 4 Der praktische Teil der Grundlage und ihre Relevanz in der Gegenwart ............................ 122 4.1 Die skeptische Herausforderung im naturalistischen Licht .......................................... 123 4.2 Der praktische Vereinigungspunkt: das Streben und das zweifache Objekt ................ 128 4.3 Dritter bis achter Lehrsatz oder Streben, Gefühl und Trieb .......................................... 137 4.4 Das Praktische als das Konstitutive .............................................................................. 144 Fazit..................................................................................................................................... 150 5 Die philosophische Relevanz Fichtes aus heutiger Sicht ..................................................... 151 5.1 Zwei Perspektiven auf die Relevanz des Objekts ......................................................... 153 a. Die logische Relevanz des Objekts: Eine kontinentale Perspektive ........................... 153 b. Die bedeutungstheoretische Relevanz des Objekts: Eine analytische Perspektive .... 157 5.2 Moores Kritik am Idealismus........................................................................................ 159 5.3 Die Gefahr der psychologistischen Reduktion ............................................................. 163 5.4 Das Frege-Geach-Problem und seine urteilstheoretischen Implikationen .................... 173 5.5 Die Notwendigkeit des Selbstvergessens...................................................................... 176 5.6 Fichte und Quine ........................................................................................................... 179 5.7 Quines gavagai und Fichtes Eisen: Die Rettung der Vorstellung ................................ 189 Schlussbemerkungen............................................................................................................... 202 Literaturverzeichnis ................................................................................................................ 205 4 1 Einleitung 1.1 Philosophiegeschichtliche Hintergründe der Wissenschaftslehre Johann Gottlieb Fichte (1762–1814) ist einer der wichtigsten Philosophen des Deutschen Idealis- mus – eine Einschätzung, die kaum jemand bestreiten wird. Aber wenn unter „Deutschem Idealis- mus“ gewöhnlich ein von Immanuel Kant (1724–1804) inspiriertes gemeinsames philosophisches Programm verstanden wird, das seinen „Gipfel“ bei Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (1770–1831) erreicht, besteht die Gefahr, dass andere bedeutende Philosophen wie z. B. Karl Leonhard Rein- hold (1757–1823), Salomon Maimon (1753–1800) und Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling (1775–1854) unterschätzt und die Originalität bzw. das Potential ihrer philosophischen Beiträge übersehen wird. Rolf-Peter Horstmann bemerkt treffend: „It is seriously misleading, however, to look at the various philosophical theories presented by these German idealists in this way. There is no ‘from … to …,’ if by this is meant some kind of organic process of complementation. Rather, each of the German idealists pursued a very individual project that was guided by very special assumptions concerning what philosophy is all about.“1 Die vorliegende Untersuchung teilt diese Überlegung nicht, weil sie das programmatische, das heißt Hegel’sche Verständnis vom Deutschen Idealismus in Zweifel ziehen will, sondern weil sie weniger an einem entwicklungsgeschichtli- chen, sondern eher an einem systematisch-theoretischen Zugang interessiert ist. Im Zentrum dieser Untersuchung stehen der frühe Fichte und seine Jenaer Wissenschaftslehre (im Folgenden „WL“), die als eine Art Transzendentalphilosophie zu verstehen ist und als solche auf Themen zurück- greift, die mit der Kritik der reinen Vernunft von Kant für Aufsehen gesorgt haben. Trotzdem muss kurz auf die philosophiegeschichtlichen Hintergründe zur Entstehung der frühen Transzendentalphilosophie Fichtes eingegangen werden, um die Thematik der vorliegenden Un- tersuchung genau fassen zu können. Der historische Kontext der frühen Form der Transzenden- talphilosophie Fichtes ist die kantische Transzendentalphilosophie und deren Rezeption. Neben den positiven Inspirationen von Kant und Reinhold kommen auch negative Positionen von Geg- nern des transzendentalen Idealismus Kants zum Tragen. Gottlob Ernst Schulzes (1761–1833) 1 Horstmann, Rolf-Peter, „The Early Philosophy of Fichte and Schelling“. In Karl Ameriks (Hrsg.), The Cambridge Companion to German Idealism. Cambridge/New York: Cambridge University Press, 2000, S. 118. 5 zunächst anonym erschiene Kritik – Aenesidemus (1792) – an Reinhold und Kant2 veranlasste Fichte, eine „Aenesidemus-Rezension“ zu verfassen und dadurch die Grundgedanken seiner WL zu formulieren. Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi (1743–1819) richtete gegen 1799 ein offenes Send- schreiben an Fichte, dessen Nihilismusvorwurf einen unübersehbaren Einfluss auf die weitere Ent- wicklung und Darstellung der WL nach der Jenaer Zeit hatte. Die WL ist nicht als ein einzelnes Werk Fichtes entstanden, vielmehr ist sie ein langjähriges Projekt, das in seiner Laufbahn ver- schiedene (und meist mündliche) Darstellungen erhalten hat. Die erste und zugleich die letzte Ver- öffentlichung der WL in Buchform, die Fichte selbst zu Lebzeiten publiziert hat, ist die zuvor als Handschrift für seine Zuhörer ausgedruckte Grundlage der gesamten Wissenschaftslehre (erste Ausgabe 1794/95, zweite Ausgabe 1802; im Folgenden „GWL“). Neben der GWL sind in
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