The Arrases of Wawel, the Polish Royal Castle in Krakow
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ESCOR TED T OURS in English POLISH and LITHUANIAN
2008 5 (2).eng 8/9/08 11:11 Page 14 POLISH AND LITHUANIAN SPLENDOURS 8 days Route: Krakow – Wieliczka – Krakow – Cz´stochowa – Warsaw – Kaunas – Vilnius Vilnius Warszawa Kraków reconstructed Old Town. The morning sightseeing tour includes the Royal Route and the Old Town with the Royal Castle, St. John’s Cathedral, the Old Town Market Square and the Barbican. In the afternoon, we offer an optional excursion to the Royal ¸azienki Park with the Palace on the Water. The evening offers an optional Polish dinner at Res- taurant “Podwale”. Day 6. Warsaw – Kaunas – Vilnius We continue through the well-forested North Poland along the eastern fringe of the Masurian Lakeland, a my- Vilnius – Ostra Brama riad of postglacial lakes representing some of the most Day 1. Krakow Day 3. Krakow – Wieliczka – Krakow beautiful natural sites in Poland, and continue into Lithua- Arrival in Krakow, optional transfer to Hotel Novotel Cen- The morning offers an optional excursion to the famous nia to reach Kaunas, a genuine Lithuanian city. We take trum Krakow**** or similar, check-in, welcome meeting. Wieliczka Salt Mine, an amazing labyrinth of tunnels a stroll in the Old Town with its elegant Old Town Hall and Day 2. Krakow going down as far as 327 meters. The afternoon is Gothic cathedral. Then, we continue eastwards and arrive For half a millennium, Krakow was the royal capital of reserved for exploring more of Krakow’s secrets individu- soon in Vilnius. Check-in at the hotel. Poland and for centuries the city walls have guarded its ally. The evening offer includes an optional dinner at Res- Day 7. -
Joint Meeting on Medicinal Chemistry—Kraków 2003
Conference Call Saidashev State Grand Concert Hall, which is one of Austria (5), Switzerland (5), and 18 other countries. the most beautiful cultural centers of Kazan. In addi- Participants were presented with the latest ideas con- tion to two plenary lectures, the results of the con- cerning drugs for the treatment of central nervous gress were summarized, and the final document On system and cardiovascular diseases, chemotherapeu- the Prospects for the Development of Chemistry, tics, combinatorial chemistry and high throughput Chemical Education, and International Cooperation screening, molecular modeling, peptides and pep- was approved. Dr. R. N. Minnikhanov, prime minister tidomimetics, and pharmaceutical biotechnology. In of the Government of the Republic of Tatarstan, addition, 226 posters were presented. addressed the meeting. Following is a list of plenary lectures presented: The next XVIII Mendeleev Congress on General and • “G-Proteins: Targets for New Drugs?”; Walter Applied Chemistry will be held in Moscow in 2007 and Schunack, Free University of Berlin, Germany will be devoted to a centenary of Mendeleev • “Can Drug Metabolism be Predicted?”; Bernard Congresses in Russia. Testa, Institute de Chimie Therapeutique, Universite de Lausanne, Switzerland Professor Oleg Nefedov <[email protected]> is head of the laboratory in the N. D. • “A Translational Approach to Preclinical Drug Zelinsk, Institute of Organic Chemistry in Moscow and the president of the XVII Development in Epilepsy”; James P. Stables, Mendeleev Congress. Professor Oleg Sinyashin <[email protected]> is director of Director of the National Institute of Neurological the A. E. Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry in Kazan and chief Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, USA secretary of the XVII Mendeleev Congress. -
Krakow HISTORY
Krakow HISTORY The first documented reference to Krakow can be found in records from 965 of the Cordova merchant Abraham ben Jacob. He mentions a rich burg city situated at the crossing of trade routes and surrounded by woods. In the 10th century Mieszko I incorporated Krakow into the Polish state. During the times of Boleslaw the Brave, the bishopric of Krakow was established (1000) and the construction of Wawel Cathedral began. In 1038, Casimir I the Restorer made Wawel Castle its seat, thus making Krakow the capital of Poland. The high duke Boleslav V the Chaste following the example of Wrocław, introduced city rights modelled on the Magdeburg law allowing for tax benefits and new trade privileges for the citizens in 1257. In the 15th century, Krakow became the center of lively cultural, artistic, and scientific development. Photo: A fragment of colourful woodcut depicting Krakow. Source: https://www.muzeumkrakowa.pl The 17th and 18th centuries were a period of a gradual decline of the city's importance. Due to the first partition of Poland in 1772, the southern part of Little Poland was seized by the Austrian army. On March 24, 1794 Kościuszko's Insurrection began in Krakow. Temporarily included into the Warsaw Duchy, it was given the status of a "free city" after Napoleon's downfall. After the defeat of the November Insurrection (1831), Krakow preserved its autonomy as the only intact part of Poland. In 1846, it was absorbed into the Austrian Monarchy again. After independence was regained in 1918, Krakow became a significant administrative and cultural center. -
How Does Religion Matter Today in Poland? Secularization in Europe and the 'Causa Polonia Semper Fidelis' Arnold, Maik
www.ssoar.info How Does Religion Matter Today in Poland? Secularization in Europe and the 'Causa Polonia Semper Fidelis' Arnold, Maik Veröffentlichungsversion / Published Version Sammelwerksbeitrag / collection article Empfohlene Zitierung / Suggested Citation: Arnold, M. (2012). How Does Religion Matter Today in Poland? Secularization in Europe and the 'Causa Polonia Semper Fidelis'. In M. Arnold, & P. Łukasik (Eds.), Europe and America in the Mirror: Culture, Economy, and History (pp. 199-238). Krakau: Nomos. https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:0168-ssoar-337806 Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Dieser Text wird unter einer Deposit-Lizenz (Keine This document is made available under Deposit Licence (No Weiterverbreitung - keine Bearbeitung) zur Verfügung gestellt. Redistribution - no modifications). We grant a non-exclusive, non- Gewährt wird ein nicht exklusives, nicht übertragbares, transferable, individual and limited right to using this document. persönliches und beschränktes Recht auf Nutzung dieses This document is solely intended for your personal, non- Dokuments. Dieses Dokument ist ausschließlich für commercial use. All of the copies of this documents must retain den persönlichen, nicht-kommerziellen Gebrauch bestimmt. all copyright information and other information regarding legal Auf sämtlichen Kopien dieses Dokuments müssen alle protection. You are not allowed to alter this document in any Urheberrechtshinweise und sonstigen Hinweise auf gesetzlichen way, to copy it for public or commercial purposes, to exhibit the Schutz beibehalten werden. Sie dürfen dieses Dokument document in public, to perform, distribute or otherwise use the nicht in irgendeiner Weise abändern, noch dürfen Sie document in public. dieses Dokument für öffentliche oder kommerzielle Zwecke By using this particular document, you accept the above-stated vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, aufführen, vertreiben oder conditions of use. -
Who Were the Prusai ?
WHO WERE THE PRUSAI ? So far science has not been able to provide answers to this question, but it does not mean that we should not begin to put forward hypotheses and give rise to a constructive resolution of this puzzle. Great help in determining the ethnic origin of Prusai people comes from a new branch of science - genetics. Heraldically known descendants of the Prusai, and persons unaware of their Prusai ethnic roots, were subject to the genetic test, thus provided a knowledge of the genetics of their people. In conjunction with the historical knowledge, this enabled to be made a conclusive finding and indicated the territory that was inhabited by them. The number of tests must be made in much greater number in order to eliminate errors. Archaeological research and its findings also help to solve this question, make our knowledge complemented and compared with other regions in order to gain knowledge of Prusia, where they came from and who they were. Prusian people provinces POMESANIA and POGESANIA The genetic test done by persons with their Pomesanian origin provided results indicating the Haplogroup R1b1b2a1b and described as the Atlantic Group or Italo-Celtic. The largest number of the people from this group, today found between the Irish and Scottish Celts. Genetic age of this haplogroup is older than that of the Celt’s genetics, therefore also defined as a proto Celtic. 1 The Pomerania, Poland’s Baltic coast, was inhabited by Gothic people called Gothiscanza. Their chronicler Cassiodor tells that they were there from 1940 year B.C. Around the IV century A.D. -
Here to Expertly Guide You Through the New Normal in Travel
Our Experience At Exeter International we have been creating memories and crafting custom-designed journeys for 27 years. We are a team of specialists committed to providing the best travel experiences in our destinations. Each of our experts has either travelled extensively on reconnaissance trips, or has lived in their area of expertise, giving us unparalleled first-hand knowledge. Because we focus on specific parts of the globe, we return to the same destinations many times, honing our experience over the years. Knowledgeable Up-to-the-Minute Local Information We are best placed to give you advice about traveling to Europe and beyond; from logistics and new protocols in museums, hotels and restaurants in each country. We are here to expertly guide you through the new normal in travel. Original Custom Programs, Meticulously Planned Our experts speak your language both literally and culturally. Our advice and recommendations are impartial, honest, and always have the individual in mind. We save valuable time in pre-trip research and focus on developing experiences that enrich and enhance your experience. Once on your journey you will have complete peace of mind with our local 24-hour contact person who is on hand to coordinate any changes in your program or help you in the case of any emergency. Hand-Selected Guides We know that guides are one of the most important components of any travel experience. That is why we only use local experts who have a history of working with our guests and whom we know personally. We are extremely particular in selecting our guides and are confident that they will be one of the most memorable aspects of any of our trips. -
The Attractiveness of Court Culture During the Jagiellonian Era
Odrodzenie i Reformacja w Polsce PL ISSN 0029‑8514 Special Issue Małgorzata Wilska (Warsaw) The Attractiveness of Court Culture during the Jagiellonian Era Court culture is generated predominantly by the social milieu surround‑ ing the king and monarchic authority. The court guaranteed a suitable setting for all the activity of the monarch and royal accounts did not separate expenses for the private needs of the ruler and his family and those of a state character. The transmission of cultural values occurred everywhere where the king and court stayed: on the meadow where land court sessions were held, at the castle during a feast, at an assembly, in the course of a hunt, and along the entire route of the king’s entourage. It should be kept in mind that the governance of Władysław II Jagiełło and his successors involved incessant motion, a constant traversing across Polish lands from Cracow to Lithuania. The image of the king viewed directly was connected in social mentality with a model of the monarch moulded by tradition and court ideology. This image was composed of two overlapping visions: the sacrum and the profanum. The former demanded respect for the God’s anointed, and the latter rendered him closer to the perspective of the subjects and exposed him to criticism.1 Chronicles enable us seeing changes occurring in the ideology of power during the reign of the Piast dynasty. Casimir III the Great was already far from the image of the warrior‑king and defender of the homeland depicted by Gallus writing about Bolesław I the Brave. -
Pierwszy AUTOR*
Scientific Journal of the Military University of Land Forces ISSN: 2544-7122 (print), 2545-0719 (online) 2019, Volume 51, Number 2(192), Pages 213-226 DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0013.2594 Original article Protection of monuments as an element of cultural security (on the example of the Liw Castle) Michal Godlewski Institute of Social Sciences and Security, Faculty of Humanities, Siedlce University of Natural Sciences and Humanities, Poland, e-mail: [email protected] INFORMATIONS ABSTRACT Article history: The article presents various ways of defining cultural security, which is Submited: 18 September 2018 one of the human primary needs represented in the literature on the Accepted: 15 March 2019 subject. It focuses on explaining the meaning of the term “monument”, Published: 17 June 2019 which is defined and understood in many ways. The history of the Land of Liw and the Liw Castle is presented through the analysis of historical literature. Furthermore, the article discusses Otto Warpechowski’s contribution to the protection of the Liw Castle, which is the cultural heritage of the Mazovia region and the entire Poland, against total de- struction planned by the Nazi authorities. The article reveals the im- pact that the Castle in Liw has on the feeling of cultural security of the local community, and describes cultural activities undertaken at the Liw Castle aimed at promoting the sense of safety, cultural identity and belonging to the Polish cultural community and a local community. KEYWORDS * Corresponding author cultural security, heritage, Mazovia region, local community © 2019 by Author(s). This is an open access article under the Creative Commons Attribution Interna- tional License (CC BY). -
Prelude to the Birth of the —Kingdom of Livonia“
Acta Historica Tallinnensia, 2009, 14, 31–61 doi: 10.3176/hist.2009.1.02 PRELUDE TO THE BIRTH OF THE “KINGDOM OF LIVONIA” Andres ADAMSON Institute of History, Tallinn University, 6 Rüütli St., 10130 Tallinn, Estonia; [email protected] The article provides an overview of the international situation and the situation in Livonia prior to the emergence of the project of the vassal kingdom of Livonia, and the developments and motives that pushed Duke Magnus of Holstein to overt collaboration with Tsar Ivan the Terrible. It is shown that the creation of the vassal kingdom was predominantly determined by external circumstances, primarily by Muscovy’s hope to achieve a division of Poland-Lithuania between Russia and the Habsburgs, following a normalisation of relations with the Holy Roman Empire and the imperial court after the eclipse of the male line of the Jagiellon dynasty, without relinquishing its conquests and claims of domination in Livonia. The material is presented in the form of a narrative, in view of the failure of previous historiography to effectively focus on the timeline of the events under discussion, the relevant documents, and the general background. By the end of 1568, the Livonian War had come to a standstill. In fact, at that time the Baltic Sea region was a scene of not one but three closely intertwined wars. The Northern Seven Years’ War (1563–1570) between Sweden and the coalition of Denmark, Poland-Lithuania and Lübeck had been virtually brought to a halt by the complete exhaustion and economic bankruptcy of the principal adversaries – Denmark and Sweden. -
Kingdom of Livonia”
Acta Historica Tallinnensia, 2009, 14, 31–61 doi: 10.3176/hist.2009.1.02 PRELUDE TO THE BIRTH OF THE “KINGDOM OF LIVONIA” Andres ADAMSON Institute of History, Tallinn University, 6 Rüütli St., 10130 Tallinn, Estonia; [email protected] The article provides an overview of the international situation and the situation in Livonia prior to the emergence of the project of the vassal kingdom of Livonia, and the developments and motives that pushed Duke Magnus of Holstein to overt collaboration with Tsar Ivan the Terrible. It is shown that the creation of the vassal kingdom was predominantly determined by external circumstances, primarily by Muscovy’s hope to achieve a division of Poland-Lithuania between Russia and the Habsburgs, following a normalisation of relations with the Holy Roman Empire and the imperial court after the eclipse of the male line of the Jagiellon dynasty, without relinquishing its conquests and claims of domination in Livonia. The material is presented in the form of a narrative, in view of the failure of previous historiography to effectively focus on the timeline of the events under discussion, the relevant documents, and the general background. By the end of 1568, the Livonian War had come to a standstill. In fact, at that time the Baltic Sea region was a scene of not one but three closely intertwined wars. The Northern Seven Years’ War (1563–1570) between Sweden and the coalition of Denmark, Poland-Lithuania and Lübeck had been virtually brought to a halt by the complete exhaustion and economic bankruptcy of the principal adversaries – Denmark and Sweden. -
The Rennaisance Court of the Jagiellon Dynasty
The Rennaisance Court of the Jagiellon Dynasty The Rennaisance Court of the Jagiellon Dynasty Lesson plan (Polish) Lesson plan (English) The Rennaisance Court of the Jagiellon Dynasty The Town Hall of Zamość Source: domena publiczna. Link to the Lesson You will learn what was the Royal Court of Wawel during the Rennaissance like; about the most important works and figures of the Polish Renaissance; what were the characteristics of the Renaissance in Poland; what were the achievements of the Jagiellon rulers. Nagranie dostępne na portalu epodreczniki.pl Nagranie abstraktu After the death of Władysław Jagiełło (1434), the Polish‐Lithuanian throne was inherited by his descendants of the Jagiellon dynasty. The son of Władysław Jagiełło, Władysław, died fighting the Turks at Varna in 1444 – hence his sobriquet, Władysław of Varna. The throne was taken by his brother, Casimir, who reigned for almost a half of a century (1447‐1492). During his rule, the Jagiellon dynasty achieved great power, ruling over entire Central Europe (his oldest son, Władysław, became the King of Bohemia and Hungary). Casimir IV Jagiellon defeated the Teutonic Knights in the Thirteen Years’ war (1454‐1466, ended with the Second Peace of Thorn) and reclaimed the Chełmno Land and Pomerelia, which he then incorporated into the state as Royal Prussia. After his death, the Polish‐Lithuanian throne was taken by his sons: John I Albert, Alexander and Sigismund I the Old, and then the son of the latter, Sigismund II Augustus. The times of the last two Jagiellons are called the golden age of the Polish culture. The state was fairly powerful and wealthy, and the wars it took part in were few (and fought mainly along the borders). -
Perception of Common Sense of Slavic Community in Polish and Bohemian Medieval Chronicles
http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/2084-140X.03.06 Studia Ceranea 3, 2013, p. 83–100 Adam Mesiarkin (Bratislava) Examining the Slavic identity in Middle Ages Perception of common sense of Slavic community in Polish and Bohemian Medieval Chronicles The closing report of a press centre of the organizing committee of the tenth Slavic Congress (Kiev, November 2010) does not discuss only a concept of the lit- erary reciprocity. Firstly, it presents a complex ideological program which includes cultural, economical as well as political integration. Secondly, it encourages work with the youth, ecological education and inspires re-establishment of the forgot- ten spirituality. The report also highlights the necessity of mutual communica- tion among scholars, journalists, politicians, artists, sportsmen and businessmen1. There is no need to emphasise that the main idea of this congress – in the mecha- nism of throwback– refers to the distant historical Slavic unity. The identification with the ethnonym Slav has alternately appeared in both Czech and Polish history along the development of an idea of Slavic nations/tribes’ congeniality. The question of Slavic identity is essentially interconnected with such terms as ethnogenesis and topogenesis. The problem is that a great number of previous- ly published works intended to discuss ethnogenesis does not address the ques- tions of mechanisms behind the emergence of the Slavic identity. This has been caused by inadequate methodology as well as terminology. Since written accounts are rather scarce, it is necessary to apply an archaeological and a linguistic ap- proach while researching the question of Slavic ethnogenesis as a process of form- ing and transforming identity.