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LA SURVIE DU BRETON EN FRANCE PAR L'éducation the SURVIVAL of BRETON in FRANCE THROUGH EDUCATION a Thesis Presented To

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LA SURVIE DU BRETON EN FRANCE PAR L'éducation the SURVIVAL of BRETON in FRANCE THROUGH EDUCATION a Thesis Presented To LA SURVIE DU BRETON EN FRANCE PAR L’ÉDUCATION THE SURVIVAL OF BRETON IN FRANCE THROUGH EDUCATION A Thesis Presented to The Honors Tutorial College Ohio University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for Graduation from the Honors Tutorial College with the degree of Bachelor of Arts in French by Kristina Carson December 2014 This thesis has been approved by The Honors Tutorial College and the Department of Modern Languages Dr. Lois Vines Professor, Modern Languages Thesis Advisor Honors Tutorial College Director of Studies Dr. Jeremy Webster Dean, Honors Tutorial College 1 Table des matières Table des matières…………………………………………………………………………………1 Chapitre 1 : L’histoire du breton en France……………………………………………………….3 Les origines………………………………………………………………………………..3 L’immigration en Armorique……………………………………………………………...4 Le duché de Bretagne……………………………………………………………………...5 La Bretagne française……………………………………………………………………..6 La Révolution française…………………………………………………………………...7 Le Premier Empire……………………………………………………………………….10 La Restauration de la monarchie et la Monarchie de Juillet……………………………..10 La Deuxième République………………………………………………………………..11 Le Second empire………………………………………………………………………..13 La Troisième République………………………………………………………………...14 La Seconde Guerre mondiale……………..…………………………………………...…17 La Quatrième République et la Cinquième République…………………………………18 L’histoire récente………………………………………………………………………...20 Chapitre 2 : Le breton à l’école…………………………………………………………………..22 Diwan……………………………………………………………………………….……24 Le breton aux écoles catholiques………………………………………………………...30 Le breton aux écoles publiques…………………………………………………………..32 L’enseignement supérieur………………………………………………………………..34 Chapitre 3 : L’enseignement aux adultes………………………………………………………...37 Skol an Emsav……………………………………………………………………………39 Mission Bretonne………………………………………………………………………...41 D’autres formations intensives pour adultes…..…………………………………………42 L’Office public de la langue bretonne…………………………………………………...42 Le Diplôme de compétence en langue bretonne…………………………………………43 Le financement offert pour étudier comme adulte………….……………………………44 Chapitre 4 : Les défis à l’enseignement du breton……………………………………………….46 La formation des professeurs…………………………………………………………….49 La continuation des études……………………………………………………………….54 La transmission familiale………………………………………………………………...56 Chapitre 5 : L’avenir du breton…………………………………………………………………..59 English Abstract………………………………………………………………………………….69 Appendice 1 : Graphique du nombre d’élèves scolarisés dans les filières bilingues ………..…..84 Appendice 2 : Écoles Diwan en Bretagne ……………………………………………………….85 Appendice 3 : Niveau en breton des élèves de CM2 de Diwan………………………………….86 Appendice 4 : Affiche de l’Office public de la langue bretonne………………………………...87 Appendice 5 : Affiche de l’Office public de la langue bretonne………………………………...88 Appendice 6 : Nombre de postes d’enseignants…………………………………………………89 Appendice 7 : Nombre de candidats admis aux concours de professeur des écoles……………..90 Appendice 8 : Nombre de candidats admis aux concours de professeur des lycées et collèges…91 Appendice 9 : Enseignement bilingue par niveau et par département de Bretagne……………...92 Appendice 10 : Comparaison du poids de chaque filière bilingue………………………………93 Appendice 11 : Développement de l’enseignement bilingue……………………………………94 Appendice 12 : Proportion par classe d’âge de personnes à qui leurs parents parlaient breton…95 2 Appendice 13 : Pourcentage de locuteurs du breton suivant les classes d’âge…………………..96 Appendice 14 : Publicité pour le film Fast & Furious 6 avec les graffitis en breton……………97 Bibliographie……………………………………………………………………………………..98 3 Chapitre 1 L’histoire du breton en France Il y a à peu près sept langues régionales en France. Il y a des opinions différentes en ce qui concerne le nombre exact des langues régionales parce que la définition change dépendant des facteurs politiques et culturelles. Par exemple, l’occitan est une langue régionale qui se parle dans le sud de la France, mais on n’est pas d’accord si l’occitan est une langue qui se compose de plusieurs dialectes ou si ces dialectes sont des langues eux-mêmes. Le provençal et le catalan sont deux variétés de langage qui sont quelques fois considérées comme un dialecte de l’occitan et d’autres fois vues comme des langues séparées (“The Counts of Toulouse and the Cross of Toulouse”). Malgré tout, chaque langue a une histoire particulière en ce qui concerne son développement pendant des siècles. Le breton n’est pas une exception. En fait, le breton est spécial entre les langues régionales de France parce qu’il n’a pas de racine latine et c’est une des plus anciennes langues du continent européen. Les origines Parlé depuis plus de 1500 ans, le breton est une langue celtique qui a ses origines dans la famille des langues indo-européennes (Buannic 9). Il y a 3.000 ans, une population indo- européenne a occupé tout le nord de l’Europe et ils ont été nommés Keltae par les Grecs et Galli par les Romains. Ces peuples ont vécu avec la population locale et c’est de ce mélange qu’a descendu les peuples celtiques. La langue qui est venue de ce groupe est le vieux celtique. Cette civilisation a disparu sous la pression des Germains au nord et des Latins au sud, mais la langue celtique continentale restait dans les îles britanniques où vivaient les Brittons et les Gaëls (Skol Ober 2). Aujourd’hui, il y a six langues celtiques qui sont divisées en deux groupes : le groupe 4 brittonique qui se compose du gallois, breton, et cornouaillais et le groupe gaélique qui se compose de l’irlandais, écossais, et mannois (Musée de Bretagne). Le breton a des origines hors de la France et partage des racines avec des langues qui se trouvent encore aujourd’hui en Grande-Bretagne. L’immigration en Armorique Avant l’arrivée des Bretons, cinq tribus habitaient en Armorique jusqu’à 56 avant Jésus- Christ quand les Romains gagnaient le contrôle après une bataille navale. Après la chute du pouvoir romain, il n’y a pas beaucoup de documents à propos de la vie en Armorique avant l’arrivée des Bretons (Le Nevez 105). Dès le Ier siècle, les Bretons en Grande-Bretagne avaient des relations avec l’Armorique, le territoire qui est maintenant la Bretagne. Au Ve siècle, la Grande-Bretagne connait plusieurs invasions des Angles et Saxons ainsi que des Scots d’Irlande et des Pictes d’Ecosse. Ces forces extérieures provoquaient l’émigration des Bretons vers l’Armorique où ils ont établi leur territoire officiel par le Traité d’Angers en 851 (“La Bretagne et son histoire”). Ils se regroupaient à l’Armorique par des origines géographies et créaient deux territoires : la Domnonée au nord et la Cornouaille au sud-ouest (Musée de Bretagne). Les siècles exacts de l’immigration dépendent de la source. D’après le site officiel de la région Bretagne, les Bretons immigraient en Armorique entre le VIe et le VIIIe siècle ; d’après le musée de Bretagne, cela s’est passé entre le IIIe et le VIe siècle ; d’après la brochure de Skol Ober, une école sur l’Internet qui enseigne le breton, l’immigration était entre le Ve et le VIIe siècle (“La Bretagne et son histoire”, Musée de Bretagne, Skol Ober 2). Les Bretons ont apporté avec eux leur culture et leur langue. Pendant cette période, ils ont parlé le vieux breton jusque dans la baie du Mont-Saint-Michel et dans la région de Saint-Nazaire vers 1050. Il y a des influences de cette période dans les noms des lieux et les noms de famille aujourd’hui (Skol Ober 3). L’histoire 5 linguistique du breton ne cessait pas d’évoluer après son établissement en France. Il y avait plusieurs dialectes qui étaient marqués par l’accent et par la prononciation des mots. Le vocabulaire et la grammaire variaient un peu parmi des dialectes, mais l’intercompréhension était possible (Site officiel de l'Office public de la langue bretonne). Le duché de Bretagne En Armorique, les Bretons avaient du succès à garder l’unité de leur territoire. Du Xe jusqu’au XVIe siècle, la Bretagne était un duché (McDonald 14). Le règne du duché connaissait des problèmes, mais malgré la peste, la guerre de Cent Ans et les conflits de succession entre Montfort et Blois-Penthièvre, le nouveau pouvoir ducal se renforçait. La Bretagne regagnait sa place au cœur des routes commerciales entre l’Europe du Nord et la péninsule ibérique par la croissance du commerce par voie maritime (Musée de Bretagne). Cependant, la langue bretonne ne vivait pas le même succès. La population parlait le moyen breton, mais la langue était abandonnée comme langue officielle par le duché de Bretagne dès le Haut Moyen-Age et ils ont utilisé le français à sa place. Le breton commençait à reculer peu à peu vers l’ouest de la région (Skol Ober 3). La Bretagne française Cette période d’indépendance ne durait pas longtemps. Dès les années 1460, les rois de France, Louis XI et Charles VIII, voulaient attacher la Bretagne à la France. Le Duc François II de Bretagne devait accepter les demandes françaises quand Charles VIII exploitait des rivalités dans la haute aristocratie et il a gagné la bataille de Saint-Aubin-du-Cormier le 28 juillet 1488. Après cette bataille, le traité de Sablé marquait la fin des accords de paix entre la France et la Bretagne. Le traité stipulait que les filles du Duc François II ne pouvaient pas se marier sans 6 l’approbation du Roi de France. La fille du Duc François II, Anne de Bretagne, lui succédait comme Duchesse de Bretagne après sa mort en septembre 1488. Sa première action était de se marier avec Maximilien d’Autriche qui était contre la France et qui avait du pouvoir pour maintenir l’indépendance de la Bretagne. Le mariage par procuration a eu lieu le 19 décembre 1490 et cela enfreignait le traité de Sablé. Le Roi Charles VIII assiégeait Rennes en 1491 et il s’est marié avec Anne le 6 décembre 1491 sans regard au mariage d’Anne et Maximilien d’Autriche. Quand Charles VIII est mort en 1498, Anne était obligée de se marier avec le roi suivant, Louis XII, mais il était déjà marié. Anne était d’accord de se marier avec Louis XII s’il obtenait une annulation dans une année. En attendant, Anne redevenait duchesse de Bretagne.
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