Bc. Jana Bažilová Mechanismy Začlenění Myrmekofilů Do

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Bc. Jana Bažilová Mechanismy Začlenění Myrmekofilů Do Univerzita Karlova v Praze Přírodovědecká fakulta Studijní program: Biologie Studijní obor: Zoologie Bc. Jana Bažilová Mechanismy začlenění myrmekofilů do hostitelské kolonie Integration of myrmecophiles into the host colonies Diplomová práce Vedoucí práce: Doc. Mgr. Jan Šobotník, Ph.D. Konzultant: Doc. Mgr. Karel Kleisner, Ph.D. Praha, 2017 Prohlášení Prohlašuji, že jsem závěrečnou práci zpracovala samostatně a že jsem uvedla všechny použité informační zdroje a literaturu. Tato práce ani její podstatná část nebyla předložena k získání jiného nebo stejného akademického titulu. V Praze, 13. 8. 2017 ……………………................... Jana Bažilová Poděkování: Děkuji svému školiteli Doc. Mgr. Janu Šobotníkovi Ph.D. za spolupráci a ochotu se kterou vedl tuto práci a Ing. Peteru Hlaváčovi za poskytnutí konzultací a určení nasbíraného materiálu. Dále děkuji své rodině za podporu a pomoc, kterou mi během získávání dat a jejich následného zpracování poskytovali. Abstrakt Ačkoliv jsou myrmekofilní druhy hmyzu studovány již od 19. století, některé důležité aspekty tohoto fascinujícího vztahu mezi mravenci a dalšími skupinami hmyzu stále nejsou uspokojivě prozkoumány. V poslední době se studium myrmekofilie soustředí spíše na taxonomii daných skupin, než na vlastní bionomii těchto druhů. Nejvíce druhů myrmekofilů najdeme mezi brouky (Coleoptera). Tito myrmekofilové mají celou řadu adaptací, které jim pomáhají v asociaci s hostitelskými mravenci. Tyto adaptace se výrazně liší mezi dobře integrovanými druhy myrmekofilních brouků a druhy, které jsou integrovány slabě, nebo nejsou integrovány vůbec. Tato práce se soustředí na porovnání chování dvou vybraných myrmekofilních brouků, Claviger testaceus (Staphylinidae: Pselaphinae) jako integrovaného druhu myrmekofila a Pella spp. (Staphylinidae: Aleocharinae) jako neintegrovaného či slabě integrovaného druhu. Následná studie ukazuje, že při interakcích s mravenci existuje signifikantní rozdíl v chování vybraných druhů brouků. Mravenci jsou agresivnější vůči neintegrovaným druhům a tito brouci jsou dobře přizpůsobeni agresivním střetům s mravenci. Oproti tomu chování integrovaných brouků není příliš přizpůsobeno agresivním interakcím s mravenci. Na druhou stranu však byli mravenci (hlavně hostitelští mravenci) při kontaktu s nimi výrazně méně agresivní, než při interakcích s neintegrovanými brouky. Klíčová slova: myrmekofilie, inkvilinismus, Staphylinidae, mimikry, integrace Abstract Although the research on myrmecophilous insects is dated back to the 19th century, certain aspects of fascinating relationship between hosts and their social parasites are not satisfactorily understood. The latest studies focus mostly on the systematics of myrmecophilous taxa, and bionomy remains neglected. Most of the myrmecophilous insect can be found among beetles (Coleoptera). These myrmecophiles reveal a broad spectrum of adaptations that allow them to live in close association with their host ants. These adaptations significantly differ among the well-integrated species on one hand and poorly integrated or non-integrated species of myrmecophilous beetles on the other. This study focuses at the comparison of behaviour in two species of myrmecophilous beetles, Claviger testaceus (Staphylinidae: Pselaphinae) as the member of integrated myrmecophiles, and Pella spp. (Staphylinidae: Aleocharinae) as poorly integrated or non-integrated beetle. My work shows significant differences in behaviour taking place after encounter of a beetle and an ant. Ants are more aggressive towards the non-integrated species, and at the same time, these beetles are well- adapted for aggressive behaviour from the ants. On the other hand, the integrated beetles do not possess many behavioural adaptations for the aggressive interactions, and the ants, especially the host ants, are significantly less aggressive towards them. Keywords: myrmecophily, inkvilinism, Staphylinidae, mimicry, integration Obsah 1 Úvod a cíle práce .......................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Cíle práce ............................................................................................................................... 2 1.1.1 Hlavní otázky práce: .................................................................................................................. 2 2 Literární přehled ........................................................................................................................... 3 2.1 Mravenci ................................................................................................................................ 3 2.1.1 Potravní ekologie ....................................................................................................................... 3 2.1.2 Kolonie mravenců...................................................................................................................... 4 2.1.3 Sociální organizace .................................................................................................................... 5 2.1.4 Komunikace ............................................................................................................................... 7 2.1.5 Studované druhy mravenců ..................................................................................................... 12 2.2 Myrmekofilní adaptace........................................................................................................ 15 2.2.1 Myrmekofilové ........................................................................................................................ 15 2.2.2 Členění myrmekofilů ............................................................................................................... 16 2.2.3 Mechanismy integrace ............................................................................................................. 17 2.2.4 Chemické mimikry a lsti .......................................................................................................... 19 2.2.5 Myrmekofilní adaptace ............................................................................................................ 21 2.2.6 Studované druhy myrmekofilů ................................................................................................ 24 3 Materiál a metodika .................................................................................................................... 32 3.1 Materiál ............................................................................................................................... 32 3.1.1 Sběr materiálu Claviger ........................................................................................................... 32 3.1.2 Sběr materiálu Pella spp. ......................................................................................................... 33 3.1.3 Uložení živých vzorků před pozorováním chování ................................................................. 35 3.1.4 Experimenty............................................................................................................................. 35 3.1.5 Analýza dat .............................................................................................................................. 36 3.1.6 Zpracování dat ......................................................................................................................... 39 4 Výsledky ..................................................................................................................................... 41 4.1 Analýza četností jednotlivých chování................................................................................ 41 4.2 Analýza míry agresivity mravenců ...................................................................................... 53 5 Diskuze ....................................................................................................................................... 56 5.1 Zastoupení chování mezi Claviger a Pella spp. .................................................................. 59 5.1.1 Neutrální chování .................................................................................................................... 60 5.1.2 Obranné chování ...................................................................................................................... 60 5.1.3 Pozitivní chování ..................................................................................................................... 62 5.2 Zastoupení chování mravenců při interakci s Claviger a Pella spp. ................................... 63 5.2.1 Neutrální chování .................................................................................................................... 63 5.2.2 Agresivní chování .................................................................................................................... 64 5.2.3 Pozitivní chování ..................................................................................................................... 64 5.3 Agresivita mravenců............................................................................................................ 66 6 Závěr ........................................................................................................................................... 70 7 Použitá literatura ......................................................................................................................... 72 1 Úvod a cíle práce Tato práce
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