Mathematical Modeling of the Performance of a Rotating Biological Contactor for Process Optimisation in Wastewater Treatment

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Mathematical Modeling of the Performance of a Rotating Biological Contactor for Process Optimisation in Wastewater Treatment Mathematical Modeling of the Performance of a Rotating Biological Contactor for Process Optimisation in Wastewater Treatment Zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades eines DOKTOR-INGENIEURS von der Fakultät für Bauingenieur-, Geo- und Umweltwissenschaften der Universität Fridericiana zu Karlsruhe (TH) genehmigte DISSERTATION von Sanjay Dutta, M.Tech. aus Kalkutta, Indien Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 14. Februar, 2007 Hauptreferent: Prof. Dr. Ing. E.h. Hermann H. Hahn, Ph.D., Karlsruhe Korreferent: Prof. Dr. rer. nat. habil. Josef Winter, Karlsruhe Karlsruhe 2007 Dissertation genehmigt von der Fakultät für Bauingenieur-, Geo- und Umweltwissenschaften Universität Fridericiana zu Karlsruhe (TH) 2007 Hauptreferent: Prof. Dr. Ing. E.h. Hermann H. Hahn, Ph.D., Karlsruhe Korreferent: Prof. Dr. rer. nat. habil. Josef Winter, Karlsruhe Dutta, Sanjay Mathematical Modeling of the Performance of a Rotating Biological Contactor for Process Optimisation in Wastewater Treatment Karlsruhe: Universität Karlsruhe – Verlag Siedlungswasserwirtschaft Karlsruhe, 2007 (Schriftenreihe SWW – Band 126) Zugl.: Karlsruhe, Univ., Diss., 2007 ISBN 978-3-9809383-9-6 ISBN 978-3-9809383-9-6 Alle Rechte vorbehalten Satz: Institut für Wasser und Gewässerentwicklung Bereich Siedlungswasserwirtschaft Universität Karlsruhe (TH) Druck: E&B printware, Digital- und Schnelldruck GmbH, 76131 Karlsruhe Printed in Germany Vorwort 3 Vorwort des Herausgebers Scheibentauchkörper als biologische Reinigungselemente haben sich bislang einer eher auf spezifische Anschlussgrößen (im mittleren Bereich) und spezifische Abwässer beschränkten Beliebtheit erfreut. In jüngerer Zeit nimmt das Interesse an diesen biologischen Reinigungselementen allerdings zu, insbesondere vor dem Hintergrund der Anwendung für kleinere Anschlussgrößen im Rahmen der sog. "Dezentralisierungsdiskussion" und insbesondere auch im Hinblick auf die Möglichkeiten und Grenzen des Exportes dieser Technologie in Drittweltländer. Der Autor dieser Schrift, ein indischer Fachkollege, untersucht zum einen die Leistungsfähigkeit dieses Systems und insbesondere auch die Verhaltensweisen der Scheibentauchkörper unter variablen Belastungsbedingungen und veränderten Temperaturen, wie sie möglicherweise in Indien herrschen. - Diese Untersuchung geschieht nicht wie im klassischen Sinne in ausgedehnten experimentellen Reihen, sondern mit Hilfe des Instrumentes der mathematischen Simulation. Die von ihm verwendeten Modelle eicht er an Daten aus halbtechnischen Untersuchungen, die parallel in einer anderen, experimentellen Arbeit gewonnen wurden. Der Autor schreibt verständlicherweise in seiner Muttersprache Englisch und dies flüssig, flüssig vor allen Dingen auch in einem anwendungsorientierten, wissenschaftlichen Stil. Dadurch fällte es dem Leser nicht schwer, den Ausführungen des Autors zu folgen. Die gesamte Darstellung, etwa des Sauerstoffübergangs oder insbesondere der Prozesse im Biofilm, ist nicht nur detailliert und durch viele Verweise auf relevante Literaturberichte umfassend gestaltet sondern auch mit zahlreichen Gleichungen und Formeln versehen. Die Arbeit ist insofern auch als ein gelungener Zwischenbericht zum Stand der Technik und Wissenschaft für den Bereich der Scheibentauchkörper oder auch Biofilmverfahren zu sehen und für nachfolgende Bearbeitungen von Interesse. – In dieser Art von Kombination eigener Vorstellungen, eigener Erkenntnisse und Berichte Dritter ist die Arbeit Duttas sicherlich als eine sehr aufwändige und wissenschaftsorientierte zu betrachten und geht über den Rahmen typischer Ingenieurarbeiten hinaus. Karlsruhe im März 2007 H.H.Hahn Kurzfassung 4 Kurzfassung Das Scheibentauchkörperverfahren bietet die prozessspezifischen Vorteile des Biofilmverfahrens zur Entfernung von gelösten organischen Inhaltsstoffen und Nährstoffverbindungen aus Abwässern. Diese Adaptation des Biofilmverfahrens ermöglicht einen einfachen und effektiven Sauerstoffeintrag in den Biofilm. Kreisrunde, glatte oder geriffelte Scheiben werden dabei auf einer horizontalen Welle angeordnet, teilweise in Wasser eingetaucht und in einem kontinuierlich von Abwasser durchströmten Reaktor gedreht. Die kompakte Bauweise und der sparsame Betrieb lassen das Verfahren gerade für dezentrale Abwasserbehandlungsanlagen praktikabel erscheinen. Um eine effiziente Anwendung der Technologie zu ermöglichen, besteht weiterer Forschungsbedarf bezüglich der Prozessoptimierung und des Anpassungsvermögens bei unterschiedlichen Umwelt- und Zuflussbedingungen. Mathematische Modellierungen helfen das Systemverhalten unter verschiedenen Rahmenbedingungen vorauszusagen. Aufgrund der dynamischen Beschaffenheit des Systems fehlen jedoch nach wie vor befriedigende mathematische Darstellungen. Mit dieser Arbeit wird versucht in einfacher und realistischer Weise mathematische Modelle für diesen Prozess zu formulieren. Das Modell beruht auf dem Prinzip des eindimensionalen Massen- und Stoffaustausches. Sauerstoff ist als wichtiger und oft limitierender Faktor im aeroben Behandlungsprozess anerkannt. Die Modellierung des physikalischen Sauerstoffeintrages in den Wasserfilm einer rotierenden Scheibe zeigte, dass der Sauerstoffübergangskoeffizient mit der Umdrehungsgeschwindigkeit und dem betrachteten Ort auf der Scheibe variiert. Ein Anstieg der Umgebungstemperatur hatte eine abfallende Sauerstoff eintragsrate zur Folge. Basierend auf einer kontinuierlich beaufschlagten halbtechnischen Versuchsanlage wurde das Modell für eine dreikaskadige Scheibentauchkörperanlage realisiert. Die Prozesskinetik wurde dem Activated Sludge Model No. 3 entnommen, was der Abbildung einer bakteriellen Mischkultur entspricht. Die Simulierung des Modells wurde in Matlab durchgeführt, mit der Finite-Differenzen- Methode zur numerischen Lösung der Differenzialgleichungen. Die schwierige Beschaffenheit des Lösungsalgorithmuses machte die Verwendung von veränderlichen Zeitschritten notwenig, um schnelle und stabile Resultate zu erreichen. Das Modell wurde mit den Untersuchungsergebnissen bei 25°C Umgebungstemperatur kalibriert. Bei ansteigender Substrat- oder hydraulischer Belastung zeigte der Scheibentauchkörper Kurzfassung 5 ansteigende Eliminationsraten im optimalen Bereich. Die Konzentration an gelöstem Sauerstoff im Wasserkörper war ausreichend hoch, um aerobe Verhältnisse aufrecht zu erhalten. Bei hoher Nährstoffbelastung der ersten Kaskade lag die Sauerstoffeindringtiefe bei 250 bis 300 µm. In tieferen Schichten lagen anoxische Verhältnisse mit entsprechender Denitrifikation vor. Bei 25°C, hoher Substratbelastung und reduzierter Scheibenfläche in der zweiten und dritten Kaskade konnte ein nahezu vollständiger Abbau der gelösten organischen Substanzen und des Ammoniums erreicht werden. Dies deutet auf einen potenziellen Kosteneinsparungsfaktor bei gleichzeitiger Prozessoptimierung hin. Die Simulation zeigte einen allgemeinen Anstieg der Eliminationsleistung mit steigender Temperatur im Bereich von 10 bis 32.5°C. Die Nitrifikation war weitaus empfindlicher gegenüber der Temperatur und erwies sich als limitierender Faktor bei der Auslegung des Systems. Eine Sensitivitätsanalyse des Modells wurde durchgeführt, um die Bedeutung der Variation der Systemparameter, die normalerweise bei der Modellierung als konstant angenommen werden, zu untersuchen. Die Rezirkulation von Abwasser erhöht zwar die Nitrifikationsleistung der ersten Kaskade, die gesamte Eliminationsleistung wird jedoch nicht entscheidend beeinträchtigt. Dies bedeutet, dass Scheibentauchkörper die Vorteile einer Propfenströmung berücksichtigen, um Stoßbelastungen abzufangen und eine hohe Abbauleistung ohne Rückführung gewährleisten. Das Modell zeigte weiterhin, dass angemessene Prozessanpassungen mit verschiedenen Eintauchverhältnissen in unterschiedlichen Kaskaden und Wasserrückführung in den Scheibentauchkörpern möglich sind. Zusammenfassend lässt sich festhalten, dass das Modell eine adäquate Möglichkeit darstellt, um die Flexibilität des Scheibentauchkörperverfahrens darstellen zu können und dementsprechend eine Optimierung der Technologie zu erreichen. Abstract 6 Abstract The rotating biological contactor process offers the specific advantages of a biofilm system in treatment of wastewater for removal of soluble organic substances and nitrogen compounds. It is a unique adaptation of the moving-medium biofilm system which facilitates easy and effective oxygen transfer. Media in the form of several large flat or corrugated discs with biofilm attached to the surface is mounted on a common shaft partially submerged in the wastewater and rotated through contoured tanks in which wastewater flows on a continuous basis. The compactness of the system and its economical operation makes it a viable option specially suited for decentralized wastewater treatment technologies. The process optimisation and adaptability under different environmental conditions and influent characteristics remain challenging tasks for the efficient use of this technology. Mathematical modelling helps to predict the system performance under various external conditions. However, satisfactory mathematical representation is still lacking due to the dynamic nature of the system. In this work, it has been attempted to frame mathematical models for the process in simple and realistic ways. The models are based on the principles of one-dimensional mass transfer and transport of substances. Oxygen is accepted to be one of the most important and often limiting substrates in an aerobic treatment process. Modelling of the physical oxygen transfer through the water
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