www.dergipark.gov.tr ISSN:2148-3736 El-Cezerî Fen ve Mühendislik Dergisi Cilt: 6, No: 2, 2019 (388-413) El-Cezerî Journal of Science and Engineering ECJSE Vol: 6, No: 2, 2019 (388-413) DOI : 10.31202/ecjse.530520 Review Paper / Derleme Celadon Glazes Bekir KARASU, Ülkü Melda ANDAŞ, Gizem AK Eskişehir Technical University, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Eskişehir/ Türkiye [email protected] Received/Geliş: 21.02.2019 Accepted/Kabul: 30.04.2019 Abstract: Celadon (called "seiji" in Japanese) is a reduction-fired glazed ware originated in China during the Song Dynasty (960–1270), thereafter spread quickly across Asia and had been widely used is in the Far East between the 10th and 14th centuries. In ancient China, the ashes of cedar wood, cherry tree, ferns, plants were also included in the glaze batches. Celadon was named in the 18th century by green cloths of a shepherd named Celadon. The colours of celadon glazes vary from grey–green to yellow–green. Iron, chromium, tin, titanium and nickel compounds in the composition of the glaze are effective on colour, mainly under reduction. Celadon glazed ceramics are generally formed by the reduction of iron oxide doped glazes to the surfaces of reinforced clays substrates containing iron during firing. In this paper the journey of celadon glazes from past to present time is given. Keywords: Celadon, glaze, history, application, objects. Seladon Sırları Öz: Seladon (Japonca'da "seiji" olarak adlandırılır), Song Hanedanlığı döneminde (960–1270) Çin'de ortaya çıkmış, daha sonra hızla Asya'ya yayılmış, 10. ve 14. yüzyıllar arasında Uzakdoğu’da yaygın bir biçimde uygulanmıştır. Eski Çin’de sır harmanın içerisine sedir ağacı, kiraz ağacı, eğrelti otu gibi bitkilerin külleri de katılmıştır. Adını, 18. yüzyılda Seladon adlı bir çobanın yeşil renkli giysilerinden almıştır. Sarı–yeşilden gri– yeşile değişen bir yelpazesi vardır. Renk açısından etkin parametreler; pişirim atmosferinin indirgenliği, sırın bileşiminde yer alan Fe, Cr, Sn, Ti ve Ni bileşikleridir. Seladon sırlı seramikler, genellikle demir içeren pekişmiş kil altlık yüzeylerine yine demir oksit katkılı sırların, pişirim sırasında fırın ortamında indirgenmesi ile elde edilmektedirler. Bu makalede seladon sırlarının geçmişten günümüze yansımaları anlatılmıştır. Anahtar kelimeler: Seladon, sır, tarihçe, uygulama, örnekler. 1. Introduction Celadon is defined as a spesifical name for pottery referring the wares covered by glazes in the jade green colour and a unique transparent type glaze, often having small cracks. It has been originated in China, and later its production spread to other Asian regions (Japan, Korea and Thailand) [1–3]. For centuries, the Chinese Imperial court have highly preferred celadon wares. In Korea they were made in the Goryeo Dynasty and are still accepted as the classical Korean porcelains. Modern celadons usually have their high glossiness thanks to high levels of alkali oxides often causing crazing problem, which could be overcome by replacing some of Na2O with MgO having comparingly lower thermal expansion or CaO and raising SiO2 [4]. How to cite this article Karasu, B., Andaş, Ü. M., Ak, G., “Celadon Glazes” El-Cezerî Journal of Science and Engineering, 2019, 6(2); 388-413. Bu makaleye atıf yapmak için Karasu, B., Andaş, Ü. M., Ak, G., “Seladon Sırları”, El-Cezerî Fen ve Mühendislik Dergisi 2019, 6(2); 388-413. Karasu, B., Andaş, Ü.M., Ak, G. ECJSE 2019 (2) 388-413 Reduction fired glaze with green or blue–green colour has been coloured by iron oxide. The modern celadons are known to be glossy and transparent ones whereas the ancient ones were waxier and opaque. Blue celadon typically has high ratio of sodium/potassium, high silica, little amount of Fe, and low Ti. Some claim that small amount of TiO2 and/or BaCO3 will facilitate the achievement of blue colour [4]. Figure 1. Longquan celadon from Zhejiang, 13th century [5] 2. Types of Ceramic Glazes Ceramic Glazes Fired in Neutral Furnace Atmosphere Matte Glazes: The surface of the ceramic product is covered with a matte glaze, and it can be defined as glaze which is generally covering the features, and increases the quality of the piece. Crackle Glazes: The glaze is defined by a cracked network. Collected Glazes: They are drawn in the form of veins and islets during firing, and glazes are collected on the surface in such a way that the underlying glaze or mud is visible. Fluent Glazes: As the name, flowing glazes are artistic glazes that flow more than normal during firing. Crystal Glazes: A variety of factors plays a role in the emergence of crystallization. At the beginning of these factors, the fluidity of the glaze is higher than it is. The crystals of each substance show different formation and growth trends. Ceramic Glazes Fired in Reductive Furnace Atmosphere The reduction furnace atmosphere is obtained by providing carbon monoxide in the furnace. There are 3 types of glazes which are Chinese red, lustre and celadon. Chinese Red Glazes: For the first time the Chinese were applied them onto porcelain. A red colour is obtained with copper oxide in the reducing atmosphere. Lustre Glazes: The pearlescent, metallic and wavy coloured appearances are obtained on the surfaces by reduction. 10–20 % silver chloride or silver nitrate is added by incorporating a transparent or coloured glaze. Celadon Glazes: Between the 10th and 14th centuries, this glaze was very much applied in the Far East. The colours of celadon glazes vary from grey to yellow–green [6]. 389 ECJSE 2019 (2) 388-413 Celadon Glazes 3. History Bright tricolour lead glazes, luminous celadons and dazzling porcelains speak to the taste and power of the Chinese imperial court, long before there were synthetic dyes and plastics, ceramic glazes offered artisans an unparalleled range of permanent colours and textures, which could be manipulated to satisfy a diversity of cultural demands. In most cultures, glazed ceramics were prestige goods–something that remained beyond the reach of common people because the necessary materials, know–how and manufacturing skill were often difficult to acquire. In 16 and 17th centuries Europe, monarchs collected Chinese porcelains so avidly that they sometimes risked bankrupting their treasuries. The European appetite for this “white gold” motivated prominent scientists to try to replicate porcelain during the early stages of the industrial revolution [7]. Thailand celadon production has been reported to continue developing from its early beginnings, which was 700 years ago, till the present time. “Celadon” was derived from two Sanskrit words: “sila” (so called “stone”) and “dhara” (with the meaning of “green”) [8] and is coming in many tones and styles, which have been found in shades of light and help the occurrences of green, blue– green, olive green, dark grey, green–yellow, honey yellow and brown colours [9]. Figure 2. Yuan Dynasty, Late 13th century, beginning of 14th century [10] Figure 3. Celadon guan jar from the Ming Dynasty (Late 14th century–beginning of 15th century) [10] 390 Karasu, B., Andaş, Ü.M., Ak, G. ECJSE 2019 (2) 388-413 Figure 4. Celadon plate from Ming Dynasty, 15th century. In the middle, the relief fish patterns are in red because of being left unglazed [10] Figure 5. Celadon basin from Yuan Dynasty, the first half of the 14th century [10] Figure 6. Celadon plates, Ming Dynasty, the beginning of the 15th century [10] Yue ware known as the noteworthy ceramic wares, was first made in the Han Dynasty (206–220) of China, being the earliest celadon; Its glaze employed was brownish green or olive in colour [11]. 391 ECJSE 2019 (2) 388-413 Celadon Glazes Figure 7. Longquan celadon wine jar and cover, Song Dynasty, 12th century [11] Figure 8. Korean bottle with a celadon glaze and inlaid decoration named as mishima,13th century [11] The inlaid decoration beneath the glaze is the major determining factor between Korean celadons and Chinese ones. Figure 9. Punch'ŏng stoneware, Korea, 15–16th centuries [11] 392 Karasu, B., Andaş, Ü.M., Ak, G. ECJSE 2019 (2) 388-413 Striking point of Thai celadons which were influenced by Chinese wares is that they have a translucent glaze being generally greyish green in colour and often crackled on a greyish white body. In Japan, during the Kamakura Period (1192–1333) Yue ware importation and the respect given to Korean celadon resulted in an imitative production near Seto of Aichi Prefecture. Old Seto is the most important ware of this period, classified as a true celadon being often oxidized to what the Japanese call a “dead leaf” colour [11]. 4. Types of Celadon Glazes 4.1. Chinese celadons It is known that during Eastern Han Dynasty the earliest celadons were thought to be produced in Yue kilns of Zhejiang. Since then, this kind of product became the major ceramic product of China for a long period of time [12]. The tomb excavations in Zhejiang pieces with a celadon ceramic glaze belonging to Eastern Han Dynasty (25–220) have been recovered and became well known during the Three Kingdoms (220–265) [13]. The earliest main type of celadon was Yue wares, named as northern celadons. During the Northern Song Longquan celadon wares have been first produced, but flourished under the rule of Southern Song [14–16]. They were the glazes in olive green, blue–green and bluish colours and the relevant substrates increasingly have possessed high contents of alkali and silica, resembling later porcelain wares being produced at Jingdezhen and Dehua [17]. Figure 10. Longquan and Dapu kiln sites Considerable amounts of Longquan celadon have been found to be exported throughout eastern and south–eastern Asia as well as the Middle East in 13–15th centuries [18]. After about 1500, the production quality and quantity were much reduced, although there have been some antiquarian revivals of celadon glazes on Jingdezhen porcelain in later centuries [19].