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Hazardous Waste Treatment Processes Including Environmental Audits and Waste Reduction Manual of Practice FD-18

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Hazardous Waste Treatment Processes Including Environmental Audits and Waste Reduction Manual of Practice FD-18 -EM15 Hazardous Waste z74sJ- Treatment Processes Including Environmental Audits and Waste Reduction MANUAL OF PRACTICE 1 Manuals of Practice for Water Pollution Control The WPCF Technical Practice Committ (formerly the C mmitt I Sewage and Industrial Wastes Association) was created by the Federation Board of Control on October 11,1941. The primary function of the commit- tee is to originate and produce, through appropriate subcommittees, special publications dealing with technical aspects of the broad interests of the Federation. These manuals are intended to provide background information through a review of technical practices and detailed procedures that research and experience have shown to be functional and practical. IMPORTANT NOTICE The contents of this publication are for general information only and are not intended to be a standard of the Water Pollution Control Federation (WPCF). No reference made in this publication to any specific method, product, process, or service constitutes or implies an endorsement, recommendation, or warranty thereof by WPCF. WPCF makes no representation or warranty of any kind, whether expressed or implied, conceming the accuracy, product, or process discussed in this publication and assumes no liability. Anyone utilizing this information assumes all liability arising from such use, including but not limited to infringement of any patent or patents. Water Pollution Control Federation Technical Practice Committee Control Group C. S. Zickefoose, Chairman P. T. Karney, Vice-chairman A. J. Callier L. J. Glueckstein F. Munsey T. Popowchak Authorized for Publication by the Board of Control Water Pollution Control Federation 1989 Quincalee Brown, Executive Director i u Hazardous Waste Treatment Processes Including Environmental Audits and Waste Reduction Manual of Practice FD-18 Prepared by Task Force on Hazardous Waste Treatment William J. Librizzi, Co-Chairperson Catherine N. Lowery, Co-Chairperson Andrea E. Asch Stanley L. Klemetson Michael L. Bradford Raymond C. Loehr Ronald J. Chu Alan MacGregor Ann N. Clarke Frank A. Marino Alexander Danzberger Thomas S. Nielsen Allan 3. De Lorme Jeffrey L. Pintenich Chai S. Gee Leslie H. Porterfield David J. Gworek Ralph B. Schroedel Gary E. Hunt Enos L. Stover Donald J. Joffe R. Yucel Tokuz Murali Kalavapudi Daniel J. Watts Under the Direction of the Hazardous Waste Committee and the Facilities Development Subcommittee of the Technical Practice Committee 1990 Water Pollution Control Federation 601 Wythe Street Alexandria, Virginia 223 14-1994 iii Copyright 0 1990 by the Water Pollution Control Federation Library of Congress Catalog No. 90- 12562 ISBN 0-943244-35-8 Printed in the U.S.A. by Imperial Printing Co., St. Joseph, Mich. iv Preface The purpose of this manual is to provide a description of the technical and regulatory approaches to hazardous waste treatment. It offers solutions to haz- ardous waste control problems and will be a useful tool to industrial environ- mental engineers and managers, practicing environmental engineers, and municipal agencies charged with the operation of a wastewater treatment facility or a solid waste landfill. This manual should also be used by those responsible for hazardous waste management at private facilities or a public works department. It provides descriptions of the most widely applied technologies, including biological, physical, chemical, and thermal processes. This manual also includes guidelines for conducting environmental audits and approaches to waste reduction. It is intended for use and reference in planning, executing, and con- tinuing a program of hazardous waste treatment. This manual was produced under the direction of William J. Librizzi and Catherine N. Lowery, Co-Chairpersons. The principal contributing authors were Andrea E. Asch David J. Gworek Donald A. Oberacker Paul L. Bishop Gary E. Hunt Jeffrey L. Pintenich Michael L. Bradord Kevin B. Jackson Jack D. Riggenbach Martha Choroszy-Marshall Donald J. Joffe C. Michael Robson Ann N. Clarke Murali Kalavapudi Ralph B. Schroedel Alexander Danzberger Stanley L. Klemetson Daniel J. Watts Allan J. DeLorme Mark S. Morris Richard J. Watts Gomes Ganapathi Thomas S. Nielsen In addition to the authors, task force members, and the Technical Practice Committee Control Group, reviewers include: Kenneth E. Biglane and Del Prah. Appreciation is expressed to the Technical Practice Committee Control Group and to the Hazardous Waste Committee, Enos L. Stover, Chairman, Kenneth S. Stoller, Vice-chairman, for their leadership in the development of this manual. Special thanks are extended to the Hazardous Waste Action Coalition for their review. WPCF technical staff project management provided by Jeffrey J. Spann, editorial assistance by Laura J. Bader, production coordination by Debra Holoman and desktop publishing by Nicole Colovos. V vi i Table of Contents Chapter Page Introduction 1 Environmental Audits-Intemal Due Diligence 11 Reduction of Hazardous Wastes 39 Hazardous Material and Waste Handling and Storage 59 Biological Treatment of Hazardous Wastes 73 Physical Treatment of Hazardous Wastes 137 Chemical Treatment of Hazardous Wastes 207 Thermal Processes for Hazardous Waste Treatment 227 Process Integration for Hazardous Waste Treatment 29 1 Appendix 309 Index 325 vii viii List of Tables Table Page 1.1 Summary technologies. 6 1.2 Liquid treatment processes. 7 1.3 Outline for 40 CFR 260-271. 10 2.1 Reasons to use outside audit teams or team members. 18 2.2 Site features/operations profile. 22 2.3 Principal environmental regulations. 23 3.1 Categories of waste reduction techniques. 41 3.2 Examples of operational changes to reduce waste generation. 43 3.3 Examples of waste reduction through material change. 45 3.4 Examples of production modifications for waste reduction. 46 3.5 Examples of waste reduction through volume reduction. 47 3.6 Examples of waste reduction through recovery and reuse. 49 4.1 Incompatible waste types. 60 4.2 Potentially incompatible wastes. 62 4.3 EPA regulations that reference DOT shipping requirements. 69 4.4 DOT and EPA definitions. 70 5.1 Compilation of current supplementation reports. 85 5.2 Metal data for pilot-plant operation. 95 5.3 Concentrations of metals in wastewater feed and effluents. 97 5.4 Percent removal of metals by different processes. 97 5.5 Comparisons of COD and BOD of selected organic chemicals. 101 5.6 Mean percent removals and coefficients of variation for activated sludge plants. 104 5.7 Specific organic compound stripping characteristics. 106 5.8 Concentrations and standard deviations of volatile organics in wastewater feed and effluent and their percent removals. 108 5.9 Means and standard deviations of influent, effluent, concentrations, and percent removals for semivolatile organics. 109 ix Table Page 5.10 Performance data for a sequencing batch reactor treating a hazardous waste. 110 5.1 1 Toxic concentrations in anaerobic digestion. 117 5.12 Selected operational conditions for treatment plants receiving hazardous wastes. 121 5.13 Design criteria for a full-scale plant. 123 5.14 Plant loading and performance for a full-scale activated sludge plant treating a hazardous waste. 123 5.15 Solvent removal. 124 5.16 Performance data from a full-scale SBR. 125 6.1 List of inorganic coagulants and flocculants. 14 1 6.2 Typical design information for clarifiers. 146 6.3 Clarifier types-advantages and disadvantages. 147 6.4 Typical design data for dual-media and multimedia filters. 155 6.5 Summary of key cross-flow membrane separation processes. 160 6.6 Summary of key cross-flow membrane separation processes. 161 6.7 Classes of organic componds adsorbed of carbon. 166 6.8 Amenability to adsorption of selected hydrocarbons. 167 6.9 Summary of carbon adsorption capacities. 167 6.10 Selected properties of activated carbon. 170 6.1 1 Typical properties of two powdered carbons. 170 6.12 Granular activated carbon column (GACC) design criteria. 173 6.13 Vapor-liquid equilibria of selected gases and liquids in water at 25'C. 177 6.14 Effects of temperature on system parameters. 180 6.15 Air stripping sizing and performance histones. 185 6.16 DAF oil removal performance. 190 6.17 DAF suspended solids removal performance. 190 7.1 Acid and alkali costs for neutralization. 211 7.2 Solubility product constraints. 214 X Table Page 7.3 Physical testing methods for stabilization/solidification 218 7.4 Leaching test methods for stabilizedholidifiedwastes. 220 7.5 Cost of stabilizatiodsolidificationof contaminated soils. 222 7.6 EP-Toxicity results for lead. 223 7.7 CLP results for trichloroethylene (TCE). 223 7.8 Chemical properties. 224 7.9 Physical properties. 224 8.1 Thermal treatment technologies. 23 1 8.2 Applicability of thermal treatment to various wastes. 232 8.3 Emission control equipment. 235 8.4 Representative sampling methods. 246 8.5 Analytical methods for ignitability, reactivity, or corrosivity. 246 8.6 Reactions in the incinerator. 253 8.7 Reaction stoichiometry. 253 9.1 Carbon influent and effluent. 295 9.2 Contractor costs for soil remediation and site work. 301 9.3 Monitoring well installation. 301 9.4 Cost of groundwater treatment system for fuel contamination. 304 9.5 Cost of groundwater treatment system for chlorinated organics. 305 xi I List of Figures Figure Page 5.1 Multistep anaerobic reactions. 80 5.2 Schematic of complete-mix anaerobic systems. 87 5.3 Percent removals and solubilities in final effluent in an activated sludge pilot plant for cadmium, copper, and nickel at 3-, 6-, 9-,and 12-day sludge ages. 93 5.4 Schematic comparison of conventional extended-aeration flow schemes with proposed modification incorporating external recycle and hydrolytic assist. 96 6.1 Two- and three-stage coagulation/flocculation systems. 144 6.2 Typical clarifier configurations. 151 6.3 Solids-contact clarifier. 152 6.4 Inclined-surface clarifier. 153 6.5 Various media designs. 155 6.6 Continously backwashing sand filter. 158 6.7 Automatic backwashing sand filter. 159 6.8 Cross-flow tubular membrane. 159 6.9 Separation processes and mechanisms. 1 60 6.10 Spiral-wound UF asymmetrical membrane in profile.
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