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Myrmekofilie V Palearktu Bakalářská Práce

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Myrmekofilie V Palearktu Bakalářská Práce Univerzita Hradec Králové Přírodovědecká fakulta Katedra biologie Myrmekofilie v palearktu Bakalářská práce Autor: Barbora Poláková Studijní program: B1501 Biologie Studijní obor: Systematická biologie a ekologie Vedoucí práce: Mgr. Pavel Pech, Ph.D. Hradec Králové červen 2016 Prohlášení: Prohlašuji, že jsem bakalářskou práci vypracovala samostatně a že jsem v seznamu použité literatury uvedla všechny prameny, ze kterých jsem vycházela. V Hradci Králové, dne 20. července 2016 Barbora Poláková Poděkování Chtěla bych poděkovat vedoucímu mé práce, Mgr. Pavlu Pechovi, Ph.D., za poskytnutí rozsáhlého materiálu, který mou práci obohatil o cenné informace. Anotace Bakalářská práce se zabývá organismy, které žijí s mravenci. Poskytuje základní přehled myrmekofilů a jejich vztahu k hostitelským mravencům. Stručně popisuje myrmekofilní interakce mezi mravenci a některými českými hosty. Pojednává o jednotlivých typech a druzích myrmekofilních vztahů palearktických taxonů. Každý druh je unikátní svojí interakcí s mravenci. Naopak u druhů odlišných taxonomických jednotek se nachází adaptační podobnosti. Tato práce se snaží zodpovědět otázky týkající se myrmekofilie a objasnit důvody vzniku myrmekofilie. Také si klade za cíl zjistit, jak je toto soužití možné a jakou cestou se museli myrmekofilové ubírat, aby dokázali oklamat či přilákat mravenčí populaci. Klíčová slova mravenec, myrmekofilie, mraveniště, medovice, feromony Annotation This Bachelor Thesis is talking about animals associated with ants. It provides basic overview of myrmecophylia and their relationships with the host ants. It briefly describes interaction between ants and Czech myrmecophylies. Thesis discusses the various types and kinds of myrmecophilous relationships of palearctic taxons. Each specie is unique in its interactions with ants. In contrast at species taxonomically different units are adaptation similaraties found. This Thesis tries to answer questions about myrmecophylia and light up the reason of myrmecophilia creation. Its purpose is also to found out how is myrmecophylia possible and which ways myrmecophyles had to choose to attract ants populations. Keywords ant, myrmecophilous, ant nest, honeydew, pheromones Obsah Úvod ............................................................................................................................................................................ 8 1 Vymezení palearktické oblasti ............................................................................................................... 9 2 Mravencovití (Formicidae) ...................................................................................................................... 9 2.1 Sociální organizace mravenců ...................................................................................................... 10 2.2 Mravenčí komunikace ..................................................................................................................... 11 2.3 Prostředí................................................................................................................................................ 12 2.4 Potrava ................................................................................................................................................... 12 3 Myrmekofilie .............................................................................................................................................. 13 3.1 Obecná charakteristika ................................................................................................................... 13 3.2 Charakteristika vybraných myrmekofilních taxonů České republiky ......................... 13 3.2.1 Synechtři, synoekenti a symfilové ............................................................................. 13 3.2.2 Trofobionti ........................................................................................................................... 47 4 Hypotézy vzniku myrmekofilie ........................................................................................................... 53 4.1 Typy myrmekofilie ............................................................................................................................ 53 4.1.1 Synoekenti .......................................................................................................................... 54 4.1.2 Synechtři ............................................................................................................................. 55 4.1.3 Symfilové............................................................................................................................. 56 4.1.4 Trofobionti ......................................................................................................................... 57 4.1.5 Integrace myrmekofilů .................................................................................................. 58 4.1.6 Obligátní a fakultativní myrmekofilie ..................................................................... 59 4.2 Adaptace ................................................................................................................................................ 59 4.2.1 Vzhled těla ................................................................................................................ 60 4.2.2 Tykadla ....................................................................................................................... 61 4.2.3 Trichomy ................................................................................................................... 62 4.3 Komunikace mezi mravenci a myrmekofily ........................................................................... 62 4.3.1 Chemická komunikace ......................................................................................... 62 4.3.2 Mechanická komunikace .................................................................................... 63 4.4 Potravní strategie .............................................................................................................................. 63 4.4.1 Predace a karnivorie ............................................................................................ 64 4.4.2 Trofolaxe ................................................................................................................... 65 4.4.3 Herbivoři, saprofágové a fungivioři ............................................................... 66 4.5 Myrmekofilní interakce .................................................................................................................. 66 4.6 Evoluce myrmekofilie ...................................................................................................................... 68 Závěr ........................................................................................................................................................................ 70 Seznam použité literatury ............................................................................................................................... 71 Zdroje obrázků..................................................................................................................................................... 87 Zdroje tabulek ...................................................................................................................................................... 89 Přílohy ..................................................................................................................................................................... 90 Úvod Členovci představují největší kmen živočišné říše. Mravence můžeme označit jako nejúspěšnější skupinu společenského hmyzu. Jedná se o velice početnou kategorii. Tato rozmanitá populace se vyznačuju vysokou schopností adaptace. Během svého vývoje se naučili těžit z nejrozmanitějších zdrojů potravy a využívat společnosti jiných organismů. V mravenčích hnízdech a v jejich blízkosti žijí i jiní zástupci hmyzí říše. Nazývají se myrmekofilové. K životu v mraveništi jsou výborně přizpůsobeni a se svým hostitelem žijí v určitém vztahu. Mravenci představují nezastupitelnou složku pro ekosystémy. Zvolila jsem si téma myrmekofilie, protože mravenci jsou vysoce společenský hmyz. Po člověku nejrozšířenější společenští tvorové. I přesto, že existuje velké množství popsaných myrmekofilů, stále jsou objevováni noví. Tato práce má za úkol sjednotit informace o palearktických čeledích a českých druzích, kteří se dostávají do kontaktu s mravenci. Následně vytvořit hypotézy vzniku myrmekofilních vztahů. Vazba na mravenčí populaci je u jednotlivých živočichů velmi proměnlivá. Nacházíme mezi nimi symfily, synoekenty a synechtry a trofobionty. Příčiny myrmekofilie se u jednotlivých skupin mohou lišit. Hlavním důvodem je zdroj potravy, ochrana a ideální podmínky pro vývoj. Celosvětově nalezneme mnoho myrmekofilních druhů. S nejpočetnějším zastoupením myrmekofilů se setkáme v tropických oblastech, ale také v České republice bylo již popsáno velké množství myrmekofilních zástupců. 8 1 Vymezení palearktické oblasti Nejčastěji užívaná zoogeografická rajonizace pevninského biocyklu se opírá o rozdělení na oblasti. Pevninu planety země tvoří australská, neotropická, nearktická, palearktická, etiopská a indomalajská oblast. Palearktická oblast se rozkládá přes Evropu včetně Islandu a ostrovů Středozemního moře, severní Afriku až po obratník Raka. Postupuje celou Asií kromě jižní Arábie a indického subkontinentu. Zahrnuje
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