De La Mituri ˇi Legende La Primele Încerc Ri De Zbor. TRAIAN VUIA

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De La Mituri ˇi Legende La Primele Încerc Ri De Zbor. TRAIAN VUIA STEM Educational Lab • STEM Educational Lab Journal De la mituri și legende la primele încercări de zbor. TRAIAN VUIA Vasile PRISACARIU Published on: Jun 26, 2020 Updated on: Aug 13, 2020 License: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC-BY 4.0) STEM Educational Lab • STEM Educational Lab Journal De la mituri și legende la primele încercări de zbor. TRAIAN VUIA De la mituri și legende la primele încercări de zbor. TRAIAN VUIA Abstract: Izvoarele istorice atestă că din cele mai vechi timpuri s-au făcut încercări de a construi aparate de zbor. Printre inventatorii care s-au angajat într-o curajoasă luptă de cucerire a spaţiului aerian cu aparate mai grele decît aerul, un rol deo sebit 1-au avut Traian Vuia, Aurel Vlaicu şi Henri Coandă, entuziaşti şi pasionati ai problemelor zborului. Articolul conține o trecere în revistă a realizărilor inventatorului Traian Vuia. Cuvinte cheie: mituri și legende, aeronautica română, Traian Vuia 1.Introducere Izvoarele istorice atestă că din cele mai vechi timpuri s-au făcut încercări de a construi aparate de zbor. Cu peste două mii de ani in urmă, filosoful grec Archytas din Tasentum (c. 400-365 î.e.n.) a con- struit un porumbel mecanic care putea să se ridice în aer . În lucra rea sa "Nopţi attice", Aulus Gellius (scriitor latin din sec II î.e.n.) a furni zat o seamă de informaţii privind zborul aparatului imaginat şi construit de Archytas din Tasentum : ,Porumbelul se susţinea în aer printr-un mecanism secret, însă odată oprit pe Pământ, el nu se mai putea înălţa", [1]. Fig. 1 Porumbelul mechanic - Archytas din Tasentum Studiind zborul păsărilor, Aristotel (384-322 î.e.n.) a demonstrat funcţiile aripilor şi cozii acestora, precizînd că primele susţin pasărea în zbor, iar coada serveşte pentru a o dirija. Tot el a arătat, pentru prima oară, că aerul stă la baza plutirii corpurilor mai grele. "Nu ar exista zbor sau înot - afirma filosoful grec - dacă aerul sau apa nu ar oferi un punct de sprijin şi de rezistenţă". [2, 3]. Leonardo da Vinci în manuscrisele sale a descris păsările în manevrele de zbor, acestea fiind primele explicații ale zborului dinamic, [4] 2 STEM Educational Lab • STEM Educational Lab Journal De la mituri și legende la primele încercări de zbor. TRAIAN VUIA Istoricul roman Suetonius Caius Tranquillus preci zează că în cursul serbărilor date la Roma de Neso în anii 60-61, un magician, cunoscut sub numele de Simon Magul, a încercat să zboare cu aripi construite de el. Prăbuşirea lui a fost redată mai tîrziu de pictorul italian Pompeo Girolamo Batoni (1708-1787) în biserica Santa Maria de Angeli. 2.Începuturile aeronauticii române. O simplă analiză a realizărilor aeronautice romăneşti din secolul trecut arată că aparatele mai uşoare decît aerul constituiau obiectivul principal al multor preocupări. Printre inventatorii care s-au angajat într-o curajoasă luptă de cucerire a spaţiului aerian cu aparate mai grele decît aerul, un rol deo sebit 1- au avut Traian Vuia, Aurel Vlaicu şi Henri Coandă, entuziaşti şi pasionati ai problemelor zborului (cunoscători ai lucrărilor predeceso rilor George Cayley, Clement Ader, N. Jukovski, Octav Chanute, [5]. Vuia, Vlaicu şi Coandă s-au plasat succesiv în primele rînduri ale pionierilor aviaţiei române şi mondiale şi printre primii vestitori ai secolului în care AVIONUL va cîştiga definitiv întrecerea cu aparatele mai uşoare decît aerul, îşi va perfecţ iona în mod spectaculos performanţele, urcînd din ce în ce mai sus, în stratosfera şi dincolo de ea, care va impulsiona zborul spre cosmos. 3.Traian Vuia, realizatorul zborului mecanic O serie de studii și publicații de specialitate [6-12] relevă cele mai importante repere din viața inventatorului Traian Vuia. Născut la 7 august 1872 în satul Surducu Mic, comuna Bujor, ju deţul Timiş,Traian Vuia a manifestat din copilarie aptitudini şi inte res pentru maşini şi mecanisme. După terminarea liceului, în anul 1892, Vuia a plecat să-şi continue studiile la Budapesta, la Şcoala politehnică. In anul 1903, după studii privind posibilităţile omului de a zbura cu aparate mai grele decît aerul, Traian Vuia a trecut la reconsiderarea proiectului său întocmit la Lugoj, referitor la aeroplanul-automobil. În mai puţin de trei ani, Vuia a construit trei tipuri de aeroplane Vuia nr. 1, Vufia nr. 1 bis şi Vuia nr, 2, ultimele două fiind variante ale prototipului Vuia nr. 1. Primele aparate, Vuia nr. 1 şi Vuia nr. 1 bis au fost echipate cu un motor conceput de Traian Vuia, alimentat cu anhi dridă carbonică. Ultimul dintre cele trei aparate a fost echipat cu un motor Antoinette de 24 CP. 3 STEM Educational Lab • STEM Educational Lab Journal De la mituri și legende la primele încercări de zbor. TRAIAN VUIA Fig. 2 Monoplanul Vuia Nr. 1 [13, 14] În ziua de 18 martie 1906, pe cîmpul de la Montesson, de lîngă Paris, Traian Vuia a efectuat cu acelaşi aparat, Vuia nr. 1, primul zbor din istoria aviației cu un avion mai greu decît aerul, care s-a desprins de la pământ numai datorită motorului său, fără nici un fel de mijloace auxiliare. Zborurile lui Traian Vuia au continuat să se desfăşoare în vara anului 1906, stîrnind un mare interes în rîndul parizienilor. 4 STEM Educational Lab • STEM Educational Lab Journal De la mituri și legende la primele încercări de zbor. TRAIAN VUIA Fig. 3 Monoplanul Vuia nr.2 [15] După terminarea liceului, în anul 1892, Vuia a plecat să-şi continue studiile la Budapesta, la Şcoala politehnică. Nevoit să-și cîştige singur existenla, după un an de studii, s-a transferat la Facultatea de drept, unde frecvenţa nu era obligatorie. La 6 mai 1901, Traian Vuia, şi-a luat doctoratul în ştiinţe juridice, iar în anul următor a plecat la Paris luînd cu el şi macheta „automobilului cu aripi”. În anul 1903, după studii privind posibilităţile omului de a zbura cu aparate mai grele decît aerul, Traian Vuia a trecut la reconsiderarea proiectului său întocmit la Lugoj, referitor la ,aeroplanul- automobil", şi a elaborat un documentat memoriu pe care 1-a prezentat Academiei de Ştiinte din Paris în ziua de 16 februarie 1903. intr-o epocă cînd dirijabilul ,,La France" construit de francezii Renard şi Krebs efectuase un zbor spec taculos, iar Santos Dumont înconjurase, tot cu un dirijabil, turnul Eiffel şi revenise, după parcurgerea distanţei de 11 km la punctul de plecare, Traian Vuia susţinea că zborul cu un aparat mai greu decît aerul este posibil, fiind încrezător in proiectul său. Deşi respins de Comisia specială aeronautică, cu o rezoluţie semnată de savantul Henry Poincare, proiec tul a prins viaţă. Cu ajutorul fondurilor primite din partea compatrioţilor săi din Lugoj, în frunte cu Gh. Dobrin şi Coriolan Brediceanu, tatăl compozitorului bănăţean Tiberiu Brediceanu, Traian Vuia a început con strucția aparatului. Începînd din 2 decembrie 1905, Traian Vuia a executat cu primul aparat mai multe rulaje şi testări în teren. La 2 februarie 1906, un grup de membri ai Aeroclubului francez, însoțit de fotografi şi ziarişti, au asistat la cîteva demonstratii. Cu această ocazie, revista L'Aerophile, prezentând fotografia aparatului Vuia nr. 1, relata : „Aparatul domnului inginer Traian Vuia prezintă avantajul că suprimă diferite mijloace la care au recurs pâna acum inventatorii pentru lansarea aeroplanelor (automobile, bărci cu motor, tractări pe şine, pe pante ş. a.), fiind o construcție între automobil şi aeroplan". Aparatul Vuia nr. 1 avea anvergura (lungimea aripilor) de 7 m şi fuselajul de 2,20 m. Elicea avea un butuc din bronz şi două pale de mătase rezistentă, întinsă pe o armătură metalică. Turatia elicei era de 450 rot/min. Rotile din fată erau orientabile şi aveau amortizoare, ceea ce a constituit o noutate. 5 STEM Educational Lab • STEM Educational Lab Journal De la mituri și legende la primele încercări de zbor. TRAIAN VUIA Motorul, prevăzut cu 4 cilindri în linie, avea o durată de funcţionare de 5 min şi dezvolta 20 CP. - Capacitatea rezer vorului de combustibil era de 13 1itri. Greutatea totală a motorului cu accesoriile sale, rezerva de combustibil, tevi etc. era de 105 kg, iar greutatea avionului in zbor, cu pilot, de aproximativ 240 kgf. În legătură cu realizarea sa, Traian Vuia precizase: „In acea epocă, începutul anului 1906, nu se construise nici o maşină de zburat analoagă in Europa. Se ştie că fratii Wright in America au zburat cu un aeroplan construit de dînşii”. Originalitatea construcției este apreciată şi de Andre Bie, de la Muzeul Aerului de la Chalette- Meudon-Paris, unde dealtfel se păstrează şi prototipul avionului realizat de Traian Vuia. Venit la Paris pentru a-și îndeplini vocația - scria Andre Bie - Vuia a reuşit o lovitură de maestru fată de dificultătile începuturilor. Pentru a corespunde cu un aeroplan automobil, Vuia a adoptat un tren de aterizare pe patru roți, echipate cu cauciucuri. Aparatul lui Vuia a fost foarte bine con struit. Departe de a fi copiat dispozitivele imaginate pînă atunci, el a inovat in mod larg şi conceptele sale au fost mai logice decît cele care apăruseră pana la el. În ziua de 18 martie 1906, pe cîmpul de la Montesson, de lîngă Paris, Traian Vuia a efectuat cu Vuia nr. 1, primul zbor din istoria aviatiei cu un avion mai greu decît aerul, care s-a desprins de la pămînt numai datorită motorului său, fără nici un fel de mijloace auxiliare. Aparatul pilotat de Vuia s-a înălțat de la sol aproximativ un metru şi a parcurs o distanţă de 12 m. Presa mondială a relatat şi comentat zborul istoric al constructorului ramân Traian Vuia. La 18 mar tie - arăta revista La Nature - Vuia s-a ridicat cu aeroplanul său tntre 60 cm şi 1 m înăltime, după ce si-a luat elanul dorit de pe sol.
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